NVS TGT Social Science 2019 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The pattern followed here is as below-:

It is addition of consecutive odd numbers in the series.

Hence, the correct answer is 105.

Let Rs. "x" be the fare of city Q from city P and Rs. "y" be the fare of city R from city P.

Then, 2x + 3y = 95 (equation 1)

3x + 2y= 90 (equation 2)

multiplying equation-1 by 3, and equation-2 by 2 and substracting, we get

9y - 4y = 285 - 180

or 5y = 105

or y = 21

putting y = 21 in equation-1 we get,

x = 16

Hence, we get fare for city Q from P as x=16, and fare for city Q from R as y= 21.

So, correct option is 3.

Assertion-: Beri-Beri is a viral infection.

It is false. Beri-Beri is a disease caused by a vitamin B-1 deficiency, so it is not viral infection.

Reason-: Vitamin deficiency causes diseases.

It is true that Beri-Beri caused by vitamin deficiency. Vitamin B-1 deficiency is the reason for Beri- Beri.

Hence, Assertion is false but reason is true.

So, correct option is 4.

‘Knife’ is related to ‘Cut’, means we use knife for cutting.

Similarly,

We use pen for writing.

Hence, Write is the correct answer.

The least possible Venn diagram is as follows-:

1. Some honest are doctors:- True (As, Doctor share some common part with honest. So we can say some honest are doctors).

2. No honest is doctor:- False (As, There is no any no relation between honest and doctor as per Venn diagram).

3) Some fair are doctors:- True (As, From the Venn diagram there is some relation between fair and doctor).

4. All fair are doctors:- False (As, From the Venn diagram we can't say all fairs are doctor, only we can say that there is some relation between doctor and fair).

Hence, only conclusion 1 and 3 follows.

A Kitten is a juvenile cat, means it is a young form of a cat.

A group of sheep in fairly small numbers sized is referred to as a flock.

Calf is the young domestic cow, means it is young form of cow.

Tadpole is a young form of a frog.

Hence, different pair is Sheep : flock.

So, the correct option is 2.

Pattern followed here is:

Hence, the correct answer is 4.

Volt is SI unit of voltage.

Watt is SI unit of power.

Ohm is SI unit of resistance.

All three terms are measuring units of electricity.

Hence, correct answer is option 2.

Given: 

The initial selling price of cooker = Rs.620

The final selling price of cooker = Rs.580

His loss increased by = 4%

Formula used:

Loss = cost price (CP) – selling price (SP)

Loss % = (loss/CP) × 100

Calculation:

Let the CP of the cooker be Rs.x

The initial selling price of cooker = Rs.620

So, his initial loss = Rs. (x – 620)

Loss % = [(x – 620)/x] × 100

The final selling price of cooker = Rs.580

Then his final loss = Rs. (x – 580)

Loss % = [(x – 580)/x] × 100

Now by the question, his loss percent increases by 4%

⇒ [(x – 580)/x] × 100 = [{(x – 620)/x} × 100] + 4

⇒ 100x – 58,000 = 100x – 62000 + 4x

⇒ 104x – 100x = 62000 – 58000

⇒ 4x = 4000

⇒ x = 1000

∴ The cost price of the cooker is Rs. 1000

Alternate Method

4% → 620 - 580 = 40

1% → 10

100% → 1000

∴ The cost price of the cooker is Rs. 1000

1. P is shorter than Q but taller than T. R is the tallest.

So there are three cases possible-:

Case 1-: R > _  > Q > P > T

Case 2-: R > Q > P > T > _

Case 3-: R > Q > _ > P > T

2. S is shorter than Q and taller than P.

So only Case 3 will remain, rest will be eliminated.

R > Q > S > P > T

So according to case 3, student who has two students taller and two students shorter than him is S.

Hence, the correct answer is "S".

The correct answer is Nagaur.

Key Points

• The Panchayati Raj system was first introduced in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan on 2^nd October 1959.
• After Rajasthan, it was implemented in  Andhra Pradesh the same year.
• The Panchayati Raj system was inaugurated by then prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
• The first elections under the Rajasthan Panchayat Samitis and Zilla Parishads Act, 1959 were held in September-October 1959.
• It was a 3 tier governing system.

Additional Information

• The first committee to suggest the introduction of the three-tier Panchayati Raj system was the Balwant Rai Mehta committee formed in 1957
• The three levels were.
• Gram Pachayat
• Panchayat Samiti
• Zila Parishad
• ​The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73^rd constitutional amendment in 1992 and implemented on 24 April 1993.
• 24 April is celebrated as Panchayati Raj divas in India.

The correct answer is B D Jatti.

Key Points

• B D Jatti was not a member of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly.
• Basappa Danappa Jatti was the fifth vice president of India,  from 1974 to 1979.
• He also served as the acting president of India from 11 Feb to 24 July 1977.
• The Drafting Committee had seven members named:
• Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar
• N. Gopalaswami
• B.R. Ambedkar
• K.M Munshi
• Mohammad Saadulla
• B.L. Mitter
• **D.P. Khaitan.**​

Additional Information

• The Drafting committee was formed on 29^th August 1947,  through a resolution in Constituent Assembly.
• Dr B R Ambedkar was elected the president of the Drafting Committee in its first meeting on 30 August 1947.
• There was a total of 166 sittings of the constituent Assembly.
• The Constituent Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949.
• There were total 389 members in the Constituent Assembly.

The correct answer is July 2019.

Key Points

• Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22 July 2019 by ISRO from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh.
• The mission of Chandrayaan-2 was lunar exploration.
• The launch vehicle used was GSLV Mark III-M1.
• It had:
• Orbiter
• Lander: Vikram
• Rover: Pragyan

Additional Information 

• Chandrayaan-1 was launched in October 2008.
• It was India's first lunar mission.
• It was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh.
• Satellite launching station, Sriharikota:
• It is a Satellite launching station of the Indian Space Research Organisation.
• It was renamed the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in the year 2002.
• Satish Dhawan was the former Chairman of the ISRO.
• The first satellite launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre was the Rohini 1A  in 1979.
• Arumugam Rajarajan is the current chairman of Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

The correct answer is Hyder Ali and the British.​

Key Points

• The series of four wars fought between the British and the Kingdom of Mysore in South India during the 18^th century was known as the Anglo-Mysore War.
• First Anglo-Mysore War: 
• It was fought between 1767-1769 AD.
• Governor: Lord Verelst was the governor during this period.
• In the first Anglo-Mysore, the British, the Nizam and the Marathas fought together against Hyder Ali.
• Treaty of Madras: Hyder Ali wins against the British.
• A defence treaty was concluded in 1769.

Additional Information

• Second Anglo-Mysore War: 
• It was fought between 1780-1784 AD.
• Governor: Lord Warren Hastings was the governor during this period.
• In the second Anglo-Mysore, Hyder Ali, the Nizam and the Marathas fought together against the British.
• Hyder Ali defeated Colonel Bailey.
• Hyder Ali died in 1782 during the Second Anglo-Mysore War and was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan.
• Treaty of Mangalore: The Second Anglo-Mysore War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore by Tipu Sultan in 1784.
• Third Anglo-Mysore War:
• It was fought between 1790-1792 AD.
• Governor: Lord Cornwallis was the governor during this period.
• In the third Anglo-Mysore, the British, the Nizam and the Marathas fought together against Tipu Sultan.
• Treaty of Srirangapatna: It was signed by Tipu Sultan in 1792.
• Fourth Anglo-Mysore War: It was fought between AD 1799.
• Governor: Lord Wellesley was the governor during this period.
• Tipu died in 1799 while defending the Mysore capital, Srirangapatna.
• The threat of the French to the British ended by the year 1799.

The correct answer is 64

Key Points

• The maximum number of candidates for which an EVM can cater is 64.
• The Balloting unit of the EVM has the provision for 16 candidates only.
• An EVM being used by ECI can record a maximum of 2,000 votes.
• EVMs were firs**t introduced in  General Elections held in November 1998.**​​

Additional Information

• The Indian electronic voting machine (EVM) was developed in 1989 by the Election Commission of India.
• EVMs are manufactured and supplied by Bharat Electronics Ltd., Bangalore and Electronic Corporation of India, Hyderabad.
• EVMs do not require a power source.
• Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) is an independent system attached with the Electronic Voting Machines that allows the voters to verify that their votes are cast as intended.

The correct answer is Bajrang Punia.

Key Point

• Bajrang Punia is the first Indian wrestler who will fight at Madison Square Garden in New York.
• He was called by the American Boxing body for a special fight.
• He fought at Madison Square Newyork on 6 May 2019 in Grapple at the Garden - Beat the Streets fight night.
• He fought against two-time US national champion Yianni Diakomahlis
• Yianni Diakomahlis won the fight by (10-08).​

Additional Information

• Bajrang Puniya born in Khudan, Haryana is an Indian freestyle wrestler of the 65 kg category.
• He had won a number of medals for India some of them are
• Gold Medal in 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, Australia
• World No. 1 title in 2018 World Wrestling Championships
• Silver Medal in 2021 Asian Wrestling Championships
• Bronze medal in Tokyo Olympics 2020.
• Bajrang Punia also clinched the gold medal in the 2022 Commonwealth Games, Birmingham U.K.
• Star Indian wrestler Vinesh Phogat bagged a gold medal at the ongoing Commonwealth Games 2022 in the women's 53kg category.
• Yogeshwar Dutt (born 2 November 1982) is an Indian freestyle wrestler.
• At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he won the bronze medal in the 60 kg category.
• He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2013.
• He won a gold medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
• Sushil Kumar Solanki is a former Indian wrestler. 
• He carried the Indian flag at the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics.
• He was placed seventh in the 2007 World Championships and won a bronze medal at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.
• He won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, becoming the first person to win two Olympic medals for independent India.
• Sushil won the gold medal in the 74 kg division at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

The correct answer is The Equator.

Key Points

• The Equatorial regions receive the maximum energy from the sun over the year.
• As the equator lies at 0° latitude it receives maximum sunlight all over the year.
• Other regions on earth which are away from the equator receive tangential rays of the sun due earth's spherical shape.
• The polar regions of the earth near **Artic and the Antarctic circle receive the least sunlight.**​

Additional Information

• The Tropic of Capricorn lies at 23d 26' 22" latitude to the south of the Equator.
• The tropic of Cancer lies at 23d 26' 22" latitude to the north of the Equator.
• The area between The tropic of Capricorn and Cancer is called Torrid Zone.
• Poles are places on Earth's surface on which Earth's imaginary spin axis passes through.

The correct answer is Paris (France).

Key Points 

• UNESCO’s Headquarters are located in Paris, France.
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).
• It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences, and Culture.
• It has 193 Members and 11 Associate Members (As of April 2020).
• Three UNESCO member states are not UN members: Cook Islands, Niue, and Palestine.
• UNESCO was founded on 16 November 1945.
• The first session of the General Conference of UNESCO was held in Paris in November-December of 1946.

Additional Information 

• Few important bodies and their headquarters:

The correct answer is Y C Deveshwar.

Key Points

• YC Deveshwar, ITC’s longest-serving corporate chief.
• He passed away at a private hospital in May 2019.
• He stepped down from the executive role in 2017 but remained as a chairman in a non-executive capacity.
• Sanjiv Puri is the current CEO and MD of the company. (As of August 2022)

The correct answer is France.

Key Points 

• International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
• It is an international organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control.
• Headquarters: Lyon, France.
• President: Ahmed Naser Al-Raisi
• It is formed in 1923 as the International Criminal Police Commission and started calling INTERPOL in 1956.
• India joined the organization in 1949.
• INTERPOL enables police in their 194 member countries to work together to fight international crime.

Additional Information 

The National Literacy Mission (NLM) is a nationwide program started by Government of India in 5^th May 1988 with an aim to eradicate illiteracy in the country by imparting functional literacy to non - literates.

Key Points

• The National Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA) was established specifically to address adult literacy in India.
• Its primary objective was to eradicate illiteracy by imparting functional literacy to non-literates, particularly focusing on disadvantaged groups like women, scheduled castes and tribes, and backward classes.
• The operations of the Mission were extended in 1999, with emphasis on lifelong learning and decentralization, with devolution of authority to the state and the district level institutions.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the main purpose of NLMA is to impart a new sense of urgency and seriousness to adult education.

National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005 provides a guideline with which teachers and schools can choose and plan experiences that they think children should have.

• It seeks to reform the curriculum and to bring learning experiences in and outside the classroom.
• It should be noted that the inquiry-based approach is suggested for teaching science in schools.

Important Points

An inquiry-based approach emphasizes to connect the child with their own experiences by posing questions and making decisions in the search of new understanding.

The following are the skills required in inquiry and decision-making:

• Skill in recognizing a problem
• Skill in developing hypotheses
• Skill in exploring
• Skill in validating hypotheses
• Skill in drawing conclusion

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about inquiry approach.

Educating children with special needs who may not benefit from regular school education calls for changes in curricula, classroom arrangements, provision of aids and appliances, additional finances, and appropriate teacher preparation. The preparation of special teachers in India has many problems which need to be addressed.

Key PointsVarious training programs are organized to train teachers for special education. Periodic short-term programs varying from 2 weeks to 3 months, based on the need, should be made mandatory for all trained professionals.

• In-service training programs of one to two weeks' duration for general educators and special educators in all the disabilities and in specific areas of disability, are essential to effectively teach children with disabilities.
• Pre-service programs at degree and post-graduate levels are necessary to improve the quality of teacher training and to promote research and development activities in the field of special education.
• All universities should have a department of special education to promote the education of children with disabilities. Periodic evaluation of the training programs and constant updating to meet the challenges of changing trends in special education should be part of the planning of teacher preparation.

From the above points, we can conclude that 1 - 2 weeks of minimum training is required for teachers when children with ‘mild to moderate’ disabilities are included in their classrooms.

Piaget’s stage theory describes the cognitive development in children. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive processes and abilities. In Piaget’s view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations.

Key Points

Jean Piaget has given various stages for each type of activity, the two stages which are responsible for the mental representation and functioning are the later sensorimotor stage and early pre-operational stage.

Stage I: Sensory-motor stage:

• This stage lasts from birth to about two years old. The infant uses his or her senses and motor abilities to understand the world, beginning with reflexes and ending with complex combinations of sensorimotor skills. Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world in the final sensory motor sub-stage.

Stage II- Preoperational stage:

• The preoperational stage lasts from about two to about seven years old. Now that the child has mental representations and is able to pretend, it is a short step to the use of symbols. Language development is one of the hallmarks of this period.

From the above points, we can conclude that children become capable of engaging in activities that involve mental representation, such as pretending, by the end of the pre-operational period.

Additional Information

• Concrete Operational Stage: The concrete operational stage starts from seven years of age and continues till 11 years. Children develop logical thinking but they still find difficulty in applying logic to hypothetical situations.
• Formal Operational Stage: The formal operational stage begins around 11 years of age and continues till 15 years. Here, children are able to perform higher-order mental operations. Their thought is flexible and they can deal effectively with complex problems involving reasoning.

Key Points 

Right to Education Act

The Act is completely titled “the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act”. It was passed by the Parliament in August 2009. When the Act came into force in 2010, India became one among 135 countries where education is a fundamental right of every child.

The 86^th Constitutional Amendment (2002) inserted Article 21A in the Indian Constitution which states:

• “The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the State, may by law determine.”
• As per this, the right to education was made a fundamental right and removed from the list of Directive Principles of State Policy.
• The RTE is the consequential legislation envisaged under the 86^th Amendment.

This act emphasizes learning by doing, curricular and co-curricular activities, and continuous and comprehensive evaluation.

Important Points

• According to the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009, the teacher in present-day classrooms should design activities/learning tasks that will both, engage and challenge.
• When a student engages in any activity he feels excited, creates interest in it, and feels motivated.
• Activity should be challenging that will develop good skills in a student.

The Act prohibits:

• Mental harassment and physical punishment.
• Screening procedures for the admission of children.
• Capitation fees.
• Private tuition by the teachers.
• Running schools with no recognition.

Hence, we can conclude that the teacher in present-day classrooms should design activities/learning tasks that will both, engage and challenge.

Most people are familiar with only the computational aspects of mathematics and so are likely to argue for its place in the school curriculum and for traditional methods of instructing children in computation. In contrast, mathematicians see computation as merely a tool in the real stuff of mathematics, which includes problem-solving, and characterizing and understanding structure and patterns.

• Teachers’ ideas about mathematics, mathematics teaching, and mathematics learning directly influence their notions about what to teach and how to teach it—an interdependence of beliefs and knowledge about pedagogy and subject matter.
• Here, we examine if a teacher instructs the students in his class to construct paper planes. This is an example of integrating mathematics in crafts. As, mathematics instruction that are viewed as being close to the current vision of exemplary instruction. In this way, this activity is facilitating the concept of geometry to the learners.

​Hence, it can be concluded that if a teacher instructs the students in his class to construct paper planes, it is an example of integrating mathematics in crafts.

Rabindranath Tagore, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, is internationally known as a great poet. He was born in the year 1861, in Calcutta, Bengal. From his earliest days, Rabindranath grew up in a house where all the changes emerging in Indian society of that time were being felt in his day-to-day life. In Bengal, this change more often known as Renaissance, found expression in three great movements, religious, literary and national and all these three movements found their votaries in the Tagore family. In an atmosphere like this Tagore himself started writing poems at the age of eight and at the age of thirteen his poems were published in a Bengali monthly magazine, Bharati, under the name of Bhanusimh. Tagore's Philosophy of Education:

• Tagore laid great stress and emphasis on the aesthetic development of the senses in his philosophy of education.
• He argued that the development of the senses was as important as intellectual development.
• He, therefore, gave prominence to music, literature, art, dance, and drama in the daily life of the school. Hence, he quoted "Literature, music, and arts, all are necessary for the development and flowering of a student to form an integrated total personality."
• Tagore believed in an all-round development of personality and in his institution education continues to address the all-round development of the students.
• Education can develop a new pattern of life which culminates in the realisation of Universal man.
• Tagore's system of education emphasises the intellectual, physical, social, moral economic and spiritual aspects of human life by which a man can develop an integrated personality.
• Tagore believed that along with education, economic upliftment is also necessary.
• Since economic life covers the whole width of the fundamental basis of society because its necessities are the simplest and the most universal, he suggested that educational institutions, in order to obtain their fullness of truth, must have close associations with this economic life. “Our university must not only instruct, but live; not only think, but produce".

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is given by Tagore.

Education occurs in many forms for many purposes through many institutions since the emergence of society. There are three forms of education - formal, non-formal, and informal.

• Informal education can be acquired or imparted anywhere, anytime, and by anyone. Non-formal education is imparted in a semi-rigid environment and can be acquired by anyone.

Key Points

• India has had a rich tradition of learning and education from the beginning of civilization. Education policy in ancient India in its traditional form was closely related to religion.
• Over a period of time, two systems of education have developed- the Vedic, which is further subdivided into post-Vedic and/ or Brahminic, and the Buddhist.
• During the Vedic period, India had a Gurukul system of education in which anyone who wished to study went to a teacher’s (Guru) house (Ashram) and requested to be taught.
• If accepted as a student (disciple) by the Guru, s/he would then stay at his place and help in all activities at home.
• This system not only created a strong tie between the teacher and the taught (like family members), but also taught the learner everything about running a house.
• The Guru taught everything the child wanted to learn, from Sanskrit to the Holy Scriptures and from Mathematics to Metaphysics.
• The student stayed as long as s/he wished or until the guru felt he had taught everything he could teach. All learning was closely linked to nature and life and not confined to memorizing information

From the above points, we can conclude that the formal nature of imparting education started during the Vedic Period through the gurukuls, ashrams, and parishads.

Additional Information

• Mughal Period:  Muslim rulers promoted urban education by establishing libraries and literary societies. They founded primary schools (maktabs) in which students learned reading, writing, and basic Islamic prayers and Secondary Schools (madrasas) to teach advanced language skills (mainly Arabic and Persian) in India.
• Buddhist Period:  Buddhist education was also imparted in Mathas. Entry to higher education was very selective and competitive and only the best managed to enter the citadel of higher learning.

The role of a teacher while implementing the constructivist method of teaching in mathematics is to ensure that students are involved in gleaning knowledge on their own.

Key Points

• Constructivist Methods of teaching mathematics aim at connecting mathematics to daily life instead of just cramming the formulas.
• It allows students to use creative methods to understand mathematics and solve it in a creative manner.

Additional Information

• Teachers can follow various constructivist approaches, like, reciprocal learning, inquiry-based learning, cooperative learning, problem-solving learning.
• Reciprocal learning allows the grouping of children and allows interaction and exchange of knowledge.
• In an Inquiry-based learning method, learners frame their own questions and try to answer them.

Hence, we can conclude that to ensure that students are involved in gleaning knowledge on their own is the role of a teacher while implementing constructivist method of teaching in mathematics.

The draft of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 was released by the MHRD.

• The focus of the policy is to address gender discrimination, the creation of educational tribunals, and a common curriculum for Science, Mathematics and English.
• The motto of the new policy is “Educate, Encourage, Enlighten”.
• The reason for lowered credibility of the higher education system is the lack of academic monitoring to ensure good quality of education in the classrooms. So, its vision is to create a credible education system capable of ensuring inclusive quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all.
• Among others, the mission includes: Ensuring an equitable, inclusive and quality education for all; fostering quality education with a strong focus on education reforms; promoting acquisition by all learners of relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for work and entrepreneurship.

​Hence, the reason for lowered credibility of the higher education system is the lack of academic monitoring to ensure good quality of education in the classrooms.

Teachers play the most crucial role in the life of a child, especially in the understanding of complex concepts in children through planning and dedication.

Cognitive powers of a child, like imagination power, intelligence, ability to make a decision, etc. are related to the child's 'mental development' as mental development:

• refers to the development of the ability to understand, learn, reason, think, perceive, and solve a problem.
• refers to the development of the ability to explore and process information to learn and understand the things around him.
• includes the acquisition of those abilities which help the individual to make sense i.e. perceiving, organizing, storing, retrieving, utilizing, and transacting.

Note that:

• Children should be asked creative questions to promote their imagination and make their understanding better.
• Insisting on the same answers from all children will hinder the growth of the child’s own understanding and imagination.

Important Points

• Science is a very practical subject that has direct relevance to our lives.
• To understand the practical relevance of the subject, learners must be able to make connections between the science they learn at school and their everyday lives.
• It will keep the students motivated and interested in learning.
• Doing practical work and encouraging students for activities is an important step to motivate students.
• To become a resourceful educator one can –
• Make maximum use of the local environment as a teaching aid. It can be then carried for investigations, discussions, and sources of classroom data.
• Make maximum use of the local community as a teaching aid. For example, students can reach out to parents for helping them locate stories, opinions on everyday issues or just observe their parents on how they interact with the environment.
• Make maximum use of communication systems like radio, television, etc.
• Connect with other schools and get inspired by each other’s initiatives.

Key Points

• A home assignment where the learners make full use of local materials is an interesting and important method to make learners understand the environment around them.
• Among all the activities stated, identifying the parents as a teaching aid and a local resource is done when the learners are asked to observe the materials that their mothers discard and finding out their possible harmful effects if eaten.

Hence we can conclude that out of the given activities, the activity which will require the students to use local material would be -  observing the materials that their mothers discard while cleaning rice/wheat by handpicking. Identify the impurities and try to find out their possible harmful effects if eaten. 

Confusion Points 

• ​Although gathering information about countries facing a shortage of food, its causes and effects through newspapers, magazines, and the internet, is an example of encouraging learners to move beyond the textbooks but it is not making use of locally available resources and making a contextual understanding.

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence first developed by Jean Piaget.

• It is primarily known as a developmental stage theory, but in fact, it deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans come gradually to acquire it, construct it, and use it.

Key Points

• According to Piaget, the basis of learning in a child’s early years is drama. Creative drama is particularly an enabling experience that sharpens children's gaze and observation.
• Drama can be introduced as a classroom resource in many different ways, such as having a doll's house where children get familiar sets to explore and the opportunity to pretend to be the people with whom they live.
• Children can also have access to baskets of pops (such as sandals and shoes, old pairs of spectacles, purses, bags, and dupattas) to play with and impersonate adults inhabiting their environments for the sheer joy of being 'the other'. Such opportunities lead to acts that foster curiosity, confidence, and conviviality.

Hence, it is clear that the basis of learning in a child’s early years is drama, as per the research and philosophy of Jean Piaget.

Patriarchy is a system of society or government in which the father or the eldest male is the head of the family and descent is reckoned through the male line.

Key Points

• Patriarchy is the term used to describe the society in which we live today, characterized by current and historic unequal power relations between women and men whereby women are systematically disadvantaged and oppressed.
• This takes place across almost every sphere of life in the form of under-representation in the workforce, in decision-making positions, and in government institutions. Male violence against women is also a key feature of patriarchy.
• In the patriarchal view of society, elders and other family members are not available to care for the child in the absence of the mother. Sometimes, she has to leave their young, growing children in the care of older siblings.
• The patriarchal view of society focuses on women being subject to oppression. Women are primarily housewives and mothers, and only an insignificant few are in the workforce.

From the above points, we can conclude that 'in poorer classes, older people continue to work for as long as they can' is the correct answer as it is not related to the patriarchal view of society.

Important PointsChild-centered pedagogy: Child or student-centered pedagogy can be broadly applied to many levels of education. Teachers who champion this approach are those who wish to promote in their students a love of learning, provide a safe and caring environment, and work towards perfecting their craft in an active way. In this approach, we connect school knowledge to outside knowledge.

• The constructivist approach relies on continuous evaluation and growth monitoring to help students think about themselves as agents of their own learning.
• Children sharing and integrating school knowledge with their experiences in and out of the school. This makes learning easy and natural.
• Developing a tendency for the all-around development of the child.
• Develop learning by doing.
• In child-centered education, curriculum, teaching method, classroom environment, evaluation, teaching material, activities will be made keeping in mind all the students.

Additional Information Children working in groups and pairs for learning a topic and Children sharing their experiences in the classroom with peers and the teacher is an example of progressive education.

• Progressive education: Progressive education is a pedagogical movement that began in the late nineteenth century and has persisted in various forms to the present. The Father of Progressive education is John Dewey. 
• Group work and development of social skills
• Collaborative and cooperative learning projects
• De-emphasis on textbooks in favor of varied learning resources
• Emphasis on learning by doing – hands-on projects, expeditionary learning, experiential learning.

Hence, we can conclude the right answer to this question is children sharing and integrating school knowledge with their experiences in and out of the school.

Key Points

Great Depression:

• In 1929 the worldwide great depression took place.
• The Great Depression was a worldwide downturn in economic activity.
• It began in the United States with a sharp drop in stock prices, and it quickly spread throughout the world.
• By 1933, unemployment had reached 25%, and almost 5,000 banks had closed their doors.
• Although President Herbert Hoover tried to stimulate the economy with initiatives such as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, these efforts failed to alleviate the situation.
• In the eighteen months leading up to the crash on "Black Thursday," October 24, 1929, the value of the US stock market nearly doubled in a frenzy of speculative buying.
• On that day, as well as on October 29, known as "Black Tuesday," panic broke out as millions of shares of stock moved at ever-lower prices.

​​Thus, the Great Depression began in 1929.

​

Additional Information

About Depression:

• A severe and sustained recession is classified as depression.
• A recession is characterized by a drop in economic activity.
• Falling output and employment levels are indicators of declining economic activity.
• Depression is the term used when an economy has been in recession for two or more quarters.

Drainage Pattern:

• Drainage pattern a pattern created by stream erosion over time that reveals characteristics of the kind of rocks and geologic structures in a landscape region drained by streams.
• The drainage pattern is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin.
• They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks and the gradient of the land.

A map that spreads from the rivers to the hills in all directions is called the Radial pattern of the river.

Radial drainage: 

• The radial drainage pattern develops around a central elevated point.
• This pattern is common to such conically shaped features as volcanoes.
• The tributary streams extend the headward reaches upslope toward the top of the volcano
• For example, Rivers originating from Amarkantak

Important Points

Some of the drainage patterns are as follows,

Dendritic patterns:

• It is the most common form and looks like the branching pattern of tree roots.
• It develops in regions underlain by homogeneous material.
• That is, the subsurface geology has a similar resistance to weathering so there is no apparent control over the direction the tributaries take.
• Tributaries joining larger streams at an acute angle (less than 90 degrees).
• For example, Rivers flowing in the Northern Plains.

Trellis drainage: 

• Trellis drainage patterns look similar to their namesake, the common garden trellis.
• These patterns typically develop where sedimentary rocks have been folded or tilted and then eroded to varying degrees depending on their strength.
• For example, Rivers in the upper part of the Himalayan Region

The centripetal drainage: 

• The centripetal drainage pattern is just the opposite of the radial as streams flow toward a central depression.
• For example,  Rivers blowing into Loktak Lake

• Russian Revolution, also called as Russian Revolution of 1917.
• Two revolutions took place in 1917, the first in February (March, New Style) to overthrow the imperial government.
• The second was in October (November), which placed the Bolsheviks in power.

October Revolution:

• The October Revolution, officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution under the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Coup, the Bolshevik Revolution, the October Uprising, the October Coup or Red October.
• It was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.
• It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917.
• It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) on 7 November 1917.
• The rise of the Bolshevik and anti-Bolshevik factions was the precipitating event of the Russian Civil War.

Outcomes:

• Bolshevik victory.
• End of the dual power.
• Evacuation of the provisional government.
• Proclamation of the Soviet Republic.
• The Second Congress of Soviets becomes its supreme governing body.
• Kerensky and Krasnov's failed attempt to retake the capital
• Beginning of the Civil War.

February Revolution:

• The February Revolution is known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution.
• It was the first of two revolutions that took place in Russia in 1917.
• The main events of the revolution took place in and near Petrograd (present-day Saint Petersburg), the then-capital of Russia.
• Long-standing discontent with the monarchy erupted into mass protests against food rationing on 23 February.
• The revolutionary activity lasted about eight days, involving mass demonstrations and violent armed clashes with police and gendarmes, the last loyal forces of the Russian monarchy.
• On 27 February the garrison forces of the capital sided with the revolutionaries.
• Three days later Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, ending Romanov dynastic rule and the Russian Empire.
• A Russian Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov replaced the Council of Ministers of Russia.

Outcomes:

• Revolutionary victory.
• End of the monarchy.
• Period of dual power between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.
• Proclamation of the Republic.
• October Revolution.

The correct answer is K C Wheare.

Key Points

The word ‘federal’ is not mentioned in the Indian Constitution, but Article 1 (1) of the Constitution says- “India, that is Bharat, shall be a union of States.”

• 'Article 1' describes India as a ‘Union of States’ which implies two things:
• Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement by the states.
• No state has the right to secede from the federation.
• The Indian Constitution has been described as ‘federal in form but unitary in spirit’ and 'quasi-federal by K. C. Wheare.
• The federal features of the Indian Constitution include Constitutional supremacy, division of powers between centres and States, bicameralism, written Constitution and independent judiciary.
• The dominant unitary features of the Indian Constitution include more power to the Centre in matters of conflict or emergency and recruitment of Governors in States.
• Thus, K.C. Wheare, known as the father of contemporary federal theories opined that India was an association of states wherein members states retain their original independence to a great extent.

Additional Information

People’s successful struggle against the privatisation of water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are integral to the working of democracy.

Important Points

Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America.

• The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of the municipal water supply.
• The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multinational company (MNC).
• The company immediately increased the price of water by four times.
• Many people received a monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a country where the average income is around Rs 5000 a month.
• This led to a spontaneous popular protest.

Thus, we can conclude that the conflict in Bolivia was related to water.

The correct option is Technological Advancement.

• According to the UN Developing countries is a country with a relatively low standard of living, undeveloped industrial base, and moderate to low Human Development Index.
• A developing country, also called a third world country, a less developed country or an underdeveloped country.​

Important Points

Features of Developing countries

• Low per capita income.
• Technological Backwardness
• Rapid Population Growth.
• Dependence on Agriculture.
• Lack of Infrastructure.
• The Problem of Unemployment and Underemployment​.

Additional Information 

• The features of Developed countries: Highly Industrialized,  high per capita income, high Human development index, Technological advancement.

Hence, The correct option is Technological Advancement.​

The Correct answer is Chhattisgarh.

Key Points

• The top iron ore producing states are
• Odisha,
• Chhattisgarh,
• Karnataka
• Jharkhand
• Due to the absence of Odisha in the option, the answer will be Chhattisgarh​.
• There are two main areas of iron ore production in Chhattisgarh-
• Dallirajhara (in Durg district)
• Bailadila (in Dantewada district)

Additional Information

• The state of Karnataka has the largest iron ore reserves in India but the highest production It has in the state of Odisha.
• The top states with the largest deposits of iron ore are respectively-         
• Karnataka,
• Odisha,
• Jharkhand,
• Chhattisgarh
• Andhra Pradesh

Demographic transition:

• The demographic transition theory is a generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility, and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
• The demographic transition shows shifts in the demographics of a population during economic and social development.
• It is based on death and birth rates as development progresses. ​

 Key Points

The 5 stages of demographic transition are-

• Stage 1 - low population and balanced birth and death rate.
• Stage 2 - Population rises, Birth rate increases and death rate falls.
• Stage 3 - The gap between Birth and death will keep getting narrower.
• Stage 4 - Population growth is slow but the population is high. Low birth and low death rate.
• Stage 5 - The population starts declining, nevertheless the population is still very high.

The term Demographic Dividend was coined by David Bloom. He emphasized the importance of demography to economic growth. 

Hence, the second stage does not experience a decrease in population.

The correct option is Gross Domestic Product.

• The term ‘Hindu rate of growth was coined by Professor Raj- Krishna, an Indian economist, in 1978 to characterize the slow growth and to explain it against the backdrop of socialistic economic policies.
• The term Hindu Growth rate is related to GDP.

 Important Points

• The term came into being to show India’s contentment with the low growth rate, post-independence.
• The small growth rate alone does not characterize the Hindu rate of growth. A prolonged low growth rate, albeit not an economic contraction, is not sufficient to be deemed as the Hindu rate of growth.
• In addition to growth being low and extending over a long period, the term also captures a low per-capita GDP, by factoring in the population growth.
• India’s annual population growth rate was over 2% in the 1980s and the per-capita GDP growth rate, with 3.5% GDP growth, was a meagre 1 % characterizing the Hindu rate of growth.

​Hence, The correct option is Gross Domestic Product.

Enabling Act of 1933:

• Enabling Act of 1933, was a law that gave the German Cabinet—most importantly, the Chancellor—the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag or consult with Weimar President Paul von Hindenburg, and to override fundamental aspects of the Weimar Constitution.
• The Enabling Act gave Adolf Hitler plenary powers and followed on the heels of the Reichstag Fire Decree.
• The decree abolished most civil liberties and transferred state powers to the German cabinet led by Hitler.
• The subsequent Enabling Act allowed the chancellor to pass and enforce laws without any objection.
• The combined effect of the two laws ultimately transformed Hitler's cabinet into a legal dictatorship and laid the groundwork for his totalitarian regime.

Thus, in 1933 with the Enabling Act, the dictatorship started in Germany.

The correct answer is the Gravitational pull and centrifugal force force.

 Key Points

• ​The gravitational pull and the centrifugal force are responsible for creating the two major tidal bulges on the earth.
• On the side of the earth facing the moon, a tidal bulge occurs while on the opposite side though the gravitational attraction of the moon
• Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun, and the rotation of the Earth.

 

 

Additional Information

• The force of gravity in keeping an object in circular motion is an example of centripetal force. Since it acts always perpendicular to the motion, gravity does work on the orbiting object if it is in a circular orbit.
• Coriolis force and gravitational pull- 
• ​​​The centrifugal force is directed outward, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, whereas the gravitational force points toward the planet's center.
• This centrifugal force interacts with the gravitational pull of the moon and sun to create high tides and low tides, and it's the main reason that many places on Earth experience two high tides every day.

Key Points

Spinning Jenny:

• It was devised by James Hargreaves in 1764.
• This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand.
• By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.
• The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.
• When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines.
• This conflict over the introduction of the jenny continued for a long time.

Thus, James Hargreaves invented the machine called "Spinning Jenny".

Additional InformationLeo Tolstoy:

• He was a Russian writer who is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time.
• He received nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902, and 1909.
• Tolstoy is best known for his two longest works, War and Peace (1865–69) and Anna Karenina (1875–77), generally regarded as one of the finest novels ever written.

JL Hammond:

• John Lawrence Le Breton Hammond was a British journalist and writer on social history and politics.
• A number of his best-known works were jointly written with his wife, Barbara Hammond.
• He was editor of the Liberal weekly The Speaker from 1899 to 1906.
• He was the leader-writer for The Tribune in 1906–1907 and for The Daily News in 1907.
• He was later on the staff of the Manchester Guardian.

The Correct Answer is Dendritic.

Key Points

 Dendritic 

• They develop where the river follows the slope of the terrain,
• It is the most common form of drainage pattern and looks like the branching pattern of a tree when joined by tributaries.
• E.g. Ganga with its tributaries from the Dendritic pattern in the Northern plains.

Additional Information Dendritic pattern

• The dendritic pattern develops where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain.
• The stream with its tributaries resembles the branches of a tree, thus the name dendritic.
• Most of the rivers of Indo-Gangetic Plains are of the dendritic type.

Trellis pattern

• A river joined by its tributaries, at approximately right angles, develops a trellis pattern.
• A trellis drainage pattern develops where hard and soft rocks exist parallel to each other.
• The old folded mountains of the Singhbhum have drainage of trellis pattern.

Rectangular pattern

• A rectangular drainage pattern develops on a strongly jointed rocky terrain.
• It is marked by right-angled junctions between tributaries and their mainstream.
• It is different from the Trellis pattern. Its tributary streams are neither as long, nor parallel as in Trellis drainage.
• This type of drainage pattern is found in the Vindhya Mountains.

Radial pattern

• The radial pattern develops when streams flow in different directions from a central peak or dome-like structure.
• It develops on the flanks of a dome or a volcanic cone.
• Rivers like Narmada, Mahanadi, and Son originating from Amarkantak Hills flow in different directions and are good examples of the radial pattern.
• Radial drainage patterns are also found in the Girnar Hills (Gujarat) and  Mikir Hills (Assam).
• The centripetal drainage system is similar to the radial drainage system. Radial drainage flows out, centripetal drainage flows in.
• A combination of several patterns may be found in the same drainage basin.

Nebular hypothesis of Earth's origin:

• Laplace imagined that the planets had condensed from the primitive solar atmosphere.
• It was originally extended far beyond the limits of the present-day system.
• Our solar system formed at the same time as our Sun as described in the nebular hypothesis.
• The nebular hypothesis is the idea that a spinning cloud of dust made of mostly light elements, called a nebula, flattened into a protoplanetary disk, and became a solar system consisting of a star with orbiting planets.
• The stages of formation are
• ​There was a Nebula formed by interstellar dust and cloud.
• The Nebula started to collapse and condense.
• The nebula flattened into a disk called the Protoplanetary Disk.
• The solar system started forming.

Thus, Nebular Hypothesis of the origin of the Earth was given by Laplace in 1796.

 

Chamberlain: Planeteasimal hypothesis

Carl Whitaker: Experiential family therapy

• Trade unions are organized associations of workers in a trade or profession.
• These are interested in the economic and social welfare of the workers and are formed to further their rights and interests.
• In India, Trade Unions in India are registered under the Trade Union Act (1926).

All India Trade Union Congress:

• The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is the oldest trade union federation in India.
• It is associated with the Communist Party of India.
• According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AITUC had a membership of 14.2 million in 2013.
• It was founded on 31 October 1920 with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president.
• Until 1945 when unions became organised on party lines, it was the primary trade union organisation in India.
• The main purpose of labour unions is to give workers the power to negotiate for more favourable working conditions and other benefits through collective bargaining.
• The following are the objectives of a trade union:
• To improve the economic lot of workers by securing them better wages.
• To secure workers better working conditions.
• To secure bonuses for the workers from the profits of the enterprise/organization.

Thus, Lala Lajpat Rai was the first President of the All India Trade Union Congress established in 1920.

Louis XVI: 

• He is the French king who belongs to the Bourbon dynasty who took the royalty in 1774.
• He had inherited massive tax structure & debt problems and it was unable to fix them.
• As the 18^th century drew to close, the extravagant spending by King Louis XVI and his predecessor is the & France's costly involvement in the American Revolution left the country in the frame of bankruptcy.
• In the fall of 1786, Charles Alexandre de Calonne who is the King Louis XVI’s controller general is proposed a financial stability package that is a universal land tax from which the privileged classes would no longer be exempt.

Key Points

French Revolution: 

• The French Revolution(1789-1799) was a shadow event that changed Europe's scenario, following in the footsteps of the Revolution in America, which had occurred just a decade earlier.
• In modern European history, the French Revolution was a vital event that started in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s.
• In the revolution, a huge of giant wars had taken place in the forty years leading up to the Revolution, and in most of them, France had participated.
• The costs of supporting allies, waging war, and maintaining the army quickly depleted crisis in the country's wealth that was already poor from royal extravagance.
• Finally, the thought of King Louis XVI had absolute power due to the divine right of the idea in a time of highly secularized enlightenment.

U.P. Kisan Sabha:

• U.P Kisan Sabha Movement is called Kisan Sabha or Awadh Kisan Sabha.
• The Awadh Kisan Sabha was founded by Baba Ramachandra.
• The Sabha supported the peasants in their fight and struggles against the landlords.
• It asked farmers to stop working on bedakhli land (i.e. from where the earlier farmers were evicted).
• The movement was started in Lucknow by Gauri Shankar Mishra, Indra Narayan Dwivedi and Madan Mohan Malviya.
• This was started in February 1918 by the members of Home Rule League key people are written above.
• In 1920 Gandhi Ji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement which Madan Mohan Malviya did not support as he did not believe in Gandhian philosophy.
• During those times Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India.

Thus, Ramnath Singh was not associated with the U.P. Kisan Sabha during the freedom struggle.

 

Ramnath Singh:

• Ramanath Singh is associated with the Singhbhum rebellion 1857.
• Racism or racial discrimination was believed to be a major reason for this revolt.
• Arjun Singh led the rebellion in the entire Singhbhum region, besides Bhagwan Singh, Ramnath Singh also led the rebels in Singhbhum.
• The government repression forced the rebels to kneel down.
• On 10 August 1857, martial law was imposed throughout Jharkhand and a provision was made to punish the revolutionaries.

The correct answer is Only 1

• The Reserve Bank of India, known as RBI, is India's central bank and regulatory body responsible for the regulation of the Indian banking system.
• It is under the ownership of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It is responsible for the control, issue and maintaining supply y of the Indian rupee.

Important Points

• The RBI was nationalized on 1 January 1949.
• It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 in the act by Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• RBI's functions

1. Supervision of the financial sector.
2. The regulator and supervisor of the financial system.
3. Banker and debt manager to government.
4. Managing foreign exchange.

Additional Information

• Shaktikanta Das is currently serving as the 25^th governor of the Reserve Bank of India.
• Raghuram Rajan from September 2013 through September 2016 was the 23^rd Governor of the Reserve Bank of India; in 2015.
• Reserve Bank of India does not handle all loan-related schemes but just regulates and supervises them.

​Hence, The correct answer is Only 1.

The Correct Answer is Thermocline.

Key Points

• This boundary region, from where there is a rapid decrease in temperature is called the thermocline.
• About 90 percent of the total volume of water is found below the thermocline in the deep ocean. In this zone, temperatures approach 0° C.
• This layer, within the tropical region, is present throughout the year but in mid-latitudes, it develops only during summer.
• The second layer called the thermocline layer lies below the first layer and is characterized by a rapid decrease in temperature with increasing depth.

Additional Information

• Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Temperature
• The temperature-depth profile for the ocean water shows how the temperature decreases with the increasing depth.
• The profile shows a boundary region between the surface waters of the ocean and the deeper layers.
• The boundary usually begins around 100 - 400 m below the sea surface and extends several hundred of meters downward

A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promoting the collective good.

Important Points

Challenges for Indian political parties:

• The first challenge is the lack of internal democracy within parties.
• All over the world, there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
• Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly.
• Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
• The second challenge is dynastic succession.
• Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.
• Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.
• The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections.
• Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections.
• They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
• Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have an influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
• The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
• In order to offer meaningful choices, parties must be significantly different.
• In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.

From the above, we can say that offering meaningful alternatives to voters are not a challenge for Indian political parties.

Since 1996, nearly every one of the State parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national-level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country.

Important Points

AITC:

• Founded in January 1998 by Mamata Banerjee, the All India Trinamool Congress (AITMC), popularly called the Trinamool Congress or AITMC, is a national political party.
• It has formed the present government in the 2011 Vidhan Sabha elections in the state of West Bengal, after defeating the 34-year rule of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPIM.
• The AITMC which is a breakaway faction of the Indian National Congress has a centre-left political position with political ideologies of secularism and populism.

Thus, we can conclude that AITC is not formed in 2000.

Additional Information

• Indian National Congress (INC): Popularly known as the Congress Party. One of the oldest parties in the world. Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits.
• Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP): Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.
• Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M): Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism.

The correct answer is in the Consolidated Fund of India.

Key Points

• The Consolidated Fund of India is the most important of all the government accounts.
• Revenues received by the government and expenses made by it, excluding the exceptional items, are part of the Consolidated Fund.
• All types of government income and expenditure go to this fund.
• All revenues received, loans raised and all money received by the Government in repayment of loans are credited to this fund and all government expenditures are incurred from this fund.
• This fund was constituted under Article 266 (1) of the Indian Constitution.

 Thus, we can say that all types of government income and expenditure go to the Consolidated Fund of India.

Additional Information

• The Public Account Fund states that 'All other money (other than the ones covered in Consolidated Fund) received by or on behalf of the Indian government are credited to this account.
• The Contingency Fund enables the government to meet unforeseen expenditure.

The correct answer is the upper part of the mantle.

Key Points

• The Earth has the following layers:
• Crust
• Mantle
• Core
• The uppermost layer of the Earth is called crust.
• It is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
• Below the crust is the Mantle, which extends upto a depth of 2900 km.
• The innermost layer of Earth is the core with a radius of 3500 km.
• Asthenosphere is the denser, weaker layer beneath the lithosphere mantle.
• It is the upper part of the mantle.
• It lies between 100 km and 410 km beneath Earth's surface.
• The temperature and pressure of the Asthenosphere are so high that the rocks soften and partly melt.
• It is the most important source of magma on Earth.

 Thus, we can say that the Asthenosphere is the upper part of the mantle.

An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India.

• The total time taken to frame the constitution was 2 years 11 months and 17days.
• Dr B. R. Ambedkar had studied the constitutions of about 60 countries while drafting the constitution.
• He was chairman of the drafting committee.
• Ambedkar is recognized as the "Father of the Indian Constitution".

Important PointsThe philosophy underlying the Indian Constitution was embodied quite early in the Objective Resolution which was moved in the first session of the Constituent Assembly on December 13, 1946, by Pt. J.L. Nehru.

• This resolution was adopted by the Assembly on 22^nd January 1947.
• The fundamental source of philosophy of the Indian constitution is the objective Resolution It was as under -
• Constituent Assembly declares India as an independent, sovereign, republic and to draw up for her future governance a constitution.
• India shall be the union of states.
• All powers and authority of India and the Government are derived from the people.
• People will get a guarantee of justice, equality and liberty.
• Adequate safeguards shall be provided for minorities, backward and depressed.
• Whereby shall be maintained the integrity of the territory of the Republic.
• The state will contribute to the promotion of the world’s peace and the welfare of mankind.
• Indian constitution has embodied the objectives expressed in this Resolution.
• The ideals embodied in the Objectives Resolution are reflected in the preamble to the constitution.

Thus, we can say that Jawaharlal Nehru presented the historical objectives in the Constituent Assembly.

The correct answer is Human Development for all.

Key Points

• Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published the Human Development Report every year.
• This report provides a rank-wise list of all member countries according to the level of human development.
• The first Human Development Report was launched in 1990 by Pakistani economist, Mahbub ul Haq and Indian noble laureate Amartya Sen.
• The theme for HDR in 2016 was 'Human Development for all'.

 Thus, we can say that the theme of the 2016 Human Development Report was 'Human Development for All'.

Additional Information

• The HDR special report for 2022 is titled 'New Threats to Human Society in Anthropocene'.

The correct option is It acts like a banker's bank.

• The Reserve Bank of India, known as RBI, is India's central bank and regulatory body responsible for the regulation of the Indian banking system.
• It is under the ownership of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It is responsible for the control, issue and maintaining a supply of the Indian rupee.

Important Points

• The RBI was nationalized on 1 January 1949.
• It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 by the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• RBI's functions

1. Supervised of the financial sector.
2. The regulator and supervisor of the financial system.
3. Banker and debt manager to government.
4. Managing foreign exchange.
5. To issue banknotes.
6. It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks.

Hence the correct option is It acts like a banker's bank.

• In 1905, Tarankanath Das sailed to japan and lived there in exile under the assumed name Tarak Brahmachari and after one year.
• He went to San Francisco(USA) and launched his journal named “Free Hindustan”.
• With its columns, he started influencing the American public opinion about the real condition of India and circulated the cause of a free Indian republic.
• He established the Indian Independence League in California and also helped Lala Hardayal in organizing the Ghadar Party Movement in the USA.
• He later became a professor of political science at the University of California. He strongly opposed the partition of India.

Hence, Tarak Nath Das brought out the newspaper in North America under the name of Free Hindustan.

• Farming is the process of systematic and controlled growth of plants or livestock in order to obtain food materials and other raw materials.
• The process of agriculture was initiated thousands of years ago, as civilizations became a part of human life, farming became an everyday chore for the people.
• There are two types of farming based on the terrains in which the crops are cultivated.
• They are known as wetland farming and dryland farming.

Thus, one of the dry farming practised in India is millet.

The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial court and the final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of judicial review.

Important Points

A court of record is a court whose acts and proceedings are enrolled for perpetual memory and testimony.

• These records are used with high authority and their truth cannot be questioned.
• In the Indian constitution article 129 make the Supreme Court the 'court of record”.
• Article 129 says: Supreme Court to be a court of record.
• The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.

Thus, we can say that Article 129 of the Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to be a Court of Records.

Additional Information

• Article 133: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters.
• Article 126: Appointment of Acting Chief Justice.
• Article 125: Salaries of the Judges

The correct answer is Loo.

Key Points

• Loo are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds blowing during the day over north and northwestern India.
• These winds blow in the northern plains, which intensify between Punjab to Bihar and Delhi to Patna.
• Sometimes they even continue late in the evening.
• Direct exposure to these winds may even prove to be fatal.
• The Loo mainly originates in the large desert regions of the northwestern Indian subcontinent: The Great Indian Desert, the Cholistan desert and the desert areas of Southern Balochistan.
• Their temperature ranges from 45 to 50 degrees.

 Thus, we can say that hot and dry winds blowing in the northern plains, which intensify between Punjab to Bihar and Delhi to Patna are called Loo.

Additional Information

• Towards the close of the summer season, pre-monsoon showers are common especially, in Kerala and Karnataka. They help in the early ripening of mangoes and are often referred to as 'mango showers'.

The Revolt of 1857 was the result of the character and the policies of British colonial rule. The causes of revolt emerged from all aspects- socio-cultural, economic, and political.

Revolt of 1857:

• The Revolt was started on 29^th March 1857.
• The 19^th Infantry at Berhampur (Barrackpore), refused to use the newly introduced Enfield rifle.
• The infantry was disbanded.
• Mangal Pandey, a sepoy of the 34^th Native Infantry at Barrackpore attacked and fired at his British Officers.
• Mangal Pandey was born on 19 July 1827.
• Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who took part in the revolt of 1857.
• He belongs to 34^th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) regiment.
• One of the major incidents that took place in this revolt was that he killed two British officers  Hugeson and Baugh at Barrackpore.
• He died on April 8 and his regiment was banned on the  6^th of May.
• A postage stamp was being issued on behalf of his name in 1984.
• "Shaheed Mangal Pandey Maha Udyan" is a park in Barrackpore.

Thus, the famous revolt of 1857, of which Mangal Pandey was a part, is related to the 34^th Native Infantry.

Additional Information

• 90 men of the 3^rd Native Cavalry stationed at Meerut refused to use the greased cartridge.
• 85 of them were dismissed and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment on 9^th May.
• The next day, on 10^th May, the entire Indian Garrison revolted.
• On 11^th May 1857, a band of sepoys from Meerut, who had disobeyed and killed the European officers the previous day, marched to the Red Fort (Delhi).

The correct answer is Edmund Burke.

Important Points

• Edmund Burke was a statesman and political thinker who dominated debates in the British Parliament during the late 1700s.
• His principled stands on such controversies as the American and French revolutions inspired modern political conservatism. He is also known as Father of Conservatism.
• In 1770, Edmund Burke defined a political party, ideologically, as a body of men and women united on the basis of their shared political ideas so as to promote the national interest.

Additional Information

• According to R. G. Gettel, a political party is “a group of citizens more or less organized, who act as a political unit and who by the use of their political power aim at controlling the government and carrying out its general policies.

The correct answer is Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere.

Key Points

• The atmosphere is divided into five layers starting from Earth's surface.
• These layers are:
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere
• The troposphere is the most important layer of the atmosphere.
• Its average height is 13 km.
• The stratosphere lies above the Troposphere.
• It extends up to a height of 50 km.
• The stratosphere consists of the ozone layer.
• The mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere.
• It extends up to a height of 80 km.
• The thermosphere lies above Mesosphere and extends up to 80-400 km.
• The ionosphere is a part of this layer.
• The Exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere.

 Thus, we can say that the order of the layers in the atmosphere is Troposphere, stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere.

District Planning Committee (DPC) is the committee created as per article 243ZD of the Constitution of India at the district level for planning at the district and below.

• The Committee in each district should consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the Municipalities in the district and prepare a draft development plan for the district.
• District Planning Committee in preparing the Draft Development Plan shall have regard to:
• Matter of common interest between the Panchayats and the Municipalities including spatial planning.
• Sharing of water and other physical and natural resources.
• Integrated development of infrastructure and environment conservation.
• Extent and type of available resources, whether financial or otherwise.

Additional Information

• Article 243-ZA: Elections to the Municipalities
• Article 243-ZF: Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities
• Article 243ZB of Constitution of India "Application to Union territories".
• The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union territories.
• The President may, by public notification, direct that the provisions of this Part shall apply to any Union territory or part thereof subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the notification.

In Second Round Table Conference, Mahatma Gandhi Ji participated.

Key Points

Second Round Table:

• In 1931, Mahatma Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference in London to discuss constitutional reform in India.
• ​Mahatma Gandhi represented the Indian National Congress and Sarojini Naidu represented Indian women in the second round table conferences.
• Some important participants of the Second Round table conference:
• Indian National Congress (INC) – Mahatma Gandhi, Rangaswami Iyengar, Madan Mohan Malaviya
• Muslims League – Md. Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan III, Muhammad Iqbal
• Hindus – M R Jayakar
• Depressed classes – Dr. B R Ambedkar
• The Second Round Table Conference was one of the results of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
• The British decided to grant a communal award for representing minorities in India by providing separate electorates for minority communities and Gandhiji was against this.

Important Points

• The First Round Table Conference was conducted from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931 in London.
• The Third Round Table Conference took place between 17 November 1932 and 24 December 1932 in London.

Lucknow Pact:

• The Lucknow Pact is an agreement between the INC and the All India Muslim League.
• The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (AIMLM) at a joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916.
• Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures.

Hence, the Lucknow Pact was signed in 1916.

Provisions of pact

• Self Government in India.
• Abolition of Indian Council.
• Separation of the executive from judiciary.
• 1/3^rd representation to be given to Muslims in the Central Government.
• Separate electorates for all communities until a joint electorate is demanded by all.

Results of Lucknow Pact

• Hindu-Muslim unity
• A separate communal electorate formally established communal politics in India.
• Put Muslim League at the forefront in National Politics.

Gandhi in South Africa:

• Gandhi arrived in Durban, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal) in 1893 to serve as legal counsel to a merchant Dada Abdulla.
• In June, Dada Abdulla asked him to undertake a rail trip to Pretoria, Transvaal, a journey that first took Gandhi to Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
• The first thing he noticed was that the Indians there were treated with little respect.
• Gandhi discovered how Indians - who had started arriving in South Africa largely as indentured labourers for the sugar cane plantations, mine workers and even those who paid their own way to start businesses in the country - suffered great discrimination.
• Gandhi united the diverse Indian communities to resist the draconian laws, succeeding in getting some of them amended.
• Coming back to India in 1901, Gandhi was soon asked to return to South Africa.

Hence, Mahatma Gandhi reaches Durban to solve the legal problems of Dada Abdullah in 1893.

The correct option is Guinea Lorenz Curve.

• The Gini index is a measure of the distribution of income across a population.

Important Points

• Developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912.
• The coefficient ranges from 0 (or 0%) to 1 (or 100%).
• 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality.
• Lorenz curve is used to represent economic inequality.
• **Gini index is often represented graphically through the Lorenz curve.**​

Additional Information

1. Phillips Curve: The inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation.
2. Engel's Law: The percentage of income allocated for food purchases decreases as income rises.
3. Laffer Curve: The relationship between tax rates and the amount of tax revenue collected by governments.

Hence The correct option is the 3 Guinea Lorenz Curve.

The correct answer is C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru.

C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within Congress to argue for a return to council politics.

• Swaraj Party was founded in 1923.
• Swaraj party demanded framing the constitution for India.
• The first session of the swaraj party was held at Allahabad.
• Swaraj party secured an absolute majority in the central legislative assembly election held in 1923 with more than 40 seats.
• C. R Das was the first president of the Swaraj Party.
• Motilal Nehru was the first secretary of the Swaraj Party.
• Swaraj party lost its influence after the death of C R Das in 1925.

Additional Information

The combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive.

• Democracy involves competition among various political parties.
• Their competition tends to divide any society.
• If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.
• This has happened in many countries.

Important Points

The Breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts during the early 1990s.

• Political competition along religious ending ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
• After a period of the political and economic crisis in the 1980s, constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unresolved issues caused bitter inter-ethnic Yugoslav wars.
• The wars primarily affected Bosnia and Herzegovina, neighbouring parts of Croatia and, some years later, Kosovo.

Thus, it is clear that Yugoslavia suffered disintegration due to political fights on the basis of religious and ethnic identities.

The correct option is Regional Rural Bank.

• A cooperative society is usually a voluntary organization formed by the underprivileged or the weaker sections. Such a society is a free and voluntary association that aims at the betterment of its members.
• This kind of body is formed by like-minded people driven by common goals.

Important Points

• Characteristics of cooperative society:

1. Voluntary association.
2. A separate legal entity.
3. Governed by democratic principles.
4. Mutual benefit through self-help and collective effort.

• Examples of cooperative society: Primary Land Development Bank, State Co-operative Bank, Central Land Development Bank.
• Types of Cooperatives:

1. Producer / Marketing Cooperatives.
2. Consumer Cooperatives.
3. Worker Cooperatives.
4. Housing Cooperatives.
5. Financial Cooperatives.
6. New Generation Cooperatives.
7. Multi-Stakeholder Cooperatives.
8. Non-profit Community Service Cooperatives.

Additional InformationRegional Rural Bank

• Regional Rural Banks are government-owned scheduled commercial banks of India that operate at the regional level in different states of India.
• They were created to serve rural areas with basic banking and financial services.
• Established in 1975 by the Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976
• Currently, there are 43 Regional Rural Banks.

​Hence The correct option is Regional Rural Bank.

The correct option is Foreign Portfolio Investment.

• To regulate the flow of speculative or short-term capital the use of tax-like measures like the Tobin tax.
• Here the Foreign Portfolio Investment is a short-term capital investment.

Important Points

• Tobin tax is a tax on the international flow of short-term capital.
• The tax is known after economist James Tobin who proposed it in 1972 in the form of a currency transaction tax.
• Tobin tax aims to discourage volatile short-term capital flows or hot money which are very speculative.
• The burden of a Tobin tax is inversely proportional to the length of the transaction example the shorter the holding period, the heavier the burden of the tax.

Additional Information

1. Foreign portfolio investment is the purchase of securities of foreign countries, such as stocks and bonds, on an exchange. Direct investment is seen as a long-term investment in the country's economy ​.
2. Foreign direct investment is building or purchasing businesses and their associated infrastructure in a foreign country. Portfolio investment can be viewed as a short-term move to make money.
3. NRI Investments is the term used for citizens of India who are currently living in a foreign land. The NRI investment is allowed in mutual funds, real estate and several other industries.

Hence The correct option is Foreign Portfolio Investment.

The correct answer is Sukumar Sen.

Key Points

• The first election commissioner of India was Sukumar Sen.
• Sukumar Sen was an Indian Civil servant, serving from 21 March 1950 to 19 December 1958.
• He also serves as first Chief Election Commissioner in Sudan.
• The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India.
• Election Commission is a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures and of the President and Vice-Prresident.

 Thus, we can say that the first election commissioner of India was Sukumar Sen.

Additional Information

• V.S. Ramadevi was the 9^th Election Commissioner of India in 1990.
• T. Swaminathan was the 5^th Election Commissioner in 1973.
• T.N. Seshan was the 10^th Election Commissioner appointed in 1990.

The correct answer is B. N. Rao.

Key Points

The drafting of the document called the constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly.

• Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.
• Its first meeting was held in December 1946.

Sir Benegal Narsing Rau, CIE, (26 February 1887 - 30 November 1953) was an Indian civil servant, jurist, diplomat and statesman known for his key role in drafting the Constitution of India.

• He was the Constitutional Advisor to Constituent Assembly.
• He was also India's representative to the United Nations Security Council from 1950 to 1952.
• One of the foremost Indian jurists of his time, Rau helped draft the constitutions of Burma in 1947 and India in 1950.
• As India's representative on the United Nations Security Council (1950–52), he was serving as president of the council when it recommended armed assistance to South Korea (June 1950).
• Later he was a member of the Korean War post-Armistice United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC).

Thus, we can say that B. N. Rao was the constitutional advisor to the Constituent Assembly of India.

Additional Information

• Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (3 June 1895 - 10 December 1963), popularly known as Sardar K. M. Panikkar, was an Indian statesman and diplomat. He was also a professor, newspaper editor, historian and novelist.
• K.T Shah was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Bihar. He was an active member of the Assembly who made immense contributions during the debates. He was a socialist and intervened on issues ranging from freedom of speech, presidential elections, citizenship and separation of powers.

The correct answer is Kunwar Singh.

Key Points

• The Revolt of 1857 is known as the first independence struggle of India.
• The uprising began on May 10, 1857 in Meerut.
• It was a widespread rebellion against the rule of British East India Company in India which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British crown.
• ^{The main centres of the revolt and the rulers that led the revot at these centres were:}
• Bihar- Kunwar SIngh
• Jhansi- Rani Laxmibai
• Kanpur-Nana Saheb
• Lucknow- Begum Hazrat Mahal
• Gwalior- Tantia Tope
• Delhi- Bahadur Shah II
• Bareilley- Khan Bahadur Khan

 Thus, we can say that the revolt in Bihar in 1857 was Kunwar Singh.

The correct answer is Financial policy.

• The Interest rate policy is used by the central bank of a country to control the money supply in the economy through a Monetary policy.
• The interest rate is the amount that borrowers must pay for their loans or the amount that depositors receive for their deposits.

Important Points

• The policy interest rate is set by the central bank, and it is the most important rate since it influences all other interest rates in the economy.
• The policy interest rate is the rate at which the central bank will pay or charge commercial banks for their deposits or loans.​

Additional Information

• On 8 June, the Reserve Bank of India hiked the repo rate—its main policy instrument—by 50 basis points to 4.90%.
• It also hiked its standing deposit facility rate and marginal standing facility rate by 50 basis points each, to 4.65% and 4.15% respectively.

Hence The correct answer is 1 Financial policy.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in April 2006, which was aimed at establishing democracy in Nepal.

• All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four-day strike in Kathmandu.
• They demanded;
• Restoration of parliament
• Power to an all-party government
• A new constituent assembly
• On 24 April 2006, the king was forced to accept all three demands.
• In 2008, kingship was abolished and Nepal became a federal democratic republic.
• In 2015, it adopted a new constitution.
• The struggle of the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.

From the above, we can conclude that a movement was started in 2006 in Nepal was to establish democracy.

• The percentage of 'education expenditure' over 'total government expenditure’ indicates the importance of education in the scheme of things before the government.
• The percentage of ‘education expenditure of GDP’ expresses how much of people’s income is being committed to the development of education in the country.
• The basic purpose of Planning in India is to widen people's choices and improve the well-being of the people.
• The percentage of spending from the government is a reflection of the value the Indian government places on education.

Key Points

GDP on Education:

• Elementary education takes a major share of total education expenditure in the country.
• The share of higher education (institutions of higher learning like colleges, polytechnics and universities) is the least.
• The Economic Survey 2019-20 noted that the expenditure on education by the centre and the states as a proportion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been around 3% between 2014-15 to 2018-19.
• **The National Policy on Education 1968 recommended the spending on **Education to be 6% of GDP.
• National Education Policy, 2020 (NEP) reaffirms the recommendation of increasing public investment in education to 6% of GDP.

Thus, about three percent of GDP is spent on education in India.

Arnold Toynbee

• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18^th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.
• Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee to describe Britain's economic development from 1760 to 1840. Hence option 2 is correct.
• Arnold Toynbee was a British economic historian.
• He was also noted for his social commitment and desire to improve the living conditions of the working classes.

• In the 18^th century during the French Revolution, French society was divided into three estates.

​

Estates-General: 

• King Louis XVI brought a Swiss banker Jacques Necker, who had previously served a ten-year as director-general of finance.
• After observing the situation, Necker pushed king Louis XVI to inform the Estates-General who is a French congress that was generated in the medieval.
• The Estate-General consisted of three different estates. 
• The First one was the clergy.
• The Second one was Nobility.
• The Last & Third Estate was the rest of society in France.

Rise of Third Estate**:**

• Although Louis XVI offered the final or Third Estate greater numerical representation.
• The Parliament Of Paris invoked & stepped in the ancient mandatory rule that regardless of size, each estate receives one vote.
• As a result, though the Third Estate was quite larger than the other two estates that are clergy and nobility.
• The Third Estate began to mobilize support for the abolishment of the noble veto & equal representation, which was an effect from 5^th May.

Thus, the elite class was a part of the other estates during the French Revolution.

The correct answer is Fisheries.

Important Points

• Article 1 of Indian Constitution states that India is a Union of States. This makes the structure of division of powers unique in India which is inclined towards Central Government.
• Indian Union has the sole authority over certain subjects to create uniformity across the country for seemless and easy business.
• Subjects which are part of the responsibility and control of the Indian Union are:

1. External Affairs/Foreign Affairs: This would contain External Debt.
2. Banking: This includes every service related to banking such as Insurance and every institutions working in the country including Reserve Bank of India.

• Fisheries is the part of State Government as the item , 'Livestock and Animal Husbandry' comes under the State List.

The correct answer is 2014.

Key Points

• Lok Sabha is the lower house of the parliament.
• Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and first-past-the-post-system to represent their respective constituencies.
• The maximum membership of the house alloted by the constitution of India is 552.
• The sixteenth Lok Sabha elections were held in 2014.
• Members of the 16^th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2014 general elections.
• The elections were conducted in 9 phases by the Election Commission of India.

 Thus, we can say that the sixteenth Lok Sabha elections were held in the year 2014.

The correct option is Bugyal.

• Bhotiyas are a nomadic pastoral community living in the hilly terrains of Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh with their flock of goats, sheep and ponies.
• Their main traditional occupation used to be Indo-Tibetan trade, with limited amounts of agriculture and pastoralism.

Important Points

• Bugyals are alpine pasture lands, or meadows, in higher elevation range between 3,300 m and 4,000 m of the Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, where they are called "nature’s gardens".
• The topography of the terrain is either flat or sloped. The surface of these burials is covered with natural green grass and seasonal flowers.
• They are used by tribal herdsmen to graze their cattle. During the winter season, the alpine meadows remain snow-covered. During the summer months, the Bugyals present a riot of beautiful flowers and grass.
• Hence the bhotiyas go in summer to bugyals with their animals.

Hence The correct option is Bugyal.

The correct answer is Chenab.

• The Chenab River is the largest tributary of the river Indus. It has a total length of about 974 km.
• Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj are its main tributaries of the Indus river.

Important PointsChenab River 

• The Chenab originates from near the Bara Lacha Pass in the Lahul-Spiti part of the Zaskar Range.
• Two small streams on opposite sides of the pass, namely Chandra and Bhaga, from its headwaters at an altitude of 4,900 m.
• The united stream Chandrabhaga flows in the northwest direction through the Pangi valley, parallel to the Pir Panjal range.
• Near Kistwar, it cuts a deep gorge.
• It enters the plain area near Akhnur in Jammu and Kashmir.
• From here it through the plains of Pakistani Punjab to reach Panchnad where it joins the Sutlej after receiving the waters of the Jhelum and Ravi rivers.

Additional Information Ravi River:

• The Ravi has its source in Kullu hills near the Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh.
• It drains the area between the Pir Panjal and the Dhaola Dhar ranges.
• After crossing Chamba, it takes a south-westerly turn and cuts a deep gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range.
• It enters Punjab Plains near Madhopur and later enters Pakistan below Amritsar.
• It debouches into the Chenab a little above Rangpur in Pakistani Punjab.

Beas River:

• The Beas originates near the Rohtang Pass, at a height of 4,062 m above sea level, on the southern end of the Pir Panjal Range, close to the source of the Ravi.
• It crosses the Dhaola Dhar range and it takes a south-westerly direction and meets the Satluj river at Harike in Punjab.
• It is a comparatively small river which is only 460 km long but lies entirely within the Indian territory.

Jhelum River:

• It flows northwards into Wular Lake (the north-western part of Kashmir Valley).
• From Wular Lake, it changes its course southwards. At Baramulla, the river enters a gorge in the hills.
• The river is navigable for about 160 km out of a total length of 724 km

Hence The correct answer is Chenab.

Indian Parliament is bicameral in nature i.e. that it has two houses.

• Rajya Sabha is one of those two houses, i.e. the upper house of the Parliament.
• The other house is the Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament.)

 

• A no-confidence motion
• It is a parliamentary motion that is moved in the Lok Sabha against the entire council of ministers, stating that they are no longer deemed fit to hold positions of responsibility due to their inadequacy in some respect or their failure to carry out their obligations.
• No prior reason needs to be stated for its adoption in the Lok Sabha.
• A motion of “No Confidence Motion” against the Government can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha under rule 198.
• Money Bills
• It can be introduced only in Lok Sabha (the directly elected 'people's house' of the Indian Parliament).
• The Rajya Sabha may not amend money bills but can recommend amendments.
• They do not have the power to pass or reject a money bill.
• To make sure that Rajya Sabha doesn't amend the bill by adding some non-money matters (known as Financial Bill), the Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies the bill as a money bill before sending it to the upper house, and the decision of the Speaker is binding on both the Houses.
• A money bill must be returned to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, or the bill is deemed to have passed both houses in the form it was originally passed by the Lok Sabha.

From the above, it is clear that Money Bill cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha.

The correct answer is ​Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Key Points

United Nations:

• The name "United Nations", coined by the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• It was first used in the Declaration by the United Nations on 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Power

​

Important Points

• The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945.
• It is currently made up of 193 Member States.
• The UN Charter of 1945 is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, as an inter-governmental organization.
• The President of the General Assembly is elected each year by the assembly to serve a one-year term of office.

Additional Information

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt was an American politician who served as the 32^nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
• Sir Winston Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955.
• Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28^th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.
• Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a Georgian revolutionary and political leader who governed the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

The correct answer is the difference between the poverty line and the real income of the people living below that line.

Key Points

• The percentage by which the average income of the poor falls below the poverty line is known as the "poverty gap." Half of the median household income for the entire population is considered to be below the poverty line.
• The World Bank created the idea of the "poverty gap," which is often used to assess the prevalence of poverty in various nations.
• Income gap, gender inequality, access to health care, and social class are some of the most prominent instances of social inequality.

Hence, the correct answer is that the poverty gap is the difference between the poverty line and the real income of the people living below that line.