MP Patwari Group-2 (Sub Group-4) 2022 Official Paper (Held On: 24 Apr, 2023 Shift 1) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Excess Supply

Key Points

• Excess Supply
• When there is a difference between the price that consumer pay in the market and the value that consumers place on the product, then the concept of consumer surplus becomes a useful one to look at.
• Consumer surplus is a measure of the welfare that people gain from consuming goods and services
• Consumer surplus is defined as the difference between the total amount that consumers are willing and able to pay for a good or service (indicated by the demand curve) and the total amount that they do pay (i.e. the market price).

Additional Information

• Excess Demand
• When consumer demand outpaces the available supply of many types of consumer goods, demand-pull inflation happens, forcing an overall increase in the cost of living.
• When demand surpasses supply, higher prices are the result. This is demand-pull inflation.
• A low unemployment rate is unquestionably better in general, but it can result in inflation because more people have more disposable income.
• Equilibrium
• Equilibrium means a state of no change. Evidently, at the equilibrium price, both buyers and sellers are in a state of no change. Technically, at this price, the quantity demanded by the buyers is equal to the quantity supplied by the sellers. Both market forces of demand and supply operate in harmony at the equilibrium price.
• Marginal Revenue
• Marginal revenue refers to the revenue generated for each additional unit sold and has an attached marginal cost (MC).
• Marginal cost can remain constant over a particular output level.
• Economic theory states that perfectly competitive firms will continue to produce output until marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
• Marginal revenue formula: Marginal Revenue = Change in Revenue / Change in Quantity

The correct answer is Ladakh

Key Points

• Ladakh MP Jamyang Tsering Namgyal launched the ‘Main Bhi Subhash’ campaign from Leh.
• The ‘Main Bhi Subhash’ campaign is a series of events which is organized by the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose INA Trust in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture.
• The ‘Main Bhi Subhash’ campaign is going to be organized on the occasion of the 125^th Birth Anniversary of Netaji on 23^rd January.
• The ‘Main Bhi Subhash’ campaign begins in Mumbai and Kolkata.
• The Exhibition ‘Main Bhi Subhash’ was held at the Government Polytechnic College Kargil and Tata Mobile Stand Kargil.

The correct answer is three.

Key Points

• The characters in a Kathakali performance are broadly divided into three types.
• They are: satvika, rajasika and tamasika
• Kathakali is a classical Indian dance form which is a story play genre of art is the folk dance form of Kerala.
• Kathakali is based on the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Additional Information

• It is a combination of 5 forms of fine art which are –
• Natyam (expressions)
• Nritham (dance)
• Nrithyam (enactment)
• Sangeetam (music)
• Vadya (instruments)
• Various costumes of characters of Kathakali –
• Sathwika (Hero)
• Katti (Villain)
• Minukku (females)
• Thathi (other characters)
• Types of Drums used in Kathakali – Maddalam, Chenda, and Idakka.​

​

The correct answer is Ekambareswarar Temple.

Key Points

• Ekambareswarar temple is located at Kanchipuram.  
• Ekambareswarar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located in the town of Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu, India.
• It is significant to the Hindu sect of Saivism as one of the temples associated with the five elements, the Pancha Bhoota Stalas, and specifically the element of earth.
• The temple also houses Nilathingal Thundam Perumal temple, a Divyadesam, the 108 temples revered in the Vaishnava canon Nalayira Divya Prabhandam.
• The temple complex covers 25 acres and is one of the largest in India.
• It houses four gateway towers known as gopurams.

Additional Information 

• Other famous temples in Kanchipuram:
• Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple
• Varadaraja Perumal Temple
• Chitragupta Swamy Temple
• Trilokinath Temple
• Ashtabujakaram Temple​
• Kanchipuram is famous for hand-woven silk sarees.

The correct answer is Abhinav Bindra

Key Points

• Abhinav Bindra is a distinguished player in shooting games.
• Abhinav Bindra made history in Beijing 2008 Olympics by becoming the first Indian to win an individual gold medal.
• He is the first Indian to have held concurrently the world and Olympic titles for the men's 10-meter air rifle event, having earned those honors at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
• Abhinav Bindra has also won seven medals at the Commonwealth Games and three medals at the Asian Games.

Additional Information 

• Abhinav Bindra was born in Zirkpur, Punjab.
• Bindra was the youngest participant in the 1998 Commonwealth Games. He was also the youngest Indian participant at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.
• He received more than 150 medals in his 22-year career.
• He is the recipient of the Padma Bhushan from the Government of India, He also received the Arjun award, and Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna award, India's highest sports award.

The correct answer is 20,000 sq. km

Key PointsDrainage Systems Based on the Size of the Catchment Area

Drainage Systems Based on Origin

• The Himalayan Rivers: Perennial rivers: Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tributaries.
• The Peninsular Rivers: Non-Perennial rivers: Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, the Cauvery, the Narmada and the Tapi and their tributaries.

Drainage Systems Based on the Type of Drainage

• Himalayan rivers, Deccan rivers and Coastal rivers that drain into the sea.
• Rivers of the inland drainage basin (endorheic basin). Streams like the Sambhar in western Rajasthan are mainly seasonal in character, draining into the inland basins and salt lakes.
• In the Rann of Kutch, the only river that flows through the salt desert is the Luni.

Drainage Systems Based on Orientation to the sea

• The Bay of Bengal drainage (Rivers that drain into Bay of Bengal)(East flowing rivers)
• Arabian sea drainage (Rivers that drain into Arabian sea)(West flowing rivers).
• The rivers Narmada (India’s holiest river) and Tapti flow almost parallel to each other but empty themselves in opposite directions (West flowing). The two rivers make the valley rich in alluvial soil and teak forests cover much of the land.

The correct answer is Increase

Key Points

• Rises in prices of goods and services over a period of time in an economy are termed Inflation.
• Inflation occurs when there is an excess supply of money in the market which leads to a decrease in the value of money.
• Causes for inflation are:
• Decreasing Savings
• Tax Subsidies provided by the government in certain products or regulations can increase demand which results in an increased price rise.
• Increase in supply of goods
• Increase in production of good
• ​Inflation can be controlled by increasing Tax Rates and Interest Rates.

Additional Information

• Inflation is controlled by RBI and the government using Monetary policy and Fiscal Policy.
• Inflation is of two types.
• Cost-Push Inflation: When the supply of goods and services decreases as a result of increasing production costs.
• Demand-Pull Inflation: When there is an increase in demand for goods and services in all four sectors of the macroeconomy. i.e. households, businesses, government, and foreign buyers.
• Inflation is measured by Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The answer is Kerala

Key Points

• Mohiniyattam:-
• Mohiniyattam is one of the two classical dance forms that originated in Kerala, the other one being Kathakali.
• Mohiniyattam gets its name from the word ‘Mohini’, the feminine form of Lord Vishnu, the word means ‘dance of Mohini’.
• Dr. Sunanda Nair became the first in India to acquire a Master’s degree in Mohiniyattam.
• She completed her PhD thesis in Intrinsic Lyrical Feminism in Mohiniyattam from Mumbai University.
• Mohiniyattam is based on Natya Shastra’s lasya style.
• It has delicate movements and more feminine facial expressions.
• The movements are gentle and glide-like. They do not have terse rhythmic steps.
• More emphasis is on facial expressions and hand gestures.

Additional Information 

• Other Dances of India are:-

The correct answer is Direct tax.

Key Points

• Equalisation Levy was introduced in India in 2016, with the intention of taxing digital transactions i.e. the income accruing to foreign e-commerce companies from India.
• It is aimed at taxing business to business transactions.
• Equalisation Levy is a direct tax, which is withheld at the time of payment by the service recipient.
• The two conditions to be met to be liable to equalisation levy:
• The payment should be made to a non-resident service provider and;
• The annual payment made to one service provider exceeds Rs. 1,00,000 in one financial year.

Important Points

• In 2020, the Centre came out with the ‘Equalisation Levy 2.0’, which imposes a 2% tax on gross revenues received by a non­resident “e­commerce operator” from the provision of ‘e­commerce supply or service’ to Indian residents or non­resident companies having a permanent establishment in India.
• The 2020 amendment again led the levy to become sweeping and vague in its scope.
• Further, in 2021, instead of introducing an amendment, the government issued a “clarification” to say that the expression ‘e­commerce supply or service’, inter alia, includes the online sale of goods or the online provision of services or facilitation of the online sale of goods or provision of services.

The correct answer is Asaf Jah II

Key Points

• Nizam of Hyderabad was the first kingdom to join the Subsidiary Alliance.
• Nizam Asaf Jah II  joined the alliance in the year 1798.
• Subsidiary Alliance was introduced by Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) in the year in 1798.
• Salient features of the Alliance are
• Those who accepted the alliance are protected by the British troops Stationed in his/her kingdom.
• An Indian Ruler who accepted the alliance is required to pay for the troops stationed in his Kingdom stationed by the company for his protection.
• He has to disband his own troops and have a British Resident in his court.
• He cannot have any treaty or correspond with other neighbouring or any other states.
• British will not interfere in any internal affairs of the Kingdom.
• No Foreigners are allowed in the kingdom except for British.

The correct is Madia.

Key Points

• The Madia live in Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
• There are two major groups: Bada Madia, mostly concentrated in the dense forest around the Laheri hills and the Chota Madia, that lives on plains.
• They are primarily, a hunting-gathering tribe, The Madia are skilled in bamboo and takes special care while cutting so as not to damage the roots.
• Every Madia village has a ghotul (youth dormitory), where young boys and girls learn various life skills and several aspects of their culture, song, dance, and to play musical instruments.
• When a Madia man is engaged, he must carve a Mundha, a decorative wooden pillar to be kept in front of the ghotul during his marriage ceremony.
• The Mundha is perhaps the most superior example of skill in wood carving.

The correct answer is K Venu.

Key Points

• Writer K Venu won first-ever Federal Bank Literary Award 2022 for his autobiography ‘Oranweshananthinte Katha’.

Important Points

• This is the first-ever literary award constituted by the Federal Bank.
• By constituting the award, Federal Bank aims to celebrate the diversity of contemporary literature and recognise writers for their cultural contributions.
• He received the award from Balagopal Chandrasekhar, Chairman and independent director of Federal Bank, at an event held as part of the ongoing Kerala Literature Festival.
• Nandakumar V, executive vice-president of the bank, handed over the prize money.
• Oranweshananthinte Katha’was chosen by a panel comprising writer and literary critic K C Narayanan, Sunil P Ilayidom and P K Rajashekharan from the 10 works which were shortlisted for the award.

The correct answer is Wet tropical Climate

Key Points

• The laterite soils develop in areas with high temperature and high rainfall.
• These are the result of intense leaching due to tropical rains.
• Laterite soils are rich in iron oxide and potash.
• Hence, laterite soils are not suitable for cultivation.
• These soils are poor in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate and calcium.
• Laterite soils are red in colour with a high content of iron-oxide.
• Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for tree crops like cashewnut.
• These soils have mainly developed in the higher areas of the Peninsular plateau.
• The laterite soils are commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.

Important Points

The correct option is Michael Jackson.

Key Points 

• ‘Moon Walk’ is an autobiography of Michael Joseph Jackson.
• He was born on August 29, 1958, and died on June 25, 2009.
• Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist.
• He is known as "The King of Pop" and is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20^th century.
• Some honours given to Jackson include:
• "Presidential Public Safety Commendation" award by Ronald Reagan in 1984.
• "Artist of the Decade" by George H. W. Bush in 1990.
• "Point of Light Ambassador" by Bush in 1992.
• The RIAA regards him as the biggest-selling music artist of all time worldwide.
• Jackson has 13 Grammy Awards, Grammy Legend Award,  and many more awards.
• In 2021, he was among the inaugural inductees into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

Key Points

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched 5G telephony services at the 6^th edition of India Mobile Congress 2022 in New Delhi on October 01.
• The launch is expected to unleash new economic opportunities and societal benefits, serving as a transformational force for Indian society.
• The cumulative economic impact of 5G on India is estimated to reach $450 billion by 2035.
• 5G offers speed multiple times faster than 4G.
• It supports lag-free connectivity and can enable billions of connected devices to share data in real time.
• 5G technology will help in connecting billions of Internet of Things devices, allow higher quality video services with mobility at high speed, and deliver critical services such as telesurgery and autonomous cars, among others.
• It will help in real-time monitoring of disasters, and precision agriculture, minimizing the role of humans in dangerous industrial operations such as in deep mines, offshore activities, etc.

Additional Information

• Brand India Mobile Congress (IMC) under the Company Mobipro Innovation Pvt. Ltd. is the largest telecom, media, and technology forum in Asia, jointly organized by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI).
• IMC has, since its inception, established itself as a leading forum for bringing together industry, government, academia, and other ecosystem players to discuss. deliberate, demonstrate and display the latest in the world of TMT and ICT$.

The correct answer is Shahdol.

Key Points

• Shahdol District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in east-central India.
• It old name was Matsya raj or Virat kingdom in the name of great king Maharaja Virata.
• With a total area of 6,205 km²  and a population of 10,66,063, Shahdol is an important district of Madhya Pradesh.
• The town of Shahdol is the district headquarters. The district formerly comprised the Shahdol division.
• The Virateshwara Temple in Sohagpur Vangana is the most important tourist destination of Shahdol and a structural masterpiece.
• The district extends 110 km from east to west and 170 km from north to south.
• The etymology of the name as ascertained from the local residents points to its derivation from the name of the one Shahdolwa Ahir of Sohagpur village.
• Shahdol is the  easternmost District of Madhya Pradesh, out of four Districts

The correct answer is Chola.

Key Points

• The Chola Empire of the South emerged in the ​9^th century AD (850-1279 AD).
• The founder of Chola Dynasty - Vijayalaya
• Vijayalaya captured Tanjore in 850 AD.
• The greatest Chola ruler was Rajaraja (985-1014 AD) and Rajendra I (1014-1044 AD).
• Rajaraja built Brihadeshwara temple / Rajarajeshwara temple (attributed to Shiva) at Tanjore.
• Rajendra I conquered Orissa, Bengal, Burma, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Chola dynasty was as its zenith during his reign.
• Rajendra I defeated the Pala king Mahipala and took the title of Gangaikondachola and built a city called Gangaikondacholapuram.
• King Rajasimha built the Kailashnath temple at Kancheepuram.
• Parantak I built Koranganatha temple at Srini wasanllur.
• Rajaraja II built the Airawteshwar temple at Darasuram.
• Kullotung III built the Kampahreshwar temple at Tribhuvan.
• The last ruler of the Chola dynasty was Rajendra III.
• Land revenue and trade tax were the main sources of income.
• The Chola empire divided into Mandalams (Province) and these were divided into Valanadu (Comissionary), Nadu (District), and Kurram ( a group of villages)

The correct answer is 10 December.

Key Points

World Human Rights Day:

• December 10^th is celebrated as Human Rights Day as on this day the United Nations General Assembly adopted, in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
• The UDHR established a set of common basic values with regard to the view of human beings and the relationship between the state and the individual.
• Theme 2021: “EQUALITY – Reducing inequalities, advancing human rights”.
• Theme 2022: "Dignity, Freedom, and Justice for All"

Important Points

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights.
• Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations.
• It sets out, for the first time, for fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages.
• The UDHR is widely recognized as having inspired and paved the way for, the adoption of more than seventy human rights treaties, applied today on a permanent basis at global and regional levels (all containing references to it in their preambles).

The correct answer is 9 October,

Key Points 

• World Post Day is celebrated each year on October 9.
• World Post Day was declared by the 1969 Universal Postal Congress in Tokyo to mark the anniversary of the Universal Postal Union's (UPU) creation in 1874.
• On this day, in 1874, the Universal Postal Union (UPU) was established in Berne, Switzerland.
• The UPU currently has 192 member countries that work towards making postal communication seamless and economical.
• Universal Postal Union (UPU) paved the way for efficient postal services and it became an agency of the United Nations in 1948.
• The purpose of World Post Day is to create awareness about the role of the postal sector in the lives of people and businesses, as well as its contribution to the social and economic development of countries.

The correct answer is Itarsi Junction.

Key Points

• Itarsi Junction railway station busiest Junction in the Hoshangabad district in Madhya Pradesh from which more than 420 trains pass every day.
• It is the 8^th busiest railway junction in India.
• It falls under the West Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways network. It is located 18 kilometers away from Hoshangabad by train, and by road, it is 20 kilometers.
• It is one of the most important junction stations, behind Mughalsarai Junction railway station and Nagpur Junction.
• In 2015 the signal control system was gutted in a fire incident resulting in hundreds of trains being canceled for over 30 days till normality was restored.

Additional Information

The correct answer is "We can drastically reduced our dependency on imported products"

Key Points

• The error lies in Option 4.
• The correct form of the verb should be "reduce" instead of "reduced."
• The sentence is in the future tense, so the verb should be in its base form ("reduce") after the modal verb "can."

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The correct answer is "Fiction was written by him mostly."

Key Points

• In this sentence, "He" is the subject performing the action ("wrote"), and "mostly fiction" is the object of the action.
• To transform this sentence into a passive voice, we need to make the object of the active sentence ("mostly fiction") the subject of the passive sentence.
• The agent (the doer of the action) "him" becomes the complement of the passive voice.
• The verb "wrote" changes to its passive form "was written."
• Structure - ​Subject (receiver of the action) + Was/Were + Past Participle of the Verb + Agent (optional)

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is: 'In very good spirits'.

Key Points

• The idiom "As happy as Larry" means to be extremely happy and in very good spirits. (बहुत खुश और अच्छे मूड में होना)
• Example: After winning the lottery, he was as happy as Larry.
• "In very good spirits" refers to being in a cheerful and positive mood. (खुश और सकारात्मक मूड में होना)
• Example: Despite the rain, the children were in very good spirits during the picnic.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 4.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• To pretend (बहाना करना): To act as if something is true when it is not.
• Example: She pretended to be asleep when her mother checked on her.
• Be in a good company (अच्छी संगति में होना): To be with people who are enjoyable to be around.
• Example: He always feels relaxed and happy when he's in good company.
• To be unhappy (दुखी होना): To feel sad or not satisfied.
• Example: She was unhappy with the results of her exam.

The correct answer is "Has learned".

Key Points

• The most appropriate word to fill in the blank is "has learned".
• The subject of the sentence is "Europe," which is a singular noun.
• To match the subject with the correct verb form, we need a singular verb.
• The sentence is discussing a past event and its ongoing impact on the present.
• In such cases, the present perfect tense is used to show a connection between a past action and its continuing effects in the present.
• In this case, since the subject "Europe" is singular, we use "has" along with the past participle of the main verb.

​​​Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Correct Sentence: Europe has learned from the 2003 heat wave, which killed more than 70,000 across the continent.

The correct answer is "Keep a level head".

Key Points

• The most appropriate idiom to fill in the blank is "Keep a level head".
• The idiom "Keep a level head" means to remain calm, composed, and rational, especially in challenging or stressful situations.
• In the context of business negotiations, maintaining a level head is crucial to make clear decisions, handling conflicts effectively, and presenting oneself professionally.
• For Example - Even in the midst of the crisis, Tina managed to keep a level head and guide her team toward a practical solution.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Additional Information

• Let's understand the meanings of the other Idioms:
• Play ducks and drakes - It means to waste or misuse something recklessly.
• Hope against hope - This expression refers to holding onto hope even when the chances of success are slim.
• At one's wit's end - It indicates being extremely frustrated or puzzled due to a problem.

The correct answer is "The girl told me that she was not in the mood to talk to me."

Key Points

• The reporting verb in the original sentence is "said," which is in the past tense
• The reporting verb "said" needs to be changed to "told."
• Pronouns can change based on the context of the reported speech**. "I"** becomes "she," and "you" becomes "me."
• The tense of the verb "am" changes to "was" to maintain the sequence of tenses in indirect speech.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The correct answer is "Intractrable".

Key Points

• The correct spelling is "intractable."
• It means difficult to manage, control, or solve.
• For Example - Despite numerous attempts, the negotiations between the two parties remained intractable due to their entrenched positions.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Additional Information

• Nefarious: Characterized by wickedness or criminal activity.
• Contagion: The transmission of disease from one person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact.
• Fallacious: Containing a mistake, misleading or based on a false idea.

The correct answer is "Serene".

Key Points

Let's understand the meanings of the given and the marked words:

• Disgruntled - It refers to being dissatisfied, angry, or displeased, often due to a perceived unfairness or unmet expectations.
• For Example - The employees became disgruntled when their promised bonuses were unexpectedly withheld by the company.
• Serene - It means calm, peaceful, and tranquil. It implies a state of tranquility and lack of disturbance or agitation.
• For Example - As the sun set over the tranquil lake, a sense of serenity washed over her, soothing her troubled mind.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Additional Information Let's understand the meanings of the other given options:

• Scupper - It means to ruin, spoil, or thwart someone's plans or efforts.
• Miffed - It means being annoyed or offended, which is a similar concept.
• Wrecked - It means to destroy, damage, or cause severe harm.

The correct answer is "Dangerous".

Key Points

• The correct word to fill in the blank is "dangerous".
• "Dangerous" is an adjective that describes something as likely to cause harm or injury.
• In this context, it perfectly describes the condition or state of walking alone at night in the woods.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Correct Sentence: It is very dangerous to walk alone in the woods at night.

The correct answer is "She said that I had not given her Joffery’s passport."

Key Points

• Change the pronoun "you" to "I" because the speaker is reporting what someone else said.
• Change "did not" (Simple past) to "had not" (past perfect) to reflect the past tense of the original sentence.
• The tense of the reporting verb "said" remains unchanged.
• "That" will be used in place of inverted commas.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The correct answer is "That".

Key Points

• The most appropriate word to fill in the blank is "that".
• The sentence structure is a complex sentence that consists of two main clauses connected by the word "that."
• The clause "I felt truly humbled" relies on the information provided in the first clause.
• The use of "that" connects the two clauses and indicates the cause-and-effect relationship between them.
• In other words, the welcoming and kind behavior of the people in the township is the reason or cause for the speaker feeling truly humbled.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Correct Sentence: Everyone in the township was so kind and so welcoming that I felt truly humbled.

The correct answer is "renassaince".

Key Points

• The correct spelling is "Renaissance".
• "Renaissance" refers to a historical period characterized by the revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe during the 14^th to the 17^th centuries.
• ​For Example - The art gallery featured a diverse collection of paintings from the Renaissance period.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is "Leniency".

Key Points

• The correct spelling is "Leniency".
• "Leniency" refers to the quality of being lenient or showing mercy, especially in situations where punishment or strictness could be applied. (उदारता)
• For Example - The judge showed leniency in the sentencing due to the defendant's remorse and cooperation.

The correct answer is "Option 2".

Additional Information

• Kerbsid: The correct spelling is "kerbside" which means the side of a pavement (sidewalk) bordered by a road. (सड़क का किनारा).
• Snoping: The correct spelling is "snooping" which means to investigate or look around furtively in an attempt to find out something, especially information about someone's private affairs. (गुप्त जांच करना).
• Bivoacs: The correct spelling is "bivouacs" which means n improvised campsite or temporary shelter, usually used in reference to soldiers or climbers. (अस्थायी टेंट).

The correct answer is "Proscenium".

Key Points

• The term "proscenium" refers to the part of a theater stage that is located in front of the curtain.
• It's the area where most of the action takes place, including performances and interactions with the audience.
• For Example - The actors entered from the wings and stood on the proscenium, ready to deliver their lines to the audience.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is "SPRQ".

Key Points

• Sentence S introduces the topic and provides a general overview of what the Academy Awards (Oscars) are.
• Sentence P adds more information about the nature and purpose of the awards. It tells us who presents the awards and emphasizes that they are given as a recognition of excellence.
• Sentence R introduces the actual award that winners receive. It provides specific details about the award itself, including its name ("Academy Award of Merit" or "Oscar") and the fact that it's a golden statuette.
• Sentence Q further elaborates on the description of the award statuette, explaining how it looks—depicting a knight in the Art Deco style.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Correct Paragraph: The Academy Awards, more popularly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry. Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements.  The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the "Academy Award of Merit", commonly referred as "Oscar".  The statuette depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style.

The correct answer is "Streamline".

Key Points

• "Streamline" is a verb that means to make something more efficient and effective by employing faster or simpler working methods.
• It involves optimizing processes to reduce unnecessary steps and improve overall efficiency.
• For Example - The company decided to streamline its manufacturing process by automating certain tasks and eliminating redundant steps, resulting in faster production and reduced costs.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is "Address".

Key Points

• In the context of the sentence, the word that best fits the blank is "address."
• "To address" means to deal with, confront, or tackle a particular issue or concern.
• In the given sentence, the phrase "destination countries must acknowledge and address the real risks that it raises" implies that these countries need to recognize and actively deal with the potential risks associated with immigration.
• For Example - The government needs to address the concerns of the citizens regarding the environmental impact of the new industrial project.

The correct answer is "Option 2".

Correct Sentence: If broadly beneficial immigration is to be sustained, destination countries must acknowledge and address the real risks that it raises.

The correct answer is "Jitendra and I".

Key Points

• In this sentence, the error is in the use of pronouns.
• The correct form is "Jitendra and me" instead of "Jitendra and I."
• The rule to remember is that when the pronoun is the object of the preposition ("with" in this case), "me" should be used, not "I."
• Here**, "Jitendra and me" is the object of the preposition "with,"** and "me" is the appropriate pronoun to use in this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Correct Sentence: They will not be coming with Jitendra and me to the market.

The correct answer is "We were encouraged by Malvika to accept her suggestions for the group study."

Key Points

• The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. ("us" becomes "We")
• The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the preposition "by" in the passive sentence. ("Malvika")
• Use the past participle form of the main verb ("encouraged" becomes "were encouraged").
• The remaining parts of the sentence will be unchanged.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is "Jean said that she wished her little sister could come."

Key Points

• The reporting verb ("said" in this case) needs to be changed to the past tense.
• The pronoun "I" should be changed to the appropriate third-person pronoun ("she" in this case) to match the subject of the reporting clause.
• The verb "wish" will be "wished" in the reporting clause.
• The verb tense in the reported clause remains the same if it expresses a universal truth or is still true at the time of reporting. In this case, "could come" remains unchanged.
• The reporting clause should be introduced with a conjunction like "that."

​Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The correct answer is "Varying".

Key Points Let's understand the meanings of the given and the marked words:

• Constant - It refers to something that remains consistent, unchanging, or steady.
• For Example - The freezing point of water at sea level is a constant temperature.
• Varying - means changing or fluctuating.
• For Example - People's moods can show varying levels of happiness and sadness.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Additional Information Let's look at the meanings of the other given options:

• Uninterrupted: It refers to something that continues without any breaks, interruptions, or pauses.
• Regular: It means it occurs at consistent intervals, follows a predictable pattern, or conforms to a standard.
• Perpetual: It refers to something that is continuous, everlasting, or never-ending. It suggests that something is in a state of constant existence or occurrence.

The correct answer is "Scraps".

Key Points

• The most appropriate word to fill in the blank is "scraps".
• The word "scraps" fits perfectly here because it refers to small leftover pieces of food that are not suitable for a regular meal but can be fed to animals.
• It's commonly used when referring to feeding animals or disposing of leftover food.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is "Collective".

Key Points

• The word "collective" is the most suitable choice here.
• A "collective decision" implies that the decision was made by a group of individuals collectively, rather than being made by a single person.
• The phrase "We all know that" further reinforces the idea that the decision was made jointly by a group.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Correct Sentence: It was a collective decision. We all know that.

The correct answer is "Pinky said that she was returning on the closing day of the festival."

Key Points

• In the reported speech, the pronoun "I" changes to "she" to reflect the shift from the first person to the third person.
• The present tense "am returning" changes to the past tense "was returning" since the reported speech is usually shifted back in time.
• "Last day" is changed to "closing day," which retains the meaning while using a synonymous expression.
• "Said" is used as the reporting verb, and "that" is used as the conjunction to introduce the reported speech.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is "Are at their best".

Key Points

• In this sentence, the subject is "extensive gardens," which is a plural noun.
• The verb "are" is the correct plural form of the verb "to be" that should agree with the plural subject.
• Changed "its" to "their" to correctly indicate that the gardens belong to Versailles and are in their best condition during spring and summer.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Correct Sentence: There’s no bad season to visit Versailles, but its extensive gardens are at their best in spring and summer.

The correct answer is 1.7-4.5%

Key Points

Cast Iron is obtained by remelting Pig Iron with Coke and Limestone in Cupola Furnace. It is primarily an alloy of iron and carbon. 

• Cast iron: Cast iron contain 2 - 4.5% carbon and 3.5% silicon.
• Alloys with this carbon content melt at lower temperatures than steel, therefore casting is the most preferable technique for these alloys.
• Cast irons are classified according to their solidification morphology:
• Gray cast iron
• Wrought iron
• White Cast iron
• Malleable Cast iron.

Additional Information 

Other types of Cast iron:

Gray cast iron:

• It is in the form of graphite flakes, so it is also called flakes cast iron.
• The surface of gray cast iron is very rough.
• Due to the presence of these graphite flakes gray Cast Iron possesses high damping capacity and hence these materials are used for lathe machine beds and engine blocks.
• This possesses more surface roughness and low machinability due to graphite flakes.

Nodular cast iron:

• It is produced by adding magnesium and cerium to the gray cast iron to convert graphite flakes into spherical form.
• Due to the spherical form of graphite in nodular cast iron, the machinability is more.

              Ex. Gears.

White cast iron:

• These are produced by the fast cooling of liquid material.
• Due to the fast cooling rate cementite phase is formed instead of graphite, and hence the white cast iron is the hardest and strongest cast iron material.
• These materials are used in the production of rolling mills.

​Chilled cast iron:

• Chilled iron is a hematite cast iron abrasive obtained by atomization, which is used for surface preparation in angular form, mainly in air blast machines.
• A chilled iron casting can be produced by adjusting the carbon composition of the white cast iron so that the normal cooling rate at the surface is just enough fast to produce white cast iron while the slower cooling rate below the surface will produce gray iron.
• It could also be used for ballast, counterweight, inoculation, and as an aggregate in high-density concrete.

Malleable Cast Iron:

• Malleable cast iron is produced from white cast iron by annealing.
• It is a heat-treated iron-carbon alloy, which solidifies in the as-cast condition with a graphite-free structure, i.e., the total carbon content is present in the cementite form (Fe3C).
• Carbon: 2.3 – 2.7 wt%, Si: 1.0 – 1.75 wt%, Reasonable strength, and improved ductility (Malleable).

The correct answer is Female Anopheles

Key Points 

• The female Anopheles mosquito is a transmitter of malaria.
• Malaria is an acute febrile disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite that is transmitted to people by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito.
• Plasmodium groups are single-celled microorganisms.
• The disease is widespread in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the equator.

Additional Information 

• Some examples of infectious diseases and their agents are given below.

The correct answer is On the poles of the earth.

Key Points

Weight:

• The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity on the object and may be calculated as the mass times the acceleration of gravity, i.e.,

W = mg

Where m = mass of the object and g = acceleration due to gravity

• Since the weight is a force, so its SI unit is the Newton.

EXPLANATION:

• Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth is given by:

⇒g=GM/R²⇒�=���2

• As Earth is elliptical in shape i.e., it is flattened at the poles and bulged out at the equator, due to which the equatorial radius is about 21 km longer than the polar radius.
• As the polar radius is smaller than the equatorial radius, therefore the acceleration due to gravity is maximum at poles and minimum at the equator.
• As we know the weight of an object is equal to the mass times the acceleration of gravity i.e., w = mg.
• As acceleration due to gravity is maximum at poles and minimum at the equator, therefore weight of the object will be maximum at poles. Hence option 1 is correct.

Important Points

The correct answer is Trichomes 

Key Points

• Trichome type refers to the specific, microscopic structure of individual trichomes and may come under the realm of plant anatomy  and constitute a systematically valuable character.
• Although trichome type and vestiture may be correlated, vestiture refers to the gross appearance of masses of trichome.
• Trichome type may assess the number of cells per trichome.
• A unicellular trichome consists of a single cell and is usually quite small.
• A multicellular trichome contains two or more cells.
• Trichomes, which originated from the epidermal cells, are very specialized structures and play a very key role in different plant processes.
• Trichomes have been considered a model system to study single-cell biology and cell differentiation and endo-reduplication
• Key roles of trichomes in plant physiology include carbon assimilation, turgor maintenance via modulating leaf water loss, and mechanical and chemical defence systems.

The correct answer is Mixed cropping

Key Points

• Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land is referred to as mixed cropping.
• For example, wheat + gram, or wheat + mustard, or groundnut + sunflower grown on the same land at the same time.
• This cropping reduces the risk of one of the crops failing and protects against crop failure due to extreme weather.
• The crops that will be grown together should mature at different times and require different amounts of water.
• One crop's nutrient requirements should be lower than those of the other.

Thus, mixed cropping helps the farmer get two crops simultaneously at one time or within a short interval of time from the same field.

Additional Information 

• Multi croping- The practise of growing two or more crops in the same space at the same time during a single growing season is known as multiple cropping.
• Crop rotation - It is the process of growing a variety of crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession.
• Organic farming - It is defined as a farming system that uses minimal or no chemicals such as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and instead relies heavily on organic manures, recycled farm wastes and bio-agents, as well as healthy cropping systems.

The correct answer is Proteins

Key Points

• Antibodies are also known as Immunoglobulins (Ig).
• Antibodies are the protective proteins produced by our immune system to protect the body from a foreign substance called an antigen.
• These are glycoproteins formed by the plasma cells, in response to antigenic stimulation.
• The antibodies clump together with the antigens, forming antibody -antigen complex, which are taken up the scavenger white blood cell and destroyed off.
• Different types of antibodies produced by our body - IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG.

Important Points 

• The shape of the antibody is "Y".
• The stalk of the antibody is known as theCrystallizable fragment (Fc)
• It consists of the site where the antibody molecule binds to a cell.
• The top of the antibody contains twoantigen-binding fragments (Fab)
• It consists of sites that bind with antigens
• The antibody is made up of four peptide chains.
• ​two small chains called lightchains.
• two larger chains called the heavychains.
• ​Therefore antibodies can be represented asH2​​L2​.
• The light and heavy chains can be divided into ​​​Constant region (C) and Variable region (v).​​​

Additional Information 

• IgG is the most abundantly occurring antibody in humans.
• IgG is called maternal antibody as it can pass through the placenta and provides immunity to the fetus.
• IgM is the most significant antibody. It occurs in pentameric form.
• IgA is termed a secretory antibody as it is present in breast milk, tears, and saliva.
• IgEis the antibody that is produced duringallergic reactions.

The correct answer is Lactic acid

Key Points

• Lactic acid present in Sour milk or curd.
• The sourness of the milk is due to the presence of lactic acid.
• Human beings feel tired due to the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles.

Additional Information

Few naturally occurring acids are -

The correct answer is Tyler

Key Points

• Renowned Indian environmental economist and UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Goodwill Ambassador Pavan Sukhdev has won the 2020 Tyler Prize.
• It is regarded as the "Nobel Prize for the Environment".
• He was awarded for his groundbreaking "green economy" work.
• Sukhdev will receive the award alongside conservation biologist Gretchen Daily on 1 May 2020.
• UNEP is a programme of the United Nations that coordinates the organization's environmental activities and assists developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.
• UNEP Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya

Additional Information Abel Award 

• The Abel Prize is a Norwegian prize given annually to one or more outstanding mathematicians by the King of Norway.
• It is named after Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829), a Norwegian mathematician, and directly modeled after the Nobel Prizes.
• The origin of the Abel Prize dates back to 1899 when the Norwegian mathematician Sophus Lie suggested its creation when he discovered that Alfred Nobel's proposals for annual prizes did not include a mathematics prize.
• The award ceremony takes place in the University of Oslo Auditorium, where between 1947 and 1989 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded.

The correct answer is They are nearer to the earth and hence we receive a greater amount of light and therefore minor variations in intensity are not noticeable 

Key Points

• The refraction caused by the atmosphere is what causes stars to twinkle.
• Stars in the distance behave like a single point of light. Because the earth's atmosphere's physical properties are not consistent, the star's apparent position changes when the starlight beam veers away from its intended course.
• As a result, the light that reaches our eyes varies in intensity from bright to dim. The "Twinkling effect of a star" is this.
• However, planets are not point-sized objects to our eyes because they are far closer to us than stars.
• As a result, the oscillations have little impact and don't appear to sparkle.

The correct answer is Only 1.

Key Points

• Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are produced by acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) only in the presence of water.
• When HCl is dissolved in water, it dissociates into H⁺ (hydrogen ion) and Cl⁻ (chloride ion).
• The reaction can be written as: \( \text{HCl} \xrightarrow{H_2O} H^+ + Cl^- \)
• Hydrogen ions do not exist freely in aqueous solutions; they are usually present as hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) by combining with water molecules.
• This means the statement that hydrogen ions exist alone is incorrect, as they always form associations like H₃O⁺ in water.

 Additional Information

• Hydrogen Ion in Aqueous Solution
• In water, H⁺ ions immediately react with water molecules to form hydronium ions (H₃O⁺).
• The correct representation of hydrogen ion in water is: \( H^+ + H_2O \rightarrow H_3O^+ \)
• H₃O⁺ is responsible for the acidic nature of a solution.
• Acids like HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄ are known to release H⁺ ions only when dissolved in water, making water a crucial medium.

The correct answer is Hooke’s Law

Key Points

• The working principle of the spring balance is Hooke's law which is F = -kx.
• The weight of the object is measured using a spring balance. The spring extends when a load is hung on it, and the extension of the spring is proportional to the weight of the load.
• According to Boyle's Law, the volume and pressure of a given mass of a confined gas are constant when the temperature of the gas is constant.
• According to Bernoulli's principle, a fluid's speed increases at the same time that its static pressure or potential energy decreases.
• According to Pascal's law, a pressure change in a confined, incompressible fluid at any point causes the same change to occur throughout the fluid.

Additional Information Pascal’s Law.

• It says that "a pressure exerted anywhere in a point of the confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid”.

Bernoulli’s Principle

• Bernoulli's Principles states that increase in the speed of any fluid should be accompanied by a decrease in the potential energy of that fluid or a decrease in the pressure.
• Isoentropic flows are such that there is no transfer of heat or matter.
• Bernoulli's Principles can be applied on such fluids since factors like turbulence, heat radiation etc. can be neglected in these cases.

Boyle’s Law

• Boyle's law is a gas law that states that a gas's pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
• It states that at a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it.
• According to the Boyle's Law:
• P1V1 = P2V2
• Where P1 = Initial Pressure

           P2 = Final Pressure

           V1 = Initial Volume 

           V2 = Final Volume

The correct answer is Producers

Key Points

• The first trophic level of the said food chain is Autotrophs or the producers.
• A food chain shows the feeding relationship between different organisms in a particular environment and/or habitat.
• A food chain shows how energy is passed from the sun to producers, from producers to consumers, and from consumers to decomposers such as fungi.​

Additional Information

• Based on the source of their nutrition or food, organisms occupy a specific place in the food chain that is known as their trophic level.
• Producers belong to the first trophic level, herbivores (primary consumer) to the second and carnivores (secondary consumer) to the third. The important point to note is that the amount of energy decreases at successive trophic levels.

The correct answer is Trypanosoma brucei.

Key Points

• African Trypanosomiasis is caused by microscopic parasites (Protozoa) of the species Trypanosoma brucei.
• It is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in sub-Saharan Africa. It is also known as “sleeping sickness”,
• Clinical Features:- Infection occurs in two stages
• First-stage symptoms
• Headache
• Malaise
• Weakness
• Fatigue
• Pruritis
• Second-stage: The invasion of the central nervous system causes a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as-
• Nocturnal insomnia
• sudden urges to sleep
• hallucinations
• delirium
• anxiety
• emotional lability
• attention deficit
• motor symptoms (motor weakness, abnormal tone, gait disturbance, ataxia, tremor, speech disturbances).
• sensory symptoms (paraesthesia, hyperaesthesia, anesthesia, pruritis, visual problems).

The correct answer is Silicon

Key Points

• Semiconductors are materials that have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics).
• Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide.
• Examples of Semiconductors:
• Gallium arsenide, germanium, and silicon are some of the most commonly used semiconductors.
• Silicon is used in electronic circuit fabrication and gallium arsenide is used in solar cells, laser diodes, etc.

Important Points 

• Silicon
• ​Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14.
• It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor.
• It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, and lead are below it.

Additional Information

• Semiconductor materials
• Solid-state materials are commonly grouped into three classes: insulators, semiconductors, and conductors.
• At low temperatures, some conductors, semiconductors, and insulators may become superconductors.
• The conductivities σ (and the corresponding resistivities ρ = 1/σ) are associated with some important materials in each of the three classes.
• Insulators, such as fused quartz and glass, have very low conductivities, on the order of 10−18 to 10−10 siemens per centimeter; and conductors, such as aluminum, have high conductivities, typically from 104 to 106 siemens per centimeter.
• The conductivities of semiconductors are between these extremes and are generally sensitive to temperature, illumination, magnetic fields, and minute amounts of impurity atoms.
• For example, the addition of about 10 atoms of boron (known as a dopant) per million atoms of silicon can increase its electrical conductivity a thousandfold.
• The p-n junction
• If an abrupt change in impurity type from acceptors (p-type) to donors (n-type) occurs within a single crystal structure, a p-n junction is formed.
• On the p side, the holes constitute the dominant carriers and so are called majority carriers.
• A few thermally generated electrons will also exist on the p side; these are termed minority carriers.
• On the n side, the electrons are the majority carriers, while the holes are the minority carriers.
• Near the junction is a region having no free charge carriers.
• This region, called the depletion layer, behaves as an insulator.

The correct answer is Magnetic force

Key PointsForce: A push or a pull on an object is called a force.  It has a magnitude and a direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is known as the direction of the force and the application of force is the point where force is applied. 

It has two types as explained below:-

 Important PointsMagnetic Force:

• The attractive or repulsive force that arises between two electrically charged particles because of their motion is called Magnetic force.
• Compass, Motor, and train tracks are the few examples of magnetic force.

The correct answer is Filariasis

Key Points

• Wuchereria is a filarial worm that causes a disease called elephantiasis or filariasis.
• W. bancrofti and W. malayi are the species that infect humans.
• The infection leads to a slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organs such as lower limbs, upper limbs, mammary glands, etc.
• But lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs are the most commonly infected organ.
• The genital organs are also often affected, resulting in gross deformities.
• The pathogen may live in these infected organs for many years.
• The pathogens are transmitted through the bite by the female mosquito vector.

​

Additional Information Malaria

• Malaria is caused by protozoa called Plasmodium.
• Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium Falciparum, and Plasmodium Ovale are the plasmodia species causing Malaria.
• Symptoms: Temperature falls and rises at fixed time intervals, Chills, Sweating, Headache, and Nausea.
• Carrier: Female Anopheles mosquito.

HIV-AIDS 

• AIDS is a late stage of HIV infection.
• This virus targets white blood cells called CD4 (T cells).
• They are needed to fight off infections and other diseases.
• Low levels of CD4 cells make it harder for the body to stop or control infections and diseases.

Dengue 

• Dengue is caused by the Dengue virus.
• The dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes called – Aedes aegypti.
• These dengue mosquitos are found everywhere (Both inside and outside the house) and generally bite during the daytime.
• These mosquitos are found to be at the peak of their activeness at dawn and dusk.
• The symptoms of the disease can develop only after 6 to 10 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito.
• Symptoms include high fever, headache, rash and muscle, and joint pain.

The correct answer is Polycythemia.

Key Points

• Polycythaemia, also known as erythrocytosis, means having a high concentration of red blood cells in the blood.
• It is a Rare Disease of the blood-building cells in the bone marrow primarily resulting in a chronic increase of red blood cells (erythrocytes), thereby decreasing the flowability of blood.
• This makes the blood thicker and less able to travel through blood vessels and organs.
• The cause of Polycythaemia Vera is still unknown. The disorder is usually contracted but, in rare cases, it can be inherited.
• It is typically characterized by an increase in the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
• At the onset of the disorder, the signs and symptoms tend to be unspecific.
• A noticeable reddening of the face can give the impression that the affected person is actually very healthy. When the red blood cell count reaches a critical number, the flowability of the blood decreases leading to restricted blood circulation. This causes a blue colouration of the skin.

Additional Information 

The correct answer is Gregor Johann Mendel 

Key Points

• Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics.
• Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
• He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent.
• Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity.

Additional Information Some important subjects and their considered Father:

The correct answer is Bromine

Key Points

• Bromine the only non-metallic element that is in a liquid state at room temperature.
• It is a member of the halogen elements (Group 17) of the periodic table.
• Bromine is found in nature dispersed throughout Earth’s crust only in compounds as soluble and insoluble bromides.

Bromine: 

• Atomic number - 35
• Atomic weight - 79.909
• Melting point - − 7.2 °C.
• Boiling point - 59 °C.

Additional Information Mercury 

• Mercury is used in thermometers because it remains in liquid form throughout a wide range of temperatures i.e -37.89 degrees Fahrenheit to 674.06 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Mercury has a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than alcohol.
• It is impossible to measure high temperatures because it’s a low boiling point.
• Mercury is the only one in the liquid state at room temperature.
• It's used in thermometers because it has a high coefficient of expansion.
• It is a good conductor of heat.

Nitrogen

• Nitrogen gas is a diatomic molecule composed of two N atoms. Therefore, it exists as N2.
• Nitrogen can form pπ−pπ multiple bonds.
• In the case of nitrogen, there is no repulsion between non-bonded electrons of the inner core, as it has only 1s electrons in the inner shell so the overlap of p orbitals to form pi bonds is easy.
• Therefore, it exists as a diatomic molecule.

Carbon

• Carbon is the only atom in the periodic table which has a high combining capacity to form compounds and molecules with other atoms and elements.
• Elements which contain only carbon atoms in their structure. These are called as pure forms of carbon.
• The pure form of carbon is called as allotropes. They differ by the geometrical arrangement of carbon atoms in their structure.
• Diamond is considered as the most purest form of carbon or 100% carbon.

The correct answer is Anaemia.

Key Points

Anaemia:

• Anaemia means having less ‘haemoglobin’ or iron in the blood.
• Haemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that is present in the blood and is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissue.
• Due to a lack of iron, there is a decrease in the level of haemoglobin because of this, oxygen cannot be properly circulated throughout the body.
• Anaemia disease is a result of a deficiency of Iron.
• Medicines are taken for strength.
• People should eat jaggery, amla and green leafy vegetables because these have iron.
• The desired limit for haemoglobin in a healthy individual should be
• For men: 13.5 to 17.5 gm/dl
• For women: 12.0 to 15.5 gm/dl

Thus, the main cause of Anemia in human beings is the deficiency of iron which can be cured by eating a diet which includes green leafy vegetables, banana, cereals, egg yolk

Important Points

The correct answer is Kidney.

Key Points

• Leptospirosis, also called Weil disease, is the most common zoonotic infection in the world.
• Leptospirosis is caused by an infection with the spirochete bacterium Leptospira.
• It is most often spread through exposure to the urine of infected animals either from direct contact or from contact with soil or water contaminated by the urine.
• Common animals that transmit Leptospirosis include farm animals such as cattle, pigs, and horses but can range from wild animals such as raccoons and porcupines to domesticated dogs.
• This activity describes the evaluation and management of leptospirosis and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition.

The correct answer is Tin

Key Points

• Cassiterite is an ore of Tin (Sn) with chemical formula SnO2.
• Ore is a naturally occurring rock or mineral from which metals can be extracted.
• It is a naturally occurring oxide of tin containing about 78.8 percent tin.
• Small amounts of primary cassiterite are found in igneous and metamorphic rocks throughout the world.
• It is also a residual mineral found in soils and sediments.

Additional Information Manganese

• Balaghat is the largest source of manganese in Madhya Pradesh.
• Madhya Pradesh is India's foremost source of manganese ore with a reserve of around 23.64 million tonnes.
• It accounts for near about 14.13 percent of the national reserve.
• Country's largest Open Cast Copper Mine is at Malajkhand in Balaghat district of the state.
• The "Bharveli manganese mine" in Balaghat district is the largest underground mine operating in the Asian sub-continent.
• Balaghat and Chhindwara districts constituting the bulk of deposit available in the state.

Copper

• The main copper ores are chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, bornite, tetrahedrite, and enargite.
• The largest source of copper is from porphyry ore deposits in which one or a combination of the aforementioned minerals is usually found

Cobalt

• • The chemical symbol of cobalt is Co.
• Its atomic number is 27 and it comes under group 9 and period 4 of the periodic table.
• A ferromagnetic metal, cobalt is mostly found in the Earth’s crust in combined forms such as alloys.

The correct answer is <7

Key Points

• Soda water, which is also known as carbonated water is acidic in nature.
• It has a pH value of <7.
• The substance with a pH of 0 is highly acidic, 14 is highly basic, and at 7 is neutral.

 Important Points

• pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
• A pH value of 7 is considered neutral, for example - Pure water.

The correct answer is CO.

Key Points

• Carbon monoxide is a colourless, extremely poisonous, odourless, tasteless, and flammable gas, which is slightly less dense than air.
• Some of the most common names for carbon monoxide are carbonic oxide, carbon oxide, water gas, flue gas, coal gas, etc.

Important Points

• Physical Properties
• The molecular mass of carbon monoxide is 28.010 g/mol with a density of 789 kg/m^{3}.
• It is a colourless and odourless gas.
• The melting and boiling points of carbon monoxide are -205.02 oC (68.13 K) and -191.5 oC (81.6 K), respectively.
• It is sparingly soluble in water. However, it is more soluble in chloroform, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethanol, benzene, etc.
• Chemical Properties
• It is a highly poisonous and flammable gas.
• High-temperature reactions between carbon monoxide and water vapour result in the production of carbon dioxide and hydrogen; this method has been used to produce hydrogen that can be combined with nitrogen to create ammonia.
• Carbon monoxide creates alkali formates with caustic alkalies, which can then be changed into either formic acid or alkali oxalates to create oxalic acid.
• Carbon monoxide reacts with some metals to produce carbonyl compounds, many of which are flammable; nickel has been purified via this reaction.
• The production of methanol begins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which are also used to create olefin-derived aldehydes and alcohols as well as mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons appropriate for use as fuels.

The correct answer is Carbon Dioxide

Key Points

• Carbon dioxide can be used as a fire extinguisher.

Additional Information 

• A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations.
• It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire brigade.
• Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent that can be discharged to extinguish a fire.
• Fire extinguishers manufactured with non-cylindrical pressure vessels also exist but are less common

The correct answer is ​Spam.

Key Points

• Alternatively referred to as  mass e-mail marketing, UCE (unsolicited commercial e-mail) and bulk e-mail, spam (not the meat product) is slang that describes junk e-mail on the Internet.
• Spam is an e-mail sent to thousands and sometimes millions of people without prior approval, promoting a particular product, service, or a scam to get other people's money.
• The first spam e-mail was sent by Gary Thuerk on May 1, 1978, an employee at Digital who was advertising the new DEC SYSTEM-2020, 2020T, 2060, and 2060T on ARPANET.

Additional Information

The correct answer is option 3: Random access

Key Points

ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory that permanently stores data and instructions needed for system startup and essential operations. ROM allows the CPU to access any memory location directly without following a sequence — this is called random access.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – Sequential access: ❌ Used in devices like tapes where data must be read in order.
• Option 2 – Even access: ❌ Not a valid memory access method.
• Option 3 – Random access: ✅ Correct. ROM allows data to be accessed randomly, just like RAM.
• Option 4 – Odd access: ❌ Not a recognized memory access method.

Hence, the correct answer is: option 3: Random access

The correct answer is : option 3

Key Points 

Assertion (A) : Solid State Drives are fast replacing Hard Disk drives in modern computers.

This assertion is accurate. Over the past few years, Solid State Drives (SSDs) have become increasingly popular as primary storage devices in modern computers, especially for those who need speed and reliability. This is mainly because they have no moving parts, unlike Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), which makes them less prone to mechanical failure.

Reason (R) : SSDs are significantly faster in comparison with Hard disks.

This reason is also true. SSDs are much faster than HDDs, as they use flash-based memory, which is significantly quicker than the spinning disks used in HDDs. This means that read/write operations occur more rapidly, resulting in faster boot times, quicker file transfers, and an overall snappier computing experience.

Additional Information

A is not correct but R is correct.

This would suggest that SSDs aren't replacing HDDs, but that SSDs are faster than HDDs. However, as explained, both SSDs are replacing HDDs and SSDs are faster, so this option is incorrect.

Both A and R are correct. R is not the correct reason for A.

This would suggest that while SSDs are replacing HDDs and SSDs are faster, the speed of SSDs is not the reason they're replacing HDDs. However, the speed of SSDs is indeed a major reason for their adoption, making this option incorrect.

Both A and R are correct. R is the correct reason for A.

This is the correct option. As explained, SSDs are replacing HDDs in many applications, and one of the primary reasons for this is the speed advantage that SSDs offer.

A is correct but R is not correct.

This would suggest that while SSDs are replacing HDDs, it's not because they are faster. However, the speed of SSDs is indeed a major reason for their adoption, making this option incorrect as well.

The correct answer is option 1: Input device

Key Points

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. RFID readers collect (input) data stored in these tags and send it to a computer system.

RFID works as an input device because it captures data from the environment and feeds it into a system for processing, just like a barcode scanner.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – Input device: ✅ Correct. RFID readers capture and input data into a system.
• Option 2 – Monitor: ❌ A monitor is an output device used to display information.
• Option 3 – Gaming device: ❌ RFID is not used as a gaming controller or device.
• Option 4 – Output device: ❌ RFID does not output information to the user; it collects data.

Hence, the correct answer is: option 1: Input device

The correct answer is Adware.

• Adware is the type of malware that displays advertisements on a computer.
• Its name is a compound of the words advertising and software.

Key Points

• Adware shows deceptive ads, flashing pop-up windows, large banners, and full-screen auto-play commercials within their web browser.
• Adware gathers browsing data without permission and uses it to serve advertisement.

Additional Information 

• Rootkit: A rootkit is a software program, typically malicious, that provides privileged, root-level access to a computer while concealing its presence on that machine.
• Bots: A software application that runs automated tasks over the Internet. Mostly the repetitive and the simple tasks.

The correct answer is option 4: I, II, III

Key Points

Account Security typically refers to legal and financial arrangements in lending or financing agreements where a lender or security agent obtains rights over certain accounts or earnings of the borrower to secure repayment.

Statement I: ✅ A document creating security over the Earnings Account refers to assigning rights over income (like revenue) of the borrower — this is a form of account security.

Statement II: ✅ The deed, pledge, or instrument executed by the borrower is a legal document that gives effect to the security interest in favor of the security agent — another valid method of securing accounts.

Statement III: ✅ Charges over accounts refer to a formal creation of security interest over specific bank or revenue accounts of the borrower — again directly related to account security.

All three statements accurately describe elements used in creating or formalizing account security.

Hence, the correct answer is: option 4: I, II, III

The company that first widely advertised a microcomputer as a personal computer was: Radio Shack

Key Points

• Radio Shack, through its Tandy Corporation parent company, released the TRS-80 in 1977, one of the first mass-marketed, fully-assembled microcomputers.
• The term "personal computer" was used to denote its use in personal or small business applications, differentiating it from larger, more expensive mainframe systems.

Additional Information

Data General Corporation

Data General was an American company that produced minicomputers, but they are not known for widely advertising a microcomputer as a personal computer. They are more notable for their Nova line of minicomputers and their legal battle with employees who left to form the rival company DEC.

Super UNIVAC

The UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) was a line of computers made by the company Remington Rand, and later Sperry Rand. UNIVAC computers were mainframes, not microcomputers or personal computers. They are notable for being one of the first commercial computers available.

IBM

IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) is a major multinational technology and consulting company. IBM introduced the IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, in 1981. It was highly influential and many modern personal computers are backwards compatible with it to some degree. However, it was not the first to be widely advertised as a personal computer, as other companies like Radio Shack had already introduced personal computers to the market

The Correct Answer : Micro filter

Key Points

• A micro filter, also known as a DSL filter, is installed in a subscriber's telephone line to allow both ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) and regular voice (telephone) services to be used at the same time.
• The micro filter is used to separate the frequency bands used by ADSL and voice services, preventing interference between the two. The lower frequency range is used for voice calls, while the higher frequency range is used for ADSL. Without a micro filter, the ADSL data signals can cause interference on voice calls, and the voice calls can affect ADSL performance.

Additional InformationSwitch: A switch is a device in a network that channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended destination. In the context of a telephone line, a switch does not allow ADSL and regular voice services to be used at the same time. It's more associated with local area network (LAN) environments for computers.

MODEM: A Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) is a hardware device that converts data so that it can be transmitted from computer to computer over telephone wires. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded back into the original data. For ADSL services, you would have an ADSL modem, but this device does not allow for the simultaneous use of ADSL and voice services. It's the micro filter that separates the signals and prevents them from interfering with each other.

Hub: A hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect multiple devices in a network. They are generally used in local area networks (LAN). Hubs do not manage any traffic that comes through them; they just broadcast the packets they receive to every port. In terms of a telephone line, like the switch, it doesn't apply as it doesn't allow ADSL and regular voice services to be used at the same time.

The correct answer is option 1: Graphics

Key Points

PDF (Portable Document Format) works similarly to a PostScript language program by constructing a page using a combination of graphical commands. It places graphics (which can include text, shapes, and images) onto specific areas of the page to form the final layout.

In PDF page description:

• Everything (text, images, lines, shapes) is treated as graphical objects placed at defined coordinates.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – Graphics: ✅ Correct. PDF pages are drawn using graphical descriptions.
• Option 2 – Paint: ❌ "Paint" is not a technical term in this context; it's a tool for drawing, not a method of describing pages.
• Option 3 – Text: ❌ While text appears on the page, it is placed as part of graphical rendering, not alone.
• Option 4 – Image: ❌ Images are included but do not represent the entire page structure; they are one type of graphic.

Hence, the correct answer is: option 1: Graphics

Option 3 is correct, i.e. Basic Input Output System.

• BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a personal computer's microprocessor uses to get the computer system started after you turn it on.
• It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.
• BIOS is a firmware, in short. It is stored on a chip on a part of the computer motherboard and is basically a set of instructions that run to help load the operating system.

The correct answer is Four.

Key PointsMicro-Operations in digital computers can be classified into four types:

Register transfer, Arithmetic, Logic, and Shift operations.

• Register transfer micro-operations transfer binary information from one register to another, or between registers and memory. These micro-operations include load, store, move, and copy.
• Arithmetic micro-operations perform arithmetic operations on numeric data stored in registers, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• Logic micro-operations perform bit manipulation operations on non-numeric data stored in registers, such as AND, OR, XOR, and NOT.
• Shift micro-operations perform shift operations on data, such as left shift and right shift. Shift micro-operations can be used to shift the bits in a register to the left or right by a fixed or variable number of positions.

The correct answer is Handheld Computer.

Key Points

• A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a small computer that can be held in the palm of your hand, hence the term "handheld."
• PDAs were popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s before smartphones became widespread.

Additional Information

• Holding Computers: It is not commonly used to refer to PDAs. It is a generic phrase that does not specifically describe the form factor or functionality of PDAs.
• Analog Computers: Are a different type of computing device that uses continuous physical quantities to represent and manipulate data. They are not synonymous with PDAs.
• Small Computers: It is a vague term that could potentially refer to a variety of devices, including PDAs. However, it does not specifically convey the handheld nature of PDAs.

The correct answer is ==.

Key Points

• The equality operator (==) is used to check whether two values are equal or not.
• It compares the values on both sides and returns a Boolean value of true if they are equal, and false if they are not.

Additional Information

• &&:
• The double ampersand (&&) is known as the logical AND operator.
• It is used to combine two Boolean expressions and returns true only if both expressions are true.
• It does not perform equality comparison between values.
• ===:
• The triple equals (===) is known as the strict equality operator.
• It not only checks for equality of values but also checks if the types of the values are the same.
• It returns true if both the values and their types are equal. The strict equality operator is often used to avoid type coercion in programming languages.
• %%:
• The double percentage sign (%%) is not a valid equality operator in most programming languages.
• It is not commonly used for comparison purposes.

The correct answer is HTTP.

Key Points

• HTTP, which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, is considered the 'backbone' of the World Wide Web.
• It is a protocol that defines how information is exchanged and communicated on the web.
• HTTP enables the retrieval of resources, such as HTML documents, images, videos, and other media files, from web servers to web browsers.

Additional Information

• HTML:
• HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is a markup language used for creating the structure and presentation of web pages.
• While HTML is essential for creating web pages, it is not the backbone of the World Wide Web.
• HTML is used to format and organize content, but it does not handle the communication or transfer of data.
• SMTP:
• SMTP, which stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, is a protocol used for sending email messages between servers.
• While SMTP is crucial for email communication, it is not directly related to the backbone of the World Wide Web, which focuses on web browsing and resource retrieval.
• FTP:
• FTP, which stands for File Transfer Protocol, is a protocol used for transferring files between a client and a server on a network.
• FTP is commonly used for uploading and downloading files to and from web servers.
• While FTP is important for file transfers, it is not considered the backbone of the World Wide Web.

The correct answer is: option 2) upper()

Key Points

• In Python, the upper() method is used to convert a string to all uppercase letters.

Example:

• text = "hello"

print(text.upper())  # Output: "HELLO"

Why not the others?

• option 1) uppercase() → This is not a built-in Python function.
• option 3) strtoupper() → This is a PHP function, not Python.
• option 4) struppercase() → This does not exist in Python.

So, the correct choice is upper(). ✅

The correct answer is option 4: Insert

Key Points

In Microsoft Word, the Symbol option is found under the Insert tab on the ribbon. It allows users to insert special characters and symbols (such as ©, ®, ±, Greek letters, mathematical operators, etc.) into the document.

Steps to access:

1. Go to the Insert tab.
2. Click on Symbol (usually on the far right).
3. Select from common symbols or click More Symbols for extended options.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – Format: ❌ Used for font, paragraph, and style formatting.
• Option 2 – Tools: ❌ Contains proofing, language, and other utility options.
• Option 3 – Table: ❌ Used to insert and modify tables, not symbols.
• Option 4 – Insert: ✅ Correct. The Symbol option is located here.

Hence, the correct answer is: option 4: Insert

The correct answer is option 3: MAX

Key Points

In Microsoft Excel, the MAX() function is used to return the largest (maximum) value from a given set of numeric values or range of cells.

Example:

=MAX(A1:A5) will return the largest number from cells A1 to A5.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – CEILING: ❌ Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of significance, not for finding the largest value.
• Option 2 – LEN: ❌ Returns the length (number of characters) in a string, not a numerical comparison.
• Option 3 – MAX: ✅ Correct. Used to find the maximum value in a range.
• Option 4 – DMAX: ❌ Used to return the maximum value from a field in a database-like table that meets specific conditions. Not used for simple ranges.

Hence, the correct answer is: option 3: MAX

The correct answer is Ctrl + Minus

Important Points 

• If you want a shortcut to delete a cell/row/column in Excel, first select that cell/ entire row/entire column, then press “Ctrl” followed by the minus button “-” (all at the same time) on your keyboard.
• In Excel, using key combination Ctrl + - you can delete any number of selected rows and columns.

Additional Information 

• ​Following are a few very helpful and handy keyboard shortcuts for MS Excel that are important to know:

1. F1: Open the Help pane
2. Alt+Q: Go to the “Tell me what you want to do” box
3. F7: Check spelling
4. F9: Calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks
5. Shift+F9: Calculate active worksheets
6. Alt or F10: Turn key tips on or off
7. Ctrl+F1: Show or hide the ribbon
8. Ctrl+Shift+U: Expand or collapse the formula bar
9. Ctrl+F9: Minimize the workbook window
10. F11: Create a bar chart based on selected data (on a separate sheet)
11. Alt+F1: Create an embedded bar chart based on select data (same sheet)
12. Ctrl+F: Search in a spreadsheet, or use Find and Replace
13. Alt+F: Open the File tab menu
14. Alt+H: Go to the Home tab
15. Alt+N: Open the Insert tab

The correct answer is Bus topology​.

Key Points

• Bus topology is a topology where all the nodes are connected to a single cable known as ‘Backbone’.
• This topology is majorly used for the Local Area Network.
• The bus network is easy to install and maintain however if the backbone cable is damaged the entire network breakdowns.

Important Points 

The correct answer is CPU (Central Processing Unit).

Key Points

• The CPU is the part of the computer system that communicates with the memory and I/O (Input/Output) devices to transfer data between them.
• The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer because it performs the majority of the processing and data manipulation tasks.
• The CPU coordinates and executes instructions, performs calculations, and manages the flow of data between various components of the computer system.
• It fetches instructions and data from memory, processes them, and sends the results back to memory or to the appropriate I/O devices.

Additional InformationThe CPU has different components including:

• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) responsible for performing mathematical and logical operations.
• Control Unit (CU) responsible for coordinating the execution of instructions.
• Registers that store data and instructions temporarily during processing.

Family Chart:

Given:

Pointing to Raju, Ayesha says "He is the son of my mother's brother's wife".

Ayesha is cousin to Raju

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1"

BODMAS rule

Given,

Replacing the sign in equation, 

77M7N6P21N2M3O5P37

We, get 

 77 ÷ 7 × 6 - 21 × 2 ÷ 3 + 5 - 37

→ 11 × 6 - 21 × 2 ÷ 3 + 5 - 37

→  11 × 6 - 14 + 5 - 37

→ 66 - 14 + 5 - 37 = 20

The correct answer is "option 4".

Logic followed here is that the group of letter start from letter M and in first group number of letter is 8 and decrease by 1 in next letter group.

So, next letter start from M and letter group is MLKJ

Hence the correct answer is Option 1.