KVS TGT Hindi Official Paper (Held On 13 Feb 2023 Shift 2) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Option 2.

 

Key Points

• The paragraph begins by introducing the ironic situation of joblessness despite declining poverty.
• Sentence (d) is the first sentence as it sets the tone of irony:
• "Ironically,"
• Sentence (c) follows as it provides the context of declining poverty:
• "inspite of decline in poverty,"
• Sentence (b) is the third sentence because it introduces the subject of jobless people:
• "the number of jobless people"
• Sentence (a) is the fourth as it describes the trend of increasing joblessness:
• "has been increasing steadily"
• The correct sequence is dcba.

 

Coherent sentence after rearrangement:

"Ironically, inspite of decline in poverty, the number of jobless people has been increasing steadily."

The correct answer is '2' i.e. The fireworks will be started by them after midnight. .

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the future tense.
• To change a sentence from active to passive voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
• The verb form changes to include a form of "to be" plus the past participle of the main verb.
• The original subject becomes the agent, introduced by "by".
• In this case, "They" is the subject, "will start" is the verb, and "the fireworks" is the object.
• So, the passive structure becomes "The fireworks will be started by them after midnight."

Correct sentence: The fireworks will be started by them after midnight.

Additional Information

• Active Voice: The subject performs the action expressed by the verb.
• Example: The chef cooks the meal.
• Passive Voice: The subject receives the action expressed by the verb.
• Example: The meal is cooked by the chef.

The correct preposition to complete the sentence is "of."

Key Points

• The sentence reads: "Instead of talking endlessly, the speaker should come to the point now."
• The phrase "instead of" is a common expression used to indicate substitution or replacement.
• In this case, it suggests that the speaker should stop talking endlessly and instead focus on the point of the discussion.

Thus, the correct preposition is Option 4: of.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. Simple Past .

Key Points

• The given sentence is an example of the Simple Past tense, which is used to talk about actions that were completed in the past.
• The action of learning Tamil happened in the past when the speaker was posted in Chennai.
• The structure of the Simple Past tense is subject + past form of the verb.

Correct sentence: I learnt Tamil when I was posted in Chennai.

Additional Information

• Simple Present Tense:
• Structure: Subject + base form of the verb (s/es for third person singular).
• Example: She walks to school every day.
• Usage: Describes habitual actions, general truths, and fixed arrangements.
• Past Perfect Tense:
• Structure: Subject + had + past participle.
• Example: They had left before the meeting started.
• Usage: Describes actions that were completed before another action in the past.
• Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
• Structure: Subject + had been + present participle (verb+ing).
• Example: She had been studying for three hours when he arrived.
• Usage: Describes actions that were ongoing in the past up until another past action.

The correct answer is '3' i.e. The teacher asked the erring students why they did not do their homework at home .

Key Points

• When changing direct speech to indirect speech, we typically remove quotation marks and change the sentence structure to fit the narrative form.
• Questions in indirect speech are often introduced by verbs like 'asked' or 'inquired'.
• In indirect speech, the question structure is also changed to a statement structure, and the question mark is removed.
• Option 3 correctly changes the direct question to an indirect question without altering the meaning.

Correct sentence: The teacher asked the erring students why they did not do their homework at home.

Additional Information

• In indirect speech, pronouns and verb tenses may need to be adjusted to match the perspective and time frame of the reporting clause.
• Direct speech example: "Why don't you do your homework at home?"
• Indirect speech example: The teacher asked why they did not do their homework at home.

The correct answer is '1' i.e. "He is " contains an error.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the present perfect continuous tense, which is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing.
• The correct form of the verb to use is "has been" or "have been" followed by the present participle (verb + ing).
• The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is "Subject + has/have been + verb + ing".

Correct sentence: He has been suffering from pneumonia for a week now.

Additional Information

• Present Perfect Tense:
• Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle.
• Example: She has completed her homework.
• Usage: Describes actions that occurred at an unspecified time in the past or that started in the past and continue to the present.
• Past Continuous Tense:
• Structure: Subject + was/were + verb + ing.
• Example: They were playing football when it started to rain.
• Usage: Describes actions that were in progress at a specific time in the past.

The correct answer is: uncultivated.

Key Points

• The word "philistine" means a person who is hostile or indifferent to culture and the arts, or who has no understanding of them. (संकीर्ण विचारधारा वाला व्यक्ति)
• Example: He dismissed the artist's work as nonsense, proving himself to be a philistine.
• "uncultivated" refers to someone who lacks education or culture, similar to the meaning of philistine. (अशिक्षित)
• Example: The uncultivated man had no appreciation for the finer things in life.

Therefore, the correct answer is: uncultivated.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• gentle (सज्जन): Having a mild or kind nature.
• Example: He has a gentle demeanor that puts everyone at ease.
• stupid (मूर्ख): Lacking intelligence or common sense.
• Example: It was a stupid mistake to leave the keys in the car.
• rustic (ग्रामीण): Relating to the countryside; rural.
• Example: The rustic charm of the village was captivating.

The correct answer is: Option 3.

Key Points

• The word "erudite" means having or showing great knowledge or learning. (विद्वान)
• Example: He was known as an erudite scholar who had vast knowledge in various fields.
• "Ignorant" refers to lacking knowledge, awareness, or education. (अज्ञानी)
• Example: His remarks showed how ignorant he was about the current political situation.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'erudite' is 'ignorant'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 3.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Boorish (असभ्य): Rough and bad-mannered.
• Example: His boorish behavior at the dinner party was appalling.
• Superfluous (अतिरिक्त): Unnecessary, especially through being more than enough.
• Example: The report was filled with superfluous details that could have been omitted.
• Savage (क्रूर): Fierce, violent, and uncontrolled.
• Example: The savage attack left the entire community in shock.

The correct answer is '2' i.e. Conjunction .

Key Points

• The given sentence "The candidate studied hard, but could not clear the examination." is a compound sentence that joins two independent clauses.
• The word "but" is used to connect these two clauses, indicating contrast between them.
• In English grammar, words that join clauses, sentences, or words are called conjunctions.

Correct identification: The word "but" is a conjunction in this sentence..

Additional Information

• Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence.
• Example: in, on, at, by, for, with.
• Adverbs: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• Example: quickly, silently, well, very.
• Interjections: Words or phrases that express strong emotion or surprise.
• Example: oh!, wow!, ouch!

The correct answer is '4' i.e. Noun Clause .

Key Points

• The given sentence contains a clause that functions as a noun clause.
• A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. It can function as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence.
• In the sentence, "The jury gave the verdict that the convict would go to jail," the clause "that the convict would go to jail" functions as the object of the verb "gave."
• The clause answers the question "what?" about the verdict, making it a noun clause.

Correct sentence: The jury gave the verdict that the convict would go to jail.

Additional Information

• Principal Clause: Also known as the main clause, it can stand alone as a sentence.
• Adverb Clause: A dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb, usually answering questions like "when?", "where?", "why?", "how?", etc.
• Adjective Clause: A dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun, providing more information about it.

दिए गए विकल्पों में से  उपभोक्ता को उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना "समाचार-पत्र" से मिलती है।

Key Points

• गद्यांश  के अनुसार  'समाचार-पत्र' उपभोक्ता को उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना देते हैं।
• उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना से उपभोक्ता में जागरूकता पैदा होती है।

Additional Informationगद्यांश  के अनुसार- 

• समाचार-पत्र उपभोक्ता को उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना देते हैं।
• उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना से उपभोक्ता में जागरूकता पैदा होती है, इससे उपभोक्ता,
• विभिन्न विज्ञापनों के माध्यम से किसी वस्तु को खरीदने से पहले उसका विश्लेषण करता है।
• अनेक व्यवसायी अपने उत्पाद को बेचने के लिए कई  तरीके अपनाते हैं क्योंकि वे उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम की चिंता नहीं करते।
• वर्तमान समय में विज्ञापन का बहुत महत्व है।
• यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि विज्ञापन द्वारा प्रचारित उत्पाद बहुत उपयोगी हों।

व्यवसायी अपने उत्पाद को बेचने के लिए अन्य तरीके अपनाते हैं क्योंकि वे "उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम की चिंता नहीं करते।"

Key Points

• गद्यांश  के अनुसार अनेक व्यवसायी अपने उत्पाद को बेचने के लिए कई  तरीके अपनाते हैं,
• क्योंकि वे उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम की चिंता नहीं करते।

Important Points

• उपभोक्‍ता संरक्षण अधिनियम - उपभोक्‍ता संरक्षण अधिनियम 1986 व्‍यापार और उद्योग के शोषण,
• से उन लोगों के अधिकारों और हितों को बचाने के लिए बनाया गया था जो किसी न किसी प्रकार से उपभोक्‍ता है।
• इस अधिनियम के अनुसार कोई भी व्‍यक्ति, जो अपने प्रयोग हेतु वस्‍तुएं एवं सेवाएं खरीदता है उपभोक्‍ता है।

Additional Information

गद्यांश  के अनुसार- 

• समाचार-पत्र उपभोक्ता को उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना देते हैं।
• उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना से उपभोक्ता में जागरूकता पैदा होती है, इससे उपभोक्ता,
• विभिन्न विज्ञापनों के माध्यम से किसी वस्तु को खरीदने से पहले उसका विश्लेषण करता है।
• अनेक व्यवसायी अपने उत्पाद को बेचने के लिए कई  तरीके अपनाते हैं क्योंकि वे उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम की चिंता नहीं करते।
• वर्तमान समय में विज्ञापन का बहुत महत्व है।
• यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि विज्ञापन द्वारा प्रचारित उत्पाद बहुत उपयोगी हों।

वर्तमान समय में  "विज्ञापन" का  बड़ा महत्व है।

Key Points

• गद्यांश  के अनुसार वर्तमान समय में  "विज्ञापन"  का बड़ा महत्व है।
• क्योंकि व्यवसायी अपने उत्पाद के प्रचार के लिए वर्तमान समय में विज्ञापन को अधिक महत्व देते है।

Additional Information

गद्यांश  के अनुसार- 

• समाचार-पत्र उपभोक्ता को उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना देते हैं।
• उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना से उपभोक्ता में जागरूकता पैदा होती है, इससे उपभोक्ता,
• विभिन्न विज्ञापनों के माध्यम से किसी वस्तु को खरीदने से पहले उसका विश्लेषण करता है।
• अनेक व्यवसायी अपने उत्पाद को बेचने के लिए कई  तरीके अपनाते हैं क्योंकि वे उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम की चिंता नहीं करते।
• वर्तमान समय में विज्ञापन का बहुत महत्व है।
• यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि विज्ञापन द्वारा प्रचारित उत्पाद बहुत उपयोगी हों।

दिए गए विकल्पों में से "जागरूक - सजग"  शब्द-युग्म असंगत है।

Key Points

• दिए गए शब्द युग्म विलोम है।
• अतः यहाँ 'जागरूक' का विलोम 'बेखबर' होगा।
• सही युग्म होगा - जागरूक - बेखबर
• जागरूक का अर्थ- सतर्क एवं सावधान।
• **बेखबर का अर्थ -**असावधान, लापरवाह।

Additional Information

• विलोम शब्द - जो शब्द किसी दूसरे शब्द का उल्टा अर्थ बताते हैं,
• उन्हें विलोम शब्द या विपरीतार्थक शब्द या विरुद्धार्थी शब्द कहते है।
• जैसे- हार- जीत, आय- व्यय, आजादी- गुलामी, नवीन- प्राचीन आदि।

"जागरूक उपभोक्ता" विभिन्न विज्ञापनों के माध्यम से किसी वस्तु को खरीदने से पहले उसका विश्लेषण करता है।

Key Points

• गद्यांश  के अनुसार  समाचार-पत्र उपभोक्ता को उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना देते हैं।
• उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना से उपभोक्ता में जागरूकता पैदा होती है, इससे जागरूक उपभोक्ता,
• विभिन्न विज्ञापनों के माध्यम से किसी वस्तु को खरीदने से पहले उसका विश्लेषण करता है।

Additional Information

गद्यांश  के अनुसार- 

• समाचार-पत्र उपभोक्ता को उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना देते हैं।
• उपयुक्त सामग्री की सूचना से उपभोक्ता में जागरूकता पैदा होती है, इससे उपभोक्ता,
• विभिन्न विज्ञापनों के माध्यम से किसी वस्तु को खरीदने से पहले उसका विश्लेषण करता है।
• अनेक व्यवसायी अपने उत्पाद को बेचने के लिए कई  तरीके अपनाते हैं क्योंकि वे उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम की चिंता नहीं करते।
• वर्तमान समय में विज्ञापन का बहुत महत्व है।
• यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि विज्ञापन द्वारा प्रचारित उत्पाद बहुत उपयोगी हों।

दिए गए विकल्पों में से "दिल्ली" जातिवाचक संज्ञा शब्द नहीं हैं।

Key Points

• दिल्ली  व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा है क्योंकि 'दिल्ली' एक स्थान का नाम है।
• जिन शब्दों से किसी विशेष व्यक्ति, स्थान अथवा वस्तु के नाम का बोध हो,
• उसे व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं।
• देश, शहर, नगर जातिवाचक संज्ञा है, क्योंकि स्थान की सम्पूर्ण जाति का बोध हों रहा है।

Additional Information

• संज्ञा- संज्ञा उस विकारी शब्द को कहते है, जिससे किसी विशेष वस्तु,
• भाव और जीव के नाम का बोध हो, उसे संज्ञा कहते है।

संज्ञा के भेद- 

दिए गए विकल्पों में से "तल्लीन"  स्वर संधि वाला शब्द नहीं है। 

Key Points

• तल्लीन व्यंजन संधि वाला शब्द है।
• संधि विच्छेद - तत् + लीन =तल्लीन (त् +ल = ल्ल)
• अतः एक व्यंजन के दूसरे व्यंजन या स्वर से मेल को व्यंजन-संधि कहते हैं।

Important Points

• स्वर संधि -  दो स्वरों से उत्पत्र विकार अथवा रूप-परिवर्तन को स्वर संधि कहते है।
• जानकीश =  जानकी + ईश (ई + ई= ई )- स्वर संधि
• देवीच्छा = देवी + इच्छा ( ई + इ= ई) -स्वर संधि
• अभीष्ट = अभि + इष्ट (इ + इ = ई) -  स्वर संधि

Additional Information

• दो वर्णों (स्वर या व्यंजन) के मेल से होने वाले विकार को संधि कहते हैं।

संधि के तीन भेद है-

दिए गए विकल्पों में से "पाव" गुणवाचक विशेषण नहीं है।

Key Points

• अतः "पाव" निश्चितसंख्या-वाचक ( गणनावाचक) विशेषण है।
• जिससे किसी निश्र्चित संख्या का ज्ञान हो, वह निश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण है।
• 'गणनावाचक' निश्चितसंख्या-वाचक विशेषण का एक प्रकार ( भेद ) है।
• गणनावाचक विशेषण- जो विशेषण गिनती या गणना का बोध कराएँ।

गणनावाचक विशेषणों के दो भेद हैं-

• पूणांक-बोधक - एक, दो, चार, सौ, हज़ार ।
• अपूर्णांक-बोधक - पाव, आधा, पौन, सवा ।

Additional Information

• विशेषण शब्द का अर्थ है - विशेषण की विशेषता को सूचित या प्रकट करने वाला शब्द,
• संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दों की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्दों को विशेषण कहते हैं।

विशेषण के भेद- 

दिए गए विकल्पों में से पगड़ी उछालना' मुहावरे का सही अर्थ "अपमान करना" है।

Key Points

Additional Information

• ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ की प्रतीति कराये, मुहावरा कहलाता है।

कुछ मुहावरे - 

दिए गए विकल्पों में से "श्वेतकमल" कर्मधारय समास का उदाहरण है।

Key Points

• कर्मधारय समास - जिस समस्त-पद का उत्तरपद प्रधान हो तथा पूर्वपद व उत्तरपद,
• में उपमान-उपमेय अथवा विशेषण-विशेष्य संबंध हो, कर्मधारय समास कहलाता है।
• श्वेतकमल = श्वेत + कमल (विशेषण + विशेष्य)
• विग्रह - सफेद है जो कमल ।
• अतः श्वेतकमल कर्मधारय समास का उदाहरण है।

अन्य विकल्प - 

Additional Information

• समास - अनेक शब्दों को संक्षिप्त करके नए शब्द बनाने की प्रक्रिया समास कहलाती है।

समास के भेद- 

The correct answer is only (a) and (c).

Key Points

• International Women's Day-Week was celebrated by the Ministry of Women and Child Development from 8th March to 14th March 2022.
• The week was organized as part of the ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav’, commemorating 75 years of India's independence.
• It was celebrated as an 'Iconic Week' to highlight achievements and initiatives for women's empowerment.
• During the celebration, the Ministry launched the "Stree Manoraksha Project" in collaboration with the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru.
• This project aimed to address mental health challenges among women, focusing on capacity building and awareness.

Additional Information

• International Women's Day (March 8th):
• It is celebrated globally to honor women’s social, economic, cultural, and political achievements.
• The theme for International Women's Day 2022 was #BreakTheBias, promoting gender equality and challenging stereotypes.
• Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav:
• A government initiative launched in 2021 to celebrate 75 years of India’s independence.
• The initiative includes various programs and events highlighting India's history, culture, and achievements.
• Stree Manoraksha Project:
• An initiative by the Ministry of Women and Child Development in collaboration with NIMHANS Bengaluru.
• Aims to provide mental health support to women and create awareness about mental health issues.
• NIMHANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences):
• A premier medical institution in India specializing in mental health, neurology, and neuroscience education and research.
• Known for its expertise in addressing psychosocial issues and mental health challenges.

The correct answer is Sindhi Kahaneea Ji Haisyat.

Key Points

• The book Sindhi Kahaneea Ji Haisyat was selected for the Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 in the Sindhi language category.
• The Sahitya Akademi Award is one of the most prestigious literary honors in India, recognizing outstanding literary works in 24 Indian languages.
• The award acknowledges the contribution of writers in preserving and promoting their respective languages and literature.
• The book reflects significant literary work in the Sindhi language, showcasing the cultural and societal narratives of the Sindhi community.
• Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award receive a plaque and a cash prize of ₹1,00,000 as part of the honor.

Additional Information

• Sahitya Akademi Awards
• Established in 1954, the Sahitya Akademi Awards are conferred annually by the Sahitya Akademi, India’s National Academy of Letters.
• The awards are given for literary works in 24 recognized Indian languages, including English, Hindi, Tamil, Urdu, Bengali, and Sindhi.
• They aim to promote excellence in Indian literature by acknowledging writers who contribute significantly to their languages.
• Sindhi Language
• Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Sindhi community, primarily in India and Pakistan.
• It is one of the scheduled languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
• Efforts are being made to preserve and develop Sindhi literature and culture through various initiatives and recognitions.
• Significance of Literary Awards
• Literary awards play an important role in encouraging writers and promoting diverse cultures through literature.
• They help preserve languages and their rich traditions for future generations.
• Other Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 Highlights
• The Sahitya Akademi honored 23 other writers across different languages for their literary excellence in 2022.
• The awards included works in poetry, short stories, novels, plays, and literary criticism.

The correct answer is The Quit India Movement.

Key Points

• The Quit India Movement, also known as the Bharat Chhodo Andolan, was launched on 8 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay (now Mumbai).
• The movement was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi during India's struggle for independence against British rule.
• The Gowalia Tank Maidan was later renamed August Kranti Maidan to commemorate this historic event.
• The Quit India Movement called for an immediate end to British rule in India, with the famous slogan: "Do or Die."
• Although the movement faced brutal suppression, it marked a significant turning point in India's independence struggle, uniting the masses against colonial rule.

Additional Information

• Background of the Quit India Movement
• The movement was launched in the context of the failure of the Cripps Mission to grant meaningful political autonomy to Indians.
• World War II created discontent as India was being dragged into the war without consultation, leading to growing resentment against British rule.
• Impact of the Quit India Movement
• Though it was suppressed, the movement showcased the Indian people's determination for freedom.
• The British realized that India would no longer accept colonial rule, setting the stage for independence in 1947.
• Key Leaders Involved
• Besides Mahatma Gandhi, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Azad, and Sarojini Naidu played crucial roles.
• Many leaders were arrested, leading to the movement being carried out by ordinary citizens, students, and workers.
• Terminology and Symbolism
• The term "August Kranti" refers to the revolutionary spirit and nationwide protests sparked by the Quit India Movement.
• The slogan "Do or Die" became a rallying cry for the Indian independence movement.

The correct answer is The President.

Key Points

• Under Article 108 of the Indian Constitution, the President of India has the authority to summon a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament.
• A joint sitting is convened when there is a deadlock on a bill—i.e., when one house rejects a bill passed by the other, or both houses disagree on amendments.
• The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the joint sitting. In the Speaker's absence, the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or, in their absence, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha takes charge.
• The provision for a joint sitting is applicable to ordinary bills but not to money bills or constitutional amendment bills.
• The first-ever joint sitting of Parliament was held in 1961 to pass the Dowry Prohibition Act.

Additional Information

• Article 108 of the Indian Constitution:
• It provides for a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament to resolve deadlocks on ordinary bills.
• The joint sitting is a mechanism to ensure legislative decisions are not stalled indefinitely.
• Role of the President:
• The President’s power to summon a joint sitting ensures the smooth functioning of the parliamentary system in India.
• However, the President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
• Exclusions from Joint Sitting:
• Money Bills: These can only be introduced and passed by the Lok Sabha, with the Rajya Sabha having a recommendatory role.
• Constitutional Amendment Bills: They require separate approval by both Houses with a special majority and cannot be resolved through a joint sitting.
• Historical Example:
• The Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill in 1978 is another example of a bill passed through a joint sitting of Parliament.

The correct answer is Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan.

Key Points

• Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan was launched by the Government of India on 20 June 2020 to address the challenges faced by migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The scheme targeted employment generation and infrastructure development in rural areas across 116 districts in six states: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Jharkhand.
• It involved an investment of Rs. 50,000 crore to provide immediate employment opportunities and build durable rural infrastructure.
• The Abhiyaan aimed to create 125 days of employment for migrant workers who returned to their home states due to the pandemic.
• It encompassed 25 types of works, including construction of roads, housing, water conservation, plantation, and solar energy projects, to enhance rural livelihood.

Additional Information

• Migrant Workers and COVID-19:
• The nationwide lockdown during the pandemic led to a severe crisis for migrant workers, forcing millions to return to their home states.
• Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan was designed as a multi-pronged intervention to address the economic and social challenges faced by these workers.
• Skill Mapping:
• Under the Abhiyaan, workers’ skills were mapped to ensure alignment with available local employment opportunities.
• This initiative helped in utilizing their expertise for infrastructure projects and other activities in rural areas.
• Convergence of Schemes:
• The Abhiyaan integrated existing rural development schemes such as MGNREGA, PMAY-G, and National Rural Drinking Water Programme.
• Such convergence ensured efficient utilization of resources and maximized the impact of developmental programs.
• Impact:
• The scheme significantly contributed to economic recovery in rural areas and improved infrastructure quality.
• It also provided a crucial safety net for vulnerable populations affected by the pandemic.

The correct answer is Kazi Lhendup Dorji Khangsarpa.

Key Points

• Kazi Lhendup Dorji Khangsarpa, also known as the "Architect of Sikkim's Democracy," played a crucial role in integrating Sikkim with India.
• He served as the first Chief Minister of Sikkim after its merger with India in 1975.
• Under his leadership, Sikkim's monarchy was abolished, paving the way for its integration as the 22nd state of India.
• The merger was formalized following a referendum in 1975, where the people of Sikkim overwhelmingly voted to join India.
• Kazi Lhendup Dorji was instrumental in negotiating with Indian authorities to ensure a peaceful and democratic transition.

Additional Information

• Chogyal: The Chogyal was the monarch of Sikkim before its merger with India. The last Chogyal, Palden Thondup Namgyal, opposed the integration of Sikkim into India.
• Referendum of 1975: A historic referendum was held in Sikkim, where 97.5% of the population voted in favor of abolishing the monarchy and joining India.
• Background of Integration: Sikkim was initially a protectorate under India after 1950, with its foreign affairs handled by the Indian government.
• Constitutional Amendment: The 36th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1975 officially declared Sikkim as a full-fledged state of India.
• Legacy: Kazi Lhendup Dorji's efforts are remembered for ensuring a peaceful transition and establishing democratic governance in Sikkim.

The correct answer is Himadri.

Key Points

• The Himadri, also known as the Greater Himalayas, is the northernmost and innermost range of the Himalayas.
• It consists of the highest peaks in the world, including Mount Everest (8848.86 meters) and Kanchenjunga (8586 meters).
• The Himadri range is predominantly composed of snow-covered peaks and glaciers, providing a continuous stretch of mountains.
• This range acts as a climatic barrier, preventing the cold winds from Central Asia from entering India.
• The Himadri is characterized by steep terrain, making it inaccessible and sparsely populated.

Additional Information

• Himalayan Ranges Classification:
• The Himalayas are divided into three main ranges: Himadri (Greater Himalayas), Himachal (Lesser Himalayas), and Shivalik (Outer Himalayas).
• Himadri is the highest and most prominent range, followed by Himachal and Shivalik.
• Geographical Importance:
• The Himadri range is the source of several major rivers such as the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus.
• It contains many glaciers, including the Gangotri and Yamunotri glaciers.
• Ecological Significance:
• The Himadri supports a unique ecosystem with alpine vegetation and rare animal species such as snow leopards and Himalayan blue sheep.
• The range plays a critical role in regulating the climate and maintaining biodiversity.
• Formation and Age:
• The Himalayas, including the Himadri, were formed due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates around 50 million years ago.
• The Himadri range is still growing due to ongoing tectonic activity, with the peaks rising a few millimeters each year.

The correct answer is Group Captain Kunwar Bhawani Singh Samyal.

Key Points

• Group Captain Kunwar Bhawani Singh Samyal was awarded the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award in 2021 for Lifetime Achievement.
• This prestigious award recognizes individuals who have exhibited exceptional achievements in the field of adventure sports and exploration.
• Kunwar Bhawani Singh Samyal has significantly contributed to promoting adventure activities in India, including mountaineering and trekking.
• The Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award is considered the highest national recognition for adventure sports in India and is presented annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
• Named after Tenzing Norgay, one of the first two individuals to scale Mount Everest, the award honors the spirit of adventure and exploration.

Additional Information

• Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award
• Instituted in 1993, the award aims to honor excellence in the field of adventure activities on land, sea, and air.
• The award categories include Lifetime Achievement, Land Adventure, Water Adventure, Air Adventure, and Adventure to encourage adventure activities in India.
• Recipients receive a cash prize of Rs. 15 lakh, a bronze statuette of Tenzing Norgay, and a citation.
• Mountaineering in India
• India is home to some of the world’s highest mountains, including Kanchenjunga, which is part of the Himalayan range.
• Mountaineering expeditions and trekking are popular in regions like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and the northeastern states.
• Key Contributions of Tenzing Norgay
• Tenzing Norgay, along with Sir Edmund Hillary, became the first climbers to reach the summit of Mount Everest on May 29, 1953.
• He is widely regarded as an icon in the field of mountaineering and adventure sports.

The correct answer is Lagoons.

Key Points

• Lagoons are shallow bodies of water separated from a larger body of water (typically the ocean) by barrier islands, reefs, or sandbanks.
• They typically contain brackish water, which is a mix of fresh and saltwater, created due to the interaction of seawater and freshwater inflow.
• Examples of lagoons in India include Chilika Lake in Odisha and Pulicat Lake in Andhra Pradesh-Tamil Nadu.
• Lagoons serve as important ecological zones that support diverse marine and bird life, particularly migratory species.
• They are also critical for local economies, providing opportunities for fishing, aquaculture, and tourism.

Additional Information

• Brackish Water:
• Brackish water has a salinity level between freshwater and seawater, typically ranging from 0.5 to 30 ppt (parts per thousand).
• It is commonly found in estuaries, lagoons, and mangrove swamps.
• It supports unique ecosystems that adapt to varying salinity levels.
• Chilika Lake:
• Located in Odisha, Chilika is Asia's largest brackish water lagoon.
• It is a designated Ramsar Wetland, recognizing its ecological significance.
• The lake is home to the endangered Irrawaddy dolphins and numerous migratory birds.
• Pulicat Lake:
• Pulicat is the second-largest brackish water lagoon in India.
• It is located on the Coromandel Coast, bordering Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• The lagoon is famous for flamingos and other migratory bird species.

The correct answer is option 3: Performing long and complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy from the start till the end.

Key Points

Accuracy is a key characteristic of a computer system, referring to its ability to perform computations and operations with a high degree of correctness — even during complex and repetitive tasks.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1: Focuses on large data handling and automation – more about speed and efficiency ❌
• Option 2: Shows precision (decimal places), not overall correctness ❌
• Option 3: Highlights consistent, error-free processing under complexity – ✅ truly represents accuracy ✅
• Option 4: Refers to multitasking capabilities, not accuracy ❌

Hence, the correct answer is: Option 3

Family Chart:

Based on the expression 'L # N ⋆ M ⊕ P $ Q':

1. L # N means 'L is the husband of N'. So, L is male and N is female, and they are a married couple.
2. N ⋆ M means 'N is the daughter of M'. So, M is female and a parent of N.
3. M ⊕ P means 'M is the wife of P'. So, P is male and the husband of M.
4. P $ Q means 'P is the father of Q'. So, P is male and a parent of Q.

Decoding the Relationships:

​

 

Evaluating the given statements:

1. 'M' is the mother of 'Q' → True (Since P is the father of Q and M is P's wife, M is the mother of Q).
2. 'P' is the father of 'N' → True (N ⋆ M and M ⊕ P imply P is the father of N).
3. 'L' is brother of 'Q' → False (L is the husband of N, who is the sister of Q. Thus, L is the brother-in-law of Q).
4. 'N' is the sister of 'Q' → True (N and Q share the same father, P, and N is female).

Hence, the statement that is not correct is Option 3.

The given statements are:

[1] S < K

[2] K < M

[3] G > M

Conclusions:

I. M > S → True (From [1] S < K and [2] K < M, we can infer S < M, which means M > S. Hence, this is true.)

II. K < G → True (From [2] K < M and [3] G > M, we can infer K < M < G, which means K < G. Hence, this is true.)

Hence, the correct answer is “Both conclusions (I) and (II) are true”.

Given, G, H, J, K, L, M and N are sitting in a circle facing at the center.

'M' sits third to the right of 'K'.

'L' is an immediate neighbour of 'M'.

'G' sits immediate right of 'H'.

Only one person sits between 'G' and 'K'.

'J' sits second to the left of 'N'.

So, from case II, H sits second to the right of 'L'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Given Statements:

[1] All keys are locks

[2] Some locks are doors

[3] No door is room

Venn Diagram:

Conclusions Analysis:

I. Some rooms are keys → False (Rooms are separate from doors, which have only a partial overlap with locks containing keys).

II. Some doors are keys → False (Only some locks are doors; it's not guaranteed these locks contain keys).

III. No room is a key → False (Rooms have no relation with doors, and keys are within locks that only sometimes are doors).

The relationship between "Some rooms are keys" and "No room is a key" forms a complementary pair within the context of the given statements. One of them must be true.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4 (Either conclusion (I) or (III) follows).

Additional Information 

The given classes are: Mammal, Lizard, Whale.

Let's analyze the relationship between these classes:

• Mammals are a class of warm-blooded vertebrate animals.
• Lizards are a suborder of reptiles.
• Whales are a group of marine mammals.

Based on this analysis:

• All whales are mammals.
• No lizards are mammals.
• Therefore, no lizards are whales.

Therefore, the Venn diagram that correctly represents the relationship between Mammal, Lizard, and Whale is

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The correct answer is option 4: e-mail Address can have any number of @ symbol

Key Points

An e-mail address is a unique identifier for an email account and follows a specific format, usually:

[email protected]

Rules for valid e-mail addresses:

• ✅ It must contain exactly one '@' symbol.
• ✅ It can have multiple dots (.) in the username or domain.
• ✅ It cannot contain spaces.
• ❌ It cannot contain more than one '@' symbol — doing so makes it invalid.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1: Correct — One @ symbol is required ✅
• Option 2: Correct — Multiple dots are allowed ✅
• Option 3: Correct — Spaces are not allowed in email addresses ✅
• Option 4: Incorrect — Email addresses cannot have more than one '@' ❌

Hence, the correct answer is: option 4

The correct answer is option 1: CTRL + C

Key Points

In most word processing software like Microsoft Word, keyboard shortcuts are used to quickly perform common actions:

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – CTRL + C: ✅ Used to copy the selected text or object to the clipboard.
• Option 2 – ALT + C: ❌ Not a standard shortcut for copying in word processors.
• Option 3 – CTRL + P: ❌ Used to print the document.
• Option 4 – CTRL + Y: ❌ Used to redo the last undone action.

Hence, the correct answer is: option 1: CTRL + C

The correct answer is option 3: Format Painter

Key Points

Format Painter is a tool available in word processing and office software (like Microsoft Word, Excel, etc.) that allows users to quickly copy formatting (such as font style, color, size, border, etc.) from one section of text or graphics and apply it to another.

Usage: Select the text or object with the desired formatting, click on Format Painter, then select the text or object where you want to apply the formatting.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – Format Copy: ❌ Not a valid tool in standard software.
• Option 2 – Format Stamp: ❌ Not a recognized feature/tool.
• Option 3 – Format Painter: ✅ Correct tool to copy and apply formatting.
• Option 4 – Format Move: ❌ Not a recognized tool for formatting.

Hence, the correct answer is: option 3: Format Painter

The correct answer is option 2: Slide Transitions

Key Points

In Microsoft PowerPoint, Slide Transitions are the visual effects that occur when moving from one slide to another during a presentation. These effects control how the presentation advances between slides.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – Slide Movements: ❌ Not a technical term used in PowerPoint.
• Option 2 – Slide Transitions: ✅ Correct. This is the official term for effects between slides.
• Option 3 – Slide Effects: ❌ This is a generic term and usually refers to animations or formatting, not transitions between slides.
• Option 4 – Slide Frames: ❌ No such feature exists; this may be confused with design frames or templates.

Hence, the correct answer is: Option 2: Slide Transitions

The correct answer is option 3: MS Paint

Key Points

Microsoft Office (MS-Office) is a suite of productivity applications developed by Microsoft. It includes tools primarily used for documentation, presentations, spreadsheets, and email management.

Standard Components of MS-Office:

• MS Word – Used for word processing ✅
• MS Excel – Used for spreadsheets and calculations ✅
• MS PowerPoint – Used for creating presentations ✅
• MS Outlook – (often included) for email and calendar management ✅

MS Paint is a graphics editing tool and comes bundled with the Windows operating system, not with MS Office suite.

Explanation of options:

• Option 1 – MS Word: Part of MS Office ✅
• Option 2 – MS PowerPoint: Part of MS Office ✅
• Option 3 – MS Paint: Not part of MS Office ❌
• Option 4 – MS Excel: Part of MS Office ✅

Hence, the correct answer is: Option 3: MS Paint

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the influence of parents on a child is assumed to be particularly significant in the pre-conventional Stage.

Key Points

• The pre-conventional stage is where individuals are influenced by societal norms, rules, and expectations.
• At this stage, children often look to authority figures, including parents, for guidance on moral and ethical matters.
• They seek to conform to social expectations and maintain positive relationships within their community.

Hence, the correct answer is pre-conventional stage.

Homeschooling refers to educating children at home, typically by parents or tutors, instead of sending them to a formal school. While it may offer personalized learning and flexibility, it can also pose certain limitations, particularly in areas that benefit from peer interaction and group settings.

Key Points

• The dimension that may be less developed in homeschooling is socialization.
• In a traditional school environment, children interact regularly with peers, teachers, and other individuals, which helps them build communication skills, teamwork, conflict resolution, and empathy.
• These daily social interactions play a crucial role in shaping a child's ability to function confidently in a group or society.

Hint

• Cognitive growth, emotional development, and values can still be effectively nurtured at home through structured learning and family interactions, socialization often requires exposure to diverse social settings and peer groups, which homeschooling may not always provide adequately unless supplemented intentionally.

Hence, the correct answer is socialization.

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, adolescents (typically aged 11 and above) enter the formal operational stage. In this stage, they develop the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically. They begin to reason beyond concrete experiences and engage in hypothetical and deductive thinking.

Key Points

• Considering this stage of cognitive growth, classroom discussions and activities for adolescents should ideally focus on deductive reasoning.
• This type of reasoning allows students to start with general principles or theories and apply them to specific cases to draw logical conclusions.
• It encourages analytical thinking, structured argumentation, and problem-solving, all of which are appropriate for adolescent learners.

Hint

• Intuitive thoughts are more typical of early childhood (preoperational stage).
• Symbolic thoughts emerge in the preoperational stage and are mostly foundational in early cognitive development.
• Trial and error mechanisms are commonly seen in the concrete operational stage (middle childhood), not necessarily the best fit for adolescents.

Hence**, the correct answer is deductive reasoning.**

Adolescents often learn effectively by observing others, especially peers, teachers, or role models. 

Key Points

• When a teacher notices that students pick up behaviors, skills, or knowledge simply by watching someone else, without direct experience or practice, it reflects a specific form of learning.
• This type of learning is called vicarious learning. It is closely linked to social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, which states that people can learn new behaviors by observing others, especially when they see those behaviors being rewarded or punished.

Hint

• Experiential learning involves learning through direct experience and reflection, not just observation.
• Associative learning refers to making connections between stimuli and responses, like in classical or operant conditioning.
• Insight learning involves a sudden realization or "aha" moment, typically after problem-solving.

Hence, the correct answer is vicarious learning.

To confirm complete learning, a teacher must ensure students have not only memorized a definition but also understood the concept deeply, applied it, and made connections to broader ideas. In Bloom’s Taxonomy, this means moving beyond just "remembering" to include understanding, applying, analyzing, and even evaluating.

Key Points

• Defining photosynthesis checks for basic recall, it does not confirm full understanding.
• Explaining the process diagrammatically reflects understanding and some level of application.
• Describing the social implications (like the need for plantations) moves into application and evaluation.
• But the ability to differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition reflects an analysis a higher-order cognitive skill.
• This differentiation requires students to grasp the concept of photosynthesis well enough to compare it with another mode of nutrition, showing both conceptual clarity and critical thinking.

Hence, the correct answer is differentiate between autotrophic (photosynthesis) and heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

Human development includes several interconnected domains—physical, cognitive, emotional, motor, and sensory which begin at different stages. Some of these developments start even before birth, during the gestation period, and continue after birth into childhood.

Key Points

• Among the options, the one that begins during gestation and continues throughout childhood is sensory development.
• Sensory development (like the development of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell) begins in the womb.
• For example, fetuses can respond to sound and touch before birth. After birth, these senses continue to mature and refine as the child interacts with their environment.

Hint

• Motor development begins after birth, as infants gradually gain control over their muscles and movements.
• Reflex actions (like sucking or grasping) are present at birth but are mostly involuntary and do not develop progressively.
• Cognitive development starts at birth and evolves rapidly in childhood but does not begin during gestation.

Hence**, the correct answer is sensory development.**

Emotional development refers to the way individuals understand, express, and manage emotions as they grow. It includes recognizing emotions in oneself and others, developing empathy, and learning to regulate emotional responses in social contexts.

Key Points

• In humans, emotional development is best described as a cyclical process. This means that emotions do not develop in a fixed, straight-line path.
• Instead, individuals may revisit earlier emotional stages or challenges as they encounter new life experiences or social situations.
• For example, a child may show emotional maturity in one context but struggle in another, or an adolescent may face emotional challenges that seem like regressions. This cyclical nature reflects the complex, non-linear progression influenced by experiences, environment, and relationships.

Other options like linear, rectilinear, or parabolic imply fixed or mathematical patterns that do not capture the true, evolving, and sometimes regressive nature of emotional growth.

Hence, the correct answer is cyclical.

In the context of human beings, growth, maturation, puberty, and development are all processes related to physical and psychological changes over time. Some of these processes reach a defined endpoint, while others continue throughout life.

Key Points

• Development is considered a never-ending process. It encompasses physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that begin at conception and continue throughout the lifespan, including adulthood and old age.
• It is dynamic, lifelong, and influenced by both internal and external factors.

Hint

• Maturation is the biological unfolding of traits and abilities, and it typically ends once full biological development is achieved.
• Puberty is a temporary stage marking the onset of adolescence and ends once sexual maturity is reached.
• Growth usually refers to physical changes, such as increase in height or weight, and tends to cease after a certain age.

Hence, the correct answer is development.

Though often used interchangeably in everyday language, the terms growth and development have distinct meanings in the context of human biology and psychology. Understanding the difference is essential in fields like education, child psychology, and health sciences.

Key Points

• Growth refers specifically to quantitative physical changes, such as increase in height, weight, or size. It is measurable and usually occurs over a defined period (mostly during childhood and adolescence).
• On the other hand, development is a broader, qualitative process. It includes cognitive, emotional, social, and moral progression that continues throughout life. Development is not always measurable and does not stop at a particular age.
• Because one is physical and measurable (growth) and the other is holistic and continuous (development), they are different in nature.

Hence, the correct answer is different.

In the context of human development, 'sequentiality' refers to the idea that development follows a specific order or sequence. It implies that certain developmental milestones typically occur in a predictable pattern one stage leads to the next.

Key Points

• This concept reflects that a child generally learns to sit before crawling, crawl before walking, and babble before forming words. Such orderliness ensures that skills build upon one another in a logical and natural progression.
• Among the given options, the word that best matches this idea is orderly. It captures the essence of sequential development  that growth and change occur in an organized, stage-wise manner.

Hint

• Linear implies a straight, uninterrupted path, which does not always apply to human development.
• Progressive means moving forward, but not necessarily in a fixed order.
• Coherent suggests clarity and logic, but not a step-by-step structure.

Hence, the correct answer is orderly.

The concept of the four pillars of learning was proposed by the Delors Commission in its 1996 report for UNESCO, titled “Learning: The Treasure Within.” These pillars form the foundation of lifelong learning and are meant to address the holistic development of individuals.

Key Points The four recognized pillars are:

• Learning to know – acquiring knowledge and understanding.
• Learning to do – applying knowledge through skills and competencies.
• Learning to live together – developing social skills, empathy, and cooperation.
• Learning to be – fostering personal autonomy and self-development.

While "learning to solve problems" is an important skill and often integrated within these pillars, especially under "learning to do" and "learning to know," it is not itself one of the formally defined four pillars.

Hence**, the correct answer is learning to solve problems.**

Facilitating meaning-making learning is an essential role of a teacher. It involves creating an environment where students can construct knowledge and make sense of the world based on their prior experiences, interests, and perspectives.

Key Points

• Creating an environment where students feel free to express their views – Teachers encourage open dialogue and a safe atmosphere for sharing ideas.
• Having intimate knowledge of students' interests, attitudes, and personality characteristics – Teachers use this knowledge to connect lessons with students' individual experiences and needs.
• Recording each student's perceptions on the issue for the benefit of all students – Teachers can record and share students' perspectives to enhance collective learning and reflection.
• Being unmindful of previous experience of each student in relation to the activity – This would hinder meaningful learning, as ignoring students’ prior experiences can prevent them from making connections to new knowledge.

Hence**, the correct answer is being unmindful of previous experience of each student in relation to the activity.**

Different teaching methods encourage various aspects of learning, such as cognitive development, skills acquisition, and problem-solving abilities. Some methods are particularly focused on promoting reflective thinking, reasoning, and the development of certain abilities, skills, and attitudes.

Key Points

• The method that most closely involves reflective thinking, reasoning, and leads to the achievement of specific skills and attitudes is the Problem Solving Method.
• This method encourages students to analyze a problem, think critically, and come up with solutions.
• It develops their analytical thinking, reasoning abilities, and decision-making skills, all of which are central to the process of learning.

Hint

• Project Method involves hands-on learning and task-based activities but is more focused on applying knowledge through projects, rather than on reflective thinking or reasoning.
• Discovery Method emphasizes independent exploration, but it’s not as directly focused on reasoning or problem-solving as the problem-solving method.
• Play Way Method uses play to promote learning, but it is more focused on developing creativity, social skills, and emotional development, rather than reasoning or reflective thinking.

Hence, the correct answer is Problem Solving Method.

Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, occurs when individuals learn by observing the behaviors, actions, or outcomes of others. It is a key concept in Bandura's social learning theory, which emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling.

Key Points

• The factors that promote observational learning typically include providing rewards for behaviors, discussing outcomes, encouraging self-assessment, and offering opportunities for rehearsal (practice of the observed behavior).
• However, avoiding rehearsals can hinder observational learning.
• Rehearsal (or practice) allows students to internalize and refine what they have observed, making the learning process more effective.
• Without practicing or rehearsing the observed behaviors, students may not be able to fully replicate or apply what they have learned.

Hence**, the correct answer is avoiding rehearsals.**

Curriculum development involves designing educational experiences that guide teaching and learning. Various approaches to curriculum development focus on different aspects such as the teacher, the subject matter, the students, or real-life contexts.

Key Points

• Teacher-centered: This approach focuses on the teacher as the primary authority and the source of knowledge. It tends to prioritize lectures, instruction, and content delivery from the teacher's perspective.
• Subject-centered: This approach emphasizes the subject matter itself. The curriculum is organized around disciplines or content areas and focuses on the mastery of specific knowledge and skills within those subjects.
• Child-centered: This approach places the child at the heart of the learning process. It focuses on individual needs, interests, and development, allowing students to actively engage in their learning process.
• Life-centered: This approach connects learning to real-life experiences and practical skills that are useful in daily life, often emphasizing problem-solving, life skills, and social relevance.

Teacher-centered is the approach that is least commonly used today, as most modern education systems emphasize child-centered or life-centered approaches that prioritize the student’s needs, experiences, and practical applications of learning.

Hence, the correct answer is Teacher centered.

In a competency-based approach, learning focuses on developing specific skills or competencies that students need to master. These competencies are measurable and can be evaluated through assessments, practical activities, and real-world applications. The goal is for students to demonstrate proficiency in specific competencies.

Key Points

• Competency is a learning objective: This is correct. Competencies represent specific learning objectives or outcomes that students are expected to achieve. These are often measurable and assessable skills or knowledge.
• Competencies can be evaluated: This is also correct. Competencies are designed to be assessed, and various evaluation methods (tests, projects, performances) can be used to measure whether a student has acquired the competency.
• Activities are key to achieving competencies: This is correct as well. Practical, hands-on activities help students develop and apply the competencies they are learning. These activities are integral to the competency-based approach.
• There is no role of remedial teaching in competency-based approach: This is incorrect. Remedial teaching plays a vital role in a competency-based approach, as it helps students who may not have achieved the necessary competencies or skills. Remediation ensures that all students reach the required level of proficiency.

Hence, the correct answer is there is no role of remedial teaching in competency-based approach.

In the context of education, especially in multilingual societies like India, the approach to language learning and the use of multiple languages in the educational system is a critical topic. Children’s ability to learn multiple languages, the role of home language, and the challenges of implementing language policies are all essential aspects to consider.

Key Points

• Children are capable of learning two or more languages at a time: This statement is true. Children have a remarkable ability to learn multiple languages simultaneously, especially if they are exposed to them in their daily environments. Early multilingualism can have cognitive benefits and does not hinder language acquisition.
• Home language of students can seriously interfere with their formal learning and therefore should not be made the medium of instruction: This is not necessarily true. Research has shown that using a child’s home language as a medium of instruction can actually support better learning outcomes. It allows students to grasp complex concepts more easily before transitioning to additional languages.
• Implementing three-language formula may create more complex difficulties in the system: This statement is not true. While the three-language formula in India aims to promote multilingualism, its implementation has faced challenges like insufficient resources, teacher training, and regional differences. It can sometimes complicate the educational system, but it is intended to encourage linguistic diversity.
• Multilingualism cannot be used as a resource in India: This is false. Multilingualism is a valuable resource in India, where multiple languages are spoken across regions. It enriches cultural understanding and cognitive flexibility, and it can be used as a pedagogical resource to promote cross-cultural communication and learning.

Hence, the correct answer is Children are capable of learning two or more languages at a time.

Experiential learning is a teaching method that emphasizes learning through direct experience rather than through traditional lecture-based instruction. This method is highly interactive and focuses on engaging students in activities, projects, or real-world scenarios that require critical thinking, problem-solving, and application of knowledge.

Key Points

• Stimulating learning: This is a strength of experiential learning. By engaging students in hands-on experiences, it makes learning more engaging and stimulating, allowing them to connect theory with practice.
• Real learning environment: This is also a strength of experiential learning. It provides students with a real-world context, helping them see the relevance and application of their learning in practical situations.
• Rigidity: This is not a strength of experiential learning. Experiential learning encourages flexibility and adaptability, allowing for exploration and innovation. It is the opposite of rigid, traditional, one-size-fits-all approaches.
• Learner-Centered approach: This is a strength of experiential learning. It focuses on the needs, interests, and learning styles of the students, making them active participants in their own learning process.

Hence, the correct answer is Rigidity.

In educational research or assessments, quantitative data refers to data that can be measured and expressed in numerical terms. To analyze such data effectively, methods or tools that allow for data collection in a structured, numeric format are required.

Key Points

• Assignments: While assignments can provide qualitative insights into student learning, they are typically not designed to collect numerical data that can be analyzed quantitatively.
• Questionnaires: This is the most suitable option for collecting quantitative data. Questionnaires, especially when structured with closed-ended questions (like multiple-choice or Likert scale questions), allow researchers or educators to gather numerical data that can be easily analyzed using statistical methods.
• Projects: Projects may involve some quantitative data collection, but they are more commonly used to assess qualitative aspects like creativity, problem-solving, and conceptual understanding.
• Portfolios: Portfolios typically showcase a student's work over time and tend to focus more on qualitative assessments such as reflections, progress, and personal growth. They are not primarily used for quantitative data analysis.

Hence, the correct answer is Questionnaires.

The tool of evaluation refers to the instrument or method used to assess student performance, knowledge, or skills. A good evaluation tool must have certain characteristics to ensure that it accurately measures what it is intended to measure, is fair to all students, and is reliable across different contexts and times.

Key Points

• Reliability: This is a crucial characteristic of a good evaluation tool. Reliability refers to the consistency of the results when the tool is used repeatedly under similar conditions. A reliable tool gives consistent outcomes over time.
• Incomprehensibility: This is not a characteristic of a good evaluation tool. An evaluation tool must be comprehensible to the students. If the tool is incomprehensible, it cannot accurately measure the knowledge or skills of the students, leading to unreliable results.
• Validity: Validity is another essential characteristic. It refers to the degree to which the tool measures what it is intended to measure. If an evaluation tool is valid, it accurately assesses the specific skills or knowledge it is meant to evaluate.
• Objectivity: Objectivity is important in evaluation tools. It means that the results should not be influenced by the personal bias or subjectivity of the evaluator. An objective tool provides consistent results regardless of who is administering the assessment.

Hence, the correct answer is Incomprehensibility.

Assessment in education serves multiple purposes depending on when and how it is used. One important type is assessment of learning, which is typically conducted after instruction to evaluate student achievement.

Key Points

• Assessment of learning is primarily concerned with evaluating the product of learning, meaning it measures the outcomes or results of what students have learned over a period of time.
• This type of assessment is usually summative and formal, such as final exams or board tests. Its goal is to check if learners have achieved the intended learning outcomes and mastered specific knowledge or skills.
• By analyzing the results, teachers can make judgments about student performance and progress.
• It also provides data for report cards and helps schools maintain academic standards.
• In this question, the phrase "main objective" directly connects to measuring the end result of the educational process, which is the product of learning.

Hint

• Objectives of learning refer to the intended goals or targets set before teaching begins; assessing these directly is part of planning rather than evaluating outcomes.
• Learning gaps are identified through assessment for learning, which helps teachers adjust instruction to meet student needs.
• Process of learning is examined through assessment as learning, where the focus is on student reflection and self-monitoring during the learning journey.

Hence**, the correct answer is product of learning.**

Assessment for learning (AfL) is a formative approach that focuses on using assessment as a tool to promote student learning during the instructional process.

Key Points

• The principle of focusing on final examination results does not align with the concept of assessment for learning.
• Final exams are summative in nature and aim to evaluate what students have learned at the end of a course.
• In contrast, assessment for learning is ongoing, diagnostic, and aimed at improvement.
• encourages active student involvement, feedback, and adaptation of instruction.
• Final examination results are more relevant to assessment of learning, which looks at the product rather than the process of learning.
• Therefore, this focus contradicts the formative intent of assessment for learning.

Hint

• Effective feedback helps students understand their progress and areas for improvement, a key feature of assessment for learning.
• Self-assessment empowers students to reflect on their own learning, fostering independence and deeper understanding.
• Peer assessment allows students to engage with each other’s work, encouraging collaboration and critical thinking, both essential to formative practices.

Hence**, the correct answer is principle of focusing on final examination results.**

In mathematics education, especially in geometry, the teaching method plays a critical role in helping students develop logical thinking and understanding of theorems.

Key Points

• The analytic-synthetic method is considered most desirable for teaching geometrical theorems at this stage.
• In this approach, students begin with what is to be proved and work backward (analysis), identifying known facts and relationships.
• Then, using logical reasoning, they proceed forward again to construct a proof (synthesis).
• This method helps students understand the underlying logic of the theorem rather than just memorizing steps.
• It strengthens their reasoning skills and encourages active participation in the construction of knowledge, making it ideal for the development of geometric concepts.

Hint

• The project method focuses on real-life applications and may not suit the abstract and logical nature of theorem proving.
• The deductive method starts from general rules and applies them to specific cases, which may limit understanding if used alone.
• Lecture-cum-demonstration can be useful for introducing a topic but lacks the student engagement and critical thinking that the analytic-synthetic method promotes.

Hence, the correct answer is analytic-synthetic method.

Educational objectives help teachers identify the specific skills and thinking processes they aim to develop in students. These objectives are often categorized according to Bloom’s Taxonomy, which ranges from lower-order thinking skills like remembering to higher-order skills like evaluating and creating. 

Key Points

• When a teacher asks students to write a summary of a given story, the objective being tested is comprehension.
• Comprehension involves understanding the meaning of the material, grasping its main ideas, and being able to express them in one’s own words.
• Summarizing requires students to identify key points, discard minor details, and restate the content, all of which reflect their ability to understand and interpret the original text.
• It shows that the student has processed the information rather than merely recalling it.

Hint

• Knowledge refers to the simple recall of facts, terms, or definitions without understanding.
• Synthesis involves creating something new by combining ideas, which goes beyond summarizing.
• Analysis requires breaking down material into parts to examine structure or relationships, which is more detailed and critical than summarizing.

Hence, the correct answer is comprehension.

Responding to student errors in a positive and constructive way is crucial for maintaining a supportive learning environment. Mistakes should be viewed as learning opportunities that help students reflect, understand, and grow.

Key Points

• Explaining and giving another chance to answer supports the student’s learning without discouragement.
• When a teacher clarifies the concept and then invites the student to respond again, it communicates trust in the student’s ability to learn and correct themselves.
• This approach reinforces understanding, encourages active participation, and reduces fear of making mistakes, creating a growth-oriented classroom atmosphere.

Hint

• Simply re-explaining the subject may help but doesn’t involve the student actively in correcting their mistake.
• Telling the student the answer is wrong can be discouraging and may lower their confidence.
• Asking another student to answer skips the opportunity for the original student to reflect and improve.

Hence, the correct answer is to explain and give another chance to answer.

In the context of diversity, intra-group differentiation refers to the differences found within a single group based on roles, specializations, or characteristics.

Key Points

• An example of intra-group differentiation is PGTs of humanities, commerce, and science streams. Here, all individuals belong to the same group—Post Graduate Teachers (PGTs)—but are differentiated based on their subject specializations.
• This showcases variation within a group that shares a common role, making it a clear example of intra-group diversity.

Hint

• Teaching and non-teaching staff belong to two different groups, so this is inter-group differentiation.
• Principals and school teachers also fall into different professional categories.
• PGTs, TGTs, and primary teachers are categorized by teaching levels, making them separate groups, not intra-group differences.

Hence, the correct answer is PGTs of humanities, commerce, and science streams.

The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 was a significant legislative step in India toward ensuring equal rights and opportunities for individuals with disabilities.

Key Points

• Under the 1995 Act, a person is recognized as having a disability if they suffer from not less than 40% of any disability, as certified by a medical authority.
• This percentage serves as the minimum threshold for eligibility to receive government benefits such as reservations in education, employment, and other social welfare schemes.

Hence**, the correct answer is 40% of any disability.**

Directive counselling is a counselor-centered approach developed by E.G. Williamson. It emphasizes solving the client’s problems through logical steps with more direction provided by the counselor.

Key Points The correct sequence in directive counselling is: Diagnosis, Analysis, Synthesis, Counselling, Prognosis, Follow-up.

• Diagnosis identifies the nature and cause of the problem.
• Analysis involves breaking down and examining information collected.
• Synthesis means putting together information to understand the client’s strengths and limitations.
• Counselling is where actual guidance is given based on insights.
• Prognosis predicts future development of the issue.
• Follow-up ensures that the client is progressing and applying the guidance effectively.

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Hence, the correct answer is Diagnosis, Analysis, Synthesis, Counselling, Prognosis, Follow-up.

Mental health refers to a person’s emotional, psychological, and social well-being. A mentally healthy student is one who can handle stress, bounce back from setbacks, and stay motivated toward their goals despite challenges.

Key Points

• A student who feels sad for 2–3 days after failing an exam and then starts preparing again demonstrates healthy emotional processing.
• The sadness is a natural response to failure, but the ability to recover and re-engage with academic work shows resilience, motivation, and positive coping skills — key signs of mental health**.**

Hint

• Ignoring the failure and continuing without reflection may indicate denial or lack of responsibility.
• Remaining sad for weeks suggests difficulty in emotional regulation.
• Withdrawing from school out of guilt reflects poor coping strategies and low self-worth.

Hence, the correct answer is a student who has failed in an examination, feels sad for 2-3 days and again starts preparation for it.

Developing writing skills in Class VII involves fostering creativity, expression, and the ability to organize thoughts coherently. At this stage, students are more engaged when writing tasks are relatable, imaginative, or connected to their personal experiences, rather than abstract or technical topics.

Key Points

• Asking students to describe the title "My One Day at Moon" encourages creative thinking, imagination, vocabulary use, and narrative skills.
• It allows them to invent a storyline, describe sensory experiences, and express emotions, which are all crucial for building comprehensive writing skills in middle school learners.

Hint

• Describing the 'Power of President' may be too abstract and technical for Class VII students.
• Describing ‘My experience of Class VII’ could be reflective but might limit creativity.
• Writing an essay on ‘Independence Day’ is more factual and less engaging for skill development in imaginative writing.

Hence, the correct answer is asking the students to describe the title "My One Day at Moon".

Using the community as a learning resource means involving local surroundings, people, environments, and practices to help students understand academic concepts through real-life exposure.

Key Points 

• The concept of electron beam is highly abstract and based on advanced scientific principles that require specialized equipment like electron microscopes, which are not typically found in community settings.
• It cannot be easily demonstrated or observed using local or community resources, making it unsuitable for such an approach at the school level.

Hint

• Floral diversity can be taught using local gardens or natural surroundings.
• Fermentation can be demonstrated using local food-making practices like curd preparation or pickling.
• Friction can be experienced and observed in daily life, such as walking on different surfaces or stopping a bicycle.

Hence, the correct answer is concept of electron beam.

A coach plays a key role in supporting professional development, especially in educational or athletic contexts. Core functions typically include guiding, training, observing, giving feedback, and supporting improvement in performance or learning.

Key Points

• Training, teaching, and monitoring are direct responsibilities of a coach, advocating which involves actively promoting or defending a person or cause is not a primary function.
• Coaching focuses on facilitating personal or professional growth rather than representing individuals or lobbying on their behalf.

Hint

• Training involves building specific skills or strategies.
• Teaching can be part of coaching when introducing new concepts or methods.
• Monitoring progress helps assess improvements and areas needing support.

Hence, the correct answer is advocating.

Educational instructions are purposeful directions or guidelines provided by teachers to facilitate learning and task completion. They are meant to guide students step-by-step toward understanding or performing a task effectively and independently.

Key Points

• Instructions as warnings is not a typical characteristic of educational instruction.
• Warnings are generally used to alert or caution against danger or misconduct, not to support learning. Educational instructions aim to inform and guide, not intimidate or threaten.

Hint

• Instructions often include dos and don'ts to clarify what is expected.
• They provide detailed information to ensure clarity.
• They help make a task achievable by breaking it down into manageable steps.

Hence, the correct answer is instructions are warnings.

Goal setting in the teaching-learning process is essential to guide instruction and evaluate student progress. Effective goals should be realistic, clear, and accessible to all learners, keeping in mind their individual differences and learning needs.

Key Points

• A teacher may overlook that set goals are finally and fully achieved by one and all because in a diverse classroom, not every student may reach the learning goal in the same way or at the same time.
• Students have varying learning styles, paces, and abilities, so expecting uniform achievement is not always practical or necessary.

Hint

• Goals being achievable is crucial for maintaining motivation.
• Ensuring that goals are understandable by each student helps avoid confusion.
• Using easy language makes goals accessible to all learners, especially those with language difficulties.

Hence, the correct answer is set goals are finally and fully achieved by one and all.

A school teacher, as a team builder, plays a critical role in fostering collaboration and cohesion among students, colleagues, and other stakeholders. Teachers who build effective teams help set clear goals, motivate others, and create an environment of mutual respect and responsibility.

Key Points

• A democratic controller may not be a characteristic of a school teacher as a team builder.
• While a democratic approach involves shared decision-making, "controller" suggests an authoritarian role, which is contrary to the collaborative and supportive nature needed for effective team building.
• A teacher in a team-building role should facilitate rather than control.

Hint

• A motivator encourages and inspires others to work toward common goals.
• A coordinator ensures that efforts are organized and that roles are clear.
• An aim setter defines clear goals and ensures alignment toward achieving them.

Hence**, the correct answer is democratic controller.**

School leadership plays a vital role in shaping the educational environment, guiding both academic and extracurricular activities, and fostering a positive and supportive culture for both students and staff. The tasks of school leadership are centered around creating an effective and inclusive learning environment.

Key Points

• Pass judgemental remarks is not a task of school leadership.
• Effective leadership is based on supportive, constructive feedback and encouragement rather than making negative, judgmental comments.
• School leaders should focus on fostering growth, trust, and mutual respect, not on criticism that demotivates individuals.

Hint

• Stimulating learners to win a sports trophy can be a part of school leadership, as promoting extracurricular activities is essential.
• Seeking a balance between curricular and co-curricular activities ensures holistic development.
• Aspiring for good school results is aligned with the leadership's responsibility to promote academic excellence.

Hence, the correct answer is pass judgemental remarks.

Developing a vision for a rural school requires a collaborative approach that involves various stakeholders who can contribute to the educational, social, and infrastructural needs of the community.

Key Points

• An educational tour operator may prove to be least helpful in developing a vision for a rural school.
• While they are important in organizing educational tours, their role is more focused on travel and exposure rather than on the deeper educational needs and community-specific factors that influence a school vision.

Hint

• The village pradhan plays a key role in the community and can provide valuable insights into local needs and aspirations for education.
• A town and country planner can contribute expertise in infrastructure and planning, crucial for building and expanding rural schools.
• The state health officer can address health-related concerns that are vital for creating a conducive learning environment.

Hence, the correct answer is an educational tour operator.

The aim of education is not only to impart knowledge but also to foster critical thinking, moral values, and practical life skills. Teachers, including Trained Graduate Teachers (T.G.T.), play an essential role in guiding students to develop intellectually, socially, and ethically.

Key Points

• Remembering by heart the part of the Indian constitution education is not a primary aim of education.
• While it's important for students to understand their constitutional rights and duties, rote memorization is less effective compared to developing a deeper understanding of concepts.
• Education should focus on comprehension and application rather than just memorization.

Hint

• Training in following traffic rules is important for instilling safety and civic responsibility.
• Helping in making civilized citizens aligns with fostering social, ethical, and moral values.
• Training students for thinking and reasoning is a central aim of education to develop critical thinking skills.

Hence**, the correct answer is remember by heart the part of Indian constitution education.**

National Education Policy 2020 is the first education policy of the 21st century and aims to address the many growing developmental imperatives of our country.

• This Policy proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of the education structure, including its regulation and governance, to create a new system that is aligned with the aspirational goals of the 21st century.

Key Points 

• By talking of holistic development, NEP-2020 wants to pay attention to giving due importance to all cognitive, conative, and affective domains as learning becomes most effective when the development of cognitive, affective, and conative domains of children takes place.
• These domains are proposed by Benjamin Bloom in his taxonomy. It is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Let's understand these domains in the context of a child's learning and development:

• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, etc.
• Affective domains: This domain comes into play when the child grows in emotional areas such as feelings, attitudes, etc.
• Conative domains: It is concerned with acquiring skills that require the integration of mental and physical movements.

Hence, we can conclude that by talking of holistic development, NEP-2020 wants to pay attention to giving due importance to all cognitive, conative, and affective domains.

Post-independence, various educational commissions and policies have played a crucial role in shaping the educational landscape of India.

 Key Points

• NEP-1986 recognized the potential of technology, including computers, in transforming the education system.
• It emphasized the need to introduce computer literacy and computer-aided learning in schools to enhance the quality of education and prepare students for a technologically advancing world.

 

Hint

• Radhakrishnan Commission (1948-1949): This commission focused primarily on higher education in India immediately after independence.
• Mudaliar Commission (1952-1953): This commission dealt with secondary education. While it advocated for curriculum diversification and vocational education, it did not have a significant focus on computer learning, as computers were still in their early stages of development and not widely accessible for educational purposes in India.
• Kothari Commission (1964-1966): This commission provided a comprehensive framework for the entire education system in India. It did mention the role of science and technology in education and the need for modernizing educational processes.

Therefore, the NEP-1986  document talked of computer learning in education for the first time after independence.

**गाँव के गीतों के अनेक प्रकार नहीं हैं।**कथन सही नहीं है

Key Points

• शीर्षक -' लोकगीत'
• लेखक  - भगवती शरण उपाध्याय
• विधा - निबंध

Important Points

• ​भगवती शरण उपाध्याय की अन्य रचनाएं -
• विश्व साहित्य की रूपरेखा,
• कालिदास का भारत,
• कादम्बरी,
• ठूँठा आम,
• लाल चीन,
• गंगा-गोदावरी,
• बुद्ध वैभव,
• साहित्य और कला,
• सागर की लहरों पर आदि।

Additional Informationलोकगीतों की अपनी कई विशेषताएँ हैं –

• लोकगीतों को सुनने से ही हमें अपने मिट्टी से जुड़ाव का अनुभव होता है।

• लोकगीत हमें गाँव के जीवन से परिचित करवाते हैं।

• इनके साथ बजाए जाने वाले वाद्य यंत्र अत्यंत सरल होते हैं।

• इन गीतों से मन में उत्साह और उमंग का संचार होता है।

• इन गीतों को गाने के लिए किसी विशेष ज्ञान की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है।

• ये सरल और सहज गीत होते हैं।

• इनके रचनाकार स्त्री और पुरुष दोनों होते हैं।

'मैं सबसे छोटी होऊं कविता है

Key Points

• शीर्षक - 'मैं सबसे छोटी होऊं
• कवि - सुमित्रानन्दन पन्त
• विधा - कविता

Important Points

• सुमित्रानन्दन पन्त की रचनाएँ -
• ग्रन्थि,
• गुंजन,
• ग्राम्या,
• युगांत,
• स्वर्णकिरण,
• स्वर्णधूलि,
• कला और बूढ़ा चाँद,
• लोकायतन,
• चिदंबरा,
• सत्यकाम आदि।

Additional Information

• इस कविता का आशय यह है कि बच्ची अपनी माँ की सबसे छोटी संतान बनकर रहना चाहती है क्योंकि बड़े हो जाने पर उसका साथ माँ से छूट जाता है।
• जिस तरह छोटे रहने पर माँ हमेशा बच्ची के साथ रहकर समय तथा प्यार देती थी, वैसा अब नहीं करती है।

लाखों - करोड़ों वर्ष पुरानी धरती पर कोई आदमी न था

Key Points

• शीर्षक - 'संसार पुस्तक है'
• लेखक - पण्डित जवाहरलाल नेहरु

Important Points

• पण्डित जवाहरलाल नेहरु की रचनाएं -
• ​डिस्कवरी ऑफ़ इंडिया
• पिता के पत्र पुत्री के नाम
• विश्व इतिहास की झलक​

Additional Information

• ​इस पाठ में यह शिक्षा दी गई है कि धरती का इतिहास जानने के लिए इस पर बसी सभी जातियों का और सभी देशों का इतिहास जानना चाहिए।

टिकट-अलबम' कहानी मूलतः सुंदरा रामस्वामी लेखक की है

Key Points

• सुंदरा रामस्वामी की अन्य रचनाएं -
• ऑन द शोर्स बियॉन्ड, 1959
• प्रसाद, 1964
• एक इमली के पेड़ की कहानी, 1966

Additional Information

• 'टिकट-अलबम' कहानी  का उद्देश्य 
• हमे कभी भी दूसरों को देखकर ईर्ष्या नहीं करनी चाहिए न ही चोरी करनी चाहिए चोरी करना बुरी बात है इससे पछतावे के साथ नुक्सान केवल अपना ही होता है , साथ ही हमे अपनी किसी भी बात पे घमंड भी नहीं करना चाहिए।

'ऐसे-ऐसे' के रचयिता विष्णु प्रभाकर है

Key Points

• विधा -  एकांकी

Important Points

• विष्णु प्रभाकर की अन्य रचनाएँ -
• ढलती रात,
• स्वप्नमयी,
• अर्धनारीश्वर,
• धरती अब भी घूम रही है,
• क्षमादान,
• दो मित्र,
• पाप का घड़ा,
• होरी,
• हत्या के बाद,
• नव प्रभात,
• डॉक्टर,
• प्रकाश और परछाइयाँ,
• बारह एकांकी,
• अशोक,
• अब और नही,
• टूट्ते परिवेश,

Additional Information

• ऐसे-ऐसे' एकांकी विष्णु प्रभाकर द्वारा रचित है।
• इस पाठ में नाटककार ने एक ऐसे बच्चे के नाटक को दिखाया है जो छुट्टी के दिनों में अपना गृहकार्य नहीं बना पाने पर बिमारी का बहाना करता है ताकि वह स्कूल जाने से बच जाए।

उसे स्वयं पर विश्वास नहीं है।कथन सही नहीं है।

Key Points

• कविता - 'वह चिड़िया जो'
• कवि -  केदारनाथ अग्रवाल

Important Points

• केदारनाथ अग्रवाल की प्रमुख रचनाएं-
• जो जीवन की धूल चाट कर बड़ा हुआ है
• पहला पानी
• हमारी जिन्दगी
• जिन्दगी
• मजदूर का जन्म
• बच्चे के जन्म पर
• वह चिड़िया जो

Additional Information

• ​कविता का मूल भाव यह है कि जिस प्रकार छोटी चिड़िया परिश्रम करती है, मधुर स्वर में गाती है, सन्तोषी और गर्वीली है तथा वह अन्न से प्यार करती है, उसी प्रकार मनुष्य को भी मेहनती, मधुर बोलने वाला, सन्तोषी, साहसी, स्वाभिमानी और स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक जीवन बिताने वाला होना चाहिए।

चित्र संकेतों से पहले भाव संकेत अस्तित्व में आए।'अक्षरों का महत्व' रचना के आधार पर निम्नलिखित में से सही कथन नहीं हैं।

Key Points

• पाठ - 'अक्षरों का महत्व'
• लेखक - गुणाकर मुले

Important Points

• गुणाकर मुले की रचनाएं -
• अंको की कहानी, अक्षर कथा, अंतरिक्ष यात्रा, आर्यभट्ट, अंक कथा, आकाश दर्शन

Additional Information

• प्रागैतिहासिक मानव ने सबसे पहले चित्रों के जरिए अपने भाव को व्यक्त किया। जैसे, पशुओं, पक्षियों, आदमियों आदि के चित्र। इन चित्र-संकेतों के ��ाद में, भाव-संकेत अस्तित्व में आए। जैसे, एक छोटे वृत्त के चहुँ किरणों की द्योतक रेखाएँ खींचने पर वह ‘सूर्य’ का चित्र बन जाता था। बाद में यही चित्र ‘ताप’ या ‘धूप’ का द्योतक बन गया।
• इस तरह भाव-संकेत अस्तित्व में आए। तब जाकर काफी बाद में आदमी ने अक्षरों की खोज की।

'नादान दोस्त' कहानी के रचयिता प्रेमचंद हैं

Key Points

• प्रेमचंद की अन्य रचनाएं -
• सेवासदन,
• प्रेमाश्रम,
• रंगभूमि,
• निर्मला,
• गबन,
• कर्मभूमि,
• गोदान
• पूस की रात,
• पंच परमेश्वर,
• बड़े घर की बेटी,
• बूढ़ी काकी,
• दो बैलों की कथा आदि

Additional Information

• नादान दोस्त. कहानी से यह शिक्षा मिलती है कि नासमझी से किया गया काम ठीक नहीं रहता है।
• केशव और श्यामा ने चिड़िया के अण्डों की सुरक्षा के सारे उपाय किए, परन्तु इससे उनका सत्यानाश हो गया। मनुष्य को जीव-जन्तुओं के जीवन में हस्तक्षेप नहीं करना चाहिए।

'साथी हाथ बढ़ाना' कविता है

Key Points

• शीर्षक - 'साथी हाथ बढ़ाना'
• लेखक - साहिर लुधियानवी

Important Points

• ​साहिर लुधियानवी जी के अन्य गीत -
• आना है तो आ" (नया दौर 1957), संगीतकार ओ पी नय्यर
• "अल्लाह तेरो नाम ईश्वर तेरो नाम" (हम दोनो 1961), संगीतकार जयदेव
• "चलो एक बार फिर से अजनबी बन जायें" (गुमराह 1963), संगीतकार रवि
• "मन रे तु काहे न धीर धरे" (चित्रलेखा 1964), संगीतकार रोशन
• " पल दो पल का शायर हूं" (कभी कभी 1976), संगीतकार खय्याम
• "यह दुनिया अगर मिल भी जाये तो क्या है" (प्यासा 1957), संगीतकार एस डी बर्मन
• "ईश्वर अल्लाह तेरे नाम" (नया रास्ता 1970), संगीतकार एन दत्ता
• "मारो भर भर कर पिचकारी" (धनवान 1981),

Additional Information

• साथी हाथ बढ़ाना' गीत का शीर्षक है।
• यह गीत गीतकार साहिर लुधियानवी ने लिखा है।
• यह गीत आपसी प्रेम और समाज में एकता बढ़ाने के लिए लिखा गया है।

'पार नज़र के' कहानी में छोटू का परिवार जमीन के नीचे वाली कालोनी में रहता था।

Key Points

• 'पार नज़र के' कहानी के लेखक जयंत विष्णु नार्लीकर' जी हैं।

Important Points

• जयंत विष्णु नार्लीकर' जी की प्रमुख कहानियां -
• नौलखा हार,
• दाई सूंड के गणेशजी,
• पुत्रवती भव
• ट्राय का घोड़ा

Additional Information

• यह कहानी बच्चों में विज्ञान के प्रति रुचि उत्पन्न करने एवं जिज्ञासा बढ़ाने के उद्देश्य से लिखी गयी है।
• यह कहानी आज से कई वर्ष आगे की कल्पना पर आधारित है, जब मंगल ग्रह पर जीवन हो सकता है। इस कहानी में मंगल ग्रह की ज़मीन के नीचे रहने वाले प्राणियों को माध्यम बनाकर ऐसी कल्पना की गयी है।

काव्य पंक्तियाँ चाँद से थोड़ी-सी गप्पें रचना से हैं

Key Points

• शीर्षक - चाँद से थोड़ी-सी गप्पें
• कवि - श्री शमशेर बहादुर सिंह
• विधा - कविता

Important Points

• शमशेर बहादुर सिंह की अन्य रचनाएँ -
• ​कुछ कविताएँ (1956),
• कुछ और कविताएँ (1961),
• चुका भी नहीं हूँ मैं (1975),
• इतने पास अपने (1980),
• उदिता-अभिव्यक्ति का संघर्ष (1980),
• बात बोलेगी (1981),
• काल तुझसे होड़ है मेरी (1988)
• कहानी-संग्रह - ‘प्लाट का मोर्चा’

Additional Information

• प्रस्तुत कविता हिन्दी साहित्य के प्रसिद्ध लेखक और कवि श्री शमशेर बहादुर सिंह द्वारा लिखी गई है।
• इस कविता में एक दस-ग्यारह साल की लड़की को चाँद से  गप्पें लड़ाते हुए अर्थात् बातें करते हुए दिखाया गया है। वह चाँद से कह रही है कि यूं तो आप गोल हैं, पर थोड़े तिरछे-से नज़र आते हैं। आपने इस तारों-जड़ित आकाश का वस्त्र पहना हुआ है तथा उसके बीच में से आपका केवल ये गोरा-चिट्टा और गोल-मटोल चेहरा ही दिखाई देता है।

बचपन कृष्णा सोबती की रचना है

Key Points

• विधा - संस्मरण
• कृष्णा सोबती की अन्य रचनाये -
• डार से बिछुड़ी,
• मित्रो मरजानी,
• यारों के यार तिन पहाड़,
• सूरजमुखी अंधेरे के,
• सोबती एक सोहबत,
• जिंदगीनामा,
• ऐ लड़की,
• समय सरगम,
• जैनी मेहरबान सिंह

Additional Information

• अन्य विकल्प -
• अक्षरों का महत्त्व - गुणाकर मुले
• पार नज़र के - जयंत विष्णु नार्लीकर'
• संसार पुस्तक है - पं० जवाहरलाल नेहरू

'रक्त और हमारा शरीर' निबंध है 

Key Points

• रचना - 'रक्त और हमारा शरीर'
• रचनाकार - यतीश अग्रवाल
• विधा - निबंध

Important Points

• यतीश अग्रवाल जी के कॉलम- 
• स्वास्थ्य सुलझन’ (गृहशोभा),
• ‘ओपीडी’ (हिन्दुस्तान)
• ‘सैकेंड ओपिनियन’ (हिन्दुस्तान टाइम्स) पाठकों के बीच अत्यन्‍त लोकप्रिय हैं।
• पूर्व-प्रकाशित कॉलम -
• ‘परामर्श’,
• ‘दस सवाल’,
• ‘स्वास्थ्य परिक्रमा’,
• ‘चेक आउट’,
• ‘एक्सप्रेस क्रुसेड फ़ॉर हेल्थ’

Additional Information

• रक्त और हमारा शरीर ” पाठ ” यतीश अग्रवाल ” द्वारा रचित एक निबंध है।
• प्रस्तुत पाठ में लेखक ने रक्त , रक्त के घटक , रक्त की कमी से उत्पन्न  होने वाली बीमारियों और उनकी रोकथाम के उपायों को रोचक ढंग से प्रस्तुत किया है।

'कंचा' कहानी मूलत: मलयालम भाषा की है।

Key Points

• रचना - 'कंचा'
• रचनाकार -  टी. पद्मनाभन
• विधा -  कहानी

Important Points

• टी. पद्मनाभन की कहानियां  हिंदी में -
• एक अदना जिन्दगी और बड़ी मृत्यु
• साक्षी

Additional Information

• ‘कंचा’ पाठ में लेखक टी. पद्मनाभन ने बच्चों के बालमन की सहजता और कल्पना के रूपों का बहुत ही सुन्दर वर्णन किया है। कैसे एक बालक अपने खेलने के सामान को अन्य सभी चीजों से ज्यादा महत्त्व देता है। कैसे वह हर कीमत पर अपने खिलौनों या खेलने के सामान को संभाल कर रखता है।
• इस कहानी में लेखक ने भी अप्पू के माध्यम से बच्चों के स्वभाव को दिखाने का प्रयास किया है।

जैनेन्द्र कुमार की रचना 'चिड़िया की बच्ची' कहानी विधा की रचना है:

Key Points

• इस कहानी को जैनेंद्र कुमार ने लिखा है।
• लेखक ने इस कहानी में एक चिड़िया की आजाद जिंदगी की तुलना एक अमीर सेठ की विवश जिंदगी से की है।

Important Points

• जैनेंद्र कुमार की अन्य रचनाएं -
• परख' (1929)
• 'सुनीता' (1935)
• 'त्यागपत्र' (1937)
• 'कल्याणी' (1939)
• 'विवर्त' (1953)
• 'सुखदा' (1953)
• 'व्यतीत' (1953)
• 'जयवर्धन' (1956)
• 'फाँसी' (1929)
• 'वातायन' (1930)
• 'नीलम देश की राजकन्या' (1933)
• 'एक रात' (1934)
• 'दो चिड़ियाँ' (1935)
• 'पाजेब' (1942)

Additional Information

• पुरस्कार-उपाधि -
• ​साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार (1966),
• पद्म भूषण (1971),
• साहित्य अकादमी फैलोशिप (1974)

प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ शाम-एक किसान कविता से हैं।

Key Points

• यह पंक्तियाँ 'शाम का किसान' कविता से ली गई है।
• यह कविता सर्वेश्वरदयाल सक्सेना द्वारा रचित है।

Important Points

• सर्वेश्वरदयाल सक्सेना-.
• रचनाएँ-
• कठ की घंटियाँ(1959 ई.)
• बाँस का पुल(1963 ई.)
• एक सुनी नाव(1966 ई.)
• गर्म हवाएँ(1969 ई.) आदि।

Additional Information

• 'शाम का किसान' कविता के कुछ मुख्य बिन्दु-
• इसमें पहाड़ को किसान के रूप में दिखाया गया है।
• पहाड़ ने सिर पर किसान रूपी साफा बाँधा हुआ है।
• किसान के घुटनों पर पड़ी चादर के रूप में नदी को दिखाया गया है।
• पलाश के फूलों को सुलगती अंगीठी के जैसा दिखाया गया है।
• इस पर प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य से किसान के सुंदर चित्र को रेखांकित किया गया है व उसके संघर्ष को दिखाया गया है।

'लैटरबॉक्स, लड़की और पेड़' निम्नलिखित में से पापा खो गए रचना से संबंधित हैं।

Key Points

• रचना - पापा खो गए
• रचनाकार - विजय तेंदुलकर
• विधा - नाटक

Important Points

• विजय तेंदुलकर की रचनाएँ -
• कन्यादान, एक जिद्दी लड़की, गिद्ध, कमला, जाति ही पूछो साधु की

Additional Information

• पापा खो गए. लघु नाटिका पाठ से हमें यह शिक्षा मिलती है कि हमें समाज के असामाजिक तत्त्वों को समाप्त करने का प्रयास करना चाहिए और उन्हें दण्डित करवाने में पुलिस का सहयोग करना चाहिए। इसके साथ ही मातापिता की परेशानियों को समझते हुए बच्चों को पढ़ाई में ध्यान लगाना चाहिए।

भगवती प्रसाद वाजपेयी की रचना ‘मिठाईवाला**’ कहानी** है।

Key Points

• रचना - ‘मिठाईवाला’
• रचनाकार - भगवती प्रसाद वाजपेयी
• विधा - कहानी

Important Points

• भगवती प्रसाद वाजपेयी की अन्य रचनाएं -
• प्रेमपथ, मीठी चुटकी, अनाथ पत्नी, दो बहनेमनुष्य और देवता आदि।

Additional Information

• मिठाईवाला. कहानी के माध्यम से कहानीकार यह बताना चाहता है कि मनुष्य अपने दुःख के समय में भी दूसरों के प्रति अपने मन में परोपकार की भावना रखता है तो उसे मानसिक सुख और शान्ति प्राप्त होती है। जैसे मिठाईवाला अपनी खट्टी मीठी गोलियाँ बेचकर बच्चों को खुश करता है और अपना पेट भी भरता है।

कठपुतली की विधा कविता है 

Key Points

• कविता - कठपुतली
• कवि - भवानीप्रसाद मिश्र

Important Points

• कठपुतली  - डोरी से बांधकार नचाई जाने वाली काठ की पुतली, दूसरो के इशारे पर काम करने वाली

Additional Information

• भवानीप्रसाद मिश्र की प्रमुख कृतियाँ -
• गीत फरोश,
• चकित है दुख,
• गाँधी पंचशती,
• अँधेरी कविताएँ,
• बुनी हुई रस्सी,
• व्यक्तिगत,
• खुशबू के शिलालेख,
• परिवर्तन जिए,
• त्रिकाल संध्या,
• अनाम तुम आते हो,
• इदं न मम्,

काका कालेलकर ने नदियों को लोकमाता कहा है।

Key Points

• जल ही जीवन है। ये नदियाँ हमें जल प्रदान कर जीवनदान देती हैं। ये नदियाँ लोगों के लिए कल्याणी एवं माता के समान पवित्र हैं।
• मनुष्य के लिए ही नहीं, बल्कि पशु-पक्षी, पेड़-पौधों आदि के लिए बहुत जरूरी है। इस प्रकार नदियाँ हमारे लिए कल्याणकारी हैं। **यही कारण है कि काका कालेलकर ने उन्हें लोकमाता कहा है।**​

Additional Information

• काका कालेलकर की किताबे -
• हिमालय प्रवास, यात्रा, उस पार के पडोसी आदि।
• लोकमाता - सभी की माता
• कल्याणकारी -  शुभ करने वाला

'दादी माँ' कहानी के लेखक हैं:शिवप्रसाद सिंह

Key Points

• रचना- 'दादी माँ'
• रचनाकार - शिवप्रसाद सिंह
• विधा - कहानी

Important Points

• शिवप्रसाद सिंह की रचनाएं-
• ​दादी मां',
• कर्मनाशा की हार',
• 'धतूरे का फूल',
• 'नन्हों',
• 'एक यात्रा सतह के नीचे',
• 'राग गूजरी',
• 'मुरदा सराय'

Additional Information

• दादी माँ शिव प्रसाद सिंह जी द्वारा लिखी गयी एक प्रसिद्ध कहानी है ,जिसमें आपने अपनी दादी की मृत्यु के बाद ,उनके साथ बिताये हुए समय को याद करता है।
• यह कहानी लेखक को उनकी मृत्यु के बाद भी उनकी दादी के प्रति गहरी आत्मीयता और निकटता की भावना प्रस्तुत करती है।

काव्य पंक्तियाँ हम पंछी उन्मुक्त गगन के कविता से ली गई हैं।

Key Points

• रचना- हम पंछी उन्मुक्त गगन के
• रचनाकार -  श्री शिवमंगल सिंह 'सुमन'
• विधा - कविता

Important Points

• श्री शिवमंगल सिंह 'सुमन' की रचनाएं -
• ​हिल्लोल
• जीवन के गान
• प्रलय-सृजन
• विश्वास बढ़ता ही गया

Additional Information

• प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ श्री शिवमंगल सिंह 'सुमन' द्वारा रचित 'हम पंछी उन्मुक्त गगन के' नामक कविता से उद्धृत हैं।
• इन पंक्तियों में पक्षियों के माध्यम से परतंत्रता के कष्टमय जीवन से अवगत कराया गया है।
• पक्षी कह रहे हैं कि हम सोने के इस पिंजरे में कैद होकर अपनी तीव्रता और उड़ने की कला सब कुछ भूल गए हैं।
• स्वर्ण - श्रृंखला - सोने की कड़ी
• उन्मुक्त - आज़ाद

सही उत्तर है - विप्लव - गायन

Key Points

• 'कण-कण में है व्याप्त वही स्वर, रोम-रोम गाता है वह ध्वनि' जैसी पंक्तियां बालकृष्ण शर्मा की कविता 'विप्लव-गायन' से ली गई हैं।
• कवि बालकृष्ण शर्मा ‘नवीन’ जी ने अपनी इस कविता में लोगों से सामाजिक बुराईयों और पाखंडों की ज़ंजीरें तोड़कर प्रगति के मार्ग पर बढ़ने का आह्वान किया है।
• भावार्थ: कवि कहते हैं कि संसार के हर एक कण में क्रांति का गीत समा गया है, हर दिशा से उसी की प्रतिध्वनि आ रही है।

Important Pointsबाल कृष्ण शर्मा -

• (8 दिसम्बर 1897 – 29 अप्रैल 1960),
• जिन्हें नवीन उपनाम से जाना जाता है,
• एक भारतीय स्वतंत्रता सेनानी, पत्रकार, राजनीतिज्ञ और हिन्दी साहित्य के कवि थे।
• काव्य-संग्रह :
• कुंकुम (1936 ई.),
• अपलक (1951 ई.),
• रश्मिरेखा (1952 ई.),
• क्वासि (1952 ई.),
• विनोबा स्तवन (1955 ई.),
• उर्मिला (1957 ई.)
• कविताएं -
• अरे तुम हो काल के भी काल
• विप्लव गायन
• हम अनिकेतन
• ओस बिंदु सम ढरके
• असिधारा पथ
• शिखर पर
• मंद ज्योति आदि।

Additional Information

काव्य पंक्तियों से कवि का तात्पर्य है**:घमंड नहीं करना चाहिए**

Key Points

• रचना - एक तिनका
• रचनाकार - अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय 'हरिऔध'
• विधा - कविता

Important Points

• अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय 'हरिऔध' की रचनाएं -
• प्रिय प्रवास (1914 ई .)
• कवि सम्राट
• वैदेही वनवास (1940 ई .)
• पारिजात (1937 ई .)
• रस-कलश (1940 ई .)
• चुभते चौपदे (1932 ई.)
• चोखे चौपदे (1924 ई .)

Additional Information

• 'एक तिनका' कविता में घमंडी को उसकी 'समझ' ने चेतावनी दी ऐंठता तू किसलिए इतना रहा एक तिनका है बहत तेरे लिए ।
• काव्यांश के माध्यम से कवि ने यह संदेश दिया है कि अहंकार नहीं करना चाहिए । क्योंकि एक छोटा-सा तिनका भी अगर आँख में पड़ जाए तो मनुष्य को बेचैन कर देता है।

उपर्युक्त काव्य पंक्तियों के रचियता हैं:रसखान

Key Points

• पाठ्य पुस्तक  - ‘साहित्य वैभव’
• शीर्षक - ‘रसखान के सवैये’
• रचयिता - रसखान
• विधा - सवैया

Important Points

• रसखान की रचनाएं -
• ​सुजान. रसखान',
• 'प्रेम. वाटिका'
• 'दानलीला'

Additional Information

• ​गुंज की माल - समृद्ध,संपन्न
• पितंबर - पीले कपड़े
• लकुटी - छड़ी

परित्यक्त चीनी किले का उल्लेख ल्हासा की ओर रचना में मिलता है

Key Points

• रचना -  ल्हासा की ओर
• रचनाकार -  राहुल सांकृत्यायन
• विधा -  यात्रा वृतांत

Important Points

• राहुल सांकृत्यायन की अन्य रचनाएं -
• घुमक्कड़ शास्त्र, सतमी के बच्चे, वोल्गा से गंगा, जीने के लिए

Additional Information

• इस यात्रा वृतांत में लेखक राहुल सांकृत्यायन ने अपनी तिब्बत यात्रा का वर्णन किया है।
• इसी यात्रा वृतांत में उन्होंने परित्यक्त चीनी किलों का भी वर्णन किया है, जो कभी चीनी सेना के आश्रय स्थल थे और जहां पर चीनी सेना रहती थी।

कविता 'भोर और बरखा' में 'गउवन के रखवारे' का अर्थ है**:गौओं की रखवाली करने वाले**।

Key Points

• भोर और बरखा ‘ की कवियत्री ‘ मीरा बाई ‘ हैं।
• कवियत्री ‘ मीरा बाई ‘ अपनी कृष्ण भक्ति के लिए जानी जाती हैं।

Important Points

• भोर = सुबह
• बरखा = वर्षा

Additional Information

• मीराबाई की प्रमुख रचनाएं
• ​ नरसी का मायरा , राग सोरठा के पद , राग गोविंद आदि हैं।

बंद गली का आखिरी मकान जाबिर हुसैन  की रचना नही है। 

Key Points

• रचना - बंद गली का आखिरी मकान
• रचनाकार- धर्मवीर भारती
• विधा - कहानी संग्रह

Important Points

• धर्मवीर भारती की प्रमुख रचनाएं 
• ठंडा लोहा, कनुप्रिया, गुनाहों का देवता, सूरज का सातवाँ घोडा

Additional Information

• जाबिर हुसैन  की रचनाएं 
• डोला बीबी का मजार, अतीत का चेहरा, लोगां, एक नदी रेत भरी

'बूढ़े धुनिया ने मिर्जई पोशाक पहन रखी थी।

Key Points

• रचना -'टोपी'
• रचनाकार- संजय
• विधा - लोककथा

Additional Information

• संजय की कहानी “टोपी” एक लोक कथा है।
• इस कहानी के द्वारा लेखक ने सामाजिक समस्याओं को उजागर करने का प्रयास किया है।
• लेखक ने इस कहानी में एक नन्हीं गौरैया के दृढ़ निश्चय और प्रयासों का वर्णन किया है और लेखक के अनुसार प्रत्येक व्यक्ति नन्ही गौरैया से प्रेरित हो सकता है और अपने जीवन को सफल और अर्थ-पूर्ण बना सकता है।

तोत्तो चान और वासुकी चान अपूर्व अनुभव रचना से संबंधित पात्र हैं

Key Points

• रचना- अपूर्व अनुभव
• रचनाकार-  तेत्सुको कुरियानागी
• हिंदी अनुवाद - पूर्वा याज्ञिक कुशवाहा
• विधा - संस्मरण (जापानी)
• अन्य विकल्प असंगत है

Additional Information

• अपूर्व अनुभव पाठ की विधा संस्मरण है। एक लड़की तोत्तो-चान जो अपने विकलांग मित्र यासुकी-चान को पेड़ पर चढ़ाकर दूर तक की सुंदरता दिखाना चाहती है। तोत्तो-चान ने अपने मित्र यासुकी-चान को बिना किसी को बताए अपने पेड़ पर चढ़ने का निमंत्रण दिया।

'सुनत जोग लागत है ऐसौ, ज्‍यौं करुई ककरी।' पंक्ति के आधार पर योग को कड़वी ककड़ी समान बताया है।

Key Points

• प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों के रचनाकार सूरदास जी है।
• प्रस्तुत पदों के आधार पर स्पष्ट है कि गोपियाँ योग-साधना को नीरस, व्यर्थ और अवांछित मानती हैं।
• गोपियों के दृष्टि में योग उस कड़वी ककड़ी के सामान है जिसे निगलना बड़ा ही मुश्किल है।

Additional Information

• प्रस्तुत पदों में योग-साधना के ज्ञान को निरर्थक बताया गया है। यह ज्ञान गोपियों के अनुसार अव्यवाहरिक और अनुपयुक्त है। उनके अनुसार यह ज्ञान उनके लिए कड़वी ककड़ी के समान है जिसे निगलना बड़ा ही मुश्किल है।

'झांसी की रानी' कविता में 'किंतु कालगति चुपके-चुपके काली घटा घेर लाई' पंक्ति के माध्यम से कहा गया है**:राजा की मृत्यु हो गयी थी।**

Key Points

• इस पंक्ति में झांसी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के पति गंगाधर राव की मृत्यु की घटना की ओर संकेत किया गया है।
• रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के पति गंगाधर राव की मृत्यु के बाद झांसी की रानी के जीवन में अंधेरा छा गया था। इसी वजह से इस पंक्ति में काली घटा का इस्तेमाल किया गया है।
• अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Additional Information

• राजा की मत्यु से रानी के जीवन में दुख का अंधकार छा गया उसके जीवन की सारी खुशियॉं चली गई और उसके जीवन में कठिनाइयॉं ऐसे आ गईं जैसे काली घटा छा गई हो।

सुजान चरित - घनानंद असंगत युग्म है:

Key Points

• रचना-सुजान चरित
• रचनाकार- सूदन
• कवि सूदन द्वारा रचित 'सुजान-चरित' ग्रंथ ऐसे वीर-काव्य का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है, जिसकी मूल भावना वीरता का प्रकटीकरण है।
• इस काव्य-ग्रंथ का नायक अठारहवीं शताब्दी का प्रसिद्ध राजा सूरजमल (1707-1763 ई.) है।

Confusion Points

• घनानंद की रचना 'सुजान हित' है।
• इसमें 507 पद हैं।
• इन में सुजान के प्रेम,रूप,विरहआदि क��� वर्णन हुआ है।

Important Points

• सूदन की एकमात्र वीररस प्रधान कृति 'सुजानचरित्र' जिसकी रचना उन्होंने अपने आश्रयदाता सुजानसिंह की प्रशंसा में रची थी।
• इस प्रबंध काव्य में संवत्‌ 1802 से लेकर संवत्‌ 1810 वि. के बीच सुजानसिंह द्वारा किए गए ऐतिहासिक युद्धों का विशद वर्णन किया गया है।
• 'सुजानचरित्र' में अध्यायों का नाम 'जंग' दिया गया है।

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्प संगत है

'हम पंछी उन्मुक्त गगन के' कविता के रचयिता हैं:शिवमंगल सिंह सुमन

Key Points

• रचना- हम पंछी उन्मुक्त गगन के'
• रचनाकार- शिवमंगल सिंह सुमन
• विधा - कविता

Important Points

• शिवमंगल सिंह सुमन की अन्य कविताएँ -
• हिल्लोल (1939), जीवन के गान (1942), युग का मोल (1945), प्रलय सृजन (1950),विश्वास बढ़ता ही गया (1948), विध्य हिमालय (1960), मिट्टी की बारात (1972)
• उन्मुक्त - आज़ाद

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्प -

'भगवान के डाकिए' नामक रचना है:कविता 

Key Points

• रचना -'भगवान के डाकिए
• रचनाकार- रामधारी सिंह दिनकर
• विधा - कविता

Important Points

• रामधारी सिंह दिनकर की अन्य कविताएँ-
• हिमालय, अरुणोदय, तक़दीर का बँटवारा, आग की भीख, दिल्ली, जवानी का झंडा, वसंत के नाम पर, प्रभाती आदि

Additional Information

'क्या निराश हुआ जाए' के लेखक हैं:हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी

Key Points

• रचना- 'क्या निराश हुआ जाए'
• रचनाकार- हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी
• विधा -निबंध

Important Points

• हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी के कुछ अन्य निबंध एवं निबंध संग्रह -
• निबंध
• कल्पतरु, गतिशील चिंतन, साहित्य सहचर, नाखून क्यों बढ़ते हैैं, अशोक के फूल, देवदारू, बसंत आ गया, वर्षा घनपति से घनश्याम तक, मेरी जन्मभूमि, घर जोड़ने की माया आदि।
• निबन्ध संग्रह
• अशोक के फूल (1950), कल्‍पलता (1951), मध्यकालीन धर्मसाधना (1952), विचार और वितर्क (1957), विचार-प्रवाह (1959), कुटज (1964), आलोक पर्व (1972) साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार आदि।
• हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी को साहित्य एवं शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में सन 1957 में पद्म भूषण से सम्मानित किया गया। आलोक पर्व निबन्ध संग्रह के लिए साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार भी प्राप्त हुआ।

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्प** -**

प्रस्तुत काव्य पंक्तियाँ दीवानों की हस्ती नामक कविता से अवतरित है। 

Key Points

• कविता - दीवानों की हस्ती
• रचनाकार -भगवती चरण वर्मा

Important Points

• भगवती चरण वर्मा  जी की प्रमुख कृतियाँ -
• ‘महाकाल’, ‘कर्ण’, ‘मधुकण’, ‘प्रेम-संगीत’ आदि।
• हिंदी साहित्य के क्षेत्र में अपने अद्भुत योगदान हेतु इन्हें सन् 1961 में साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार दिया गया।
• आबाद - संपन्न, खुशहाल
• बंधन - कैद

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्प -

सही  उत्तर  है -  रीवा 

• 'बस की यात्रा श्री हरिशंकर परसाई द्वारा लिखा गया एक श्रेष्ठ व्यंग्य है।

Key Points‘बस की यात्रा’

• ‘बस की यात्रा’ नामक यह पाठ एक यात्रा-वृत्तान्त है जो व्यंग्यात्मक शैली में लिखा गया है।
• इस पाठ के माध्यम से यह बताया गया है कि प्राइवेट बस कंपनियों के मालिक कैसी-कैसी खटारा बसें चलाते हैं।
• वे अधिकाधिक मुनाफ़ा कमाने के चक्कर में यात्रियों की जान के साथ खिलवाड़ करने में भी संकोच नहीं करते।

Additional Information  हरिशंकर परसाई​

• प्रमुख रचनाएं
• कहानी–संग्रह: हँसते हैं रोते हैं, जैसे उनके दिन फिरे, भोलाराम का जीव।
• उपन्यास: रानी नागफनी की कहानी, तट की खोज, ज्वाला और जल।
• संस्मरण: तिरछी रेखाएँ।
• हरिशंकर परसाई के व्यंग्य 'शिकायत मुझे भी है'
• व्यंग्य लेखन से हिंदी साहित्य को समृद्ध बनाने और हरिशंकर परसाई बहुमूल्य योगदान के लिए उन्हें 1982 में साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया।

Important Points

• यात्रावृत्तान्त  किसी स्थान में बाहर से आये व्यक्ति या व्यक्तियों के अनुभवों के बारे में लिखे वृतान्त को कहते हैं।

सही  उत्तर  है -  सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला 

• ध्वनि कविता सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला  द्वारा रचित है।

Key Points

• कवि उन पुष्पों को हरा-भरा बनाए रखने के लिए उन्हें अपने नवजीवन के अमृत से सींचना चाहता है।

Additional Information

 लेखक परिचय- सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी 'निराला'

• सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी 'निराला' हिन्दी कविता के छायावादी युग के चार प्रमुख स्तंभों में से एक माने जाते हैं।
• वे जयशंकर प्रसाद, सुमित्रानंदन पंत और महादेवी वर्मा के साथ हिन्दी साहित्य में छायावाद के प्रमुख स्तंभ माने जाते हैं।
• निराला की प्रथम रचना के रूप में प्रसिद्ध 'जूही की कली' शीर्षक कविता,
• उनकी प्रमुख काव्य-रचनाएँ हैं- 'परिमल', 'गीतिका', 'अनामिका', 'तुलसीदास', 'कुकुरमुत्ता', 'अणिमा', 'अपरा', 'बेला', 'नये पत्ते', 'आराधना', 'अर्चना' आदि।
• गद्य रचनाओं मे 'लिली', “चतुरी-चमार', 'अलका', 'प्रभावती', 'अप्सरा', तथा 'निरुपमा' आदि उनकी श्रेष्ठ गद्य-रचनाएँ हैं।

Important Points

• सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी 'निराला' को उनके मरणोपरांत भारत के प्रति��्ठित सम्मान “पद्मभूषण“ से सम्मानित किया गया।

सही  उत्तर  है -सूर के पद - वात्सल्य

Key Points 

• सूरदास द्वारा रचित इन पदों में गोपियों की कृष्ण के प्रति एकनिष्ठ प्रेम, भक्ति, आसक्ति और स्नेहमयता प्रकट हुई है
• जिस पर किसी अन्य का असर अप्रभावित रह जाता है ।

Additional Information

• कबीर ने किसी एक भाषा का प्रयोग नहीं किया है।
• उनकी बोलियों में हिन्दी, उर्दू, फारसी आदि कई भाषाओं का सम्मिश्रण तो मिलता ही है । ,
• साथ ही साथ खड़ीबोली, अवधी, भोजपुरी, पंजाबी, मारवाड़ी आदि उप-भाषाओं का भी प्रचुर प्रयोग किया है।"
• कबीर ने अपनी साखियाँ सधुक्कड़ी भाषा में लिखी है।इनकी भाषा मिली-जुली है।

Important Points

• ध्वनि' कविता श्री सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी 'निराला' द्वारा लिखित एक उत्साहवर्धक कविता है।
• कवि का मानना है कि अभी मेरा अंत नहीं हो सकता. अभी-अभी तो मेरे वन रूपी जीवन में सुकुमार शिशु के समान वसंत का आगमन हुआ है.

सही उत्तर है -  सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला

Key Points सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी 'निराला

• ' हिन्दी कविता के छायावादी युग के चार प्रमुख स्तंभों में से एक माने जाते हैं।
• वे जयशंकर प्रसाद, सुमित्रानंदन पंत और महादेवी वर्मा के साथ हिन्दी साहित्य में छायावाद के प्रमुख स्तंभ माने जाते हैं।
• निराला की प्रथम रचना के रूप में प्रसिद्ध 'जूही की कली' शीर्षक कविता,
• उनकी प्रमुख काव्य-रचनाएँ हैं- 'परिमल', 'गीतिका', 'अनामिका', 'तुलसीदास', 'कुकुरमुत्ता', 'अणिमा', 'अपरा', 'बेला', 'नये पत्ते', 'आराधना', 'अर्चना' आदि।
• गद्य रचनाओं मे 'लिली', “चतुरी-चमार', 'अलका', 'प्रभावती', 'अप्सरा', तथा 'निरुपमा' आदि उनकी श्रेष्ठ गद्य-रचनाएँ हैं।
• सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी 'निराला' को उनके मरणोपरांत भारत के प्रतिष्ठित सम्मान “पद्मभूषण“ से सम्मानित किया गया।

Additional Information भगवतीचरण वर्मा मुख्य रचनाएँ

• 'चित्रलेखा', 'भूले बिसरे चित्र', 'सीधे सच्ची बातें', 'सबहि नचावत राम गुसाई', 'अज्ञात देश से आना',
• 'आज मानव का सुनहला प्रात है', 'मेरी कविताएँ', 'मेरी कहानियाँ', 'मोर्चाबन्दी', 'वसीयत'।

 रामधारी सिंह दिनकर​

• राष्ट्रवाद अथवा राष्ट्रीयता को इनके काव्य की मूल-भूमि मानते हुए इन्हे 'युग-चारण' व 'काल के चारण' की संज्ञा दी गई है।
• उनकी प्रसिद्ध रचनाएं उर्वशी, रश्मिरथी, रेणुका, संस्कृति के चार अध्याय, हुंकार, सामधेनी, नीम के पत्ते हैं
• उन्हें पद्म विभूषण की उपाधि से भी अलंकृत किया गया।
• उनकी पुस्तक संस्कृति के चार अध्याय के लिये साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार तथा

​ Important Points

• उर्वशी के लिये भारतीय ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार प्रदान किया गया।