NVS TGT English 2014 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is "sophisticated."

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning of the given and the marked words:
• "Jejune" means naive, simplistic, and superficial.
• Synonyms: Naive, simple, boring, dull.
• Example: She made jejune remarks about life and art.
• "Sophisticated" means having, revealing, or involving a great deal of worldly experience and knowledge of fashion and culture..
• Synonyms: Advanced, modern, futuristic.
• Example: Her knitting technique is more sophisticated than mine.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the word "sophisticated" is antonym of the word "jejune."

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given options:
• "Arrogant" means thinking that you are better and more important than other people.
• "Delightful" means something  very pleasant, attractive, or enjoyable.
• "Indifferent" means not interested in or caring about somebody/something.

The correct answer is "safety."

Key Points 

• Let us understand the meaning of the given and the marked words:
• "Jeopardy" means danger of loss, harm or failure..
• Synonyms: Danger, peril.
• Example: The lives of thousands of birds are in jeopardy as a result of the oil spillage.
• "Safety" means not being dangerous or in danger.
• Synonyms: Welfare, protection, security
• Example: We should always wear a helmet for safety.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the word "safety" is antonym of the word "jeopardy."

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information 

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given options:
• "Validity" means the quality of being based on truth or reason, or of being able to be accepted.
• "Piety" means a way of behaving that shows a deep respect for God and religion.
• "Tactfulness" means having or showing the ability to do or say things without offending other people.

The correct answer is "Clarify."

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning of the given and the marked word:
• "Obfuscate" means to make something unclear and more difficult to understand.
• Synonyms: Obscure, confuse, blur.
• Example: The loan contract was filled with legal words meant to obfuscate trusting borrowers.
• "Clarify" means to make something become clear and easier to understand.
• Synonyms: Filter, illuminate, elucidate.
• Example: The president was forced to clarify his position on the issue.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the word "clarify" is antonym of the word "obfuscate".

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given options:
• "Complicate" means involving a lot of different parts, in a way that is difficult to understand.
• "Eclipse" means to become much more important and noticeable than something.
• "Anticipate" means to expect something to happen (and prepare for it).

The correct answer is "support."

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning of the given and the marked words:
• "Inveigh" means speak or write about (something) with great hostility.
• Synonyms: Fulminate, protest, declaim.
• Example:  A lot of his writings inveigh against luxury and riches.
• "Support" means help and encouragement that you give to a person or thing.
• Synonyms: Help, assist.
• Example: The vice president insisted that he supported the hard-working people of New York.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the word "support" is the antonym of the word "inveigh."

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given options:
• "Liberate" means to allow somebody/something to be free.
• "Suggest" means to mention a plan or an idea that you have for somebody to discuss or consider.
• "Equivocate" means to use ambiguous language so as to conceal the truth or avoid committing oneself.

The correct answer is "of."

Key Points

• Let us understand the usage of the given prepositions:
• "Of" is used to express something belonging to something; being part of something; relating to something.
• Example: The lid of the box, The member of the team.
• "To" is used to show the position of something in the direction of something; towards something.
• Example: It was on the way to the station.
• "For" is used to show who is intended to have or use something or where something is intended to be put.
• Example: We got a new table for the dining room.
• "At" is used to say where something/somebody is or where something happens.
• Example: I met her at the hospital.
• Ignorant means ​ lacking knowledge or comprehension of the thing specified
• For example: Generally, parents are ignorant of modern technology.
• Thus, the correct preposition to use in the blank is "of."

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "for."

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning and usage of the given prepositions:
• "Upon" means on or onto something.
• Example: Upon her head she wore a black velvet hat.
• "To" is used for showing who receives something or who experiences an action.
• Example: I lent my bike to my brother.
• "About" is used to talk about something on the subject of, or connected with.
• ​Example: I really don't know what all the fuss is about.
• "For" is used to express something having the purpose of. 
• ​Example: The books are not for sale.​​
• In the given sentence, the speech is for the purpose of the occasion.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the preposition "for" is appropriate for the blank given in the sentence.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "of."

Key Points

• Let us first understand the meaning and usage of the given prepositions:
• "With" is used to say that people or things are in a place together or are doing something together.
• Example: She is staying with her parents.
• "About" is used to talk about something on the subject of, or connected with.
• Example: I'm worried about Disha.
• "Of" is used to show possession, belonging, or origin Or to connect particular adjectives and verbs with nouns.
• Example: She has the face of an angel.
• "For" is used as a function word to indicate the object or recipient of a perception, desire, or activity.
• Example: There is a phone message for you.
• In the given sentence, the adjective "subversive" has to be connected with the noun "discipline."
• Thus, from the above explanation, it is clear that the preposition "of" will be used in the blank.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "for."

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning and usage of the given prepositions:
• "To" is used  as a preposition to indicate a destination or direction.
• Example: We're going to Lucknow next week.
• The preposition "about" has several uses. It can refer to movement or position in various directions or places Or can also mean near or nearby.
• Example: Clothes were lying about the room.
• "At" is used to show a particular place or a particular time.
• Example: I will meet you at the theatre at 6 PM.
• "For" is used as a function word to indicate the object or recipient of a perception, desire, or activity.
• Example: There will be a prize for the best entry.
• In the given sentence, Radhika's aptitude is to be connected with the recipient i.e. "the business."
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the preposition "for" will be used in the given blank.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "a person who overestimates her/his importance."

Key Points

• An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase; but some phrases become figurative idioms while retaining the literal meaning of the phrase.
• "A fly on the wheel" means someone who thinks they are more powerful than they really are. 
• Example: That guy's a total fly on the wheel, always acting like he gets all this stuff done on his own without the help of an entire team.
• Overestimate means to think that something is or will be greater, more extreme, or more important than it really is.

From the above explanation, it is clear that a person who overestimates his/her importance is said to be a fly on the wheel.

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "lose one's temper suddenly."

Key Points

• An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase; but some phrases become figurative idioms while retaining the literal meaning of the phrase.
• The idiom "fly off the handle" means to lose control of one's emotions : to become very angry. 
• Example: Vinod is patient and careful, not the type to fly off the handle in a moment of frustration.
• To lose one's temper means to give way to violent anger, lose self-control.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that option 2 is the correct meaning of the given idiom.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "keep off starvation."

Key Points

• An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase; but some phrases become figurative idioms while retaining the literal meaning of the phrase.
• Keep the wolf off the door means to maintain oneself at a minimal level; to keep from starving, freezing, etc.
• Example: I don't make a lot of money, just enough to keep the wolf from the door.
• ​From the above explanation, it is clear that the idiom "keep the wolf off the door" means "to keep off starvation."

​Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "to be in distress."

Key Points

• An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase; but some phrases become figurative idioms while retaining the literal meaning of the phrase.
• The given idiom "To be under the harrow" means " to be in distress."
• A harrow is a heavy frameset with iron teeth or tines drawn over ploughed land to break up clods and root up weeds - an animal caught under a harrow would suffer extreme pain.
• Example: Many families are under the harrow because of the economic recession.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the idiom "to be under the harrow" means to be in distress.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "silken."

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning of the given and the marked words:
• "Diaphanous" means characterized by such fineness of texture as to permit seeing through Or characterized by extreme delicacy of form.
• Synonyms: Sheer, fine, flimsy.
• Example:  She wore a flowing, diaphanous gown and had long, wavy, bronze colored hair.
• "Silken" means something soft or lustrous like silk.
• Synonyms: Soft, velvetlike, silky.
• Example: She wore her glorious silken red-gold hair flowing loose to her waist.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the word "silken" is synonym of the word "diaphanous."

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given options:
• "Tired" means feeling that you need to rest or sleep.
• "Kind" means caring about others, friendly and generous.
• "Thick" means having a large distance between two sides.

The correct answer is "disagree."

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning of the given and the marked words:
• "Expostulate" means to express strong disapproval or disagreement.
• Synonyms: Remonstrate, argue, disagree.
• Example: His father expostulated with him about the evils of gambling.
• "Disagree" means to have a different opinion from somebody/something; to not agree.
• Synonyms: Contradict, differ, conflict.
• Example:  Scientists disagree about how the universe was created.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the word "disagree" is synonym of the word "expostulate."

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given options:
• "Infer" means to form an opinion or decide that something is true from the information you have.
• "Remit" means to send money, etc. as a payment to a person or place Or to cancel somebody’s debt or free somebody from duty or punishment.
• "Simmer" means to cook gently in a liquid that is almost boiling.

The correct answer is "unstudied".

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning of the given and the marked words:
• "Improvised" means to make, do, or manage something without preparation, using what you have. (एकाएक प्रस्तुत करना)
• Synonyms: Extemporize, contrive, devise.
• Example: Since I forgot my lines, I tried to improvise the role during the audition.
• "Unstudied" means something not labored or artificial, natural; or impromptu. (अशिक्षित)
• Synonyms: Natural, unlabored, unaffected.
• Example: Every movement he made was effortless and unstudied, yet suggested consciousness of power.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the word "unstudied" is a synonym of the word "improvised."
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given options:
• "Imprudent" means not showing care for the consequences of an action; rash. (ढीठ)
• "Incautious" means (of a person or an action) heedless of potential problems or risks. (असावधान)
• "Oblivious" means not noticing or realizing what is happening around you. (बेख़बर)

The correct answer is "nonconformist."

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning of the given and the marked words:
• "Maverick" means a person who does not behave or think like everyone else, but who has independent, unusual opinions.
• Synonyms: Individualist, nonconformist, trendsetter.
• Example: He is an excellent writer and maverick scientist too.
• "Nonconformist" means a person who behaves or thinks differently from most other people in society.
• Synonyms: Dissenter, protester, rebel.
• Example:  They were stubborn nonconformists who chose to be arrested instead of obeying the laws.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the word "nonconformist" is synonym of the word "maverick."

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• Let us understand the meaning of the other given options:
• "Materialist" means someone who believes that having money and possessions is the most important thing in life.
• "Spiritualist" means a person who is concerned with or insists on the spiritual side of things.
• "Selfish" means thinking only about your own needs or wishes and not about other people’s.

The correct answer is "Our blessings come from above."

Key Points

• Above can be used as a noun, preposition, adjective as well as an adverb.
• "Above" as a noun means something that is above (in a higher place) or a higher authority.
• Example: One god is above us both.
• Now, among the given options:
• In option 1, "above" is used as a noun, defining that the blessings come from above.
• In option 2, "above" is used as an adverb.
• In option 3, "above" is used as a preposition.
• In option 4, "above" is used as an adjective.

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "Shyam has seen the ups and downs of life."

Key Points

• Down can be a noun, a preposition, an adverb, an adjective or a verb.
• Down as a noun means a descent or a depression.
• Example: The ups and downs of the business cycle.
• Among the given options:
• In option 1, "down" is used as an adverb.
• In option 2, "down" is used as a noun.
• In option 3, the word "down" is used as an adjective.
• In option 4, the word "down" is used as an adverb of place.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "It is but right to admit our faults."

Key Points

• The word “but” is used for multiple purposes. It can serve as a conjunction, a preposition, an adverb, or a noun in sentences.
• As an adverb:
• In some cases, the word “but” can be used as an adverb that means “merely,” and can modify a verb or an adjective. For instance, in the sample sentence below:​
• Example: She is but a shadow of her old self.
• The word “but” is an adverb that can also mean “nothing but” or “only.”
• The word "but" in the option 3 is used to modify the verb "right."
• Thus, it is clear that "but" is used as an adverb in the sentence "It is but right to admit our faults."

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "After ages shall sing his glory."

Key Points

• Adjective means a word that describes a noun or pronoun.
• For example: Big, purple, quick, etc.
• "After" as an adjective means later in time; next; subsequent; succeeding.
• Example: In after years we never heard from him.
• In sentence 4, the word "after" defines later in the time the subject's glory will be sung.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

'ऋत-ऋतु' शब्द - युग्म में अर्थ भेद है - 'सत्य - मौसम'

• अन्य सभी विकल्प अर्थ की दृष्टि से गलत है।
• मिथ्या का पर्यायवाची - मृषा, अनृत, झूठ, असत्य।

Key Points

• हिंदी व्याकरण में अनेक प्रकार के ऐसे शब्द होते हैं जिन का उच्चारण एक समान होता है।
• परंतु उनके अर्थ अलग-अलग होते हैं। तो इसे युग्म शब्द कहते हैं।

Additional Informationकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण शब्द युग्म:-

• अनल - आग
• अनिल - हवा
• आधि - मानसिक कष्ट
• व्याधि - शारीरिक कष्ट
• ग्रह - नक्षत्र
• गृह - घर
• निर्जर - देवता
• निर्झर - झरना
• प्रसाद - कृपा/भोग
• प्रासाद - महल

'सभा' शब्द का प्रयोग संज्ञा के अन्तर्गत आता है - 'जातिवाचक'

• (यहाँ पर सभा यानी एक स्थान पर बैठे हुए लोगों का समूह है अत: यहाँ जातिवाचक संज्ञा है।)
• जो शब्द किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु या स्थान की संपूर्ण जाति का बोध कराते हैं, उन शब्दों को जातिवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं।
• जैसे - मानव, लड़का, सेना, बिल्ली, कुत्ता, घोड़ा, मोर, सभा, पहाड़, नदी, शहर, गाँव, विद्यालय, भवन इत्यादि।
• मानव सबसे अधिक बुद्धिमान प्राणी है।

Key Pointsजातिवाचक संज्ञा के कुछ उदाहरण:-​

• पक्षियों को क़ैद करना पाप है।
• कुत्ता पालतू जानवर है।
• डाँक्टर भगवान का रूप होते हैं।
• महिलाएं बहुत बात करती हैं।
• पुस्तकें मनुष्य की सच्ची मित्र होती हैं।
• नदियों का जल अब साफ़ नहीं रहा।

Additional Information

संज्ञा की व्याप्ति से मर्यादित होती है - 'विशेषण'

• जैसे - यह भूरी गाय है, आम खट्टे है।
• उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में 'भूरी' और 'खट्टे' शब्द गाय और आम (संज्ञा) की विशेषता बता रहे है। इसलिए ये शब्द विशेषण है।
• संज्ञा अथवा सर्वनाम शब्दों की विशेषता (गुण, दोष, संख्या, परिमाण आदि) बताने वाले शब्द विशेषण कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे - बड़ा, काला, लंबा, दयालु, भारी, सुन्दर, कायर, टेढ़ा-मेढ़ा, एक, दो आदि।

Key Points

स्त्रीलिंग शब्द है - 'रात'

• पहचान के लिए - रात होती है। 
• रात - रात्रि, रैन, रजनी, निशा, यामिनी, तमी, निशि, यामा, विभावरी।
• पुल्लिंग शब्द है - कपड़ा, गाना, नेत्र

Key Points

• पहचान के लिए -  कपड़ा धोया जाता है। ​
• कपड़ा - वस्त्र, चीर, वसन, पट, अंशु, कर, अम्बर, परिधान।
• पहचान के लिए -  गाना गाया जाता है।
• पहचान के लिए - नेत्र से देखा जाता है। 
• नेत्र - ​चक्षु, लोचन, नयन, अक्षि, चख, आँख।

Additional Informationस्त्रीलिंग:-

• वह संज्ञा शब्द जो हमें स्त्री जाति का बोध कराते हैं, वे शब्द स्त्रीलिंग संज्ञा शब्द कहलाते हैं। 
• जैसे - लड़की, घोड़ी, शेरनी, बकरी, रानी, गाय, घड़ी, छड़ी, नारी आदि।

पुल्लिंग:-

• वह संज्ञा शब्द जो हमें पुरुष जाति का बोध कराते हैं, वे पुल्लिंग शब्द कहलाते हैं। 
• जैसे - लड़का, आदमी, घोड़ा, शेर, बकरा, राजा, कुत्ता, पेड़, सिंह, बैल, नर आदि।

पुल्लिंग शब्द है - 'व्याख्यान'

• व्याख्यान का अर्थ - किसी विषय पर अपने विचार प्रस्तुत करना, (लेक्चर), भाषण।
• पहचान के लिए - यह कानून का प्राधिकारी व्याख्यान नही हैI

Key Points

• स्त्रीलिंग - साँकल, सभा, दक्षिणा।
• साँकल - दरवाज़े की कुंडी, ज़ंजीर, सिटकनी।
• सभा -  एक स्थान पर बैठे हुए लोगों का समूह।
• दक्षिणा - यज्ञ आदि की समाप्ति पर दिया जानेवाला द्रव्य, दान।

Additional Informationपुल्लिंग:-

• वे संज्ञा शब्द जो हमें पुरुष जाति के व्यक्ति, वस्तु आदि का बोध कराते हैं, वे पुल्लिंग शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- लड़का, आदमी, घोड़ा, शेर, बकरा, राजा, कुत्ता, पेड़, सिंह, बैल, घर आदि।
• घोड़ा दौड़ता है।

स्त्रीलिंग:- 

• वह संज्ञा शब्द जो हमें स्त्री जाति का बोध कराते हैं, वे शब्द स्त्रीलिंग संज्ञा शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- माता, लड़की, भेद, गाय, भैंस, बकरी, लोमड़ी, बंदरिया, धोती, टोपी, सड़क, आदि।
• गाय दूध देती है।

पुल्लिंग-स्त्रीलिंग के युग्म में से युग्म सही नहीं है - 'मिहतर-मिहत्तरी'

• पुल्लिंग - मेहतर
• अर्थ: मैला साफ़ करने वाला, भारतीय संविधान के अनुसार एक अनुसूचित जाति।
• स्त्रीलिंग - मेहतरानी
• अन्य सभी विकल्प सभी है।

Key Pointsपुल्लिंग:-

• वे संज्ञा शब्द जो हमें पुरुष जाति के व्यक्ति, वस्तु आदि का बोध कराते हैं, वे पुल्लिंग शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे - लड़का, आदमी, घोड़ा, शेर, बकरा, राजा, कुत्ता, पेड़, सिंह, बैल, घर आदि।
• लड़का स्कूल जाता है।

स्त्रीलिंग:-

• वे संज्ञा शब्द जो हमें स्त्री जाति के व्यक्ति, वस्तु आदि का बोध कराते हैं, वे स्त्रीलिंग कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे - लड़की, बेटी, गाय, मोर, माता,  भेद, गाय, भैंस, बकरी, लोमड़ी, बंदरिया, मछली, आदि।  
• माला खिलौने से खेलती है।

सदैव एकवचन में प्रयोग होने वाला शब्द है - 1 और 2 दोनों (धन, सोना)

• 'धन', 'सोना' का प्रयोग एकवचन में होता है।

जैसे -

• पहचान के लिए - मेरा सारा धन खत्म हो गया है।
• पहचान के लिए - आजकल सोना बहुत महंगा हो गया है।

 

Key Pointsएकवचन:-

• शब्द के जिस रूप से एक ही वस्तु का बोध हो, उसे एकवचन कहते हैं।
• जैसे - लड़का, गाय, सिपाही, बच्चा, कपड़ा, माता, माला, पुस्तक, स्त्री, बंदर, मोर आदि।

बहुवचन:-

• शब्द के जिस रूप से अनेकता का बोध हो उसे बहुवचन कहते हैं।
• जैसे - लड़के, गायें, कपड़े, मालाएँ, माताएँ, पुस्तकें, वधुएँ, गुरुजन, रोटियाँ, स्त्रियाँ, लताएँ, बेटे आदि।

संज्ञा के रूप से किसी को पुकारने का बोध होता है - 'संबोधन - कारक'

• संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का वह रूप जिससे किसी को बुलाने, पुकारने या बोलने का बोध होता है, तो वह सम्बोधन कारक कहलाता है।
• सम्बोधन कारक के अरे, हे, अजी आदि विभक्ति चिन्ह होता हैं।
• उदाहरण -
• हे ईश्वर! मेरे साथ ही ऐसा क्यों होता है।
• अरे ! तुम इतनी जल्दी कैसे आये।

Key Points हिन्दी में ’आठ कारक’ होते हैं -

Additional Information

सन्धि प्रकार की होती है - 'तीन'

• मुख्य रूप से संधि के तीन प्रकार:-
• स्वर सन्धि
• व्यंजन संधि
• विसर्ग संधि

Key Pointsसन्धि:-

• दो वर्णों या ध्वनियों के संयोग से होने वाले विकार (परिवर्तन) को सन्धि कहते हैं।
• जैसे-
• सुर + इन्द्र = सुरेन्द्र, (अ + इ = ए) वृद्धि संधि

Additional Information

अशुद्ध वर्तनी विकल्प है - 'उज्जवल'

• उज्जवल शब्द का शुद्ध रूप है - उज्ज्वल
• उज्ज्वल का अर्थ - साफ़, स्वच्छ, निर्मल, सफ़ेद, कांतिमान और सुंदर।
• ​विलोम शब्द - 'धूमिल'
• अन्य सभी विकल्प सही है।

Mistake Points

• सन्यासी शब्द का शुद्ध रूप है - संन्यासी
• अर्थ - ​संन्यास आश्रम का पालन करने वाला व्यक्ति।
• स्वयम्वर शब्द का शुद्ध रूप है - स्वयंवर
• अर्थ - ​स्वयं पति चुनाव का समारोह, पति चयन संबंधी उत्सव।
• सजजन शब्द का शुद्ध रूप है - सज्जन
• अर्थ - शरीफ़ आदमी, भला आदमी, सत्पुरुष।​

Key Points

• किसी शब्द में आये हुए अक्षरों को मात्राओ सहित कहने या लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं।
• वर्तनी का सम्बन्ध का सीधा सम्बन्ध उच्चारण से होता है ।
• यदि उच्चारण शुद्ध होगा तो वर्तनी शुद्ध होगी और यदि उच्चारण अशुद्ध होगा तो वर्तनी भी अशुद्ध होगी।

कुछ अशुद्ध से शुद्ध शब्द:-

• अशुद्ध -  शुद्ध
• एच्छिक - ऐच्छिक
• औपचरिक - औपचारिक
• कठिनाईयाँ - कठिनाइयाँ
• कनिष्ट - कनिष्ठ
• कवियत्री - कवयित्री
• क्षत्रीय - क्षत्रिय

'आकाश' का पर्यायवाची नहीं है - 'अवनि'

• 'आकाश' का पर्यायवाची है - नभ, गगन, अभ्र, अम्बर, व्योम, अनन्त, आसमान, अंतरिक्ष, शून्य।
• 'पृथ्वी' का पर्यायवाची है - अवनि, भू, धरणी, वसुंधरा, अचला, धरा, जमीन, रत्नगर्भा, मही, वसुधा, धरित्री।

Key Points

• एक ही शब्द के एक से ज्यादा अर्थ निकले उसे पर्यायवाची शब्द कहते है।

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्द:-

• जल - वारि, पानी, नीर, सलिल, तोय, उदक, अंबु, जीवन, पय, अमृत, मेघपुष्प।
• साँप - सर्प, नाग, विषधर, व्याल, भुजंग, उरग, अहि पन्नग।
• घर - गृह, सदन, आवास, आलय, गेह, निवास, निलय, मंदिर।
• पेड़ - वृक्ष, पादप, विटप, तरु, गाछ, द्रुम, दरख्त, बूटा, रुख, पुष्पद।
• असुर - राक्षस, दैत्य, दानव, निशाचर, दनुज, यातुधान, निशिचर, रजनीचर।
• अश्व - घोड़ा, हय, तुरंग, वाजी, घोटक, सैंधव, तुरंग।
• आँख - नेत्र, दृग, नयन, लोचन, चक्षु, अक्षि, अंबक, दृष्टि, विलोचन।
• कमल - जलज, पंकज, सरोज, राजीव, अरविन्द, नीरज।

'विधि' का सही विलोम है - 'निषेध'

• विधि का अर्थ - व्यवस्था आदि का ढंग, प्रणाली।
• निषेध का अर्थ - मना या निषिद्ध करने की क्रिया या भाव, मनाही, प्रतिबंध, रोक, बाधा।

Key Points

• कानून - राज नियम, विधान।
• विलोम शब्द - 'गैरकानूनी'
• कर्म - कार्य, काम, आचरण, भाग्य।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अकर्म'
• नास्तिक - ईश्वर की सत्ता को न माननेवाला।
• विलोम शब्द - 'आस्तिक'

Additional Informationकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द:-

• शब्द - वि��ोम
• आलस्य - स्फूर्ति
• उत्कृष्ट - निकृष्ट
• उत्तम - अधम
• आदर्श - यथार्थ
• स्वाधीन - पराधीन
• खेद - प्रसन्नता
• प्रत्यक्ष - परोक्ष
• सजीव - निर्जीव
• सुगंध - दुर्गन्ध
• संक्षेप - विस्तार
• घात - प्रतिघात
• सरस - नीरस
• सौभाग्य - दुर्भाग्य

'ज्येष्ठ' का विलोम है - 'कनिष्ठ'

• 'ज्येष्ठ' का अर्थ - जेठा, बड़ा, अग्रज, प्रवर।
• 'कनिष्ठ' का अर्थ - अवर, वय या उम्र में छोटा, तुच्छ, हीन।

Key Points

• किसी शब्द का विलोम शब्द उस शब्द के अर्थ से उल्टा या विपरीत अर्थ वाला होता है।

Additional Informationकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द:- 

• शब्द - विलोम
• कृतज्ञ - कृतघ्न
• दुर्लभ - सुलभ
• निरक्षर - साक्षर
• नूतन - पुरातन
• बंधन - मुक्ति
• ठोस - तरल
• यश - अपयश
• सगुण - निर्गुण
• मूक - वाचाल
• रुग्ण - स्वस्थ
• रक्षक - भक्षक
• शुष्क - आर्द्र
• क्षणिक - शाश्वत

सही सन्धि-विच्छेद है - 'महा + उदय'

• महा + उदय = महोदय (आ + उ= ओ)
• 'महोदय' शब्द में गुण संधि है।
• महोदय - बड़ों के लिए एक आदर सूचक संबोधन।

Key Pointsगुण संधि:-

• जब (अ, आ) के साथ (इ, ई) हो तो ‘ए‘ बनता है, जब (अ, आ) के साथ (उ, ऊ) हो तो ‘ओ‘ बनता है,
• जब (अ, आ) के साथ (ऋ) हो तो ‘अर्‘ बनता है। उसे गुण संधि कहते हैं।

जैसे-

• महा + ईश = महेश (आ + ई = ए)
• ज्ञान + उपदेश = ज्ञानोपदेश (अ + उ = ओ)
• देव + ऋषि = देवर्षि (अ + ऋ = अर्)

अशुद्ध सन्धि है - 'वि + स्मरण = विसमरण'

• विस्मरण का संधि विच्छेद वि + स्मरण होता है।
• यह व्यंजन संधि का अपवाद है।
• व्यंजन संधि से सम्बन्धित कुछ अन्य अपवाद - अनु + स्वार = अनुस्वार, अनु + सरण = अनुसरण
• जब संधि करते समय व्यंजन के साथ स्वर या कोई व्यंजन के मिलने से जो रूप में परिवर्तन होता है, उसे ही व्यंजन संधि कहते हैं।
• उदाहरण-
• दिक् + गज = दिग्गज
• जगत + ईश = जगदीश

Key Points

• राजा + आज्ञा = राजाज्ञा (आ + आ = आ) 
• राजाज्ञा शब्द में दीर्घ संधि है।
• धनिन् + त्व = धनित्व 
• धनित्व शब्द में व्यंजन संधि है।
• निः + चल = निश्चल
• निश्चल शब्द में विसर्ग संधि है।

Additional Information

'कलम तोड़ देना' मुहावरे का सही अर्थ है- अत्यन्त मार्मिक व प्रभावशाली रचना करना

• वाक्य प्रयोग - रमेश ने पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा पर निबंध लिखा तो अध्यापक जी ने प्रशंसा करते हुए कहा कि तुमने तो जैसे "कलम तोड़ कर रख दी"।

Key Points

• ‘मुहावरा’ शब्द अरबी भाषा का है जिसका अर्थ है ‘अभ्यास होना’ या 'आदी होना’।
• मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्य होता है जो वाक्य की रचना करने पर अपना एक अलग अर्थ या विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है,
• इनका प्रयोग करने से भाषा,आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण तथा रोचक बन जाती है।
• मुहावरा पूर्णतः स्वतंत्र नहीं होता है, अकेले मुहावरे से वाक्य पूरा नहीं होता है। लोकोक्ति पूरे वाक्य का निर्माण करने में समर्थ होती है।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरा, अर्थ और उनके वाक्य प्रयोग:-  

• आग बबूला होना - अत्यन्त क्रोधित होना ।

           वाक्य प्रयोग - श्याम अपने भाई को पिटता देख "आग बबूला हो गया" और उसने उन लड़कों को बहुत मारा।

• घोड़े बेचकर सोना - बेफिक्र होना

          वाक्य प्रयोग - बेटी तो ब्याह दी। अब क्या, "घोड़े बेचकर सोओ"।

• घाट-घाट का पानी पीना - हर प्रकार का अनुभव होना

          वाक्य प्रयोग - मुन्ना "घाट-घाट का पानी पिए" हुए है, उसे कौन धोखा दे सकता है।

• गिरगिट की तरह रंग बदलना - बातें बदलना

          वाक्य प्रयोग - "गिरगिट की तरह रंग बदलने" से तुम्हारी कोई इज्जत नहीं करेगा।

• गूलर का फूल होना - लापता होना

           वाक्य प्रयोग - वह तो ऐसा "गूलर का फूल हो" गया है कि उसके बारे में कुछ कहना मुश्किल है।

• गज भर की छाती होना - अत्यधिक साहसी होना

वाक्य प्रयोग - उसकी "गज भर की छाती" है तभी तो अकेले ने ही चार-चार आतंकवादियों को मार दिया।

'नीम हकीम खतरे जान' कहावत का सही अर्थ है - अधकचरा ज्ञान नुकसान देता है

• वाक्य प्रयोग - मकान बनवाने से पहले किसी अनुभव अभियंता का परामर्श लेना, किसी राज मिस्त्री से नहीं क्योंकि "नीम हकीम खतरे जान" होता है।

Key Points

• लोकोक्ति शब्द दो शब्दों के मेल से बना है - लोक + उक्ति।
• लोक में चिरकाल से प्रचलित कथन लोकोक्ति कहलाता है। लोकोक्ति का संबंध किसी घटित घटना से होता है।
• लोकोक्तियों एवं मुहावरों के प्रयोग से भाषा प्रभावोत्पादक बनती है। यह पूर्ण रुप से स्वतंत्र वाक्य होता हैं।
• लोकोक्ति को ‘कहावत’ नाम से भी जाना जाता है।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण लोकोक्ति, अर्थ और उनके वाक्य प्रयोग:-  

• अब पछताए होत क्या जब चिड़ियाँ चुग गई खेत- समय निकल जाने के पश्चात् पछताना व्यर्थ होता है

           वाक्य प्रयोग- सारे साल तुम मस्ती मारते रहे, अध्यापकों और अभिभावक की एक न सुनी। अब बैठकर रो रहे हो। ठीक ही कहा गया है- "अब पछताए होत क्या जब चिड़ियाँ चुग गई खेत"।

• कंगाली में आटा गीला- परेशानी पर परेशानी आना

           वाक्य प्रयोग- पिता जी की बीमारी की वजह से घर में वैसे ही आर्थिक तंगी चल रही है, ऊपर से बच्चों की पढ़ाई का खर्च भी बढ़ गया। इसे कहते हैं- "कंगाली में आटा गीला"।

• खिसियानी बिल्ली खंभा नोचे- किसी बात पर लज्जित होकर क्रोध करना

           वाक्य प्रयोग- दस लोगों के सामने जब मोहन की बात किसी ने नहीं सुनी, तो उसकी हालत उसी तरह हो गई, जैसे "खिसियानी बिल्ली खंभा नोचे"।

• घर का भेदी लंका ढाए- आपस की फूट से हानि होती है।

           वाक्य प्रयोग- तस्करी के सोने पर तीनों दोस्तों में झगड़ा हो गया। एक ने पुलिस को खबर दे दी और पुलिस सारे सोने समेत तीनों को पकड़ कर ले गई। सच है, "घर का भेदी लंका ढाए"।

• चमड़ी जाय, पर दमड़ी न जाय- अत्यधिक कंजूसी करना

वाक्य प्रयोग- जेबकतरे ने सौ रुपए उड़ा लिए तो कुछ नहीं, पर मुन्ना ने मुझे पाँच रुपए उधार नहीं दिए। ये तो वही बात हुई कि "चमड़ी जाय पर दमड़ी न जाय"।

आवश्यकता से अधिक धन-सम्पत्ति एकत्र न करना - वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द है - अपरिग्रह

• कृपण होने की अवस्था या भाव - कृपणता
• अच्छा और शुभ आचरण - सदाचार
• चोरी न करने की क्रिया - अस्तेय

Key Points

• जब किसी वाक्य में प्रयुक्त या स्वतन्त्र किसी वाक्यांश के लिए किसी एक शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है,
• जो उस वाक्यांश के अर्थ को पूरी तरह सिद्ध करता हो तो उसे वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहते हैं।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द:-

• कम खर्च करने वाला - मितव्ययी
• कठिनाई से समझने योग्य - दुर्बोध
• जो आज तक से सम्बन्ध रखता है - अद्यतन
• आकाश में विचरण करने वाले जंतु - नभचर
• जो बहुत समय तक ठहर सके - चिरस्थायी
• जिसने इन्द्रियों को वश में कर लिया हो - जितेन्द्रिय

'चाकू' शब्द भाषा से हिन्दी में आया है - तुर्की

• कुछ अन्य तुर्की शब्द -
• आगा, आका, उजबक, उर्दू, कालीन, काबू, कैंची, ��ुली, कुर्की, चिक, चेचक, चमचा, चुगुल, चकमक,
• जाजिम, तमगा, तोप, तलाश, बेगम, बहादुर, मुगल, लफंगा, लाश, सौगात, सुराग इत्यादि।

Key Pointsविदेशी शब्द:-

• विदेशी भाषाओं से हिंदी में आये शब्दों को विदेशी शब्द कहा जाता है।
• इन विदेशी भाषाओं में मुख्यतः अरबी, फारसी, तुर्की, अंग्रेजी व पुर्तगाली शामिल है।

Additional Informationकुछ फारसी शब्द:- 

• आराम, अफसोस, किनारा, गिरफ्तार, नमक, दुकान, हफ़्ता, जवान, दारोगा, आवारा, काश,
• बहादुर, जहर, मुफ़्त, जल्दी, खूबसूरत, बीमार, शादी, अनार, चश्मा, गिरह इत्यादि।

कुछ अरबी शब्द:- 

• असर, किस्मत, खयाल, दुकान, औरत, जहाज, मतलब, तारीख, कीमत, अमीर,
• औरत, इज्जत, इलाज, वकील, किताब, कालीन, मालिक, गरीब, मदद इत्यादि।

कुछ पुर्तगाली शब्द:- 

• कमीज, साबुन, अलमारी, बाल्टी, फालतू, फीता, तौलिया इत्यादि।

असंगत वाक्य है - जिसमें कोई भी पद प्रधान नहीं होता उसे द्वन्द्व समास कहते हैं।

• जिस समास में समस्तपद के दोनों पद प्रधान हों या दोनों पद सामान हों एवं
• दोंनों पदों को मिलाते समय ‘और’, ‘अथवा’, ‘या’, ‘एवं’ आदि योजक लुप्त हो जाएँ, वह समास द्वंद्व समास कहलाता है।
• उदाहरण:-
• सुख-दुख = सुख या दुःख
• गौरीशंकर = गौरी और शंकर

Key Points​

The correct answer is a loss of electrical resistance.

Key Points

• Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials at very low temperature to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance.
• Superconductor exhibits zero electrical resistance below transition temperature.
• The temperature at which the metals change from normal conducting state to superconducting state, is called critical temperature/transition temperature.
• An example of superconductors is mercury. It becomes superconductor at 4° K
• The transition from normal conducting state to superconducting state is reversible.
• Metals that are cooled below their critical temperature exhibiting the zero resistivity or infinite conductivity are called superconductor metals.

The correct answer is corn starch.

 Key Points

• Bioplastic or organic plastic is a type of plastic derived from renewable biofuel sources such as vegetable oil, cornstarch, pea starch or microbiota, rather than fossil fuel plastic derived from petroleum.

Important Points

• Microorganisms living in the environment work to decompose the structure of biodegradable plastic, which does not cause any harm to the environment.
• The enzymes of microbes use plastic as their source of energy.
• The biodegradation rate of this plastic depends on many factors like its components, weather, oxygen level, and temperature.
• The process of biodegradation in some biodegradable plastics requires high temperatures in a controlled environment.

The correct answer is 981.

Key Points

• There are 981 dynes in one gram weight.
• Dyne is a CGS unit.
• The weight of the mass of 1 gram of body is. w = mg.
• w = 1gm×981cm/s2
• w = 981 dyne.

Important Points

• Newton and dyne are the units representing the force.
• So dyne is the unit of force in the centimeter-gram-second system of physical units
• 1 dyne equals = 0.00001 newtons
• 1 N = 10⁵ dyne

Additional Information

• Force:
• Force is defined as the push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change its velocity.
• Force is an external agent capable of changing a body's state of rest or motion.
• It has a magnitude and a direction.

The correct answer is one-fourth of what it is now.

Key Points

• Surface gravity varies inversely with the square of the planet's radius.
• So doubling the radius would reduce gravity by a factor of four.
• Hence the gravitational force exerted on the earth by the sun would be one-fourth of what it is now.

Important Points

• Gravitational force: 
• The gravitational force is a force that attracts any two objects with mass.
• The force of attraction between any two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
• Gravitational force Formula:
• \(F = {G.m1.m2\over r^2}\)

The Correct Answer is ​Dadabhai Naoroji.

Key Points 

• Dadabhai Naoroji was the first Indian to become a member of the British Parliament.
• He was elected for the Liberal Party in Finsbury Central at the 1892 general election and was the first British Indian MP.
• Dadabhai Naoroji:
• Dadabhai Naoroji was popularly known as 'The Grand Old Man of India'.
• He was also an intellectual and educator.
• For the betterment of his countrymen, he founded the Dnyan Prasarak Mandali to educate women.

Important Points

• G.K. Gokhale:
• ​He was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the founder of the Servants of India Society.
• He was trained in Indian economics by Justice Ranade and G.V. Joshi.
• He gained great fame for his budget speeches.
• Mahatma Gandhi called Gokhale his mentor and guide.
• Bipin Chandra Pal (1858 - 1932)
• He was the main architect of the Swadeshi Movement
• He stood against The Partition of Bengal
• He was known as the “Father of Revolutionary Thoughts”
• He was the main leader of the Indian National congress
• He worked with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak Hence known as “Lal-Bal-Pal”
• He was also known as Bengal Tiger
• He preached the use of Swadeshi and the Boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty.
• Lala Lajpat Rai:
• He was born in Punjab.
• Also known as ‘Punjab Kesari’.
• He was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the Arya Samaj in Lahore.
• Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist leaders.
• Fought against untouchability.
• Founded the Servants of People Society in 1921.
• Founded Arya Gazette.
• Founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York.

The correct answer is Sisodiya.

Key Points

• Akbar ascended the throne of Delhi in the year 1556.
• At that time the ruler of Mewar was Rana Udai Singh of the Sisodia dynasty.
• 'Mewar' was the only state in Rajasthan, where the Rajput rulers always opposed the Mughal rule.
• Akbar's contemporary Mewar ruler was Rana Udai Singh of the Sisodia dynasty, who did not accept the suzerainty of the Mughal emperor Akbar.
• Akbar attacked the fort of Chittor in 1567 AD but failed.

Important Points

• Udai Singh died in the hills of Goguda in 1572.
• And his son Jagmal was declared the king, but after some time, with the understanding of the courtiers, Maharana Pratap, who was Udai Singh's eldest son, was made the king after removing Jagmal from the throne.
• Akbar tried 4 times through Jalal Khan, Mansingh, Bhagwant Das, and Todarmal to accept subordination to Maharana Pratap but failed every time.
• In the end, Akbar sent a huge army under the leadership of Mansingh to Mewar to fight for the purpose of establishing authority over Mewar.
• The battle of Haldighati took place in 1576.
• According to the Raj-prashasti, Pratap won this war.
• And according to other foreign historians, Akbar won this war but Akbar could not kill Pratap.
• After the Battle of Haldighati, Rana Pratap regrouped his power. And again took control of Gogunda.
• Battle of Kumbhalgarh - 1577 under the leadership of Shahbaz Khan
• Battle of Diver - 1582 under the leadership of Jagannath Kachwaha
• But failed, thus Akbar's dream of capturing Rana Pratap could not be fulfilled yet.

The correct answer is Hindi.

Key Points

• There are Six classical languages: Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and Odia.
• Hindi is not a classical language.

Important Points

• There are six languages mentioned in the 8^th schedule of the Indian constitution that enjoy the "Classical" status in India.
• Tamil (declared in 2004)
• Sanskrit (declared in 2005)
• Kannada (declared in 2008)
• Telugu (declared in 2008)
• Malayalam (declared in 2013)
• Odia (declared in 2014).

Additional Information

• Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution 
• There are 22 languages included in Eighth Schedule ​
• Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri,  Marathi,  Nepali,  Oriya,  Punjabi, Sanskrit,  Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu,  Urdu  Bodo,  Santhali,  Maithili and  Dogri.
• Initially, 14 languages were included in the Constitution.
• The Sindhi language was added by the 21^st Amendment Act of 1967.
• Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali were included by the 71^st Amendment Act of 1992.
• Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali were added by the 92^nd Amendment Act of 2003 which came into force in 2004.

The correct answer is Gerontology.

Key Points

The correct answer is Nandalal Bose.

Key Points

• Nandalal Bose decorated the handwritten Copy of the Constitution.
• He was one of the pioneers of modern Indian art.
• He decorated and beautified the original manuscript of the Constitution of India.

Additional Information

• Mihir Sen was the first Asian to swim across the English Channel.
• Surendranath Banerjee was the president of the Indian National Congress in 1895 at Poona and in 1902 at Ahmedabad.
• He founded the newspaper Bengalee

The correct answer is Once.

Key Points

• The Preamble has been amended only once so far, in 1976, by the 42^nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.
• The changes included the three terms, namely, Socialist, Secular, and Integrity.

Important Points

• Following changes were made in the 42^nd Constitutional Amendment
• Three words 'Socialist', 'Secular' and 'Integrity' were added in the Preamble.
• Three new DPSPs were added and one amended under Part VI:
• Article 39: Securing opportunities for the healthy development of children.
• Article 39A: Promoting equal justice and providing free legal aid to the poor
• Article 43A: To take steps to ensure the participation of workers in the management of industries.
• Article 48A: To protect and improve the environment and to protect forests and wildlife
• Education, Forests, Weights and Measures, Protection of Wildlife and Birds, Administration of Justice were transferred from the State List to the Concurrent List under the Seventh Schedule:
• New Part IV A (Article 51A) Added 10 Fundamental duties for citizens.
• (Fundamental duties of citizens were added in 1976 on the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee constituted by the government).
• Note:- 11^th Fundamental Duty "To provide opportunity of education to a parent or guardian of his child or, as the case may be, to a child of the age of six to fourteen years" was added by the 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act.
• Part XIV A (Articles 323A and 323B) Added 'Administrative Tribunal' and 'Tribunals for other subjects'
• Article 74(1) was amended to enable the President to act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers.
• It was amended by the 44^th Amendment which provided that the President can once again send it back for advice for reconsideration.
• However, the opinion given after reconsideration shall be binding on the President.

The correct answer is 2 & 3.

Key Points

• The Bretton Woods twins refer to the two multilateral organizations created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944.
• These are International Monetary Fund (IMF) and  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).

Important Points

• The Bretton Woods Conference, officially known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference.
• It was a gathering of delegates from 44 nations that met from July 1 to 22, 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to agree upon a series of new rules for the post-WWII international monetary system.
• The Bretton Woods system collapsed in the 1970s but created a lasting impact on international currency exchange and trade through the development of the IMF and the World Bank.

Additional Information

• IMF-International Monetary Fund
• The IMF was founded in July 1944 at the United Nations Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire, United States.
• Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva is a Bulgarian economist serving as chair and managing director of the International Monetary Fund since 2019.
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
• Founded: 1944
• Headquarters: Washington, D.C., U.S.
• Membership: 189 countries

The correct answer is Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.

Key PointsSection 498A.   Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.

1[Whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, "cruelty means"—

(a) anywilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or

(b) harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.

Important Points

• Essentials of Section 498A- There are some essentials that are required to be fulfilled to attract this Section.
• These are stated below:
• Married woman:
• ​The woman must be married.
• This section has been inserted in order to protect women from unruly and cruel behaviour (in most cases, in her marital home) from her husband and/or her in-laws.
• Cruelty or harassment:
• ​That woman must be subjected to cruelty or harassment.
• Cruelty can have a very wide meaning.
• Even demand for dowry can be a part of the cruelty.
• Husband or relatives of husband:
• ​Such cruelty or harassment should have been shown either by the husband or the relatives of the husband, or both.

The correct answer is Warsaw.

Key Points

• COP19 or Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 9) took place from 11 to 22 November 2013 in Warsaw, Poland.

Important Points

• COP is to review the national communications and emission inventories submitted by Parties.
• Based on this information, the COP assesses the effects of the measures taken by Parties and the progress made in achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention.
• The first COP meeting was held in Berlin, Germany in March 1995.
• COP 3 was held in December 1997 known as Kyoto Climate Change Conference.
• The 27^th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 27) to the UNFCCC will take place in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt in 2022.
• It is also known as COP27 (UNFCCC); CMP17 (Kyoto Protocol); CMA4 (Paris Agreement).

The correct answer is 23.

Key Points

• There are 23 stock exchanges in India.
• Among them, two are national-level stock exchanges namely the Bombay Stock exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE).
• The rest 21 are Regional Stock Exchanges (RSEs).

Important Points

• The first stock exchange in the world was established in 1631 in Antwerp, Belgium.
• The first stock exchange in India was established in Bombay.
• BSE: (BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE)
• BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE is the oldest and largest stock exchange in India.
• It was started in 1857 and was initially known as BSc (BSE) 'The Native Share and Stock Brokers Association (THE NATIVE SHARE & STOCK BROKERS ASSOCIATION).
• Later in 1957, the Government of India gave BSC the status of Stock Exchange of India under the Securities Contract Regulation Act, 1956 (SECURITIES CONTRACT REGULATION ACT, 1956).
• BSC (BSE) is the first stock exchange in Asia and in addition to being the first stock exchange.
• It is also the 12^th largest stock exchange in the world.

Additional Information

• **SEBI (**Securities and Exchange Board of India)
• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established in the year 1988 as a non-constitutional body for the purpose of proper and necessary regulation of the Indian securities market.
• However, it was given constitutional status by the SEBI Act, 1992.
• Its headquarter is in Mumbai.
• Apart from the chairman, the board of SEBI consists of nine other members.
• The current chairman of SEBI: Madhabi Puri Buch.

The correct answer is Arunachal Pradesh.

Key Points

• The train service was announced by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in his package for the state on 31 January 2008.
• The ambitious 20 km long rail line project in the state was to be started in December 2011 itself.
• The capital of Arunachal Pradesh entered the country's railway map when the first passenger train arrived at Naharlagun here carrying 400 passengers.
• The diesel engine carrying ten passenger bogies and two goods bogies started from **Dekargaon (**Assam) at 7 am and reached Naharlagun (Arunachal Pradesh) at 12.30 pm covering a distance of 181 km.
• Currently, Arunachal Pradesh has three Railway stations:
• Gumto
• Naharlagun
• Bhalukpong

Important Points

• The first passenger train in India ran between Bori Bunder (Bombay) and Thane on 16 April 1853, covering a distance of 34 km.
• It was driven by three locomotives named Sahib, Sultan, and Sindh.
• Lord Dalhousie is credited with starting the railways in India.
• In 1854 the first passenger train in the eastern section was operated from Howrah to Hooghly.
• This railway line was built and managed by the East Indian Railway Company (EIR).
• In 1905, the Railway Board was constituted under the guidance of the Department of Commerce and Industry.
• At present, there are 19 zones on Indian Railways.

The correct answer is Angela Merkel.

Key Points

• German Chancellor Angela Merkel was awarded the coveted Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development in 2013.
• She was selected by an international jury headed by the prime minister (PM) Manmohan Singh.

Important Points

• Angela Merkel
• Angela Merkel was born on July 17, 1954, in the port city of Hamburg, to a Lutheran priest and a schoolteacher.
• Angela Merkel has been leading the Christian Democratic Union (Germany) since 2000.
• She is the first woman in Germany to hold any of these positions.
• Angela Merkel became Chancellor of Germany in 2005 and Chancellor of Germany until 2021.
• Awards:
• Merkel topped Forbes magazine's list of "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women" in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019.
• In the year 2013, he was awarded the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize by India.
• In December 2015, he was named Time magazine's Person of the Year.
• In May 2016, Merkel received the International Four Freedom Awards from the Roosevelt Foundation in Middelburg, Netherlands.
• In 2017, Merkel received the Eli Wiesel Award from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
• In 2020, Merkel received the Henry A Kissinger Prize from the American Academy in Berlin.

The correct answer is Belarus.

• Belarus's Victoria Azarenka swept imperiously to her first Grand Slam title after defeating Maria Sharapova in the Australian Open 2012.
• She won two Grand Slams in her career.
• Both two Grand Slams are the Australian Open in the year 2012 and 2013.

Key Points

• The Australian Open is the first Grand Slam of tennis to be held in a year.
• The other three are the French Open, Wimbledon, and the American Open.
• It is held in the month of January.
• The Australian Open was started in 1905, and from then till 1987 it was held on the grass court.
• Since 1988, it has been held on the hard courts of Melbourne Park.

Important Points

• Australian Winner 2022
• Men’s single - Winner- Rafael Nadal
• Runner up: Daniil Medvedev
• Women’s Single - Winner:- Ashleigh Barty
• Runner up:- Danielle Collins
• French Open 2022
• Men’s single - Winner Rafael Nadal
• Runner-up Casper Ruud
• Women’s Single - Winner:- Iga Swiatek
• Runner up:-Coco Gauf
• Wimbledon Winner 2022 –
• Men’s single – winner:-Novak Djokovic
• Runner up :- Nick Kyrgios
• Women’s Single - Winner:- Elena Rybakina
• Runner up :-Ons Jabeu

The correct answer is  29^th August.

Key Points 

• National Sports Day in India is celebrated on 29^th August, on the birth anniversary of hockey legend Major Dhyanchand.
• Major Dhyanchand was an Indian hockey player who won gold medals in Olympics for India in the years 1928, 1932, and 1936.
• He scored over 400 goals in his career.
• Major Dhyanchand is also known as 'The Wizard' for his magical touch, superb control, creativity, and extraordinary goal-scoring feats.
• He was bestowed with India's third-highest civilian honour, Padma Bhusan in 1956.

Additional Information 

• The President confers National Sports Awards to honour sportsmen who have achieved laurels in the sports realm and enhanced the country's pride all over the world.
• The Indian Government over the years has launched many schemes related to sports on this day including the Khelo India scheme in 2018.

Important Points 

• Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award:
• ​​Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award is given for the spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports by a sportsperson over a period of the previous four years.
• It was launched in 1991-92 earlier it was known as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.
• Earlier in August this year, the Khel Ratna Award was renamed in the honor of hockey wizard Major Dhyan Chand.
• The prize money for the Major Dhyan Chand Ratna Award has been increased to Rs 25 lakh from the previous amount of Rs 7.5 lakh.

The correct answer is Bharatanatyam.

Key Points

• Sonal Mansingh is a prominent Indian classical dancer who specializes in Bharatanatyam and Odissi.
• For her contributions to promoting ‘Classical dances’, she has received accolades from many national and international organizations.
• She was the youngest recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1992.
• In 2003, Sonal became the first Indian woman dancer to be awarded Padma Vibhushan.

The correct answer is the Judge of the Supreme Court.

Key Points

• Fathima Beevi was the first woman judge of the Supreme Court of India.
• She was also the first Muslim woman to be appointed to any of the higher judiciaries in the country.
• She served as a member of the National Human Rights Commission and later as the Governor of Tamil Nadu from 1997 to 2001.
• She received Hon. D Litt and Mahila Shiromani Award in 1990.
• Sujata V Manohar​ was appointed a judge of the High Court of Bombay in 1978, the first woman judge of that court.
• R Banumathi was the sixth woman to become a Judge of the Indian Supreme Court.
• Ruma Pal was a judge of the Supreme Court of India(28 January 2000 – 2 June 2006).
• Leila Seth was the first woman judge on the Delhi High Court and she became the first woman to become Chief Justice of a state High Court.

The correct answer is From Rs. 40 lacs to Rs. 70 lacs.

Key Points

• The government has approved the Election Commission's proposal for the 2014 Lok Sabha elections to increase the expenditure limit for each Lok Sabha constituency from Rs 40 lakh to Rs 70 lakh in large states and from Rs 22 lakh to Rs 54 lakh in smaller states.
• Large states include Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Karnataka, etc., and smaller states include Goa and other hilly and northeastern states.
• The government has also approved a proposal to increase the expenditure limit for assembly elections in the northeastern and hill states to a maximum of Rs 28 lakh and a minimum of Rs 20 lakh.

Important Points

• Recently, in 2022 The ceiling on parliamentary poll expenditure has been raised from 70 lakh to 95 lakh rupees in bigger states and 54 lakh to 75 lakhs in smaller states.
• The bigger states include Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Karnataka, and the smaller states include Goa, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and UTs.

The correct answer is Heritage Foundation & Wall Street Journal.

Key Points

• The Index of Economic Freedom is an annual index and ranking which measures the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations.
• Heritage Foundation & Wall Street Journal determine the ranking of the countries in accordance with Economic Freedom Index.

Important Points

• Economic Freedom Index
• The Economic Freedom Index is a multi-dimensional index designed to make a comparative study of the economic freedoms offered by the governments of different countries of the world.
• The Heritage Foundation of America and The Wall Street Journal have jointly released this index annually since 1995.
• This index is inspired by his approach described in the book 'The Wealth of Nations by famous economist Adam Smith.
• Economic Freedom Index-2022
• On 14 February this year, the institution released the 'Economic Freedom Index' for 2022, under which a total of 177 countries have been included.
• Singapore topped the ranking of the Economic Freedom Index while Switzerland and Ireland ranked second and third respectively.
• In the ranking of 2022, India is ranked 131^st with 53.9 points.
• India is ranked 27^th out of the total 39 Asia-Pacific countries included in this index and its scores are less than the regional and world level average scores.
• This year there has also been a decrease of 2.6 points in the marks of India as compared to the previous year. It was ranked 121 in the 2021 rankings.

The correct answer is July 11.

Key Points

• World Population Day is an annual event, observed on July 11 every year.
• World Population day seeks to raise awareness of global population issues.
• The event was established by the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme in 1989.
• This year the theme of World Population Day 2022 is “A world of 8 billion: Towards a resilient future for all – Harnessing opportunities and ensuring rights and choices for all.”
• This year the theme of World Population Day 2023 is how to safeguard the health and rights of women and girls now and putting the brakes on COVID-19.

Important Points 

The correct answer is 116.

Key Points

• ICC World Twenty20-2014
• Title -  fifth
• Hosting country - Bangladesh
• It was played in three cities - Dhaka, Chittagong, and Sylhet.
• England batsman Hales scored 116 against Sri Lanka in the 2014 T20 World Cup.
• Which was the highest individual score to be made in the 2014 T20 World Cup.
• Sri Lanks won  ICC World Twenty20-2014 after beating India in the Final.
• Player of the series-Virat Kohli (India)
• Most runs-  Virat Kohli (319)(India)
• Most wickets-  **Imran Tahir (12) (South Africa)  and Ahsan Malik (12) (Netherlands).**​

In News

• The 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup is scheduled to be the eighth ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament, scheduled to be played in Australia from 16 October to 13 November 2022.

Important Points

• ICC T20 World Cup Winner

The correct answer is Government’s Revenue and Expenditure.

Key Points

• Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy.
• It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which a central bank influences a nation's money supply.
• Fiscal policy deals with the taxation and expenditure decisions of the government.
• Some of the major instruments of fiscal policy are as follows:
• Budget, Taxation, Public Expenditure, public revenue, Public Debt, and Fiscal Deficit in the economy.

Additional Information 

• General objectives of Fiscal Policy are given below:
• To maintain and achieve full employment.
• To stabilize the price level.
• To stabilize the growth rate of the economy.
• To maintain equilibrium in the Balance of Payments.
• To promote the economic development of underdeveloped countries.
• The fiscal policy of India always has two objectives, namely improving the growth performance of the economy and ensuring social justice to the people.

The correct answer is George Bush.

Key Points

• Former US President George W. Bush unveiled paintings done by him, at his portrait exhibition comprising more than 24 portraits of world leaders he met while he was the president.
• Portraits of Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, Dalai Lama, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Afghan President Hamid Karzai, and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, etc
• About the United States: (As of 2022)
• ​President: Joe Biden
• Capital: Washington, D.C.
• Currency: United States Dollar

Important Points

• George Herbert Walker Bush
• George Herbert Walker Bush was an American politician.
• He was the 41^st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993.
• He was the Vice President of America from 1981 to 1989.
• Manmohan Singh
• Manmohan Singh was the 14^th Prime Minister of India.
• He was a brilliant economist, great scholar and thinker.
• He was the second Prime Minister after Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru ruled India for 10 years.
• In 1998, Manmohan Singh was elected a member of the Rajya Sabha, and from 1998 to 2004 he was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha.

The correct answer is ​Nigeria.

Key Points

• Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa, followed by South Africa and Egypt.
• These three together account for almost half of the African economy.

Important Points

• The 2022 estimates are as follows:
• NIGERIA – THE RICHEST COUNTRY IN AFRICA (GDP: $510.58 Billion)
• EGYPT (GDP: $435.62 Billion)
• SOUTH AFRICA (GDP: $426.16 Billion)
• ALGERIA (GDP: $193.60 Billion)
• MOROCCO (GDP: $133.06 Billion)$

The correct answer is Bhagat Singh.

• The article "Why I am an Atheist" was written by Bhagat Singh.

Key Points 

• Bhagat Singh
• The article "Why I am an Atheist" was written by Bhagat Singh in 1930 in Lahore jail.
• It was a reply of Bhagat Singh to his religious friend who thought that Bhagat Singh became an atheist due to his vanity.
• It was published in Lala Lajpat Rai's weekly 'The English' after his death.
• He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Society.

Additional Information  

• Bhagat Singh was punished in the Lahore conspiracy case and central assembly bombing incident.
• He founded Naujawan Bharat Sabha in March 1926.
• He was hanged till death on 23^rd March 1931 with Sukhdev and Rajguru.
• Some of the books of BR Ambedkar
• Annihilation of Caste (1936)
• Who Were the Shudras? (1946)
• The Buddha and His Dhamma (1957)
• The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution (1923)
• Castes in India (1917)
• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose wrote the book the Indian Struggle.

The correct answer is Ashok Kumar Mathur.

Key Points

• Former PM Manmohan Singh constituted the 7^th Pay Commission on 25 September 2013 under Justice A.K. Singh Mathur presided.
• Ashok Kumar Mathur was the chairman of the 7^th Pay Commission.
• The Seventh Pay Commission reviewed the salaries of the employees as well as focused on pensions.

Important Points

• The recommendations of the 7^th Pay Commission were approved on 28 June 2016.
• Under this, the minimum salary of central employees was increased from Rs 7000 to Rs 18000.
• In the new pay scale, the salary is made on the basis of the Pay Matrix.
• The pay matrix was linked to the fitment factor.
• The initial level employee gets 2.57 times the salary on the basis of the fitment factor.
• That is, at level 1 in Pay Matrix, the basic is 18 thousand rupees per month. Whereas at level 18 it is Rs 2.5 lakh per month.

Additional Information

• The Pay Commission is constituted by the 'Expenditure Department' of the Ministry of Finance.
• However, its formation is approved by the Prime Minister.
• The first Pay Commission in India was established in January 1946, since then 7 Pay Commissions have been established.
• The first Pay Commission of India was established in January 1946 under the chairmanship of Srinivas Varadachariar.
• The Chairman of the Second Pay Commission was Shri Jagannath Das and the Chairman of the Third Commission was Raghubir Dayal.

The correct answer is 01.04.2008.

Key Points

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ie MGNREGA was introduced by the Government of India in the year 2005 as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (NREGA-NREGA).
• It was finally accepted in the parliament and commenced implementation in 625 districts of India.
• Based on this pilot experience, NREGA was scoped up to cover all the districts of India from 1 April 2008.

Important Points

• National Rural Employment Scheme
• ​Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ie MGNREGA was introduced by the Government of India in the year 2005 as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (NREGA-NREGA).
• In the year 2010, the name of NREGA was changed to MGNREGA.
• MGNREGA, which introduces rural India to the 'dignity of labor', is the world's largest social welfare program providing legally guaranteed employment.
• Under the MGNREGA program, 100 days of guaranteed employment, daily unemployment allowance, and transport allowance (in case of a distance of more than 5 km) have been made for the adult members of each family willing to do unskilled labour.
• There is a provision of 150 days of employment under MGNREGA in drought-prone areas and tribal areas.

The correct answer is Arctic Ocean.

Key Points

• Greenland is an autonomous constituent country under the Danish monarchy.
• It is located to the east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago between the Arctic and the Atlantic Ocean.
• Although geographically a part of the continent of North America, it has been politically linked to Europe (especially Denmark) since the 18^th century.
• In 1979, Denmark granted Greenland self-government, and in 2008 Greenland voted for greater efficiency transfers to local government.
• Greenland, the world's largest island by area, is not a continent in itself.
• Apart from this, it is the most sparsely populated country in the world.

Important Points

• There are a total of five oceans in the world.
• Pacific Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean
• Indian Ocean
• Antarctic Ocean
• Arctic Ocean
• These five oceans have surrounded about 71 per cent of the earth.

 Additional Information

• Pacific Ocean
• The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean.
• The shape of the Pacific Ocean is triangular, occupying 30% of the earth.
• Its area is 16,18,00,000 sq km, i.e. slightly less than twice that of the Atlantic Ocean.
• The average depth of the Pacific Ocean is about 4000 meters and the maximum depth is about 11000 meters.
• Atlantic Ocean
• It is the second largest ocean in the world.
• Its ocean area is 10,64,00,000 sq. km. Is.
• Its size is in the shape of 8.
• It separates the continents of Europe and Africa from the rest of the continents of the world.
• Indian Ocean
• It is the third largest ocean in the world.
• Its area is 7,35,56,000 square kilometers.
• The average depth of this ocean is 3,890 meters.
• Antarctic  ocean
• This ocean is the fourth largest ocean.
• 70% of the world's freshwater is frozen in the form of ice in this ocean.
• And this ice is 90% of all the ice in the world.
• Arctic Ocean
• The North Polar Ocean is the smallest and shallowest ocean.
• This ocean is covered with sea ice throughout the year.
• This ocean has the lowest salinity.
• The area of ​​this ocean is 1,40,60,000 square kilometres.
• The maximum depth of this ocean is 5450 meters.
• Its average depth is 1038 meters.

Alphabetical position of the Letters:

Pattern followed here:

FJUL : BOQQ

  

Similarly;

 LHRX : HMNC

   

Hence, the correct answer is HMNC.

Pattern followed here:

   

Similarly:

   

Hence, the correct answer is 128.

Correspondent : News : Newspaper 

A 'Correspondent' gathers and formats 'News' for 'Newspaper'.

Similarly;

 A 'Farmer' grows and reaps 'Crops' for 'Food'.

Hence, the correct answer is Farmer : Crops : Food.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: Number = (x)² + x.

Now,

Option 1) 72 = 8² + 8.

Option 2) 42 = 62 + 6.

Option 3) 152 ≠ 122 + 12.

Option 4) 110 = 102 + 10.

So, '152' is odd among the given option.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Alternate Method

Pattern followed here:

In 42

• 6 × 6 + 6 = 42

In 72

• 8 × 8 + 8 = 72

In 110

• 10 × 10 + 10 = 110

In 152

• 12× 12 + 12 = 156

So, from above it is clear that all are except 152 follow the same pattern.

Hence, the correct answer is 152.

Pattern followed here:

• Java: 
• Forming part of Indonesia, Java is a massive volcanic island.
• Despite only being the fourth largest island in Indonesia, it is home to more than half the country’s population and is the most populated island in the world.
• Sri lanka:
• Formerly known as Ceylon, Sri Lanka is a peaceful island nation in the Indian Ocean made up of the main island and a scattering of offshore satellite isles.
• Malaysia
• Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country occupying parts of the Malay Peninsula and the island of Borneo.
• Cuba
• Cuba is home to a collection of islands in the northern Caribbean Sea, where the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean meet. Its largest island – the main one – is the one featured on this list.

Hence, the correct answer is Java as other three are island and country but Java is an island but not a country.

From above figure it is clear that;

 'ra' means 'it'; 

 'nil' and 'pam' are codes for 'you & like' not necessarily in the same order.

 'lu' means 'was'. 

 'de' means 'what'. 

Therefore, the word 'what you like' is written as 'de nil pom' .

Hence, the correct answer is 'de nil pom' .

Alphabetical position of the Letters:

Pattern followed here:

MOUSE’ is coded as PRUQC:

   

Similarly

‘SHIFT’ is coded as VKIDR

   

Hence, the correct answer is VKIDR.

Three meaningful English words can be made with the letters of the word ATLE.

 Late

Tale

 Teal

Hence, the correct answer is Three.

In the given question,

Let C and S denote Cars and Scooters respectively,

Therefore, according to the question,

(C S C S S C S S S C S S S S C S S S)(S S C S S S S S S C S S S S S S S C)

Here both equal parts are divided by brackets.

It can clearly be seen that in the second half there are 15 Scooters.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Arranging the plays as per the given information:

1. There are two plays between C and D and one play between A and C.

Case: 1

Case: 2

2. There is one play between E and F and E is to be organized before F.

Case: 1

Case: 2

3. B is to be organized before A, not necessarily immediately and the sequence of plays does not start with B.

Here, the sequence of plays starts with D.

Hence, the correct answer is "D".

Arranging the plays as per the given information:

1. There are two plays between C and D and one play between A and C.

Case: 1

Case: 2

2. There is one play between E and F and E is to be organized before F.

Case: 1

Case: 2

3. B is to be organized before A, not necessarily immediately and the sequence of plays does not start with B.

Here, E organized on the 3^rd of June.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (3)".

Arranging the plays as per the given information:

1. There are two plays between C and D and one play between A and C.

Case: 1

Case: 2

2. There is one play between E and F and E is to be organized before F.

Case: 1

Case: 2

3. B is to be organized before A, not necessarily immediately and the sequence of plays does not start with B.

Here, the sequence of plays ends with A.

Hence, the correct answer is "A".