NVS TGT Social Science 2016 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

परिवर्तन प्रकृति का नियम अनिवार्य है। 

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​परिवर्तन प्रकृति का नियम है। उसे तो हर हाल में होना ही है, पर परिवर्तन के दो रूप हैं - एक रूप है विकास, दूसरा रूप है विकृति।
• परिवर्तन दोनों दशाओं में होता है पर दोनों को एक ही श्रेणी में नहीं रखा जा सकता।

Key Points

• प्रकृति- कुदरत, स्वभाव, शील, तासीर, मिजाज।
• विलोम शब्द - 'कृत्रिम'

Additional Informationऊब:-

• अर्थ: उकताहट, खिन्नता, बोरियत, उदासी, सामंजस्य, एकरसता, नीरसता, उकताहट, बोरियत।
• विलोम शब्द - 'बेक़रारी'

सतत:- 

• अर्थ: सदा, हमेशा, निरन्तर, लगातार।

अंतराल:-

• अर्थ: दूरी, फ़ासला, अंतर, दूरत्व।

सप्राण और निष्प्राण की पहचान है**- b, c, d**

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• हमारे लिए यह जानना ज़्यादा आसान है कि अंततः वही चीज़ें बचती हैं जो प्राणवान बनी रहें
• सप्राण और निष्प्राण की पहचान हम चीज़ों के बढ़ने, पनपने की अंदरूनी ताकत से करते हैं।
• इस ताकत का होना या न होना ही विकसने-गिरने का कारक कारण है । बढ़ने की तरह चीजें घटती भी हैं । विकृत भी होती हैं।

Key Pointsविकसित:-

• अर्थ: प्रफुल्ल, खिला हुआ, प्रसन्न।
• विलोम शब्द - ​'अविकसित'

विकृत:-

• अर्थ: विकारयुक्त, रोगी, बेडौल, बीमार, ख़राब, परिवर्तित, दूषित।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अविकृत'

ज्ञेय:-

• अर्थ: जिसका जानना योग्य या कर्तव्य हो, जानने योग्य।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अज्ञेय'

Additional Informationगतिशीलता:-

• अर्थ:  गतियुक्तता, सचलता, तेज़ी, तीव्रता, उग्रता, शीघ्रता, दक्षता, प्रखरता।
• ​विलोम शब्द - 'गतिहीनता'

'पोस्टमार्टम' का हिंदी पर्याय है- चीरफाड़

• अर्थ: वह परीक्षा जो किसी प्राणी की लाश को चीर फाड़कर की जाय

Key Points

• ऐसे शब्द जिनके अर्थ समान हों, पर्यायवाची शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे - 
• जाँच-परख- ​अच्छी तरह देख भाल
• आलोचना - समीक्षा, गुण-दोष, छिद्रान्वेषण, टीका-टिप्पणी।
• समर्थन - मदद, अनुमोदन, हिमायत, सहायता।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण 

• अनुपम- अपूर्व, अतुल, अनोखा, अनूठा, अद्वितीय, अदभुत, अनन्य।
• इज्जत- मान, प्रतिष्ठा, आदर, आबरू।
• ईहा- मनोकामना, अभिलाषा, इच्छा, आकांक्षा, कामना।
• उग्र- प्रचण्ड, उत्कट, तेज, महादेव, तीव्र, विकट।
• एषणा- इच्छा, आकांक्षा, कामना, अभिलाषा, हसरत।
• ओज- तेज, शक्ति, बल, चमक, कांति, दीप्ति, वीर्य।

'संस्कार' शब्द को परिभाषित करना कठिन है - यह एक लंबी प्रक्रिया का परिणाम है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​सं��्कार शब्द में कौन-कौन सी चीजें, कौन-कौन से अनुभव, कौन से दृश्य, कौन-सी सूचनाएँ हमें या हमारे व्यक्तित्व को आगे ले जाती हैं, कौन-सी पीछे । किन चीज़ों का फलयोग हमारे जीवन में उत्कर्ष की तरह सामने आता है, किनका अपकर्ष की तरह। अर्थात यह एक लंबी प्रक्रिया का परिणाम है।

Key Points

• प्रक्रिया- वह क्रिया या प्रणाली जिससे कोई वस्तु होती, बनती या निकलती हो, (प्रोसेस)
• परिणाम - नतीजा, रूपांतर, फल, इफ़ेक्ट, विकार, कन्क्लूज़न, रिज़ल्ट, निष्कर्ष।
• ​ 'परिणाम' का संधि-विच्छेद परि + नाम होगा। इसमें व्यंजन संधि है।

Additional Informationशाब्दिक:- 

• अर्थ: शब्द संबंधी, शब्द का, शब्द पर आश्रित, शब्दमय।

संस्कार:-

• संस्कार = सम् + कार
• संस्कार शब्द में व्यंजन संधि होगी।
• अर्थ: सुधारना, अलंकार, सजावट, संस्कृति, सजाना, सभ्यता, सफ़ाई।
• विलोम शब्द - 'उद्दंडता'

पेचीदा:-

• अर्थ: चक्करदार, मुश्किल, टेढ़ा-मेढ़ा, कठिन, परेशानी, विपत्ति, कठिनाई, मुश्किल।

रूढ़:-

• अर्थ: परंपरा; प्रथा, चढ़ाई, चढ़ाव, वह शब्दशक्ति जिससे शब्द अपने रूढ़ अर्थ का ज्ञान कराता है।

किसी वस्तु की चिरंतनता को हम तुला पर तौलते हैं- लाभदायक - हानिकारक

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• किसी वस्तु की चिरंतनता को हम एक **उन्नति (**लाभदायक)  का परिचायक है, दूसरा **अवनति (**हानिकारक) इसी तुला पर तौलते हैं।

Key Points

• लाभदायक- फ़ायदेमंद, उपादेय, उत्कृष्ट, उपयोगी, उत्तम
• विलोम शब्द - 'हानिकारक'

Additional Informationपरिवर्तनयुक्त:-

• अर्थ: बदलाव, हेरफेर, तबदीली, फेरबदल।
• विलोम शब्द - 'परिवर्तनमुक्त'

विकसित:-

• अर्थ: प्रफुल्ल, खिला हुआ, प्रसन्न।
• विलोम शब्द - ​**'अविकसित'**

विकृत:-

• अर्थ: विकारयुक्त, रोगी, बेडौल, बीमार, ख़राब, परिवर्तित, दूषित।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अविकृत'

सुंदर:-

• अर्थ: मनोहर, सुहावना, चित्ताकर्षक, रमणीक, कमनीय, उत्कृष्ट, उत्तम, सुरम्य।
• विलोम शब्द - 'असुंदर'

यहाँ 'तकाज़ा' शब्द का अर्थ है- माँग

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• कहीं भी, किसी भी तरह से यदि कुछ गलत हो रहा है तो इस सजगता का तकाज़ा है कि हम अपना विरोध दर्ज कराएँ - स्वयं अपनी दृष्टि में मनुष्य बने रहने के लिए । ​

Key Points

• 'तकाज़ा' शब्द का अन्य अर्थ है-  उत्तेजना, इच्छा, खपत, अनुरोध, दावा, ज़रूरत।  
• अरबी भाषा का शब्द

Additional Informationशिकायत:-

• अर्थ: शिकवा, गिला, निंदा, बुराई, दोष-कथन।

ऋण:-

• अर्थ: कर्ज़, देनदारी, उधार, कृतज्ञता, उधारी, देय, लोन।

देनदार:-

• अर्थ: कर्ज़दार, ऋणी, आभारी, ऋणी, उपकृत, अनुगृहीत, रैयत।

लेखक को तटस्थता की विरुद्धता के दर्शन की आवश्यकता मानवता के संरक्षण के लिए महसूस हुई।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• हम अपना विरोध दर्ज कराएँ - स्वयं अपनी दृष्टि में मनुष्य बने रहने के लिए। यही है तटस्थता की विरुद्धता का दर्शन और यही हमारे मनुष्य होने का प्रमाण भी है।

Key Points

• संरक्षण - बचाव, रक्षा, सुरक्षा, प्रतिरक्षा, हिफाजत, रखवाली।
• विलोम शब्द- ​**'अरक्षण'**

Additional Informationमाँग:- 

• अर्थ: चाह, आवश्यकता, फरमाइश, अनुरोध, आग्रह, प्रार्थना, याचना।

प्रचार:-

• अर्थ: विज्ञापन, आचरण, गति, चलन, मार्ग, रिवाज, प्रोपगेंडा।

अस्तित्व:-

• अर्थ: सत्ता, वजुद, विद्यमानता, उपस्थिति, मौजूदगी।
• विलोम शब्द- 'अनस्तित्व'

गद्यांश में पक्षधरता से आशय है - सही के समर्थन में गलत का विरोध

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• विवेकशीलता का अर्थ है सही और गलत की पहचान कर पाना और फिर सही के समर्थन में गलत का विरोध करना। यही है वह पक्षधरता जो मनुष्य को जागरूक बनाती है ।​

Key Points

• समर्थन- किसी के मत या विचार पर सहमति जताने की क्रिया, अनुमोदन, (सपोर्ट) 
• विलोम शब्द - 'विरोध'

Additional Informationसही:-

• अर्थ: सत्य, यथार्थ, वास्तविक, सच, ठीक, शुद्ध। 
• विलोम शब्द - 'गलत'

'दृष्टा भाव' का प्रयोग लोग अधिकतर आत्म-रक्षा के लिए करते हैं।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​ हमारी त्रासदी यह है कि दृष्टा भाव से जीने को हम एक दार्शनिक और आध्यात्मिक अर्थ देकर अनायास अपना बचाव कर लेते हैं ।

Key Points

• आत्मरक्षा - स्वयं की या अपनी रक्षा।

Additional Informationकायरता:-

• कायर + ता = कायरता
• 'कायर' मूलशब्द और **'**ता' प्रत्यय
• अर्थ: कायरपना, डरपोकपन, दब्बूपन
• विलोम शब्द - 'निडर'

तटस्थ:-

• अर्थ: उदासीन, निरपेक्ष, अलग, निष्पक्ष।
• विलोम शब्द - 'साक्षेप'

लेखक को मंथरा-दर्शन स्वार्थ प्रेरित अच्छा नहीं लगता।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• मंथरा-दर्शन कुल मिलाकर हमें सजीव मनुष्य से निर्जीव वस्तु में ही परिणत करता है। अर्थात मंथरा-दर्शन स्वार्थ प्रेरित अच्छा नहीं लगता।

Key Points

• स्वार्थ- मतलब, लाभ, गरज़, प्रयोजन, ढंग
• विलोम शब्द - 'निस्वार्थ'
• प्रेरित -  प्रोत्साहित , जोश में , उद्दीपित, उत्तेजित , उत्साहित

Additional Informationकायरतापूर्ण:-

• अर्थ: बुजदिल, कापुरुष, डरपोक, ना समझ, अशक्ति।

संवेदनहीन:-

• अर्थ:  जिसमें संवेदना न हो, निर्मम, क्रूर।
• विलोम शब्द - 'संवेदनशील'

निर्जीव:-

• अर्थ:  जिसमें प्राण या जान न हो, बेजान।
• ​विलोम शब्द - **'**सजीव'

सही उत्तर 'उसे मृत्युदंड मिला है।' है।

• भाषा वर्तनी तथा व्याकरण की दृष्टि से 'उसे मृत्युदंड मिला है।' शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• ​अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।

​ Key Points

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• उसे मृत्यु की सज़ा मिली है।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपर्युक्त वाक्य में वचन सम्बन्धी- अशुद्धि है।
• वचन सम्बन्धी- अशुद्धि: हिंदी में कुछ शब्द सदैव बहुवचन में प्रयुक्त होने हैं। अतः उनका उचित बोध न होने के कारण तथा कर्त्ता एवं कर्म के वचन के अनुसार क्रिया प्रयुक्त न होने पर वाक्य अशुद्ध हो जाता है।
• उसे तत्काल मौत की सज़ा मिली है।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपर्युक्त वाक्य में 'तत्काल' अनुप्रयुक्त शब्द है।
• उसे मृत्यु का दंड मिला है।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपर्युक्त वाक्य में 'मृत्यु का दंड'  के स्थान पर मृत्युदंड शब्द का प्रयोग होगा।

Additional Information

• वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है।
• अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है।
• वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं।

सही उत्तर 'यहाँ गाय का शुद्ध दूध मिलता है।' है।

• भाषा वर्तनी तथा व्याकरण की दृष्टि से 'यहाँ गाय का शुद्ध दूध मिलता है।' शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• ​अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• गाय का शुद्ध दूध यहाँ मिलता है।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• शुद्ध गाय का यहाँ दूध मिलता है।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• यहाँ मिलता है गाय का दूध शुद्ध।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में पदक्रम/क्रमभंग संबंधी अशुद्धि है।
• क्रमभंग सम्बन्धी-वाक्य रचना के आधार पर शब्द के उचित स्थान पर प्रयुक्त न होने से भी वाक्य में शुद्धि नहीं रहती है।

Additional Information

• वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है।
• अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है।
• वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं।

सही उत्तर 'उनके पास खाने का कुछ भी सामान नहीं है।' है।

• भाषा वर्तनी तथा व्याकरण की दृष्टि से 'उनके पास खाने का कुछ भी सामान नहीं है।' शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• ​अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।

Key Points अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• उनके पास कोई भी सामान खाने के लिए नहीं है।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• कोई भी खाने का सामान उनके पास नहीं है।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• सामान नहीं है कोई भी उनके पास खाने का।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में पदक्रम/क्रमभंग संबंधी अशुद्धि है।
• क्रमभंग सम्बन्धी-वाक्य रचना के आधार पर शब्द के उचित स्थान पर प्रयुक्त न होने से भी वाक्य में शुद्धि नहीं रहती है।

Additional Information  

• वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है।
• अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रे��ण को अधिक सरल बनाता है।
• वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं।

सही उत्तर 'मेरे पिताजी के चित्र पर गुलाब की एक माला टँगी है।' है।

• भाषा वर्तनी तथा व्याकरण की दृष्टि से 'मेरे पिताजी के चित्र पर गुलाब की एक माला टँगी है।' शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• ​अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• एक गुलाब की माला मेरे पिताजी के चित्र पर टँगी है।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• एक गुलाब की माला टँगी है मेरे पिताजी के चित्र पर।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• एक गुलाब की माला चित्र पर टँगी है मेरे पिताजी के। अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में पदक्रम/क्रमभंग संबंधी अशुद्धि है।
• क्रमभंग सम्बन्धी-वाक्य रचना के आधार पर शब्द के उचित स्थान पर प्रयुक्त न होने से भी वाक्य में शुद्धि नहीं रहती है।

 

Additional Information 

• वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है।
• अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है।
• वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं।

सही उत्तर 'फूलों की एक माला लाओ।' है।

• भाषा वर्तनी तथा व्याकरण की दृष्टि से 'फूलों की एक माला लाओ।' शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• ​अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।

Key Points

 

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• एक फूलों की माला लाओ।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• एक माला फूलों की लाओ।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• फूल की माला एक लाओ।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में पदक्रम/क्रमभंग संबंधी अशुद्धि है।
• एक फूलों की माला कभी नहीं होती है।
• यह विरोधाभास है कि एक तरफ तो एक शब्द का प्रयोग कर रहे हैं तथा उसके पश्चात बहुवचन शब्द फूलों का प्रयोग हुआ है जो कि गलत है।
• अतः फूलों की एक माला सही है।
• क्रमभंग सम्बन्धी-वाक्य रचना के आधार पर शब्द के उचित स्थान पर प्रयुक्त न होने से भी वाक्य में शुद्धि नहीं रहती है।

Additional Information 

• वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है।
• अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है।
• वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबं���ी अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं।

सही उत्तर 'उधार लेने वाले प्रायः ऋणदाता से मुँह चुराने लगते हैं।' है।

• भाषा वर्तनी तथा व्याकरण की दृष्टि से 'उधार लेने वाले प्रायः ऋणदाता से मुँह चुराने लगते हैं।' शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• ​अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।

Key Points

 अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• उधार लेने वाले प्रायः ऋणदाता से मुँह हटाने लगते हैं।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उधार लेनेवाले प्रायः ऋणदाता से मुँह बनाने लगते हैं।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उधार लेने वाले प्रायः ऋणदाता से हटाने लगते हैं।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में क्रिया सम्बन्धी अशुद्धि है।
• क्रिया सम्बन्धी अशुद्धि: क्रिया सम्बन्धी-सही क्रिया रूप प्रयुक्त न होने पर भी वाक्य अशुद्ध हो जाता है।

Additional Information 

• वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है।
• अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है।
• वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं।

सही उत्तर 'देश पंडित नेहरू का सदा आभारी रहेगा।' है।

• भाषा वर्तनी तथा व्याकरण की दृष्टि से 'देश पंडित नेहरू का सदा आभारी रहेगा।' शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• ​अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।

Key Points अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• पंडित नेहरू का आभारी रहेगा सदा देश।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• पंडित नेहरू का देश रहेगा आभारी सदा।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• देश सदा आभारी रहेगा पंडित नेहरू का।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में पदक्रम/क्रमभंग संबंधी अशुद्धि है।
• क्रमभंग सम्बन्धी-वाक्य रचना के आधार पर शब्द के उचित स्थान पर प्रयुक्त न होने से भी वाक्य में शुद्धि नहीं रहती है।

Additional Information 

• वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है।
• अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है।
• वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं।

सही उत्तर 'भारत में कई दर्शनीय स्थल हैं।' है।

• भाषा वर्तनी तथा व्याकरण की दृष्टि से 'भारत में कई दर्शनीय स्थल हैं।' शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• ​अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।
• जो देखने योग्य हो उसे- दर्शनीय कहा जाता है।

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• भारत में कई दर्शनीय स्थल योग्य हैं।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपरोक्त वाक्य में अनुपयुक्त शब्द अशुद्धि है।
• भारत में कई स्थल दर्शनीय हैं।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपरोक्त वाक्य में क्रमभंग सम्बन्धी अशुद्धि है।
• वाक्य रचना के आधार पर शब्द के उचित स्थान पर प्रयुक्त न होने से भी वाक्य में शुद्धि नहीं रहती है।
• देखने योग्य स्थल भारत में कई हैं।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपरोक्त वाक्य में क्रमभंग सम्बन्धी अशुद्धि है

 

Additional Information 

• वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है।
• अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है।
• वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं।

सही उत्तर 'बाढ़ के प्रकोप से अनेक लोग तबाह हो गए ।' है।

• दिए गए वाक्यों में 'बाढ़ के प्रकोप से अनेक लोग तबाह हो गए।' शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• ​अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• बाढ़ के प्रकोप से लोग तबाह हो गए। - अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपरोक्त वाक्य में अनुपयुक्त शब्द अशुद्धि है।
• अनेक लोग तबाह हो गए बाढ़ के प्रकोप से।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपरोक्त वाक्य में क्रमभंग सम्बन्धी अशुद्धि है।
• वाक्य रचना के आधार पर शब्द के उचित स्थान पर प्रयुक्त न होने से भी वाक्य में शुद्धि नहीं रहती है।
• बाढ़ अनेकों लोगों को तबाह करती है।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• वाक्य में 'अनेकों' शब्द में शब्द ज्ञान संबंधी अशुद्धि है, उसके स्थान पर 'अनेक' शब्द का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।

Additional Information

• वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है।
• अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है।
• वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं।

सही उत्तर 'आप लगभग नौ बजे आए हैं।' है।

• दिए गए वाक्यों में "आप लगभग नौ बजे आए हैं।" शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• अन्य दिए गए विकल्प अशुद्ध रूप में है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• आप नौ बजे के करीब आए होंगे। - अशुद्ध वाक्य
• आप लगभग नौ बजे आए होंगे।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• करीब-करीब नौ बजे आप आए हैं।- अशुद्ध वाक्य
• उपरोक्त वाक्यों में अनुपयुक्त शब्द "करीब, लगभग और करीब-करीब" के कारण वाक्य अशुद्ध है।
• अनुपयुक्त शब्द के कारण अशुद्धि -वाक्य में अनुपयुक्त शब्द प्रयुक्त हो जाने से भी वाक्य अशुद्ध हो जाता है।
• अतः अनुपयुक्त शब्द को हटाकर उसके स्थान पर उपयुक्त शब्द का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।

Additional Information

The correct answer is benefactors of mankind.

Key Points

• Faraday was honoured by Sir William Bragg as Prometheus, they say, brought fire to the service of mankind.
• Faraday had made his life's work as a great experimental scientist to make life easier for mankind.

Thus benefactors of mankind is the correct answer.

Important Points 

• Faraday is compared to Prometheus not because he's brilliant, hardworking or diligent but because of service to the mankind.

The correct answer is Mediation.

Key Points

• As per the passage, the British monarch's intervention helped secure Faraday a government pension.
• The word intervention used in passage means mediation.

Thus mediation is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Encouragement is the action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope.
• Motivation is the desire to act in service of a goal.
• Promise is a a declaration or assurance that one will do something.

The correct answer is Excessive hard work.

Key Points

• As per the passage, Faraday's last years were marked by physical and psychological exhaustion.
• He gradually lapsed into senility and passed away quietly on 25 August, 1867.
• So, it explains his excessive hard work which lead to his illness.

Thus Excessive hard work is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "He had no patron to encourage him."

Key Points

• This statement is false because as per the passage a British monarch's intervention that helped secure for him a government pension which states that he has a patron.
• Thus He had no patron to encourage him is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The remaining statements are true, i.e. 
• Faraday lacked good and formal education.
• He was poor.
• He had many professional rivals which in the passage is mentioned as discouragement..

The correct answer is Hardships.

Key Points

• As per the passage "pure science, it is stoically accepted the hardship that it entailed" indicates the hardships Faraday faced.
• In order to pursue pure science, one much go through several hardships before they face the success in the science stream.

Thus hardships is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Failure is an act or instance of failing or proving unsuccessful.
• Risks : It is a possibility of loss or injury.
• Huge resources : It means the unusually large in size, extent, vast amount of resources.

The correct answer is pulled in.

Key Points

• The correct answer is pulled in, which completes "He was pulled in by his boss for frequent late coming".
• Pulled in: it means to check, restrain etc.

Thus pulled in is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The phrasal verb pull down means to make somebody less happy, but its real meaning goes as to destroy or take down.
• Pulled up means to check oneself or to stop etc. In different circumstances its used accordingly.
• Pulled on means to hold onto and move (something) toward oneself.

The correct answer is Have known.

Key Points

• In the given sentence, have known is to be used.
• The reason being the time period of 20 years has passed and it is still continuing to the present.
• So, we need to use present perfect tense.
• ​​Example:
• ​I have known him for four days.
• Accordingly, 'have known' is the most appropriate verb for the given sentence.

The sentence can be completed as, I have known him for 20 years.

Additional Information

• We often use 'for' and 'since' with perfect continuous tenses: 
• ​For : We use 'for' to talk about a period of time : three hours, two months, one decade, etc.
• Ex : He has been playing football for a long time.
• Since : We use 'since' to talk about a point in past time: 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday
• ​Ex : I have been watching TV since 8 o'clock.

The correct answer is "was willing".

Key Points

• The adjective “willing” means to be ready, eager or prepared to do something.
• The given sentence is in indirect speech.
• Also, the main verb 'told' is in past and in that clause, we need to use past tense of the verb i.e. was.
• The tense required here is past tense.

Thus the correct answer is "was willing".

The sentence can be completed as, He told me that he was willing to take up the assignment.

Additional Information

• Will be willing : Will be is used in future continuous tense, sometimes also referred to as the future progressive tense, is a verb tense that indicates that something will occur in the future and continue for an expected length of time. It is formed using the construction will + be + the present participle (the root verb + -ing).
• Has been willing : “Has been” is used to mean that something began in the past and has lasted into the present time.

The correct answer is "of".

Key Points

• The sentence is completed as, A public man should be tolerant of criticism. The appropriate Preposition will be "of".
• A word signifying the relation between two words is known as Preposition.
• Example: in, on, with, before, after, for etc.
• 'Of' Preposition is used to say about a particular feature, aspect, or quality.
• It is also used in indicating specific things.
• It also shows concern about something.

Thus the correct answer is "of"

Additional Information

• A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.
• Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to."
• Examples: Snow is falling all over the country.
• All of us went to the movie theater.
• The map lies on the desk.

The correct answer is "at".

Key Points

• In the given sentence, it is given that the subject's parents often ignore the subject's follies.
• In the sentence,
• Connive means to pretend ignorance of or fail to take action against something one ought to oppose.
• Example: The captain connived at the smuggling of goods aboard his ship.
• Follies means foolish acts or ideas of someone.
• Example: His own folly caused him trouble.
• "At" is a preposition used after a verb to show that somebody tries to do something, or partly does something.
• Example: She nibbled at a sandwich.
• In the given sentence, after the verb "Connive", the appropriate preposition to be used is "at".

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "fell through"

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning of the given phrases:
• "Fell down" means to fall to the ground.
• Example: Our mango tree fell down in the storm.
• "Fell through" means to fail or stop in a sudden or final way.
• Example:  The contract negotiations of the two companies fell through.
• "Fell over" means to fall on something.
• Example: Ashes from the volcano fall over a wide area.
• In the given sentence, it is stated that because of the deficiency of the resources the scheme was stopped.
• Thus, the correct phrase to fill the blank will be "fell through".

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "verb".

Key Points

• "While away" is a phrasal verb which means to spend time (idly) and usually pleasantly.
• Example: We whiled away the afternoon with a walk around the garden.
• "Verb" refers to all actions, including those related to feelings and emotions.
• Example: My dog is sleeping.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the "while" in the given sentence is a verb.

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given parts of speech:
• An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb (he sings loudly), an adjective (very tall), another adverb (ended too quickly)
• A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to."
• A conjunction is a word or phrase that connects words, phrases, clauses, and sentences together.

                            The flower is white and red.

The correct answer is "Adverb".

Key Points

• In the given sentence,  the word 'Behind' has been used as an adverb and indicates ' in a place or situation that one has departed from'.
• Example: Mary stayed behind to help clean up.
• An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb (he sings loudly), an adjective (very tall), another adverb (ended too quickly).
• Example - The dog waited impatiently for his food.
• In the given sentence, the word "behind" is used as an adverb to talk about the relation between the subject and the place where he left his brother.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given part of speech:
• A noun is a word that refers to a thing (house), a person (Harry potter), an animal (dog), a place (Odisha), a quality (firmness), an idea (justice)
• Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: beautiful, silly, red, fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, few, millions, twelve.
• A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to."
• Example: They go to bed at midnight.

The correct answer is "option 2".

Key Points

• The error lies in part 2 i.e. 'the best of'.
• Here we use adjective of comparative degree 'better' to show the comparison between two things. 
• For example - She is the better of the two.
• Superlative degree (best) is used to show the comparison between more than two objects or persons.
• For Example -  She is the best student in the class.
• Therefore the correct sentence is - It was undoubtedly the better of the two options given to him.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• The error is in part 2 of the given sentence.
• The use of the article "the" before the word "imaginative" is incorrect.
• An article is a short monosyllabic word that is used to define if the noun is specific or not.
• There are three articles in English – ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’. These articles are divided into two types namely:
• Definite article: 'The’ is said to be the definite article. A definite article is used to determine something that is specific or particular.
• Example: The sun sets in the west or The crowd sang along with the band.
• Indefinite articles: The articles ‘an’ and ‘an’ are termed as indefinite articles. An indefinite article, as the name suggests, is used to indicate something that is not definite or specific. It can also be used before singular nouns.
• ‘An’ is used before words that start with vowel sounds (“an equation” or “an element”), even if the word starts with a silent consonant.
• Example: I had an apple for breakfast or My mother is a doctor.
• The given word "imaginative" is an adjective and it starts with the vowel sounds "i".
• Thus, we will use  "an" before the given word imaginative.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is critical.

Key Points

• Critical is containing or making severe or negative judgments, careful or analytical evaluations. It also means consisting of or involving judgment of value, worth, beauty, or quality critical writings.
• It expressing or involving an analysis of the merits and faults of a work of literature, music, or art etc.
• As per the passage the author's attitude to political parties and social organisations is critical.

Therefore critical is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Neutral : Neutral is being impartial or not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, disagreement.
• Ambivalent : It is about having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.
• Biased : Biased is unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something.

The correct answer is Tribute.

Key Points

• Tribute : It is an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration.
• A tribute is a sign of respect or admiration, an award to honor a person's accomplishments.
• As per the passage tribute is the actual meaning we get from the word Homage.

Thus the correct answer is tribute.

Additional Information

• Admiration : Admiration is defined as something regarded as impressive or worthy of respect.
• Servility : It is an excessive willingness to serve or please others.
• Love : Love is an intense feeling of deep affection, a range of strong and positive emotional and mental state to the simplest pleasures.

The correct answer is The tribals.

Key Points

• Birsa Munda urged the tribals to preserve and protect, 'Jal, Jantu and Jungle'.
• As per the passage : He (Birsa Munda) underlined the relevance of the man and message for the tribals who are the protectors and preservers of "Jal, Jangle and Jantu", and appealed for the reexamination of the concept of development and progress for 'truly' sustainable development."

Thus The tribals is the correct answer.

The correct answer is bring the tribals in the mainstream.

Key Points

• As per the passage : The family of Birsa Munda is in disarray, living in penury. The Birsaites as a whole, persecuted, harassed and isolated deserve a new deal.
• The Mundas are still generally a poor and backward people and therefore a suitable strategy of accelerated development of the area and the people should be framed.
• This sentence of the passage explains that they are still marginalised and brining them into the mainstream would be the best tribute to Birsa Munda.

Thus bring the tribals in the mainstream is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "He was a great educationist".

Key Points

• According to the passage : Birsa Munda as "a great social reformer", a "constructive genius" and above all an "enthusiastic nationalist", a "great freedom fighter", who "was like a 'Tulsi' plant grown in the premises of a household was ever ready to help others".
• An "exemplary son of mother India" who fought for her independence", an "emancipator of the Munda community in the long succession of Shri Ram, Shri Krishna and Jesus Christ", an "extraordinary statesman".
• He was all of the above but not a great educationalist as per the passage.

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Thus He was a great educationist is the correct answer.

The correct answer is (i) - (c), (ii) - (b), (iii) - (a), (iv) - (d).

Key Points

• Hence, option (3) (i) - (c), (ii) - (b), (iii) - (a), (iv) - (d) is the correct sequence.

Additional Information

• Brahmo Samaj
• Brahmo Samaj was a reformist movement within Hinduism.
• It was started at Calcutta in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Debendranath Tagore.​
• Eradicate practices like the ‘Sati’ and caste system.
• Prarthana Samaj​
• Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867 by Dadoba Pandurang and his brother **Atmaram Pandurang.**​
• The motive behind it was to make people believe in one God and worship only one God.
• It became popular after Mahadev Govind Ranade joined.
• Arya Samaj
• ​The Arya Samaj is a reform movement.
• Established in Bombay in 1875 by Swami Dayananda Saraswati.
• Ramkrishna Mission​
• Named after and inspired by the Indian spiritual Guru Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.
• Founded by Ramakrishna's chief disciple Swami Vivekananda on 1 May 1897.

The correct answer is Freedom from forced labour.

Key Points

• Article 19 ensures the following six freedoms:-
• Freedom of speech and Expression
• Freedom of assembly
• Freedom of association
• Freedom of movement
• Freedom of Residence and Settlement
• Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade, or Business.
• The Right Against Forced Labour (Exploitation) is guaranteed by Article 23 of the Constitution.​

Additional Information

• The Constitution provided for six Fundamental Rights:
• Right to equality (Articles 14-18)
• Right to freedom (Articles 19-22)
• Right against exploitation (Articles 23-24)
• Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25-28)
• Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29-30)
• Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)

Important Points

• Indian Constitution came into existence on 26th November 1949.
• The Constituent Assembly of India drafted the constitution considering features of constitutions of the other countries as well as from the Government of India Act 1935.
• There are various sources of the Indian constitution for some features of it are borrowed.
• **From the US:**​
• ​Fundamental rights
• Independence of judiciary
• Judicial review
• Impeachment of the president
• Removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges
• Post of vice-president
• From the Soviet Union (USSR) (now, Russia):
• ​Fundamental duties
• Ideals of justice (social, economic, and political) in the Preamble​
• From Ireland:
• ​Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
• Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha
• Method of election of the president​
• From South Africa:
• Procedure for amendment in the Indian Constitution
  

Election of members of Rajya Sabha

• From Germany (Weimar):
• ​Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency

The correct answer is CBR = Bi/P × 1000.

Key Points

• The crude birth rate (CBR) is equal to the number of live births (​Bi) in a year divided by the total midyear population (​P​), with the ratio multiplied by 1,000 to arrive at the number of births per 1,000 people.
• The formula for crude birth is:
• CBR = Bi/P × 1000.
• CBR = Crude birth rate; Bi = Live births during the year; P = Mid-year population of the area).​

Additional Information

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
• Childbirths per 1,000 people each year.
• This is a common measure of fertility for a given population.
• The crude birth rate of India is 17.23 per 1000 people.
• There are 10.23 million deaths in India in 2021.

The correct answer is V.R. Raghunath.

Key Points

• V.R. Raghunath received Arjuna Award for Hockey in the year 2016.
• He became the first hockey player from Karnataka to receive the Arjuna Award in nearly 20 years.
• The last Arjun awardee from Karnataka was Ashish Ballal and A.B. Subbaiah in 1996.
• Raghunath made his debut for the National team in 2005.
• He now **has 222 caps and 132 goals.**​

Important Points 

• ​Some Arjun awards winners (2021):

 

Additional Information

• Arjuna Award:
• First Arjuna Award was given in 1961.
• The Arjuna Award symbol is the Bronze Statue of Arjuna with his “Bow and Scroll”.
• The sports persons receiving this award are given 15 Lakh Rupees in cash.
• This is the second-highest sporting honour in India.
• The award is conferred by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India.
• At present Anurag Thakur is the Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports.

The correct answer is Ramdarash Mishra.

Key Points

• Ram Darash Mishra was awarded Sahitya Akademi Award for the year 2015 for his Hindi work "Aag ki Hansi".
• Nasira Sharma is the winner of the Hindi novel "Paarijat" in the year 2016.

Additional Information

• The Sahitya Akademi was inaugurated by the Government of India on 12th March 1954 and it was registered as a society on 7th January 1956 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
• The headquarters of the Akademi is located in New Delhi and it is the second-highest literary honour next to a Sahitya Akademi Fellowship.
• The Sahitya Akademi award was first awarded in the year 1954.
• It comprises a plaque and a cash price of one lakh rupees from the year 2009.
• The Sahitya Akademi gives some other awards which are as follows:
• Bhasha Samman Puraskar
• Bal Sahitya Puraskar
• Prize for Translation.

In News

• The Sahitya Akademi, on 30 December 2021, announced its awards 2021 for literary works in 20 languages, including novels in Assamese and English.
• In English, Author Namita Gokhale won the award for her book Things to Leave Behind.
• Ms Gokhale was awarded for her novel Things to Leave Behind and Ms Pujari for Iyat Ekhan Aaronya Asil.
• Daya Prakash Sinha was awarded in Hindi for Samrat Ashok (Play).
• Among the winners for poetry were Mwdai Gahai (Bodo), Sanjiv Verenkar (Konkani), Hrushikesh Mallick (Odia), Meethesh Nirmohi (Rajasthani), Vindeshwariprasad Mishr ‘Vinay’ (Sanskrit), Arjun Chawla (Sindhi) and Gorati Venkanna (Telugu).
• Books of short stories by writers Raj Rahi (Dogri), Kiran Gurav (Marathi), Khalid Hussain (Punjabi), Niranjan Hansda (Santali) and Ambai (Tamil) were among those chosen for the awards.
• A biography by D.S. Nagabhushana in Kannada, an autobiography by George Onakkoor in Malayalam, a work of criticism by Wali Mohd.
• Aseer Kashtawari in Kashmiri and a book of epic poetry by Chhabilal Upadhyaya.
• For Hindi the Daya Prakash Sinha got the award for the  Play

The correct answer is Bolt Usain. 

Key Points

• Bolt Usain is considered as the greatest sprinter of all time and obtained the "triple-triple", three sprinting gold medals in three consecutive Olympics.
• He is a world record holder in the 100 meters, 200 meters, and 4 × 100 meters relay.
• Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive Olympics (2008, 2012 and 2016).
• He gained worldwide fame for his double sprint victory in world record times at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, which made him the first person to hold both records since fully automatic time became mandatory.
• He won consecutive World Championship 100 m, 200 m, and 4 × 100 meters relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015.

Additional Information

• Usain Bolt is a Jamaican sprinter.
• He is considered the greatest sprinter of all time.
• Usain Bolt set the world record in the 100-meter sprint at 9.58 seconds in 2009.
• Birth- 21 August 1986

The correct answer is 2, 3, 1, 4.

Important Points

• Slave Dynasty(1206-1290 AD):
• They were also called ‘Mamluks’.
• Qutubuddin Aibak was the first king.
• Khilji Dynasty(1290-1320 AD):
• It was marked as the zenith of Muslim imperialism.
• Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder.
• Tughlaq Dynasty(1320-1414 AD):
• Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of the dynasty.
• He founded Tughlaqabad city near Delhi.
• Lodi Dynasty(1451- 1526 AD):
• They succeeded Syyadis(1414-1451 AD) Dynasty.
• Bahalol Lodi was the founder.
• Accordingly, the 2-3-1-4 sequence is correct.
• Hence, option A is correct.

The correct answer is Mahendragiri.

Key Points 

• Mahendragiri (1,501 metres) is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats among the given choices.
• It is located in the district of Gajapati, Odisha.

Confusion Points​

• Jidhagada Peak now holds the title of the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats, taking over from Mahendra Giri Hill. Formerly, Mahendra Giri Hill was considered the highest peak, but in April 2011, a team led by Mr. Venkat Reddy Y discovered that its elevation is only 1,501 meters.
• The elevations of key peaks are as follows:
• Arma Konda: 1,680 meters
• Mahendragiri: 1,501 meters
• Jindhagada Peak: 1,690 meters
• However, as Arma Konda and Jidhagada were not provided as options, the correct response, considering the given choices, would be Mahendragiri.

Additional Information 

Eastern Ghats:

• A discontinuous range of mountains along India's eastern coast runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal.
• They are eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of peninsular India, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri.
• Some of the important ranges include the Shevaroy hills, Javadi hills, the Palconda range, the Nallamala hills, the Mahendragiri hills, etc.
• National Parks/Tiger Reserves that come under the Eastern Ghats are:
• Simlipal National Park, Odisha
• Sunabeda Tiger Reserve, Odisha
• Satkosia Tiger Reserve, Odisha
• Amrabad Tiger Reserve, Telangana
• Sri Venkateswara National Park, Andhra Pradesh
• Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh.

The correct answer is (i) - (d), (ii) - (c), (iii) - (a), (iv) - (b).

Key Points

• Bihu is a set of three important festivals observed in the Indian state of Assam which are-
• Rongali or Bohag Bihu observed in April
• Kongali or Kati Bihu observed in October
• Bhogali or Magh Bihu observed in January
• Mohiniyattam is one of the two classical dance forms that originated in Kerala. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
• Mohiniyattam was originally practiced by the Devadasis in Kerela.
• Lavani is a folk dance in Maharashtra.
• It is a combination of traditional song and dance, which is particularly performed to the beats of Dholki which is a percussion instrument.
• Bhavai folk dance is performed during weddings by skilled Male or Females.
• The male or female performers balance a number of earthen pots or brass pitchers as they dance nimbly swimming with the soles of their feet first on top of the glass and on the edge of the sword or on the rims of the brass plate during the performance.
• Hence (i) - (d), (ii) - (c), (iii) - (a), (iv) - (b) is the correct match.

The correct answer is 1, 2, 4.

Key Points

• The principles of Indian foreign policy are as follows: 
• Pre-Independence stand of Indian foreign policy
• Asian relations conferences
• Non-alignment movement
• Panch sheel
• The leadership of third-world countries
• The policy of Anti- Colonialism and Anti Racism
• Peaceful settlement of International Disputes
• Hence 1,2, and 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Article 51 of the Indian Constitution is related to Indian Foreign Policy.
• It is a part of the Directive Principles of the States Policy.
• This article deals with the promotion of international peace and security.
• It promotes honourable relations with other countries.
• It respects international laws and treaties.
• It also encourages the settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

The correct answer is India, Pakistan.

Key Points

• India is set to become a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) along with Pakistan when the China-dominated security grouping meets for its summit in Uzbekistan's capital Tashkent on June 23-24, 2016 which will be attended by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. (As of 2016).

In News 

• The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) will admit Iran as its newest member at the upcoming summit in Samarkand, Uzbekistan in September 2022.
• This summit will be held under the Presidency of Uzbekistan.

Additional Information

• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
• It is a permanent intergovernmental international organization.
• The SCO currently comprises eight Member States (China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan).
• The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation:
• Headquarters: Beijing, China
• Founded: 15 June 2001
• Founders: Russia, China, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan​

The correct answer is a, b, c.

Key Points

• The Human Development Report compares countries on the basis of Education, Health (Life expectancy), and Per capita income (Standard of Living).
• Human Development Index:
• The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) introduced the Human Development Index in its 1st Human Development Report in 1990.
• It was prepared under the guidance of Mahbub-ul-Haq (Pakistani economist).
• It is a method to assess the socio-economic development of countries around the world.
• Indicators:

1. Life Expectancy Index:

• It refers to life expectancy at the time of birth, not at age 1.
• Infant mortality is not a separate indicator in this index.
• The long & healthy life dimension is measured by this index.

2. Education:

• It is the addition of the adult literacy rate & combined enrolment ratio.

3. Standard of living:

• It is represented by Purchasing Power Parity.
• It is measured by gross national income per capita.
• The gross national index is the total domestic & foreign output created by the people of that particular country.
• Thus Happiness is not the criteria of Human Development Report.

The correct answer is Socialist, Secular.

 Key Points 

• After the 42nd amendment, three new terms "Socialist, Secular, and Integrity" were added to the Preamble.
• 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 is one of the most important amendments to the Indian Constitution.
• It was enacted by the Indian National Congress headed by Indira Gandhi then.
• Due to the large number of amendments this act has brought to the Indian Constitution, it is also known as the ‘Mini-Constitution.’
• Only one time the Preamble was amended in 1976 till date.

Important Points

• The ‘Preamble’ of the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the document which derives its authority, meaning, the people.
• It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India and came into effect on 26th January 1950.

Additional Information 

The correct answer is Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited.

Additional Information

• List of Maharatna Companies:

Hence Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• A company is given "Maharatna" status if it has made a net profit of more than Rs. 5,000 crore for three years in a row, has an average annual turnover of Rs. 25,000 crores for three years, or has an average annual net worth of Rs. 15,000 crore for three years.
• It should also have operations or footprints all over the world.

The correct answer is 63 u.

Key Points

• The Molecular mass of Nitric acid (HNO3) is 63 u.
• Molecular Mass: 
• It is the summation of all the atomic masses in a particular molecule.
• It is expressed in atomic mass units (AMU).
• Example:
• the molecular mass of HNO3 can be determined as:
• The atomic mass of H = 1u
• The atomic mass of N = 14u
• The atomic mass of O = 16u
• Molecular mass of HNO3 = 1 + 14 + (16 × 3) = 63u.

The correct answer is.63 u. ​

Additional Information

• The molecular formula of a compound that shows its constituent atoms and their number per molecule is denoted by subscripts.
• Molecular formula if known can be used to calculate:
• Molecular mass or molar mass.
• Percentage of elements in the compound.
• ​The molecular mass of any compound is calculated by adding the masses of all the constituent atoms. It is the mass of one molecule of a substance.
• Molar mass is defined as the mass of one mole of a substance, i.e., 6.022 × 1023 number of particles of that substance.
• The mass of one unit is expressed in the atomic mass unit, a.m.u, or simply 'u'.
• ​If the percentage composition and molar mass is known, then it can be used to calculate the empirical formula which represents the formula in the simplest whole-number ratio.

The correct answer is Cadastral maps.

Key Points

• Cadastral Maps are drawn on a very large scale, varying from 16 inches to a mile, to 32 inches to a mile. Most of the cadastral map has a scale between 1: 500  and 1: 2,500. They show all possible details of an area. These are drawn especially to demarcate the boundaries of fields, and buildings to register the ownership.

Additional Information

• Topographical Maps are drawn on a large scale which is smaller than that of Cadastral maps.
• They show principal topographic forms like relief, drainage, towns, village, forests, etc.
• The scale varies from 1:25000 to 1:50000.
• Wall Maps are also known as classroom maps, as they are used for classroom study.
• Their scale is smaller than that of the topographical maps but larger than the Globe.
• The scale for wall maps ranges from 1:100000 to 1:500000.
• Globe is drawn on a very small scale giving general information about the physical, climatic, and economic characteristics of different regions.
• They have a scale of 1:1000000 or smaller.

The correct answer is (i) - (c), (ii) - (a), (iii) - (b), (iv) - (d).

Key Points

• The capital city of the Pallavas was Kanchipuram.
• The Pallavas emerged as a formidable power in the South around the 4th century AD and were at the height of their power in the seventh century AD.
• The earliest Chalukyas with their capital at Badami (Vatapi) in Karnataka. They ruled from the mid-6th century.
• They declined after the death of their greatest king, Pulakesin II in 642 AD. They were known as Badami Chalukyas.
• The Pandyas ruled over the present-day southern Tamil Nadu.
• Their capital was Madurai.
• The Kadambas (345–525 CE) was an ancient royal family of Karnataka, India.
• They ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi or Vaijayanti in the present-day Uttara Kannada district.
• Vaijayanti was the capital of the kadambas dynasty.

The correct answer is Bangladesh.

Key Points

• Bangladesh was supposed to host the 19th summit of SAARC.
• The 19th SAARC summit was a scheduled diplomatic conference, which was originally planned to be held in Islamabad, Pakistan on 15–19 November 2016 but got cancelled after an attack on an Indian army camp in Kashmir.
• The summit was to be attended by the leaders of the eight SAARC member states and representatives of observers and guest states.
• Following the rising diplomatic tensions after the Uri terrorist attack, India announced its boycott of the summit, alleging Pakistan's involvement in the attack.
• Later, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Bhutan also pulled out of the summit culminating in an indefinite postponement of the summit.

Additional Information

• In the 1980s the idea of SAARC was initiated by General Zia Ur Rehman of Bangladesh, which resulted in the first summit of the seven leaders of the region in 1985.
• Later, Afghanistan joined in 2007.
• However, in the nearly 35 years of its existence, SAARC has not lived up to its promise of regional integration.
• South Asia is the world’s least integrated region; less than 5% of the trade of SAARC countries is within.
• A South Asian Free Trade Zone, which was agreed on in 2006, has not been materialized yet.

The correct answer is This sector has become the largest employer in the country.

Key Points

• The largest employer in the country is the Primary sector.
• The tertiary industry is the segment of the economy that provides services to its consumers, including a wide range of businesses such as financial institutions, schools, and restaurants.
• Sales, repair services, banking, and insurance are all part of the tertiary industry.
• This sector's activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.
• This sector provides a huge quantity of skilled jobs and these jobs are called white-collar jobs.
• It is also known as the 'Service Sector'.
• The service sector accounts for 53.66% of the total of India's GVA (Gross Value Added).
• It includes activities like transportation, financial & real estate activities, business services, hospitality services, education, health services, personal services, etc.
• Hence this sector has become the largest employer in the country is incorrect.

Additional Information

• Primary Sector- sources of raw materials (agriculture and allied sector services)
• Secondary Sector-transforms one good to another increasing the utility of the product (manufacturing sector)

The correct answer is [ML2T-2]

Important Points

• Kinetic energy is defined as the object gaining energy due to its motion and it is written as;
• E = 1/2 mv².
• Here we have m as the mass of the object, and v as the velocity of the object.
• Dimensional formula of mass - [M]
• Dimensional formula of velocity- [LT^-1]
• The dimensional formula for 1/2mv2 is [M] [LT-1]²
• The dimensional formula is [ML2T-2]

The correct answer is a, b, d.

Important Points

• The rights conferred on the consumer under the Consumer Protection Act of 1986:
• Right to Safety
• This means the right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services, which are hazardous to life and property. The purchased goods and services availed of should not only meet their immediate needs but also fulfill long-term interests.
• Right to be Informed
• This means the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard, and price of goods so as to protect the consumer against unfair trade practices.
• Right to Choose
• This means the right to be assured, wherever possible of access to a variety of goods and services at a competitive price.
• In the case of monopolies, it means the right to be assured of satisfactory quality and service at a fair price.
• Right to be Heard
• This means that consumers' interests will receive due consideration at appropriate forums.
• It also includes the right to be represented in various forums formed to consider the consumer's welfare.
• Right to Seek redressal
• This means the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation of consumers.
• It also includes the right to fair settlement of the genuine grievances of the consumer.
• Right to Consumer Education
• Means the right to acquire the knowledge and skill to be an informed consumer throughout life.
• Ignorance of consumers, particularly of rural consumers, is mainly responsible for their exploitation.
• Hence a, b, and d is the correct answer.

The correct answer is (i) - (b), (ii) - (d), (iii) - (a), (iv) - (c).

The Constitution of India contains 12 Schedules which are as follows:-

The correct answer is Jahangir.

Important Points

• The Mughal painting reached its zenith in the period of Jahangir.
• He was a naturalist by nature and preferred paintings of flora and fauna. The most unique trend in this era is the use of decorated margins around the paintings that were sometimes as elaborate as the painting themselves.
• He emphasized on bringing naturals to portrait painting.
• Foreshortening was unique to all Mughal paintings.

Additional Information

• The Mughal paintings reflect the combination of Indian, Persian & Islamic styles.
• It originated in the reign of Akbar in 1560 AD.
• The Mughal school of Miniature paintings mostly depicts romantic scenes, Mughal royal courts, and battlefields, using gold & stone colours. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Evolution of the Mughal paintings :
• 3D figure making, use of foresightening and calligraphy in the paintings started in the reign of Akbar.

The correct answer is Light Utility Helicopter.

Key Points

• Light Utility Helicopter has been developed by Hindustan Aeronautical Limited (HAL).
• LUH is designed and developed as a replacement for Cheetah & Chetak helicopters which are being operated by the Indian Armed forces.
• LUH is a new generation helicopter in the 3-Ton class incorporating the state of the art technology features like a Glass cockpit with Multi-Function Displays (MFD) and powered by a single Turbo Shaft engine with sufficient power margin to cater to demanding high-altitude missions.
• LUH will meet the emerging needs of this class of helicopters in the coming decades.
• The helicopter will be capable of flying at 220 Kmph; service ceiling of 6.5 Km and a range of 350 Km with a 500 kg payload.

Additional Information

• Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL):
• Headquarters: Bengaluru
• Founder: Walchand Hirachand
• Founded: 1963, Bengaluru
• HAL is currently involved in designing and manufacturing fighter jets, helicopters, jet engines, and marine gas turbine engines, avionics, software development, spare supply, overhauling, and upgrading of Indian military aircraft.
• Key projects under HAL
• Tejas — Mk.1 (40 in service) , Mk.1A .
• Tejas MK2 (MWF)— Medium weight fighter (under development) 2023 first flight expected.
• AMCA — Mk.1 is a 5+ th generation stealth fighter (under development).
• Dhruv — Advanced light helicopter.
• Rudra — Armed and reconnaissance version of Dhruv.
• Light Combat Helicopter — Light attack helicopter.
• Light Utility Helicopter — Light utility helicopter.
• Indian Multi-role Helicopter —  medium multi-role helicopter.

The correct answer is Ultra-filtration.

Key Points

• The method in which the process of separating the colloidal particles from the solvent and soluble solutes present in the colloidal solution by specially prepared filters, which are permeable to all substances except the colloidal particles is known as Ultra-filtration.
• The blood is filtered through three layers i.e., the endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, the epithelium of Bowman’s capsule (podocyte cells), and a basement membrane between these two layers.
• This type of filtration is called Ultra-filtration.

Additional Information

• Vacuum filtration is a mechanical method of dewatering sludge and Incineration units are used for the disposal of dewatered sludge.
• Dialysis works on the principle of the diffusion of solutes and ultra-filtration of fluid across a semi-permeable membrane.
• Diffusion is a property of substances in water; substances in water tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• Electro Dialysis (ED) is a membrane process, during which ions are transported through a semi-permeable membrane, under the influence of an electric potential.

The correct answer is Geographical zones of India. 

Key Points

• The Duleep Trophy is a domestic first-class cricket competition played in India between teams representing geographical zones of India.
• The Duleep Trophy is named after Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji (KS Duleepsinhji).
• It is a domestic first-class cricket tournament played between teams representing geographical zones of India.
• It is previously contested by three teams, namely India Red, India Blue, and India Green.
• Since 2016-17, the tournament is played by teams chosen by selectors from the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the apex governing body of cricket.
• The Tournament was instituted in 1961-62 by BCCI.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Key Points

• Dr B.R. Ambedkar said, "On the 26th of January we are going to enter a life of contradictions. In politics we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality".
• Other important statements by him:
• Dr. B. R. Ambedkar made the statement 'The states are not vassals of the Union'.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said, " the states in our constitution are in no way dependent upon the centre for their legislative authority".

Additional Information

• Babasaheb Ambedkar founded the Independent Labor Party in 1936.
• In 1939, during World War II, he called upon Indians to join forces in large numbers to defeat Nazism, which, he said, was another name for Fascism.
• He embraced Buddhism along with many of his followers on 14 October 1956. In the same year, he completed his last writing 'Buddha and His Dharma.
• In 1990, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was awarded the Bharat Ratna.
• The period from 14 April 1990 to 14 April 1991 was celebrated as the 'Year of Social Justice in the memory of Babasaheb.

The correct answer is consists of long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls having a few or numerous pits. They are usually dead and without protoplasts.

Key Points

• The collenchyma consists of long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls having a few or numerous pits.
• They are usually dead and without protoplasts.
• Collenchyma, in plants, supports tissue of living elongated cells with irregular cell walls.
• Collenchyma cells have thick deposits of cellulose in their cell walls and appear polygonal in cross-section.
• The strength of the tissue results from these thickened cell walls and the longitudinal interlocking of the cells.

Additional Information 

• Collenchyma tissue is composed of elongated living cells of uneven primary thick walls, which possess hemicellulose, cellulose, and pectic materials.
• It provides support, structure, mechanical strength, and flexibility to the petiole, leaf veins, and stem of young plants, allowing for easy bending without breakage.
• Collenchyma is a supporting tissue characteristic of the growing organs of many herbaceous and woody plants, and it is also found in stems and leaves of mature herbaceous plants, including those that are only slightly modified by secondary growth.

The correct answer is February 2015.

Key Points

• The first meeting of the Governing Council of the NITI Aayog was held on 8 February 2015.
• The Hon’ble Prime Minister urged all Chief Ministers to work with the Centre to forge a model of cooperative federalism, whereby the Centre and the States could come together to resolve differences and chart a common course to progress and prosperity.
• The Governing Council of NITI Aayog, comprising Chief Ministers of all the States and Union Territories with legislatures and Lt Governors of other Union Territories.
• It came into effect on 16 February 2015 via notification by the Cabinet Secretariat.
• The Seventh Meeting of NITI Aayog was held on 7 August 2022.

Additional Information

• About NITI Ayog:
• NITI Aayog is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the govt of the Republic of India, providing each directional and policy input. 
• Chairperson:  Narendra Modi.
• CEO: Nidhi Chhibber
• Headquarters: New Delhi.
• Formed: 1 January 2015

The correct answer is Thumri.

Key Points

• Shobha Gurtu, original name Bhanumati Shirodkar, renowned singer of Indian classical music.
• Known for her rich earthy voice, distinctive vocal style, and mastery of various song genres, she was considered the “queen of thumri,” a light classical Hindustani style.

Additional Information 

• Thumri:
• Thumri originated in the Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Lucknow and Benares, in the 18th century AD.
• It is influenced by Hori, Kajri and Dadra.
• Thumri is a romantic and erotic style of singing and is also called ‘the lyric of Indian classical music.
• The song compositions are mostly of love, separation, and devotion.
• Its most distinctive feature is the erotic subject matter picturesquely describing the various episodes from the lives of Lord Krishna and Radha.
• Thumri is usually performed as the last item of a Khayal concert.
• There are three main gharanas of thumri–Banares, Lucknow, and Patiala.
• Begum Akhtar, Gauhar Jan, Shobha Gurtu, Noor Jehan, and Prabha Atre are associated with Thumri.

A family consists of six members P, Q, R, X, Y and Z.

 Q is the son of R but R is not mother of Q. 

P and R a married couple

Y is the brother of R

 X is the daughter of P.

Z is the brother of P

Hence, the correct answer is Brother.

Fourth to the right of the tenth from the right means  10 - 4  = 6th from the right, ie 5.

But according to the question, one is subtracted from each of the numbers, so it is equal to 4.

Hence, the correct answer is 4.

100 years contain 5 odd days.

⇒ Last day of 1st century is Friday.

200 years contain (5 x 2) ≡ 3 odd days.

⇒ Last day of 2nd century is Wednesday.

300 years contain (5 x 3) = 15 ≡ 1 odd day.

⇒ Last day of 3rd century is Monday.

400 years contain 0 odd day.

⇒Last day of 4th century is Sunday.

This cycle is repeated.

⇒ Last day of a century cannot be Tuesday or Thursday or Saturday.

Hence, the correct answer is Saturday.

Given:

CP of 20 articles = SP of x articles

Profit = 25%

Formula used:

% Profit = $\frac{SP - CP}{CP}\times 100$

Calculation:

According to the question,

Let the Cost Price of 20 articles be "y"

CP of 20 articles = SP of x articles = y

CP of 1 Article = y/20

SP of 1 Article = y/x

By using the above formula,

 $\frac{\frac{y}{x}-\frac{y}{20}}{\frac{y}{20}}\times 100=25$

⇒  $(\frac{y}{x}-\frac{y}{20})(\frac{20}{y})=\frac{1}{4}$

⇒ 20x = 5/4

⇒ x = 16

∴ The correct answer is 16.

Given:

Diameter of wheel (r) = 7cm

Diameter of other wheel (r') = 14cm

Rolling in opposite direction in two points = 1980 cm apart

Number of revolution both makes same.

Both meet after 10 seconds

Calculation:

Radius of wheels are : 7/2cm, 7cm.

Let each wheel makes x revolution per sec.

∴ [(2π × 7/2 × x) + (2π × 7 × x)] × 10 = 1980

⇒ [(14π x + 28π x)] = 198 × 2

⇒ 21π x = 198

x = 198 × 7/(22 × 21) = 3

∴ Speed of bigger wheel = 2π × 7 × 3 = 132 cm/sec

LOGIC:

the number at odd digit is multiplied by 2 and 3 is added.

the number at even places is multiplied by 3 and 2 is added

so for first term “5” which is at position 1(which is odd).

5 × 2 + 3 = 13

now  13 is at position 2(even)

so 13 × 3 + 2 = 41.

similarly

41× 2 + 3 = 85

85 × 3 + 2  = 257

So:

257 × 2 + 3 = 517

Hence, the correct answer is 517.

Alphabetical order with its placed value:

The 10th letter from left is J.

The 7th letter from right is T.

Thus the middle letter between J and T is O.

Hence, the correct answer is O

The meaningful sequence of the given words is:

b. Crime

a. Police

c. Justice

d. Judgement

e. Punishment

When a Crime takes place, Police gets involved and catches the criminal, then a trial takes place in the court, after which the Judge gives his/her Judgement and the criminal is punished.

Hence, b a c d e  is the correct answer.

Logic followed here: Third is the function of the second.

Function of the teeth is Chew.

Similarly;

Function of the Brain is Think.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

Pattern Followed here:

5 ×  2 - 2 = 8

8 × 2 - 2 = 14 (here it is 15)

14 × 2 - 2 = 26

26 × 2 - 2 = 50

50 × 2 - 2 = 98

98 × 2 - 2 = 194.

Therefore, the correct series is 5, 8, 14, 26, 50, 98, 194.

Hence, the correct answer is 15**.**

Alphabetical Series with its placed Value:

LOGIC : In the given series  there is a gap of 5 letters between the first and second, second and third letters of each term, and also between the last letter of the term and first letter of next term.

Hence, the correct answer is mrw.

The logic is:

PALAM = 43

PALAM → 16 + 1 + 12 + 1 + 13 = 43

Similarly,

STUTTGART = 146

STUTTGART → 19 + 20 + 21 + 20 + 20 + 7 + 1 + 18 + 20 = 146.

Hence, the correct answer is 146

The pattern followed here is:

Similarly:

Hence, the correct option is 1.

According to the given information:

I. U was sitting opposite to P, who was to the immediate left of R.

II. S was sitting to the immediate right of U.

III. T was exactly between P and S, so Q was sitting at the remaining place.

So, from above it is clear that R is sitting  second to the right of Q .

Hence, the correct answer is R.

According to the given information:

I. U was sitting opposite to P, who was to the immediate left of R.

II. S was sitting to the immediate right of U.

III. T was exactly between P and S, so Q was sitting at the remaining place.

Here, Q is sitting exactly to the opposite of T.

Hence, the correct answer is "Opposite to T".

Alphabetical order with its placed value:

In the given word MEAT:

Vowels are  E,A

Consonant change with previous letter

M by L

T by S

new letters according to the given statement :

E,A,S,L 

There are three word formed by the given word MEAT

SEAL

LEAS

SALE

Hence, the correct option is 3.

Additional InformationVowels: A , E, I , O , U

Consonants: all alphabetical series except A , E, I , O, U

Summit is heavier than Arjun  but not as heavier as Rakesh

Summit > Arjun

 Arjun is heavier than Jayant. 

Arjun > Jayant.

Keshav is heavier than Summit but not as heavier as Rakesh.

Keshav > Summit.

From the above it is clear that Rakesh is the Heaviest.

Hence, the correct answer is Rakesh.

In the given sequence 8 5 8 6 7 6 8 9 3 2 7 5 3 4 2 2 3 5 5 2 2 8 1 1 9 3 1 7 5 1

There are 4 such sets where the number immediately followed by an odd number and preceeded by an even number.

 8 6 7, 6 8 9, 2 2 3, 2 8 1

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Each letter is assigned numerical value equal to its serial number.

Arranging in Alphabetical order

The difference in the total of numerical values of consonants and that of vowels 

(4,5,6,7,9) - (1,2,3,8) 

= 31 - 14

= 17

Hence, the correct answer is 17.

The absolute utility can be amplified by balance of pay all through the local area, i.e., by giving additional pay from the rich to poor people. In this way, I is implicit. Likewise, II relates to monetary right and isn't worried about equity of pay all through the local area.  So, it is not implicit.

Hence, the correct option is 1.

Assumption I is not implicit because it introduces external facts about construction materials and potholes not mentioned in the statement. Assumption II is not implicit as there is no logical link established between the season and an increase in the number of vehicles.

So, from above it is clear neither I nor II is implicit.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Both the statement don't depend on each other.

According to the first statement  India has only six percent blood donations by women. and the  rest 94% were male .

According to the statement 2  twenty five countries in the world collect more than 40% of their blood supplies from female donors. The rest 60 % were male.

so, both the statements are effects of independent causes.

Hence, the correct option is 4.

As the mindfulness about wellbeing in the general public is expanding especially among moderately aged gathering, the significance of Yoga and exercise is being acknowledged by all segments of the general public.

so,  Statement II is the cause and Statement I is its effect.

Hence, the correct option is 2.

Logic followed in the given figure series:

From figure (1) to figure (2):

The small curves changes in the bigger curves and rotate 90 degree in clockwise direction as shown in figure.

Similar logic followed for the figure (3) to figure (4):

The small curves changes in the bigger curves and rotate 90 degree in clockwise direction as shown in figure.

The complete figures:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (2)".​

Logic: Number of lines.

The number of lines in question figure:

Checking all the figures one by one:

Figure (a):

Figure (b):

v

Figure (c):

Number of lines is similar to the question figure.

Figure (d):

Here, number of lines in figure (c) is similar to the question figure.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (3)".

LOGIC: Its expression pattern with all 3 numbers taken into consideration.

the result is combined as below if we consider three numbers as a,b and c.

a+b+c = (ac) - ((a+b)×  c+c) - (ab*c)

3 + 2  + 5 = 153030

3 × 5 = 15.

(3 + 2) × 5 + 5 = 30.

(3 × 5) × 2 = 30.

Similarly;

7 + 2 + 5 = 355070.

7 × 5 = 35.

(7+2) × 5 + 5 = 50.

(7 × 5) × 2 = 70.

Hence, the correct option is 3.

Given:

The sum of two numbers = 12

Concept used:

For maximum value, Put dy/dx = 0

Calculation:

Let the number be x.

Other number = 12 - x 

Product of two numbers = P = x ( 12 - x) = 12x - x²

P = 12x - x2

dP/dx = 12 - 2x = 0

⇒ 2x = 12

x = 6

∴ P_max = 12 × 6 - (6)² = 72 - 36 = 36

P_max = 36

Calculation:

Number of days A requires to do piece of work = 18 days

Number of days B requires to do piece of work = 12 days

Let us consider number of days C requires to do piece of work = x days

Number of days A, B and C together require to do the piece of work = 3 days

∴ Work done by A in 1 day = 1/18

work done by B in 1 day = 1/12

Work done by C in 1 day = 1/x

Work done by A, B and C together in a day = 1/3

∴ Work done by A, B and C together in 1 day is also equal to the sum of work done by each of them in 1 day = 1/18 + 1/12 + 1/x = 5/36 + 1/x

∴ 5/36 + 1/x = 1/3

⇒ (5x + 36)/36x = 1/3

⇒ 5x + 36 = 12x

⇒ 7x = 36

x = 36/7 = $5\frac{1}{7}$days

∴ C can alone do the job in $5\frac{1}{7}$days.

Alternate Method 

A = 18 days

B = 12 days

A + B + C = 3 days

So

Total work = LCM (18,12,3) = 36 units

So

Efficiency of A = 2

Efficiency of B = 3

Efficiency of A + B + C = 12

So

Efficiency ofC = 12 - 2 - 3 = 7

So

C can complete the work in = 36/7 days = $5\frac{1}{7}$ days

The pattern is + 13, + 26, + 39,...

Hence, the correct option is 132

Concession : Placate 

The meaning of PLACATE is to soothe or mollify especially by concessions.

Similarly;

Mitigation means reducing risk of loss from the occurrence of any undesirable event.

Additional Information

Assessment is the process of gathering, interpreting, recording, and using information about learners' responses to an educational task.

• It helps in diagnosing the gaps in realizing the objectives of a subject and taking necessary measures to provide feedback to students about their progress and learning.

Key Points

Formative assessment:

• It refers to the assessment for monitoring the student's progress throughout the learning and teaching process.
• It mainly focuses on finding and diagnosing students' needs rather than grading and ranking them.
• It is an ongoing process usually carried out by the teacher to continuously monitor students' progress in a non-threatening and supportive environment.
• It involves qualitative feedback (rather than scores) for both students and teachers that focuses on the details of content and performance.
• It encourages intrinsic motivation and self-esteem of students, both of which have crucial influences on learning performance.
• It recognizes the need for students to be able to assess themselves and understand how to improve.
• It helps the teacher to modify subsequent teaching-learning activities according to the needs of the children.

Hence, we conclude that the type of assessment used by the teacher is called formative assessment.

Additional Information

• Diagnostic assessment is an assessment made before the learning of a unit commences in order to determine what a student does and does not know about a topic. It helps to identify where your students are in their learning and what course of action appropriate to the learning levels of the students are needed to be taken for continuing or improving their learning. For example- If the teacher is planning to teach different states of India in class VI, he needs to know whether the students are well conversant in using the Atlas.
• Summative assessment refers to the assessment of learning that 'sums' or 'summarize' the development of students at a particular time. It is a process of assessing, grading or ranking the learning of students at a point of time. It is generally given at the end of a course to determine how much students have learned from the whole course. Examples of summative assessment annual examinations.
• Normative assessment refers to comparing students' performance against a group norm or standard.

Learning outcomes are statements that explain the knowledge or skills that students should have at the end of a course or unit and that help students understand why that knowledge and abilities will be helpful to them.

Key PointsEssay-type questions are also known as long answer questions. Essay-type questions usually do not clearly specify the exact answers required and students are free to select, organise and express their thoughts. 

• The learning outcomes that may be expected of students through essay-type questions are related to a complex set of behaviors that involve: 
• the ability to analyse facts and principles.
• the ability to select, organize and integrate relevant ideas
• the ability to sort and interpret data in written form in their own words.
• the ability to construct answers than merely identify interpretations.

Hence, we conclude that problem-solving ability is not tested appropriately by essay-type questions.

Hint

• As essay-type questions do not clearly specify the exact answers required. So, when the students do not know the exact answer they may still write some matter with seems to be relevant to the question but does not represent the answer that is actually required (bluffing). Hence it does not test problem-solving ability.

Disadvantaged students are those belonging to the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and minority groups. The children from these categories come to school with a disadvantaged tag with them and as a result, they become easy prey to differential treatment by the teacher and their classmates.

Key Points

• The belief that not every student is capable of mastering challenging content and skills is an obstacle to ensure the achievement of high academic standards from disadvantaged students
• Teachers' beliefs influence learning through the methods adopted by the teachers and consequents affect the motivation of the students.
• This influence is maximum in the disadvantaged group as they suffer the most impact of generalization while they are the most vulnerable and require special attention and different teaching process.
• A teacher who has certain beliefs against a particular community may not select students of that community for any activity, although those students deserve merit selection against all criteria.
• The teacher should n motivate students and enhance learning by setting realistic expectations for them. The expectations should be high enough to motivate students but not so high as it could lead to anxiety and frustration in students.

Hence, it is clear that the belief that not every student is capable of mastering challenging content and skills is an obstacle to ensure the achievement of high academic standards from disadvantaged students.

Hint

• Other options will e nsure a n inclusive and supportive learning environment for disadvantaged students. They will also ensure the achievement of high academic standards from disadvantaged students.

Education is a lifelong process that modifies the behavior and personality of individuals thus develops them as a whole by providing nourishing and burden-free environments. 

Key Points

• On the 26th of August 2009, the Indian Parliament passed a historic act known as the ‘Right to Education Act’ or RTE Act but the RTE Act was implemented in India with effect from 1st April 2010.
• It is an act that aims to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Article 21A of the constitution, education is a fundamental right of children between the age of 6-14 years.

Additional Information 

Features of the RTE Act - 2009 under Article 21A: 

• Prohibition of private tuition by teachers to equalize educational opportunities to all.
• Reservation of  25% seats for children belonging to economically weaker sections in private schools.
• 45 hours including preparation hours as the minimum number of working hours per week for the teacher.
• Not to deploy teachers in non-academic work except elections, population census, and disaster relief duties.
• Establishment of primary and upper primary schools within the distance of 1km and 3kms respectively from child's house.

Assessment is a process of collecting, receiving, and using data for the purpose of improvement in the learning process. There are different types of assessments which include summative, formative, diagnostic assessments, etc.

Key PointsDiagnostic Assessment:

• The teacher should conduct a 'Diagnostic Assessment' if the teacher has to know about the students’ strengths and weaknesses before the instructional materials are organized.
• It helps the teachers to identify the learning difficulties or gaps in learner's understanding and to know learner's individual strengths, weaknesses, skills, etc.
• It is the base of remedial teaching that helps the teacher to provide learners with the necessary help and guidance to overcome the problems which are determined during diagnostic assessment.
• For example, if it is found that a learner has not understood certain concepts in a particular subject, then to help him/her understand these concepts, diagnostic assessment is conducted and remediation is provided.

Steps of diagnostic assessment:

• Identifying students who need help.
• Locating learning difficulties/gaps.
• Discovering the causal factors.
• Removing learning difficulties through remedial teaching.

Hence, it could be concluded that the procedures used by teachers to identify difficulties of learners in various fields of learning are part of the Diagnostic Assessment.

Additional Information

The academic achievement of students reflects their abilities and caliber of students. There are many ways, we can predict the academic success of an individual. The best way to predict academic achievement is through intelligence and intelligence tests.

Key Points

Intelligence is a hypothetical construct, which is usually equated with higher-level abstract thought processes. Intelligence includes sensation, perception, association, memory, imagination, discrimination, judgment, and reasoning.

• It is mostly correlated with traditional academic achievement or being book smart. It is best to predict a student's academic success.
• Intelligence tests are useful in predicting mainly academic achievement. Intelligence help students to find out their level of different mental abilities.
• Intelligence has significant implications for our everyday life, and it influences our effective functioning. It is related to various life outcomes such as academic achievement.
• linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence, strongly contribute to performance in the traditional school system and academic achievement; usually promoted more in our societies.
• It is generally agreed that those who are good at abstract reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making are more intelligent than those who are poor at these mental activities.
• In general, intelligence underlies how well we learn, plan, solve problems, and make decisions.

Additional Information

Other factors predict academic success:

• The factors of personality effects the personality of an individual, these factors are social factors, physical factors, economic factors, etc.
• Motivation is the need within the individual to do something or to fulfill her desire.
• Physical health means having physical strength, endurance, and energy to work toward your goals.

Hence, we can conclude that intelligence would best predict a student's academic success.

John Broadus Watson, an American psychologist who codified and publicized behaviourism, an approach to psychology that, in his view, was restricted to the objective, experimental study of the relations between environmental events and human behaviour.

• He had emphatically proclaimed that give me a dozen of healthy children, I can make them doctor, judge, beggar or even a thief, irrespective of his abilities.

Key Points

John B Watson is known as the founder and father of behaviourism. Behaviourism was established with the publication of Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It".

• Behaviourism dominated experimental psychology for several decades, and its influence can still be felt today.
• Behaviourism is largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through its objective methods and especially experimentation.
• The above-mentioned statement illustrates Behaviourism as Behaviourism focuses on the idea that all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment.
• This learning theory states that behaviours are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behaviour.

Hence, we conclude that the above-mentioned statement illustrates Behaviourism.

Additional Information

• Kurt Lewin did his pioneering work in the development of Field Theory, a framework for understanding human behavior that focuses on how an individual conceptualizes and responds to physical and social environments.
• Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the 'Theory of Classical Conditioning' which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.
• German psychologists  Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka, and Lewin have studied the nature of perception and are the leaders of gestalt psychology. Gestalt psychologists consider the process of learning as a gestalt - an organized whole.

Maturation is the process by which a person's inherited traits undergo naturally occurring qualitative and quantitative changes over time. These changes emerge over time and they are relatively unaffected by the environment, except in the cases of malnutrition or severe illness. 

Key Points

• Maturation refers to changes that occur naturally and spontaneously and that are, to a large extent, genetically programmed. It is largely dictated by the genetic blueprint which produces commonalities in our growth and development.
• It is the process of reaching a stage of full potential or advanced development. It is a developmental process that refers to the unfolding of an individual's innate qualities or potential.
• For example, most children can sit without support by 7 months of age, stand with support by 8 months and walk by one year. Once the underlying physical structure is sufficiently developed, proficiency in these behaviors requires an adequate environment and little practice.
• It includes general motor skills like walking, jumping catching etc and other activities as well as fine motor skills like painting, writing, drawing, etc. It is a biological process that happens automatically and develops over time.

Hence, we conclude that genetically programmed naturally occurring changes over time are maturational.

Additional Information

• Development refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as changes in personality or other mental and emotional aspects. The process of development continues even after the individual has attained physical maturity (growth).
• Transitional changes are those which replace existing processes with new processes.
• Evolution is a phenomenon in which organic matter evolves through time in order to live and adapt to its changing environment.

The human body changes at all stages of life but some stages are associated with a growth spurt - one is during infancy and the other significant one is during adolescence.

Key Points

• A teacher of class VI in a coeducational school would observe perceptible differences between boys and girls in physical development as it is the time when a child is transformed into an adult man or woman.
• It is called the stage of Puberty which is the time when external and internal physical changes in sex organs occur due to the secretion of reproductive hormones. It is the stage of life during which one become biologically and sexually mature.
• Puberty is the one to three-year process of hormonal and physical change that causes the young person to reach sexual maturity; girls usually enter it about a year earlier than boys.
• In girls, it starts with the onset of menstruation, and in boys with enlargement of the testes followed by the appearance of secondary sexual characters. While puberty refers to the physical and sexual maturation of both boys and girls.
• Girls surpass boys physically in adolescence. The characteristic of the physical development of girls and boys are observed is that 'Girls are two-three years ahead in physical development as:
• In girls, puberty usually starts between ages 9 and 11 while in boys, puberty usually starts around age 11.
• Physical changes in girls usually start after age 12 while in boys it usually starts around age 13.
• In girls, acne first appears at the age of 12 while in boys, acne appears around age 14.

Hence, it is clear that a teacher of class VI in a coeducational school would observe perceptible differences between boys and girls in physical development.

Teaching approaches are the methods used by teachers to assist children throughout the learning process. The teacher should adopt such an approach to learning in which children remain active rather than become passive listeners.

Key PointsConstructivist Approach:

• It is based on the belief that the student as a learner can construct his/her own knowledge with the help of his/her previous experiences and through interaction with the social environment around him/her.
• It is an active mental process of acquiring, and using knowledge as constructivism encourages students to create knowledge through experience rather than merely passing it on from teacher to student.
• Problem-solving is the primary activity in a constructivist approach. It emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of information.
• Students ask questions, study a topic, and use a variety of resources to find answers. Students are in charge of their own learning and take the initiative by reflecting on their experiences. As a result of this process, they become experts in their own learning.
• The teacher acts as a facilitator and facilitates the process of learning in which the students are encouraged to do the task actively as responsible members. The classroom is democratic and activities are interactive and student-centred.

Hence, we conclude that the constructivist approach views learning as an active mental process of acquiring and using knowledge.

Additional Information

• Humanistic approach: In this approach, the human being occupies a central place. This approach emphasizes learning in the natural environment of love, peace, cooperation, freedom, and equality rather than physical values, wealth, etc.
• Behavioristic approach describes learning as a connection between stimulus and response. It emphasizes that behaviour begins with reflexes i.e. natural response and natural behaviour results from the acquisition of new bonds of stimulus and response through experiences.
• Social learning approach also known as observational learning emphasizes learning through observing others' behaviour and actions.

Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive learning was created in 1956 by a committee under the leadership of educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom to promote higher forms of thinking in education, such as analysing and evaluating concepts processes procedures and principles rather than just remembering facts. 

• Bloom's taxonomy is a collection of 3 hierarchical models used to categorise educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity.
• The 3 Domains of educational activities are:
• Cognitive- It covers mental skills and knowledge.
• Affective- It includes growth in feelings or emotional areas.
• Psychomotor- It includes manual or physical skills.

Key Points According to Bloom's taxonomy, there are 6 major categories of cognitive processes starting from the simplest to the most complex.

 

Hence, we conclude that the objectives have been achieved at the evaluation level.

Effective teaching is a process in which the teacher teaches and realises the objectives of the lesson on one hand and children learn with the spirit of joy, on the other hand. Proper planning of a unit is very important for the teacher's success in his teaching.

• Lesson plan is defined as the teacher's mental and emotional visualization of the classroom experience as he plans it to occur. It is the core of effective teaching. It is the blueprint of what a teacher is going to teach.

Key PointsPhases of lesson planning-

• Preparation: This step of preparation helps the teacher to ascertain what ideas on the particular topic his/her students possess and what knowledge they require before moving on the next step in the teaching process. The teacher through the introduction of the topic helps learners to see their need for more learning and stimulate their interest in the lesson.
• Presentation: The teacher will plan how to present the subject matter in such a way that it is appropriate to the level of understanding of the students. It should be based on the principle of continuity, sequence and integration of ideas.
• Summarisation/recapitulation: This is merely a revision or repetition of the knowledge learned in the classroom. The children will learn how to reproduce/recall what they've learned.
• Evaluation and feedback: Evaluation is done to determine whether the objectives of the lesson have been achieved. Evaluation can be sectional or at the end of the lesson. It helps the teacher to know whether her teaching has been effective and to make necessary changes in the techniques of teaching.

Hence, we conclude that while preparing for the lesson the teacher should first determine the knowledge students already have about the topic.

Formal operational stage: This stage is characterized by applying its logic directly to real objects or situations.

Important Points

At this stage: 

• Teachers should continue using strategies and materials used in the concrete operations stage.
• Use charts and illustrations, as well as incorporate new more sophisticated graphs and diagrams
• Give step by step explanations and materials
• Students need the opportunity to explore various hypothetical situations.
• Children in this stage should be encouraged to work in groups in school to explain and discuss hypothetical topics.
• For example: have then discussed social issues in groups and brainstorm.

Hence, we can say that the use of charts, graphs, and diagrams is a useful strategy for teaching children at the formal operational stage.

Additional Information

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory of Personality is based on the premise that human behavior is largely acquired and that the principles of learning are sufficient to account for the development and maintenance of behavior. Bandura has done a great deal of work on social learning throughout his career and is famous for his “Social Learning Theory” which he has recently renamed, “Social Cognitive Theory”. 

Important Points

• Bandura (1986) says that the environment also reinforces modeling, whereas contemporary learning theory proposes that both reinforcement and punishment have an indirect effect on learning.
• People are more likely to follow the behaviors modeled by someone with whom they can identify. The more perceived commonalities and/or emotional attachments between the observer and the model, the more likely the observer will learn from the model. This term is known as Modelling.
• That means anything that can be learned by direct experience can also be learned from observation. Models are most effective if they are seen as having respect, competence, high status, or power. Thus, in most cases, teachers can be highly influential models
• Social Modeling can be explained as when the person witnessing other people successfully completing a task is another important source of self-efficacy. According to Bandura, when a person sees another person or persons similar to oneself succeeding by one’s sustained efforts, makes the person raise the belief that they too possess the capabilities that could help them master comparable activities and succeed.

Thus, we can conclude that Bandura is the correct option.

Mnemonic strategy is a teaching strategy used to help students improve their memory of important information. It links new learning to prior knowledge through the use of visual or verbal cues.

Key Points

• Mnemonic strategies are ways to help children memorize a phrase or concept with patterns. It includes songs, rhymes, drawings, poems, pictures, and acronyms.
• This strategy is useful for storing information in both long and short-term memory. For example, to learn the colors of the rainbow, the implementation of the acronym VIBGYOR is taught to the students.
• These techniques are used to aid children in remembering new and unfamiliar information. It links new information to prior knowledge through pictures or letter/word combinations.
• It reduces confusion among similar items and enhances long-term information retention and application. Students with intellectual and developmental disabilities can benefit from the mnemonic strategy, making it easier for them to remember new information.

Hence, we conclude that building meaning by connecting what is to be learned with established words or images is the use of mnemonic strategies.

Additional Information

• Premack principle: It states that a more preferred behavior can be used as reinforcement for a less preferred behavior. For example, when a mother promises her child that if he reads for 30 minutes, she will let him go outside to play. Here, playing outside is a reinforcement and reading was an effective response.
• Scaffolding: It is defined as the temporary support to children to bridge the gap in what they know and what they need to learn while the teaching-learning is going on. In this process, the teachers, peers, or elders help the child to do a task or understand the concept that the child is initially unable to do independently.

Incidental learning refers to the learning that happens accidentally as a result of activities when the learner has no deliberate objective of learning. For example, when a child plays a sport for enjoyment yet gradually develops skills over time.

Key Points

• Incidental learning is unintentional by its nature, it is the byproduct of another activity. For example, when children learn arithmetical skills by completing a project on the "celebration of festivals".
• Numerous techniques have been devised for the assessment of incidental learning. In one technique a person is asked to read a list of words to another person.
• The assigned task for the reader is that of reading the words, but if he remembers something about the word or can remember the actual words, he is known to manifest incidental learning.
• The listener is assigned the task of learning the words, but he/she may also engage in incidental learning and remember some characteristics of the reader, such as his/her accent, or how the reader was dressed.

Hence, we conclude that if a group of children learns a lot of arithmetical skills by way of completing a project on the celebration of festivals, this is a kind of incidental learning.

Additional Information

• Informal education takes place in any kind of informal learning environment that we come across with. For example, we learn the traditions and cultures of our family by observing the different activities in our family as well as by interacting with the family members. It is the outcome of the interaction between the learner and his social environment. It is not organized and structured and can take place in a variety of physical and social settings.
• Formal education is a structured process of organizing teaching-learning activities that include a predefined curriculum, proper plan of its transaction and implementation on a specified time schedule, daily interaction of teachers with students, centralized bodies to operate it, evaluation, and certification of performance of students. For example, education in schools and colleges.
• Non-formal education provides flexibility in terms of time schedule, classes, duration of the program, examinations, etc. Like formal education, it is also an organized system of education that includes a centralized body for operating the system programs offered to a variety of groups, curriculum and its transaction process, evaluation, and certification. It fulfills the objective of lifelong and continuous education. For example distance education, open and distance learning, online education, etc.

Creativity is the ability to come up with or generate creative ideas and possibilities. It involves thinking in new and original ways to reach a solution. It is goal-directed thinking which is unusual, novel, and useful.

Key PointsBrainstorming:

• It is a group method proposed by Alex Osborn. It is a technique where people in a group setting are required to come up with as many ideas as possible without any self-censor or inhibition.
• It is a creative technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific task by gathering a list of ideas before starting the task. A group of teachers and students sit around a table to brainstorm a specific problem.
• Every participant puts forward any idea which comes to his/her mind. No member of the group is allowed to discuss the merits or demerits, practicability, or impracticability of a particular idea put forward by another member.
• In the brainstorming session, each member expresses his/her ideas without inhibition. He/she is stimulated by the creative thinking of other members.

Hence, we conclude that brainstorming is a useful technique to promote creativity in children.

Additional Information

• Experimentation is the process of determining anything through a scientific approach, particularly in a laboratory.
• Symposium refers to a meeting or conference with the purpose of discussing a subject, particularly one where members form an audience and deliver presentations.
• Simulation is a quantitative procedure that describes a process by developing a model of that process and then conducting a series of organized experiments to predict the behaviour of the process over time.

Classroom discipline:

• Discipline is defined as the practice of teaching others to obey rules or norms by using punishment to correct unwanted behaviors.
• In a classroom, a teacher uses discipline to ensure routine is maintained, school rules are enforced, and the students are in a safe learning environment.
• While the word discipline seems negative, the goal of using discipline is to teach students boundaries and limits to help students achieve personal and academic life goals.

Classroom management to maintain discipline:

• Teachers should have class rules. It is important to have a list of expectations, such as class rules, either posted on a wall or in a syllabus to ensure students understand what is expected of them.
• Daily routines are also important. Having routine students commit to every day is a great way to help reinforce good behavior, responsibility, and best practice. Depending on age level, this could look a few different ways.
• Most of the time, pupils act badly through boredom, disengagement, or because they are seeking attention. Although it’s hard, try not to give the perpetrator too much of your attention. Deal with the culprit appropriately and in line with the class Code Of Conduct.
• Great classroom discipline goes hand in hand with lessons that capture your pupil’s interests. Get to know your students and their interests so that you can tailor lessons to be as engaging as possible for them.
• Once a pupil has suffered the consequences of their actions, there is no point in dwelling on bad behavior. No students are inherently ‘bad’ and it’s important that your pupils come to school with a fresh outlook each day. Make it clear to your pupils that you wipe the metaphorical slate clean daily and everyone gets a fresh chance each day.

Conclusion: A well-disciplined classroom means a more positive learning environment. Without discipline, learning cannot be accomplished. If students constantly disrupt the teacher, the others in the class are affected. If a student does not follow the rules and does not complete classwork or homework, that student is missing out on valuable learning opportunities. The goal of discipline is to ensure each student receives the most from their education. Framing class rule is good to bring discipline, but all students are following them in a proper way that should be monitored by the teacher. Rewarding good behavior encourages students to follow rules and behave properly, but all are not good in their behavior. So, to maintain discipline in the classroom, it is important that students should be continuously monitored for their behaviour and to follow class rules. Hence, option (1) is correct.