KVS Librarian 6 March 2023 Shift 1 (Library Science) Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The Correct answer is RRRLF:

Key Points

• RRRLF:
• ​RRRLF is a Central Autonomous Organization established and fully financed by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• It is registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act 1961.
• Established in 1972, its headquarter is in Kolkata, and was declared the nodal agency for the National Mission on Libraries for administrative, logistic, planning, and budgeting purposes.
• RRRLF's Publications:
• Indian Libraries: Trends and Perspectives
• Raja Rammohun Roy and the New Learning
• Directory of Indian Public Libraries
• Granthana - Indian Journal of Library Studies (bi-annual)
• RRRLF Newsletter (bi-monthly).

Additional Information

• NISCAIR:
• The NISCAIR) was an information science institute in India founded in 2002 by the merger of NISCOM and (INSDOC
• In 2021, the institute was merged with the National Institute of Science, Technology, and Development Studies to form the National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research  (NIScPR).
• It operated under the umbrella of CSIR.
• Services and Activities of NISCAIR.
• National Science Library (NSL).
• Development of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)
• National Science Digital Library.
• National Library of India:
• ​The National Library is under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• After independence, the Government of India changed the name of the Imperial Library to the National Library by the Imperial Library (Change of Name) Act, of 1948.
• On 1 February 1953, the National Library was opened to the public by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
• ​Delhi Public Library:
• ​The Delhi Public Library (DPL) was established in 1951 by the Ministry of Education, Government of India with financial and technical assistance from UNESCO.
• At present, the Delhi Public Library is functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• Delhi Public Library publishes two magazines, namely '**Pustakalaya Bharti' and 'Bhartiya Lok Deepika'.**​

Confusion Points

• National Mission on Libraries has been set up by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, on May 2012.
• The National Mission for Manuscripts was established in February 2003, by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India.

The Correct answer is Edward Goldston:

Key Points

• The Book Five Laws of Library Science was authored by S R Ranganathan and first published in 1931 and the first publisher was Edward Goldston Ltd.
• **Today it is published by **Ess Ess publication     

Additional Information

• These laws, as presented in Ranganathan's The Five Laws of Library Science, are:
• Books are for use.
• Every person his or her book.
• Every book its reader.
• Save the time of the reader.
• A library is a growing organism.

The correct answer is 2009

Key Points

• The Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed the Arunachal Pradesh Public Libraries Act (Act No. 6 of 2009) which received the assent of the Governor on 31 August 2009 and came into existence.
• Some Salient Features of the act are:
• There shall be a ‘Library Planning Committee’ with the Minister in charge as Chairman.
• Make compulsory enrolment of every student in the public libraries on reaching standard eight.
• Creation of the Department of Public Libraries with a full-time Director.
• No provision for cess.

​

Additional Information Other Library acts

The Correct answer is (iii), (ii), (iv), (i)

Key Points

• List of public libraries acts in India
• Madras Public Libraries Act, 1948
• Andhra Pradesh Public Libraries Act, 1960
• Karnataka Public Libraries Act, 196
• Maharashtra​ Public Libraries Act, 1967
• West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979
• Manipur Public Libraries Act, 1988
• Kerala Public Libraries Act, 1989
• Haryana Public Libraries Act, 1989
• Mizoram public libraries Act, 1993
• Goa Public Libraries Act; 1993
• Gujrat Public Libraries Act, 2001
• Orissa Public Libraries Act, 2001
• Uttarakhand Public Libraries Act,2005
• Rajasthan Public Libraries Act, 2006
• Uttar Pradesh Public Libraries Act, 2006
• Bihar Public Libraries Act, 2008
• Chhattisgarh Public Libraries Act, 2009
• Arunachal Pradesh Public Libraries Act, 2009\
• Telangana Public Libraries Act, 2015

The Correct answer is the Subject of small extension and great intention;

Key Points

• According to S R Ranganathan, 'Micro Subject' refers to a Subject of small extension and great intention.
• The micro subject covers a relatively limited range of topics but has significant depth and intention in terms of the depth of understanding, analysis, and exploration of those topics.

Additional Information

• A complex subject is formed by the combination of two or more subjects (simple or compound subjects) or two or more facets.
• Compound subject: A subject composed of a basic class and one or more isolates.
• Basic subject: A subject which is usually a main class or the first facet in the facet formula. It is a subject without an isolate idea.

The correct answer is Without place:

Key Points

• A library catalog or catalog is a systematic list of materials held by a library or a group of libraries.
• There are some standard abbreviations for when some of this information is unknown:
• [s.l.] stands for “sine loco,” which is Latin for “without a place.”
• [s.n.] stands for “sine nomine,” which is Latin for “without a name.”
• [n.d.] stands for “no date.”

Additional Information

• Some tips for interpreting the catalog records in the Classic Catalogue.
• [Square brackets] indicate that information is supplied by the cataloguer, rather than transcribed directly from the book. In the page numbering, square brackets indicate un-numbered pages.
• [sic] is a Latin term meaning “thus” or “in this way.” It is used to indicate that a typo or other error is copied directly from the book, not made by the cataloguer.
• Uniform Title. For works whose titles may have changed across multiple editions. Uniform Title provides access to all of the versions of a work under a single heading.
• Imprint. Where, by whom, and when a book was published or printed?
• Description. The most basic physical description of a book, including the number of pages or volumes, whether or not it is illustrated, and the height of the book on the shelf.

the correct answer is Name Section:

Key PointsMain Entry of Classified Catalogue: CCC defines the main entry as a specific entry giving maximum information about the whole of a document. 

• Structure of main entry according to CCC 5th E.d
• According to Rule MB0 of CCC, the sections of the main entry of the classified catalog consist of the following sections:
• Leading section
• Heading section
• Title Section
• Note section, if any
• Accession number; and
• Tracing.
• Out of the above six sections, the first five sections are recorded on the front side of the catalogue card and the sixth section i.e. tracing is recorded on the back of the card.

The correct answer is S.R. Ranganathan:

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Key Points

• S. R. Ranganathan:
• ​Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan (9 August 1892 – 27 September 1972) was a librarian and mathematician from India.
• His most notable contributions to the field were his five laws of library science and the development of the first major faceted classification system, the colon classification.
• He is considered to be the father of library science, documentation, and information science in India and is widely known throughout the rest of the world for his fundamental thinking in the field.
• His Notable works include:
• Prolegomena to Library Classification
• The Five Laws of Library Science
• Colon Classification
• Ramanujan: the Man and the Mathematician
• Classified Catalogue Code: With Additional Rules for Dictionary
• Library Administration
• Indian Library Manifesto
• Library Manual for Library Authorities, Librarians, and Library Workers
• Classification and Communication
• Headings and Canons; Comparative Study of Five Catalogue Codes​

Additional Information

• B.S. Kesvan:
• ​Bellary Shamanna Kesavan was the first National Librarian of independent India.
• He is also known as the Father of the Indian National Bibliography,
• He became the first Director of the INSDOC in New Delhi.
• Krishna Kumar:
• Book Research Methods in Library and Information Science(Revised Edition) is written by him.
• Library Administration and Management is also authored by him.
• Prithvi Nath Kaula:
• ​Prithvi Nath Kaula (1924-2009) was an Indian librarian, Library and Information Sciences specialist.
• Kaula authored sixty books and monographs, six professional journals (founder-editor), over 400 scholarly journals, over 400 peer reviews, 43 bibliographies, and 6000 notes.
• Kaula was also the recipient of the Padma Shri award in the year 2004.

The Correct answer is the Principle of Later - in - Evolution:

Key Points

• In Colon Classification, the sequence of 'Specials' in the Basic class 'Medicine' is chosen according to the principle of Later-in - Evolution.
• This principle is based on the idea that the subject matter of a discipline evolves over time and the Latest developments are more important than earlier ones.

Additional Information

• Ranganathan (Prolegomena, FA2) has formulated the following eight principles for arranging entities of an array in a helpful way
• Principle of Later-in-Time:(Chronological Sequence): Entities in an array may be arranged in a chronological or historical sequence.
• P**rinciple of Later-in-Evolution (**Evolutionary order): Related principle is of Later-in Evolution. Some entities can be arranged as they have evolved: animals can be arranged from amoeba to mammals; plants are arranged from Thallophyta to Dicotyledons
• Principle of Spatial Contiguity: If the entities exist in space their arrangement should be near to one another
• Principles for Quantitative Measure: It recommends that if entities are associated with some quantity, then these may be arranged in the order of their increasing quantity
• Principle of Increasing Complexity: It lays down that the entities may be arranged in the order of their increasing complexity, e.g., Linguistic elements can be arranged as syllables, words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, chapters, books, and so on.
• Principle of Canonical Sequence: if there is any traditional sequence of entities then it may be followed
• Principle of Literary Warrant: Entities can be arranged according to their popularity of use,
• Principle of Alphabetical Sequence: the entities may be arranged in alphabetical order

The correct answer is Table - 5:

Key Points

• The tables are provided in Volume I of DDC.
• The following seven tables appear in the 19th editionof DDC:
• Table 1 : Standard Subdivision
• Table 2 : Areas
• Table 3 : Subdivisions of Individual Literatures
• Table 4 : Subdivisions of Individual Languages
• Table 5 : Racial, Ethnic, National Groups
• Table 6 : Languages
• Table 7 : Persons
• Of these seven tables, the Areas table occupies most number of pages in this volume.

Additional Information

• The nineteenth edition contains the same seven tables of the eighteenth edition.
• The seventeenth edition had only two tables: Area table and standard subdivisions.
• The nineftnth edition of DDC appeared in 1979.
• DDC 19th edition appeared in three volumes:
• Volume 1 - Introduction: Tables;
• Volume 2 - Schedules; and
• Volume 3 - Relative Index.
• 19th ed was the fourth and final edition to appear under the editorship of Benjamin Custer.

The Correct answer is Whole - organ Principle:

Key Points

• Whole-Organ principle:
• ​If a facet is a part or organ of another whole entity then the obvious and logical sequence is Whole-Organ.
• For example, Parliament-LokSabha-Committees or
  

University-Faculty-School-Class-Section.

• Its corollary is the Whole-Part principle. The resulting order is hierarchical, which is considered natural and scientific.

Additional Information

• Wall-Picture principle:
• It states that of the two or more facets, if one depends on the other for its operation or existence then the dependent must follow the independent.
• A picture in a mural cannot exist without a wall. Hence the name of the principle.
• Of the two facets disease and treatment, there cannot be any treatment without the disease. Hence the disease—treatment sequence.
• ​Cow-Calf principle:
• It may also be stated as the Mother-Infant principle.
• Entities, though independent in themselves, should be kept together without any intervening facet.
• Actand-Action-Actor-Tool principle:
• This compounded principle is geared toward services when many facets are to be arranged. Here actand is the object on which the action takes place, actor is the doer and the tool is the instrument used for performing the action.

The correct answer is "Complex Subject".

Key Points

• Complex Subject -
• A complex subject is a subject that has more than one characteristic.
• For example - "unemployed carpenters" is a complex subject because it has more than one characteristic (employment status and occupation).

​ 

Additional Information

• Compound Subject - 
• A subject having a basic subject (basic facet) and one or more isolated ideas or concepts (isolate facet) as its components is called a Compound Subject.
• For Example - The mining of gold, the Chemistry of gold, the Biblical study of animals, the Botanical study of flows, etc.

The correct answer is OCLC:

Key Points

• FAST (Faceted Application of Subject Terminology) is derived from the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH).
• The development of FAST has been a collaboration of OCLC Research and the Library of Congress.
• Work on FAST began in late 1998.
• FAST was developed in large part to meet the need for a general-use subject terminology scheme, which is:
• simple to learn and apply,
• faceted-navigation friendly,
• modern in its design, and
• maintains upward compatibility with LCSH.
• Some FAST Applications:
• searchFAST
• FAST Converter
• assign FAST
• FAST Linked Data

Additional Information

• IFLA:
• IFLA was founded in Scotland in 1927 with headquarters at the National Library of the Netherlands in The Hague.
• Divisions of  IFLA:
• Library Types (Division I)
• Library Collections (Division II)
• Library Services (Division III)
• Support of the Profession (Division IV)
• Regions (Division V)
• IFLA operates six strategic programs:
• Committee on Standards
• Copyright and Other Legal Matters (CLM) Advisory Committee
• Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Advisory Committee
• Library Development Programme (LDP)
• Strategic Programme on Preservation and Conservation (PAC)
• UNIMARC Strategic Programme
• American Library Association:
• ​The American Library Association (ALA) was established in 1876.
• Notable offices of ALA:
• Office of Intellectual Freedom (OIF)
• Office for Accreditation (OA)
• Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services
• Office for Information Technology Policy (OITP)
• ALA Editions (book publishing).
• CILIP:
• It was established in 2002 as a merger of the Library Association (LA, sometimes LAUK) and the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS).
• CILIP launched a monthly journal, Information Professional in 2017.
• CILIP publications also include Lisjobnet (a recruitment website), and Facet Publishing (professional books)

The Correct answer is Language, Form, Author, Work:

Key Points

• In Literature there are four facets and the Sequence of these facets is Language, Form Author and Work.

​Postulates of Facet Sequence:

• ​Ranganathan has given five postulates of facet sequence.
• ​Postulate of First facet:In any compound subject first facet should be basic facet.
• Postulate of Concreteness:The five fundamental categories are arranged in order of P,M,E,S,T only this means they appear in order of decreasing concreteness.
• **Postulate of facet sequence within a round:**In a compound subject if P M E occur in any round, they should be arranged in order of P M and E.
• Postulate of facet sequence within the last round: It states that in the last round of compound subjects, in which each of the fundamental categories other than Energy may occur ,and occur only once, the sequence.
• Postulate of level cluster: The last postulate for the sequence of facets states that different levels of the same fundamental category within a round should be kept together.

The correct answer is (A), (B) and (C) are correct:

Key Points

• The DSpace project was initiated in July 2000 as part of the HP-MIT alliance
• The first public version of DSpace was released in November 2002, as a joint effort between developers from MIT and HP Labs.
• ​Some most important features of DSpace are as follows:
• Free open-source software.
• Completely customizable to fit user needs.
• Manage and preserve all formats of digital content (PDF, Word, JPEG, MPEG, TIFF files)
• Apache SOLR-based search for metadata and full-text contents
• UTF-8 Support
• Interface available in 22 languages.
• Optimized for Google Scholar indexing
• Integration with BASE, CORE, OpenAIRE, Unpaywall, and WorldCat.
• The DSpace Foundation was formed in 2007 as a non-profit organization to provide support to the growing community of institutions that use DSpace.

Additional InformationSome Examples of Institutional Repositories software:

• Archimede: Developed by Laval University Library in Quebec City, Canada.
• CDSware: The CERN Document Server Software (CDSware) is maintained and made publicly available by CERN (The European Organization for Nuclear Research.
• Greenstone: The Greenstone Digital Library (GSDL) software is developed by the University of Waikato.
• Fedora: It is developed at Cornell University and
  

the University of Virginia.

• E-prints: Developed at the University of Southampton, the first version of the system was publicly released
  

in late 2000.

• MyCoRe: MyCoRe grew out of the MILESS project of the University of Essen.

The Correct answer is ​A measure of the data transfer rate:

Key Points

• A "Bandwidth in network" is called "Data Transfer Rate" or simply "Transfer Rate."
• It refers to the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network or communication channel in a given amount of time.​

Additional Information

• The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area they occupy and the number of computers that are part of the network.
• For any two locations in a spatial network, their network distance is the length of the shortest path between these two locations along the network.

Confusion Points

• Bandwidth vs speed;
• ​Bandwidth is how much information you receive every second, while speed is how fast that information is received or downloaded.
• Bandwidth vs latency:
• ​Latency is sometimes referred to as delay or ping rate. It's the lag you experience while waiting for something to load.
• Bandwidth vs throughput:
• ​Throughput is how much information actually gets delivered in a certain amount of time. So if bandwidth is the max amount of data, throughput is how much of that data makes it to its destination – taking latency, network speed, packet loss and other factors into account.

The Correct answer is the Per Capita Method:

Key Points

• Per Capita Method:
• In this method, a minimum amount per head is fixed which is considered essential for providing standard library service.
• The UGC Library Committee recommended that a university should provide Rs. 15 per student and Rs. 200 per teacher for acquiring reading material for its library.
• The Kothari Education Commission (1964-66),
  

recommended that as a norm, a university should spend each year about Rs. 25 for each student and Rs. 300 per teacher.

• Ranganathan suggested that per capita expenditure on university and college libraries should be Rs. 20 per student and Rs. 300 per teacher, or Rs. 50 per student.

Additional Information

• Proportional Method:
• ​This method presupposes that the authorities provide adequate finances to the library out of their regular budget and that a particular minimum limit is fixed.
• The University Education Commission had recommended that 6.5 percent of a university's budget would be a reasonable expenditure on its library (could vary from 6.5 to 10 percent).
• Ranganathan suggested that either 10 percent of the total budget or 6 percent should be earmarked for public library purposes.
• Method of details:
• ​​According to this method, all items of expenditure of a library are accounted for while preparing the financial estimates.
• These are of two types, viz., i) recurring or current expenditure and ii) non-recurring or capital expenditure.
• Ranganathan suggested the circulation of
  

recurring/ current expenditure and nonrecurring/capital expenditure.

• The UGC Library Committee in its report suggested a staff formula for finding out the quantum of library staff members of various categories required for college and university libraries.
• ZBB (Zero-based budgeting):
• ​​It is defined as a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period.
• Zero-based budgeting starts from a "zero base" and this from-scratch
• ZBB was introduced in 1970 by Peter A Phyrr

The Correct answer is Risk Management:

Key Points

• BS ISO 31000 is the international standard for risk management.
• This standard helps organizations with their risk analysis and risk assessments.
• Benefits of this standard:
• Proactively improve operational efficiency and governance
• Build stakeholder confidence in your use of risk techniques
• Apply management system controls to risk analysis to minimize losses
• Improve management system performance and resilience
• Respond to change effectively and protect your business as you grow

Additional Information

• ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of 169 national standards bodies.
• In 1947, ISO officially comes into existence with 67 technical committees.
• The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is India's National Standard Body,  came into existence, through an act of parliament dated 26 November 1986, on 1 April 1987.
• The Indian Standards Institution (ISI) came into being on 06 January 1947 and in June 1947 Dr. Lal C. Verman took over as its first Director.

The Correct answer is National Translation Mission:

Key Points

• Translation Today is a biannual refereed journal published by the National Translation Mission, Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Launched in 2004, this journal is available in print and electronic formats.
• This journal is a member of Crossref. It is indexed in several databases and included in **UGC CARE List. **​

Additional Information

• National Translation Mission:
• The idea of the National Translation Mission (NTM) came originally from Dr Manmohan Singh, the then Prime Minister of India.
• At the moment, the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) is the nodal agency and the chief facilitator for NTM.
• NTM works in coordination with national organizations such as Sahitya Akademi, National Book Trust (NBT), Centre for Scientific and Technical Terminologies (CSTT), C-DAC, etc.
• NISCAIR:
• NISCAIR came into existence on 30th September 2002 following the merger of two establishments of CSIR, i.e.NISCOM and INSDOC.
• Services and Activities of NISCAIR:
• National Science Library (NSL)
• Access to Online Databases.
• Development of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)
• National Science Digital Library etc
• INFLIBNET:
• INFLIBNET Centre (Information and Library Network Centre) is an Inter-University Centre of the University Grants Commission (India) under the Ministry of Education (India).
• It is a major National Programme initiated by the UGC on 27th February 1991 as a project under the IUCAA, it became an independent Inter-University Centre on 16th May 1996.
• The INFLIBNET Centre publishes the following publications regularly:
• Annual Report Current Report.
• INFLIBNET Newsletter: It is a quarterly publication on INFLIBNET's activities.
• Proceedings of Annual Conventions PLANNER and CALIBER:
• Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology:
• Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology was established on October 01, 1961.
• Presently, CSTT is functioning under the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India with its headquarters in New Delhi.

The Correct answer is James I Wyer.

Key Points

• James Wyer has described three different philosophies of Reference Service which are labeled as "Conservative", "Moderate" and "Liberal".
• These only are known as c Middling, and Maximum by Samuel Rothstein.
• Conservative or Minimum:​ Conservative Reference Services approach provides occasional personal assistance to the inexperienced and dazed reader.
• Moderate or Middling: The moderate reference service goes beyond providing mere instruction to actually helping the reader in using the book or finding the document and facts, etc.
• Liberal or Maximum: It includes the provision of providing complete and reliable information to the readers.

Confusion Points

• Ranganathan defines Reference Service as the 'Personalized assistance provided to individual readers in promptly and comprehensively locating documents that precisely match their current interests.'
• Reference Service establishes the contact between the reader and the book by personal service (Ranganathan, 1961).
• A. G. Rugh defined the Reference Service as direct aid to library users who need a particular book or books, or who need some information embodied in any books.
• James, I Wyer gave Conservative", "Moderate" and "Liberal" theory.
• Samuel Rothstein gave minimum, Middling, and Maximum theory.

The Correct answer is Reijo Savolainen.

Key Points

• The concept of everyday life information seeking (ELIS) was coined by Savolainen (1995).
• Savolainen defined the concept of way of life as the “order of things,” which is based on the choices that individuals make. “​​
• As meaningful order doesn't naturally reoccur, individuals must actively maintain it. This action is termed "mastery of life."

Additional Information

• "Everyday Life Information Seeking" refers to the process through which individuals gather, manage, and utilize information as part of their daily routines and activities to make sense of their surroundings and enhance their understanding of their lives.
• Marcia Bates introduced the concept of life information in 1974.
• THEORIES AND MODELS OF ELIS:
• The Sense-Making Approach (Dervin),
• ELIS in the Context of Small World (Chatman),
• The Ecological Model of ELIS (Williamson),
• ELIS in the Context of Way of Life (Savolainen),
• Information Practices (McKenzie),
• Information Grounds (Fisher).
• ​The concept of information encountering information behavior literature was introduced by Sanda Erdelez.
• The Big Six information literacy model was formulated by Mike Eisenberg and Bob Berkowitz.

The Correct answer is UK Library Association's University and  Research Section.

Key Points

• In 1949 the three-stage user education programme was proposed by the UK library association's University and Research Section.
• Mews (1972) defines user education as instruction given to help the users to make the best use of the library.
• Nancy (1984) defines - “User Education is concerned with the library whole information and communication process and one part of this involves the total user interaction.

Additional Information

• The systematic use of the concept of user education owes its origin to Patricia B. Knapp.
• In 1934, Louis Shores introduced the concept of ‘Library Arts College’. This concept gradually evolved into ‘Library College’.
• UNISIST promulgated the UNESCO General Information Programme (PGI) in 1975.
• The first international conference on Library User Education was held at Cambridge in 1979 with the theme ‘Library User Education: Are New Approaches Needed?’. This was followed by the second conference held at Oxford in 1981

Confusion Points

• In 1971, the term “bibliographic instruction” originated with the creation of the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Ad Hoc Committee on Bibliographic Instruction.
• The synonyms of user education are user orientation, library orientation programme, library instruction, user instruction, and information literacy are all one and the same.

The correct answer is "Experimental".

Key Points

• Qualitative Research -
• Qualitative Research is the method that aims to gather and analyze non-numerical descriptive data (qualitative in nature) in order to gain an understanding of individuals' social realities, attitudes, beliefs, and motivations.
• This method is used to explore complex phenomena or to gain insight into people's experiences and perspectives in a specific context on a particular topic.
• The procedures adopted in Qualitative Research are of humanistic nature and are used for phenomena involving sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology, communication studies, social work, folklore, educational research, and software engineering research.
• QualitativeResearch Methodologies include -
• Ethnography Methodology
• Grounded Theory Methodology
• Hermeneutics Methodology
• Discourse Analysis Methodology, and
• interpretative phenomenological analysis

​ 

Additional Information

• Grounded Theory -
• This is a kind of Qualitative Research Methodology that aims at the construction of hypotheses and generating theories through the collection and analysis of data.
• The methodology was developed by two sociologists named Barney Glaser, and Anselm Strauss.
• For example -  the researcher studies the complexities involved in the teaching-learning processes where the sole responsibilities of such processes are shared by learners under the guidance of a teacher.
• Ethnography - 
• This is a kind of Qualitative Research Methodology that aims at the description and interpretation of a cultural or social group or system.
• The method involves prolonged observation of events, one-to-one interviews with the members of the group, and participation of the researcher in the day-to-day lives of the people. corroborated with participant observation can form the base of such a method.
• For Example - the educational processes of a particular tribe or a rural village can be studied by applying ethnography.
• Hermeneutics - 
• This is a kind of Qualitative Research Methodology that aims at exploring the interrelationships between the interpreter, the text, and the context.
• It is concerned with researchers perceiving, making meaning from, and interpreting the text being studied.
• Experimental - 
• This is a kind of Quantitative Research Methodology that aims at conducting the study with a scientific approach using two sets of variables.
• The study involves establishing the cause and probability relation among variables.

The correct answer is OCLC.

Key PointsGreen Glass:

• It is a data-driven decision support tool that empowers the library to take local action on its print serials by leveraging collection data from many libraries.
• It works with major ILSs and helps make decisions for the entire system or specific departments.
• It is an interactive web-based application of OCLC.
• GreenGlass supports libraries and groups in making evidence-based decisions regarding the management of print monograph collections

  Additional Information

• CILIP:
• It was established in 2002 as a merger of the Library Association (LA, sometimes LAUK) and the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS).
• Information Professional is CILIP's member magazine for Information, Knowledge, and Library workers in all sectors.
• Facet Publishing, the commercial publishing and bookselling arm of CILIP.
• Pen&inc. is CILIP's magazine celebrating diversity in children's books.
• ALA:
• ​ALA is the world's oldest and largest library association founded in 1876 with its headquarters in Chicago.
• ALA Divisions;
• American Association of School Librarians (AASL)
• Assn. for Library Service to Children (ALSC)
• Assn. of College & Research Libraries (ACRL)
• Public Library Assn. (PLA)
• Reference & User Services Assn. (RUSA)
• Young Adult Library Services Assn. (YALSA)
• IFLA:
• IFLA was founded in Scotland in 1927 and maintains headquarters at the National Library of the Netherlands in The Hague.
• IFLA operates six strategic programs:
• Committee on Standards.
• Copyright and other Legal Matters (CLM) Advisory Committee.
• Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Advisory Committee.
• Library Development Programme (LDP).
• Strategic Programme on Preservation and Conservation (PAC).
• UNIMARC Strategic Programme.​
• OCLC:
• It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, then became the Online Computer Library Center as it expanded. In 2017, the name was formally changed to OCLC, Inc
• Products and Services of OCLC:
• BIBLIOTHECAplus library management system.
• LBS library management system.
• EZproxy access and authentication software.
• GreenGlass
• SISIS-SunRise library management system
• Wise
• CatExpress cataloging service.
• PiCarta database
• WorldCat.org global catalog.

The Correct answer is S R Ranganathan:

Key Points Popular Quotes of S R Ranganathan:

• "Knowledge is a sum total of information conserved by civilization."
• "Librarianship is a salesmanship"
• "Reference service is the contact between the right reader and right book in the right personal way."

Additional Information

• S.R. Ranganathan-
• He is regarded as the Father of Library Science in India.
• His most notable contribution to the field of library science is his "Five Laws of Library Science".
• He is also recognized for his development of a classification scheme widely known as Colon Classification.
• W.C.B . Sayers;
• ​William Charles Berwick Sayers, an English librarian, and teacher of S.R. Ranganathan made a remarkable contribution to the development of the theory of classification.
• He expanded the outline of the theory contained in this book in three other books, viz., Grammar of Classification (Ed.2, 1915; Ed.4, 1935), Introduction to Library Classification (Ed.1,1918; Ed.9,1958) and Manual of Classification for Librarians & Bibliographers.
• He is referred to as the first grammarian of library classification.
• His Famous Quote is "Library classification is the arrangement of books on shelves or description of them, in the manner which is most useful to those who read."
• Margaret Hutchins-
• ​He was an American librarian and educator.
• Hutchins is believed to be the first to coin the term “reference interview” in her classic text, "Introduction to Reference Work (1944)".
• W. A. Katz-
• He was a librarian, educator, journalist, and author.
• He was widely recognized as a "reference work authority".
• He was an editorial assistant for the American Library Association in Chicago from 1960 to 1964.
• He is famous for saying " Search strategy is looking mirror in the dark."

The correct answer is Kurt Lewin.

Key Points

• In 1951 Kurt Lewin introduced the three-step change model named the Lewin’sThree-Step Change Theory
• The model consists of three steps:
• ​Unfreeze: The first step involves recognizing the need for change and preparing for it. This includes breaking down resistance to change, creating a sense of urgency, and gaining support for the change effort.
• Change: The second step involves making the change. This can involve implementing new processes, systems, or structures and training and communication efforts to support the change.
• Refreeze: The final step involves consolidating and stabilizing the change, ensuring it becomes permanent and integrated into the organization's culture and operations.
• The model is often depicted as a linear process, but it is important to note that change can be iterative and that the steps overlap or occur differently.​

Additional Information

• Rosabeth Moss Kanter:
• ​Kanter's earliest work as a sociologist focused on utopian communities and communes in the United States.
• One article in Management Today cited Rosabeth Kanter as “probably the first woman to attain indisputable management guru status.”
• John Kotter:
• In 2008, he co-founded Kotter International.
• Kotter's model, introduced in "Leading Change" (1996) and further detailed in "The Heart of Change" (2002), outlines eight stages for effective organizational change.
• Kotter is the author of 21 books.
• Kurt Lewin:
• Lewin coined the notion of genidentity.
• Lewin, a former MIT professor, originated the term "action research" around 1944. It surfaces in his 1946 paper "Action Research and Minority Problems."

Important Points

• Important theories of Planned Change:
• Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory.
• Lippitt’s Phases of Change Theory.
• Prochaska and DiClemente’s Change Theory.

The correct answer is (A), (B), and (C) are correct:

Note: The options have been modified as were in the official paper.

Key PointsList of Public Libraries acts in India:

 

Confusion PointsSome Books mention that there is no provision for library cess in Gao but while referring to the official document and RRRLF website we found that there is the provision of Library cess in Goa.

The Correct answer is Trademark.

Key Points

• Trademark:
• ​Any word, phrase, symbol, design, or combination of these that distinguishes your products or services might be considered a trademark.
• The symbol of 'Maharaja of Air India' is a Trademark.
• Other examples include products of Reebok/LG/Whirlpool/Godrej through their logo, which is embossed on their products.

Additional Information

• Copyright:
• ​It refers to the legal right of the owner of intellectual property.
• In simpler terms, copyright is the right to copy i.e. the original creators of products and anyone they give authorization to are the only ones with the exclusive right to reproduce the work.
• Copyright law gives creators of original material the exclusive right to further use and duplicate that material for a given amount of time, at which point the copyrighted item becomes public domain.
• Standard:
• It refers to a widely accepted or established norm or guideline within the context of protecting and regulating intellectual property assets.
• Patent:
• A patent is an exclusive right granted for the protection of an invention. The patent provides its owner the exclusive right over the exploitation of the invention for a limited period of time in return for disclosing the invention to the public.

The Correct answer is Prof. Deepak Pental;

Key Points

• The Ministry of Culture, Government of India set-up the National Mission on Libraries on 5 April 2012.
• The high-level Committee with Prof. Deepak Pental as Chairman.
• National Mission on Libraries (NML) - upgradation of libraries providing service to the public". the  scheme consists of four components:
• Creation of the National Virtual Library of India (NVLI)
• Setting up of NML Model Libraries
• Quantitative & Qualitative Survey of Libraries
• Capacity Building.

Additional Information

• The National Knowledge Commission is a high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, with the objective of transforming India into a knowledge society.
• It was established under the chairmanship of Sam Pitroda on 13th June 2005.
• Dr. Jagdish Arora was the director of INFLIBNET.

Confusion Points

• National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was constituted on 13th June 2005.
• National Informatics Centre (NIC) was established in 1976.
• The National Mission for Manuscripts was established in February 2003.
• National Mission on Libraries has been set up by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, on May 2012.
• DELNET, Developing Library Network was set up as a society in 1992.

The correct answer is William A Katz:

Key Points

• William A. Katz (1969) rightly said that “If the users will not come to the library, the Library must go to the users”.
• This can be regarded, indisputably, as the guiding principle of reference Services.
• He also said Weeding is one of the best suitable techniques available to ensure the long-range usefulness of library collection.

Some Important organizations in India for Persons with Disabilities

• National Institute for Visually Handicapped (NIVH), Dehradun (July 1979).
• National Library for Visually Handicapped, Dehradun (1951).
• National Institute for the Orthopedically Handicapped (NIOH), Library Kolkata (April 1982).
• National Institute for Rehabilitation, Training, and Research (NIRTAR), Cuttack (Feb 24, 1984).
• M.P. Shah All India Talking Book Centre for the Blind.
• Ram Nath Batra Digital Talking Library, New Delhi (1986)

Additional Information

• Samuel Rothstein is known for categorizing Reference Services as Minimum, Middling, and maximum.
• S R Ranganathan is known as the Father of Library science in India.
• Margrette Hutchins coined the term Reference Interview.

The Correct answer is Banglore:

Key Points

• The National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences is a premier medical institution in Bengaluru, India.
• NIMHANS is the apex center for mental health and neuroscience education in the country.
• It is an Institute of National Importance that operates autonomously under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• In 2012, NIMHANS conferred the status of an ‘Institute of National Importance’.
• NIMHANS emerged by merging the former State Mental Hospital and the All India Institute of Mental Health (AIIMH).
• Inaugurated on December 27, 1974, the institute became an autonomous body under the Societies Registration Act, dedicated to advancing medical service and research in the nation.
• The National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences has been ranked 4th among medical institutions in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework medical ranking for 2022.

The Correct answer is Alireza Noruzi

Key Points

• In 2004 Alireza Noruzi applied Ranganathan’s Five Laws to the web in his paper “A**pplication of Ranganathan Laws to the web”.**They are:
• Web resources are for use.
• Every user his or her web resources.
• Every web resource its user.
• Save the time of the user.
• The web is a growing organism .

Additional InformationMODERN VERSION OF FiVE LAWS IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS:

• In 1992, James R. Retting devised a Sixth Law as an extension of Ranganthan’s Five Laws. The Sixth Law is “Every reader his freedom”.
• Jim Thompson (1992) revised Ranganathan’s Laws as follows:
• Books are for profit.
• Every reader his bill.
• Every copy its reader.
• Take the cash from the reader.
• The library is a growing organism.
• Kuronen and Pekkarinen have suggested two supplementary (6th and 7th) Laws to Ranganathan’s Five Laws:
• Every reader his library.6th law
• Every writer his contribution to library.7th law.
• In 1998, Michael Gorman and Wait Crawford focused on the validity of the Five Laws and suggested five new laws as an extension of the first Five Laws.These are:
• Libraries serve humanity;
• Respect all forms by which knowledge is communicated;
• Use technology intelligently to enhance service;
• Protect free access to knowledge; and
• Honour the past and create the future.
• In 2008, Carol Simpson revised these laws and applied them in the field of media They are:
• Media are for use.
• Every patron his information.
• Every medium its user.
• Save the time of the patron.
• The library is a growing organism.

The correct answer is (A) and (B) are correct:

Key Points

• Libraries are recorded under the Article 246 of the Indian Constitution, Seventh Schedule List II of State List No.12, and the Indian Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956,​
• The provision of public library service is the responsibility of the State Government as the subject matter of libraries is relatable to entry 12 of the State List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India (Trehan;1986;7).
• Delhi Public Library:
• ​The Delhi Public Library (DPL) was established in 1951 by the Ministry of Education, Government of India with financial and technical assistance from UNESCO.
• At present, As per the Seventh Schedule under Article 246, the Delhi Public Library is functioning under and financially funded by the administrative control of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• ​Central Reference Library:
• ​It was established in 1955 on the campus of the National Library of India as National Bibliographic and Documentation Centre.
• At present, As per the Seventh Schedule under Article 246, the Central Reference Library is functioning under and financially funded by the administrative control of the **Ministry of Culture, Government of India.**​

Additional Information

• Connemara Public Library Chennai:
• ​The Foundation Stone for the Library was laid on 22nd March 1890 and was formally opened on 05-12-1896.
• The Library became the State-Central Library with effect from 1st April 1950 under the provisions of the Tamil Nadu Public Libraries Act, 1948. And from 10th September 1955, it became one of the Four Depositories for Indian Publications.
• It functions under the Directorate of Public Libraries, School Education Department, Government of Tamil Nadu.
• Parliament Library, Delhi:
• It was established in the year 1921 to assist members of the Indian Legislature. This is the largest library in Delhi and the second-largest library in India after the National Library.
• It works under the Parliament of India.

Important Points Some important Libraries in India:

• National Library, Kolkata established in 1836 in the name of Calcutta Public Library.
• Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna was declared as Institution of National Importance by an
  

act of Parliament in 1969. The Library is now fully funded by the Ministry of Culture (Govt. of India).

• Rampur Raza Library, Rampur, founded by Nawab Faizullah Khan in 1774 AD was taken over on 1July 1975 under the Act of Parliament, which declared it as an Institution of National importance.
• Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji's Sarasvati Mahal Library,  In 1983, the Library was declared an Institution of National Importance.
• Harekrushna Mahtab State Library, Bhubaneswar was conceived during 1st Five Year Plan under the advice of the Government of India and was completed in 1959, In 1987, Government decided to rename the State
  

Library as Harekrushna Mahtab State Library, in memory of Dr. Harekrushna Mahtab.

The Correct answer is July 2022:

Key Points

• In July 2022, IFLA and UNESCO, officially launched the newly updated Manifesto during the 87th World Library and Information Congress (WLIC) in Dublin, Ireland.
• The IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto proclaims UNESCO’s belief in the public library as a living force for education, culture and information, and as an essential agent for the fostering of peace and welfare through the minds of all people.
• This Manifesto was first created in 1949.
• Since 2020, IFLA and the UNESCO Information for All Programme (IFAP) have collaborated on an update to the Manifesto.
• The 1994 publication of the Public Library Manifesto lists 12 key missions related to information, literacy, education, and culture that should be at the core of public library services:

The Correct answer is Second Law:

Key Points

• Every Reader His Book (Second Law):
• ​The approach of the Second Law is from the ‘users’ point of view.
• It emphasizes the availability of library services to every kind of reader, irrespective of age, sex, vocation, capacity for self-help and ability to read.
• Implications of the Second Law:
• The obligation of the State: To meet this responsibility, the State has certain obligations. The first and foremost is the library legislation.
• **The obligation of Library Authority:**The choice of the books and choice of the staff are the two necessary obligations of library authority..
• **Obligation of the Library Staff:**To perform their duties, the library staff has to adopt certain attitudes and practices to realize the word “His”. Providing reading material is not the only duty of the library staf.​

Additional Information

• Books are for use (First Law):
• ​The First Law of Library Science is simple and states a self evident truth.
• It regarded Library as a service institution to serve the social information needs of its users.
• Implications of the First Law.
• Library Location
• Library Hours.
• Library Furniture
• Book Selection
• Library staff.
• Every Book its Reader (Third Law):
• ​The approach of this law is oriented toward the book. As per the law, every book in a library should have a chance of finding its appropriate reader and be useful to her/him.
• Implications of the Third Law.
• Open Access.
• Shelf Arrangement.
• Easy Access.
• Display of Books.
• Fourth Law: Save the Time of the Reader,
• This Law requires that there should be no time lag between the demand received from the user and the document supplied.
• Implications of 4th law are;
• Open access system
• Proper classification system
• Effective circulation systems with all recently developed methods and techniques like photo-charging systems, ticket systems, and computerized.
• Fifth Law: Library is a Growing Organism:
• Dr. Ranganathan compares the library to a growing organism. In a living organism, the growth is of two kinds: the child's growth and the adult's growth.
• Implications:
• Book Stock
• Classification and the Catalogue;
• Weeding of Books

The correct answer is 60:40:

Key Points

• RRRLF provides matching and non-matching grants and books to public libraries under different schemes of assistance.
• Assistance under Matching schemes is given from the resources shared on a matching basis with the States/Union Territory Administrations.
• For developed States it has a ratio of 50: 50,
• For Developing and lagging States it has a ratio of 60: 40 and
• For North-Eastern States this ratio is 90: 10.
• Under Non-Matching Scheme, RRRLF gives a full support statement of grants released to support public libraries towards the celebration of 50,60,70 or 100 years of establishment.

Additional Information

• Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) was established in May, 1972 by the Department of Culture,GOI.
• The supreme policy-making body of RRRLF is called the **Foundation.**It consists of 22 members nominated by the Government of India.
• The compilation of a web-bibliography of Rabindranath Tagore by RRRLF is a part of the many projects being launched to pay Homage to Rabindranath Tagore.

The correct answer is ALA:

Key Points

• “Ask Library Anything” (ALA) was the phrase coined by Melvil Dewey to explain the nature of reference service.
• it was originated by **ALA.**​

Additional Information

• Digital reference services include “Ask a Librarian” and “IM a Librarian.
• Electronic Access to Reference Service (EARS), was launched by the University of Maryland Health Services Library in Baltimore in 1984.
• AskERIC service was started in 1992 and the Internet Public Library in **1995.**​

Confusion Points

• Ask a Librarian service is provided by the Library of Congress.
• ASK (Anomalous State of Knowledge) model is proposed by J N Belkin.
• ASK ( Approach, Skill, Knowledge) principle is related to management.

The correct answer is Best Article:

Key Points ILA AWARDS:

• ILA - P V VERGHESE AWARD:
• ​The Award has been instituted by Sh. P.V. Verghese and is meant to be given to the author of the best paper published in the Journal of ILA.
• ILA DR PSG KUMAR LIFE TIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD:
• ​The Award, instituted by Dr. P. S. G. Kumar Felicitation Committee, Amravati (Maharashtra), is for professionals in the field of LIS in India.
• The age of the applicant should be 55 and above.
• ​ ILA SM GANGULY BEST SCHOOL LIBRARY AWARD:
• ​The award is meant for the best school library in the country.
• ILA - KAULA BEST LIBRARIAN AWARD:
• The Award, instituted by Prof. P.N. Kaula Endowment for Library and Information Science, Guntur (AP), is for professionals in the field of LIS in India.
• The Award carries a shawl, citation, and memento.
• ​.ILA - DR. L M PADHYA BEST UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AWARD:
• The Award was instituted by Mrs. Kantaben L. Padhya in memory of her late husband Dr. L. M. Padhya.
• The award carries a shawl, citation, and memento
• .ILA - GIDWANI-DESHPANDEY BEST ACADEMIC LIBRARIAN AWARD:
• ​The award, instituted by Prof. K. Navalani, is for professionals in the field of Academic Libraries in India.
• The award carries a Shawl, citation, and a memento.
• ILA - C D SHARMA AWARD:
• ​The Award is meant for the author of the best paper written and presented during the Conference of ILA.
• The Award was instituted by Mrs. Kamla Sharma w/o Dr. C. D. Sharma..
• The Award will be announced at the time of All India Library Conference. It consists of the presentation of books worth Rs. 1000/.
• ILA - A G MOTIWALE AWARD:
• ​The Award is meant for the young author of the best paper written and presented during the
  

conference of ILA.

• The author must be below the age of 40 years.
• The Award was instituted by Mrs. Sushila Motiwale w/o Late Dr. A. G. Motiwale.
• ILA - VENDANAIKEE FELLOWSHIP:
• ​ The ILA-Vendanaikee Fellowship was instituted by Mrs. V. K. Sundaram, formerly Reader, DLIS, University of Delhi.
• The award is to be given to a candidate who has secured the highest percent of marks in the qualifying examination on the basis of which the
  

candidate has been admitted to the B. Lib. Sc. Course in the University of Delhi during the 2021-22 year.

• The award carries (Rs.1000/only).

The correct answer is ​Emptying Digit:

Key Points

• The representation 'KZ' for the subject 'Animal Husbandry' is an example of a "Emptying Digit."as in CC K Zoology and L Medicine, No place is left between the two to insert a new but equally ranked (Coordinate)
  

subject Animal husbandry. Using Z as an emptying digit KZ is assigned to Animal husbandry

• An empty digit has no semantic value, but it retains the ordinal value.
• Principle of Emptying Digit has been used while using a to z, or A to Z. In lower case letters, z is made an
  

empty digit, and in capital letters, T, V and X are postulated as empty-emptying digits and Z as empty digit.

​

Additional Information

• Gap Device:
• A gap device a method to accommodate future subjects, is used at every level of arrays in almost all classifications.
• Gap Device helps in making the classification scheme more Hospitable.
• ​Sectorising Digits:
• This is an effective device to accommodate a subject at a proper place in an array even if no vacant place is there.
• These digits are never used alone but are used as repeater digits to extend an array.
• Empty-Emptying Digits:
• ​To make further rather almost unlimited interpolation in the Colon Classification U, W
  

and Y have been postulated as Empty-Empty digits.

The correct answer is (B) and (C) are correct:

Key Points

• AACR-2:
• ​It is prepared by ALA, The British Library, the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, The Library Association, and the Library of Congress and is edited by Michael Gorman and Paul W. Winkler.
• The objectives of AACR-2 are as follows: 
• ​ To reconcile in a single text the North American and British texts of 1967.
• To incorporate in the single text all amendments and changes already agreed and implemented under the previous mechanisms.
• To provide for international interest in AACR.

Confusion Points

• AACR-1 ( 1967):It was prepared by the ALA, The LC, The Library Association (London) & The Canadian Library Association. It was edited by Semour Lubetzky from 1956-62.Mr. C Sumner Spalding completed the work in 1962-65.
• AACR-2R (1988 revision and 2002 revision):, AACR-2 has been updated by occasional amendments, and
  

was significantly revised in 1988 and 2002. These revised editions are known as AACR-2R.

• RDA (2010): AACR-2R has been succeeded by Resource Description & Access (RDA) which is developed by the Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA with representatives from the American Library Association, Australian Committee on Cataloguing, British Library, Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, CILIP and Library of Congress.

Additional Information

• Other Cataloguing codes:
• British Museum Code (1841)
• Charles C. Jewett Code (1852)
• Rules for Dictionary Catalogue (1876)
• The Prussian Instructions (1899)
• Dziatizka Code (1886)
• Anglo-American Code (1908)
• Vatican Code (1931)
• ALA Rules (1949)
• Classified Catalogue Code ( 1934).

The Correct answer is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Key Points

• Purely Enumerative Classification:
• ​Ranganathan defines, “An enumerative scheme for classification consists essentially of a simple schedule enumerating all subjects of the past, the present, and the anticipated future.
• A good example of this species of classification is the Library of Congress Classification (LC)
• Almost-Enumerative Classification:
• An almost-enumerative scheme for classification consists of a large schedule enumerating most of the subjects of the past, the present, and the foreseeable future, and in addition, a few schedules of common isolates.
• An example of such a species of classification is
  

Subject Classification (SC) (1906) by 7,D. Brown (1862-1914) of England.

• Faceted Classification:
• A faceted classification consists of schedules of basic classes; special isolates and common
  

isolates only.

• In addition, there are some devices for sharpening existing isolates and/or constructing new isolates.
• Faceted classification=Almost faceted + more and more isolates.
• CC is an Example.
• Almost-Faceted Classification:
• Such a species has a long schedule of basic, compound, and even complex subjects of the past, the present, and the anticipatable future, and in addition, a few schedules of common isolates and also some schedules of special isolates.
• Almost Faceted=Almost Enumerative+A few schedules of special isolates.
• UDC is an Example.

The correct answer is ​Hospitable:

Key Points

• A gap device a method to accommodate future subjects, is used at every level of arrays in almost all classifications.
• Gap Device helps in making the classification scheme more Hospitable.
• Gap device leaves some vacant numbers here and there to be filled in with future and unborn subjects.

Additional Information

• Sectorising Digits:
• This is an effective device to accommodate a subject at a proper place in an array even if no vacant place is there.
• These digits are never used alone but are used as repeater digits to extend an array.
• Emptying Digits:
• ​Digits T, V, and X are set aside as emptying digits as these empty a preceding digit of its meaning but allow it to retain its ordinal value.

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Important Points

• Types of Devices Adopted in Library Classification;
• Chronological Device ( C D )
• Geographical Device (GD)
• Subject Device (SD)
• Alphabetical Device (AD)
• Enumerative Device
• Superimposition Device (SID)

The correct answer is Δ:

Key Points

• Main Classes of CC::
• Science & Technology
• ​A/B Science/ Mathematics
• C/D Physics/Engineering
• E/F Chemistry/ Chemical technology
• G/H Biology/ Geology
• I/J/ K Botany/Agriculture/ Zoology
• L Medicine
• M Useful Arts
• Humanities
• ​Δ Spiritual Experience & Mysticism
• N Fine arts
• O/P Literature/Language
• Q/R/S Religion/Philosophy/ Psychology
• Social sciences
• ​T Education
• U/V Geography/History
• W/X Political Science/Economics
• Y/Z Sociology/Law

Additional Information

• The first edition of CC was published in 1933  with Three parts by the Madras Library Association. It was compiled by Dr. Ranganathan.
• The second edition of Colon Classification was published in 1939 with four parts.
• Main classes  Spiritual Experience and Mysticism were added in 2nd ed. Also, octave principles were added.
• In CC double inverted comma indicates a Common isolate.
• The asterisk indicates agglomeration and interpolation.

The correct answer is ​(A), (B), (D) are correct:

Key Points

• The primary connectors of a computer system typically include the following:
• Power: This connector is used to supply power to the computer system.
• Keyboard: This connector allows you to connect a keyboard to the computer, usually through a USB port or a PS/2 port.
• Display: This connector is used to connect the computer to a display device, such as a monitor or a projector. Common display connectors include VGA, DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort.

Additional Information

• A port is a physical docking point by which an external device can be connected to the computer. It can also be a programmatic docking point through which information flows from a program to the computer or over the Internet.

The Correct answer is C.

Key Points

• The C language is also known as the mother of all programming languages.
• C is a general-purpose programming language that is used for creating a variety of applications.
• C language was originally developed for writing operating systems. Unix Kernel and all of its supporting tools and libraries are written in C language.
• The C language is used for the following operations :
• Operating systems
• Development of new languages
• Computation platforms
• Embedded systems
• Graphics and Games.

Additional Information

• C++:
• C++ is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup.
• First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language.
• Java:
• Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
• Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. It was released in May 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform.
• Pascal:
• Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, designed by Niklaus Wirth as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring.

The correct answer is Conrad & Poole:

Key PointsFew definitions of communication are:

• Conrad & Poole: “Communication is the process by which people interactively create, sustain and manage meaning”
• US ARMY: “Communication is the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another; it involves a sender transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a receiver.”
• William Rice-Johnson: "A communication takes place when one individual, a sender, displays, transmits or otherwise directs a set of symbols to another individual, a receiver, with the aim of changing something, either something the receiver is doing (or not doing) or changing his or her world view. This set of symbols is typically described as a message."
• Pranav Mistry: “Effective communication occurs only if the receiver
  

understands the exact information or idea that the sender intended to transmit. Many of the problems that occur in an organization are either the direct result of people failing to communicate and/or processes, which leads to confusion and can cause good plans to fail."

• Peter Drucker: "The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn't said."

Additional Information

• Components of Communication:
• Source,
• Sender.
• Channel,
• Receiver,
• Destination,
• Message ,
• Feedback.
• Context.

The correct answer is "X. 25".

Key Points

• X. 25 Protocol -
• X.25 is an ITU-T ( International Telecommunication Union) standard protocol suite for packet-switched data communication in wide area networks (WAN).
• It was developed in 1970 as a global standard for a packet-switching network to connect remote character-based terminals to mainframe hosts.
• The protocol functions correspond to the functionality to the first three layers of the seven OSI model layers:
• Physical Layer
• Data-link Layer
• Network/Packet Layer
• The flow diagram of X.25 Protocol is given below in the picture:

Additional Information

• Public Data Network (PDN) -
• In communications, a PDN is a circuit- or packet-switched network that is available to the public and that can transmit data in digital form.
• 'Datapac' in 1976 also known as  "Canada's packet-switched X.25" was the first PDN to use X.25.

The correct answer is (A), (B) are correct:

Key Points

• Desktop publishing (DTP) is the use of personal computers to design books and booklets that are intended to be printed by inkjet or laser printers.
• The software that supports desktop publishing has a WYSIWYG graphical user interface (GUI) to make the set-up for publishing as easy as possible.
• Some DTP software:
• Adobe PageMaker (formerly Aldus PageMaker) is a discontinued desktop publishing computer program introduced in 1985 by the Aldus Corporation on the Apple Macintosh.
• QuarkXPress is a desktop publishing software that was first released by Quark, Inc. in 1987 and is still owned and published by them.
• Adobe InDesign is a desktop publishing and page layout designing software application produced by Adobe Inc. and first released in 1999.
• Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing application from Microsoft.

Additional Information

• Adobe FreeHand (formerly Macromedia FreeHand and Aldus FreeHand) was a computer application for creating two-dimensional vector graphics
• FreeHand was created by Altsys Corporation in 1988.
• Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor and design program developed and marketed by Adobe Inc. Originally designed for the Apple Macintosh, the development of Adobe Illustrator began in 1985.

The correct answer is (A) - (II), (B) - (I), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV):

Key Points

• Some important MARC tags:
• 010 tag: marks the Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN)
• 100 tag: marks a personal name main entry (author)
• 130 tag: marks Main Entry – Uniform Title.
• 245 tag: marks the title information (which includes the title, other title information, and the statement of responsibility)
• 250 tag: marks the edition
• 260 tag: marks the publication information
• 270 tag: Marks the Adress
• 300 tag: marks the physical description (often referred to as the "collation" when describing books)
• 490 tag: marks the series statement
• 520 tag: marks the annotation or summary note
• 600 tag: marks Subject Added Entry– Personal Name
• 650 tag: marks a topical subject heading
• 700 tag: marks a personal name added entry (joint author, editor, or illustrator).

Additional Information

• MARC is an acronym for Machine-readable cataloging created by Henriette Avram while working with the Library of Congress in 1966.
• The MARC standards define three aspects of a MARC record:
• the field designations within each record,
• the structure of the record, and
• the actual content of the record itself.
• MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States and Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and CAN/MARC).
• MARCXML was developed by the Library of Congress

The correct answer is (A) and (B) are correct:

Key Points

• A library management system is software that is designed to manage all the functions of a library.
• Some important library management systems are:
• Evergreen: The Evergreen Project
  

was started in 2006 by the Georgia Public Library System.

• Koha: Koha is the first open-source ILS (released in 2000 as open source). Koha is an integrated library management system that was originally developed by Katipo Communications Limited of Wellington, New Zealand for the Horowhenua Library Trust (HLT).
• NewGenLib or NGL started as commercial ILS in 2005 and was made available as open-source ILS under GNU GPL in **2008.**NewGenLib is the result of collaboration between a charitable trust called Kesavan Institute of Information and Knowledge Management (KIIKM), Hyderabad, and Verus Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
• LIBSYS: LibSys is an indigenous ILS designed and developed by LibSys Corporation, New Delhi in **1984.**LibSys is presently available in six different editions/versions.
• SLIM: SLIM (System for Library Information Management) is a client-server architecture-based ILS developed by Algorithms Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Pune.
• SOUL: SOUL Libraries) started by INFLIBNET
  

in collaboration with DESIDOC. First version

(version 1.0) of SOUL (Software for University Library) released in February 1999 during CALIBER-99 at Nagpur.

Additional Information

• Both Dspace and Greenstone are Institutional Repository software.
• DSpace: DSpace is developed as a joint research project of the MIT libraries and Hewlett-Packard(HP) through invent@MIT.
• Greenstone: The Greenstone Digital Library (GSDL) software is developed by the University of Waikato

The correct answer is (B), (A), (D), (C):

Key Points

• Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), published in 1998.
• Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), published in 2009.
• Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD), published in 2010.
• Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records – Object Oriented (FRBRoo), published in 2016.
• PRESSOO, version 1.2, published in 2016.
• IFLA Library Reference Model (IFLA LRM), August 2017 final version, endorsed by the IFLA Professional Committee.

Additional Information

• Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the IFLA that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogs and bibliographic databases from a user’s perspective.
• FRBR comprises groups of entities:
• Group 1 entities are work, expression, manifestation, and item (WEMI).
• Group 2 entities are person, family, and corporate bodies, responsible for the custodianship of Group 1’s intellectual or artistic endeavor.
• Group 3 entities are subjects of Group 1 or Group 2’s intellectual endeavor, and include concepts, objects, events, and places.

The correct answer is ​(A) and (B) are correct:

Key Points

• The input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.
• For example, Mouse, Keyboard, Touchpad, Scanner, Digital Camera, Microphone, Joystick, Graphic Tablet, Trackball, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Scanner, etc
• OCR (Optical Character Recognition) is the process of converting images of typed, handwritten, or printed text into machine-encoded text. This transformation occurs through scanning documents, capturing text from photos or scenes (like signs), or extracting subtitle text from images (such as TV broadcasts).
• Scanner: A scanner is a device that can be used to digitize images or text into a computer.

Additional Information

• Plotter:
• it produces vector graphics drawings.
• It is an output device.
• Plotters draw lines on paper using a pen, or in some applications, use a knife to cut a material like vinyl or leather. In the latter case, they are sometimes known as cutting plotters.
• Printer:
• ​A printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
• The printed output produced by a printer is often called a hard copy, which is the physical version of an electronic document.

The Correct answer is Linear Bus topology:

Key Points 

• Bus topology:
• Linear bus topology is a type of network topology where each device connects one after the other in a sequential chain
• The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable.
• Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or directly connected to the backbone cable.
• The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 standard networks.
• The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler compared to other topologies.
• The backbone cable is considered a "single lane" through which the message is broadcast to all the stations.
• The most common access method of the bus topologies is CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access).

Additional Information

• Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected to each other.
• There are two types of topology: physical and logical topology.
• Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.
• The different types of physical topologies are Bus, Mesh, Ring, Star, and Tree.
• Star
• Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is connected to the central hub, switch, or central computer.
• The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices attached to the server are known as clients.
• Coaxial cables or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
• Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connected devices in a physical star topology.
• Star topology is the most popular topology in network implementation.
• Mesh
• Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which computers are interconnected with each other through various redundant connections.
• There are multiple paths from one computer to another computer.
• It does not contain the switch, hub, or any central computer which acts as a central point of communication.
• The Internet is an example of mesh topology.
• Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations where communication failures are a critical concern.
• Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
• Ring
• Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
• The node that receives the message from the previous computer will retransmit it to the next node.
• The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
• The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless loop.
• It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to another node and has no termination point.
• The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
• The most common access method of the ring topology is token passing.​
• Tree
• A tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and star topology.
• A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers are connected with each other in a hierarchical fashion.
• The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all other nodes are the descendants of the root node.
• There is only one path that exists between two nodes for the data transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy.

The Correct answer is Leader:

Key Points

• A MARC bibliographic record consists of three main components: the Leader, the Directory, and the variable fields.
• Leader: Data elements that primarily provide information for the processing of the record. The Leader is fixed in length at 24 character positions and is the first field of a MARC record.
• Directory: A series of entries that contain the tag, length, and starting location of each variable field within a record.  Each entry is 12 character positions in length.
• Variable Fields: The data in a MARC record is organized into variable fields, each identified by a three-character numeric tag that is stored in the Directory entry for the field. There are two types of variable fields.
• Variable control fields: The 00X fields.
• Variable data fields - The remaining variable fields defined in the format (0XX-9XX).

Additional Information

• Elements of a MARC Record: A MARC record is composed of three elements:
• The record structure: refers to the way various elements in a record are identified.
• The content designation: refers to the codes and conventions established explicitly to identify and further characterize the data elements within a record and to support the manipulation of that data.
• The data content of the record: the data elements that comprise a MARC record are usually defined by standards outside the formats. The content of certain coded data elements is defined in each of the MARC formats
• Types of content designators:
• Indicator positions are the first two character positions at the beginning of each variable data field.  Indicators contain values that interpret or supplement the data found in the field.
• Subfield codes are two characters that precede each data element within a field that requires separate manipulation.

The correct answer is (A) and (C) are correct:

Key Points

• An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
• Some examples of OS**:**
• ​Linux: The Linux kernel originated in 1991, as a project of Linus Torvalds.
• MPE / ix: MPE (Multi-Programming Executive) is a discontinued business-oriented mainframe computer real-time operating system made by Hewlett-Packard.
• Unix: is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center
• macOS: macOS is a line of open-core graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc.
• Microsoft Windows was first released in **1985.**​

​

Additional Information

• A spreadsheet:
• ​It is a computer application for the computation, organization, analysis, and storage of data in tabular form.
• MS Word:
• ​Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983

The correct answer is "Tim Berners-Lee".

Key Points

• Tim Berners-Lee-
• ​He is an English computer scientist best known for his invention of "The World Wide Web".
• Tim Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990.
• Tim Berners-Lee mentioned "HTML" in his published document entitled "HTML Tags" on the Internet in late 1991.

Additional Information

• HTML-
• It stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
• It is the standard Markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser.
• HTML defines how documents are to be formatted.
• HTML elements are the building block of HTML pages.

The Correct answer is (B) and (C) are correct

Key Points

• Modern Management Theory:
• It states employees are only motivated by money.
• The Modern Management Theory also believes that rapidly changing technology can both cause and solve many problems in the workplace.
• Modern Management Theory is actually comprised of three other management theories.
• Quantitative Theory: This is a simple number-based theory that relies on calculating the risks, benefits, and drawbacks of any action before it is taken.
• Systems Theory: Developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, this theory states that all parts of a company, from the CEO to the entry-level employee, must work in harmony for the company to survive.
• Contingency Theory: It is also known as the ‘Situational Approach’, Created by Fred Fiedler in the 1960s, this theory states that it is up to the leaders of a company to assess a situation and use the best leadership strategy.

Additional Information

• Classical Theory:
• ​Scientific Management School: Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) is considered to be the father of ‘Scientific Management.
• Operational management school: Henry Fayol is the father of the ‘Operational Management Theory’. It is also known as the ‘Administrative Management School of Thought’
• Bureaucratic school: ​Max Weber, a German Sociologist, introduced many of the theories of the Bureaucratic School.
• Neo-classical theory:
• ​Human Relations School: A prominent advocate of this approach was Elton Mayo.
• Social Systems School: Chester I. Barnard is considered the father of the ‘Social-Systems School’.
• Decision theory school: Major contribution of this school of thought has come from Simon. Other contributors are: Cyert, March, Forrester, etc
• Management science school: It is also known as ‘Mathematical School’ or ‘Quantitative Measurement School’.
• Human behavior school: This school of management thought is also known as ‘Behavioural Science School’, or ‘Human Resource School’, or ‘Leadership School’ of thought.

The Correct answer is Unity of Direction

Key Points

• Henry Fayol father of the ‘Operational Management Theory’. It is also known as ‘The Administrative Management School of Thought’.
• He propounded fourteen ‘Principles of Management, which are listed below:
• Division of Work: There should be a clear division of duties.
• Authority: The authority that individuals possess should be equal to their responsibility.
• Discipline: There should be clear rules and complete obedience to behavior in the best
  

interest of the organization.

• Unity of Command: An employee should receive orders from only one supervisor, in
  

order to avoid confusion and conflict.

• Unity of Direction: There should be one head and one plan, in order to ensure a coordinated effort.
• Subordination of Individual Interest to the General Interest: Employees should place the organization’s concerns before their own interests.
• Remuneration of Personnel: Pay should be fair.
• Centralization: Centralization is the most desirable arrangement within an organization.
• Scalar Chain: Each position is part of a vertical chain of authority (the scalar chain).
• Order: To avoid conflicts, there should be a right place for everything and everyone in the organization.
• Equality: Equality of treatment must be taken into account in dealing with employees.
• Stability of Tenure of Personnel: Long-term stability for workers is good for an organization.
• Initiative: Initiative rewards must be provided to stimulate production.
• Esprit de Corps: Develop a strong sense of morale and unity. Communication is the key
  

to a satisfied working group.”

The correct answer is (B), (D), (C), (A).

Key Points

• Here are the words arranged in alphabetical order:
• Sing
• Sing at
• Singer
• Singing

Additional InformationThere are two basic principles of alphabetization: 

• Letter-by-letter arrangement:
• It is also named „ All through arrangement‟.
• In this arrangement, a letter is taken as an entity for the arrangement and no importance is given to any other point.
• Word-by-word arrangement:
• It is also named „Nothing before something‟.
• In this arrangement, the word is taken as an entity for the order of arrangement.
• These two principles may be understood by the following example:

Example:

Letter-by-letter arrangement Word-by-word arrangement

  Hindu                                                                Hindu

  Hindi Civilization                                            Hindu Civilization

  Hindukush                                                        Hindu Law

  Hindu Law                                                    Hindu Law Digest

  Hindu Law Digest                                       Hindu Philosophy

  Hindu Philosophy                                         Hindu Pilgrimage

  Hindu Pilgrimage                                        Hindu Service Organization

  Hindu Service Organization                            Hindu Society

  Hindu Society                                                   Hindu State

  Hindu State                                                         Hindu Temple

  Hindu Temple                                                      Hindukush 

• Note: In the above mentioned example the term „Hindukush‟ comes third in order according to „letter by letter arrangement‟, while according to „word by word‟ arrangement it comes at the end.

The Correct answer is N.J. Belkin;

Key Points

Anomalous State of Knowledge model:

• The anomalous State of Knowledge model, one of the user-centered models of information retrieval was proposed by Nicholas James Belkin.
• In this model, there are four (4) dimensions that characterize search behavior and it can be combined in 16 different ways:
• Method of interaction (Searching/Scanning)
• The goal of Interaction (Learning /Selecting)
• Mode of retrieval (Recognition/ Specification)
• Resource Considered (Information/Meta-information).

Additional Information

• Other models of information retrieval Based on Theories and Tools:
• Boolean Retrieval Model:
• Set-Theoretic Model
• Vector Space.Model
• Probabilistic Retrieval Model
• Linguistic Model
• Mathematical Model
• Economic Model
• Hypertext Linkage Model,
• Models Based on Input/Output:
• Data Retrieval Model
• Information Retrieval Model
• Knowledge Retrieval Model.

The correct answer is Library furniture:

Key Points

• Remington and Godrej's designs are considered to be of international standards.
• Indian libraries are advised to follow the specifications laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards for furniture, building, shelving' cabinets, lighting, binding, safety, etc. A few'
• Some standards are as follows:
• IS: 1892 (Part I) - 1978( (reaffirmed-1991) Specifications for Library Furniture’s and Fittings, Part I: Timber (1st Revision).
• IS: 1892 (Part II) – 1977( (reaffirmed-1998) Specifications for Library Furniture’s and Fittings, Part II: Steel.
• IS: 1233 – 1969 Recommendations for Modular Coordination of Dimensions in the Building Industry (1st Revision).
• IS: 2672 - 1966 (reaffirmed-1990) Code of Practice for Library Lighting.
• IS: 1883 – 1975 Metal Shelving Racks (Adjustable Type)(2nd Revision).
• IS 2661 (1978): Mobile library van.
• IS: 1553 – 1960. Code of practice relating to primary elements in the design of library buildings.

The Correct answer is Performance Planning and Budgeting System (PPBS)

Key Points

• Planning Programming Budgeting System (PPBS):
• ​This method of budgeting was first proposed by USDOD (United States Department of Defence) (1961).
• Two key elements of PPBS are budgeting and
  

systems analysis.

• This method combines the functions of planning activities, programs, and services, translating them into tangible projects, and finally presents the requirements in budgetary terms.
• This method combines the best of both program budgeting and performance budgeting.

Additional Information

• Performance Budgeting;
• ​The expenditure is based on the performance of activities and the stress is laid upon operational efficiency
• A performance budget is based on expenditure incurred on the performance of activities and the stress is on operational efficiency.
• Management techniques such as cost-benefit analysis are used to measure performance and establish norms.
• P​rogram Budgeting:
• ​This method propounded originally in Hoover Commission Report (1949) has three steps. 
• statement of agency (i.e., library) objectives
• full consideration of alternative ways and
• logical selection of the best based on
  

effectiveness and efficiency.

• Lump Sum Budget
• ​In this approach, the authorities provide adequate funds to the parent body of the library, and out of which the parent body fixes a certain amount for the library.

The Correct answer is Job Specification;

Key Points

• According to Edwin B. Flippo, “A job specification is a statement of minimum acceptable human qualities necessary to perform a job properly.”​

Additional Information

• Job Analysis:
• According to Edwin B. Flippo, “Job analysis is the process of studying and collecting information relating to the operations and responsibilities for a specific job.
• The immediate products of this analysis are job descriptions and job specifications.
• Job description:
• ​The job description is a broad statement of the purpose, duties, and responsibilities of a job or position.
  

It is abbrivated as JD.

• it should always be made available to applicants for their study and review.
• According to Stuart and Moran, a job description generally contains the following elements:
• Job Identification
• Job Summary
• Job activities and procedures
• Relationship of the job to the total institution.
• Job requirement
• Job Evaluation:
• The purpose of job evaluation is to determine the relative value or worth of different jobs within an organization. It is a systematic process used by employers to establish an internal job hierarchy and to ensure fair and equitable compensation practices.

The correct answer is "Nina E. Browne".

Key Points

• Nina E. Browne-
• She is an American Librarian and Archivist at the Library Bureau in Boston.
• She is the inventor of a library book charging system known as the Browne Card Lending System or Browne Issue System.

Additional Information

• Browne Charging System-
• It is an old system of loaning books developed by Nina E. Browne in 1895.
• The Browne system used pockets or envelopes for each borrower instead of cards.
• When a book was to be charged, the book card was removed and placed in the borrower's pocket which bore the borrower's name, address, and registration number
• This system involved only a single operation to make books available to patrons
• Advantages of Browne Charging System-
• There is a permanent record of the number and type of books circulated.
• Dis-Advantages of Browne Charging System-
• It makes the routine work slow for lending and borrowing books.

The correct answer is Shodhshudhi.

Key Points

• e-PG Pathshala, INFOPORT, and eGyanKosh provide access to digital academic and scholarly content while ShodhShuddhi" provides access to Plagiarism Detection Software (PDS) to all universities/Institutions.

Additional Information

• e-PG Pathshala:-
• e-PG Pathshala is an initiative of the MHRD, which provides high-quality, curriculum-based interactive e-content in 70 subjects across all disciplines of social sciences, arts, fine arts and humanities, natural & mathematical sciences, linguistics, and languages.
• INFOPORT:
• The INFLIBNET Centre promotes open access to Indian scholarly content through the InfoPort: A Subject Gateway for Indian Electronic Resources.
• eGyanKosh:
• It is a National Digital Repository to store, index, preserve, distribute, and share the digital learning resources developed by the Open and Distance Learning Institutions in the country.
• ShodhShuddhi:
• The Ministry of Education, Govt. of India has initiated a program "ShodhShuddhi" which provides access to Plagiarism Detection Software (PDS) to all universities/Institutions in India since Sept 1, 2019.

The Correct answer is McColvin:

Key Points

• L. R. McColvin: Theory of Book Selection (1925): McColvin introduced the Demand and Supply Theory of Book Selection in his book ‘Theory of Book Selection for Public Libraries’ first published in 1925.
• By the term ‘Supply’ he means the availability of reading material in all its varieties, whereas ‘Demand’, refers to the users’ expressed and unexpressed informational needs.

Additional Information

• Francis Drury: Book Selection (1930): Drury's book selection principles states ‘to provide the right book to the right user at the right time.
• According to his theory, READER is the central theme.
• Melvil Dewey's principle states, ‘the best reading for the largest number at the least cost’.
• According to this principle, a library should select, within the financial resources available, the best documents that may satisfy the information needs of the maximum number of readers.
• Helen E. Haines: Living with Books (1935): The first edition of ‘Living with Books: The Art of Book Selection’ was published in 1935. It was one of the first true textbooks aimed at training librarians in the art of book selection. The 2nd edition came out in 1950.
• S. R. Ranganathan: Library Book Selection (1952, reprint 1990): The first edition of ‘Library Book Selection’ by Dr. S. R. Ranganathan appeared in 1952. The book describes how the first three laws of library science are helpful in formulating the principles of document selection for libraries

The correct answer is Peter Drucker:

Key Points

• The business meanings of quality have developed over time. Various interpretations are given below:
• Subir Chowdhury: "Quality combines people power and process power."
• Peter Drucker: "Quality in a product or service is not what the supplier puts in. It is what the customer gets out and is willing to pay for.
• Philip B. Crosby: "Conformance to requirements. The requirements may not fully represent customer expectations; Crosby treats this as a separate problem.
• W. Edwards Deming: concentrating on "the efficient production of the quality that the market expects," and he linked quality and management: "Costs go down and productivity goes up as improvement of quality is accomplished by better management of design, engineering, testing and by improvement of processes."
• Michael Maccoby, the definition of quality for the industrial age is meeting or exceeding the customer’s expectations in terms not only of beauty, usability, and durability, but also cost and timeliness of delivery
• ISO 9000: "Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements." The standard defines requirement as need or expectation.
• Joseph M. Juran: "Fitness for use." Fitness is defined by the customer.
• Robert Pirsig: "The result of care.
• Six Sigma: "Number of defects per million opportunities."

Additional InformationQuality management techniques

• Total quality management (TQM)
• Continuous improvement
• Six Sigma
• Statistical Process Control (SPC)
• Quality circles
• SERVQUAL
• Theory of Constraints (TOC)

Quality awards:

• Deming Prize: 2021: Hiroe Tsubaki
• EFQM Excellence Award:
• Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recognizes U.S. organizations in the business, health care, education, and nonprofit sectors for performance excellence.

The Correct answer is**(A) - (IV), (B) - (II), (C) - (I), (D) - (III)**

Key Points

• Library and Information Centre Management is written by Robert D Stueart and Barbara B. Moran.
• Personnel Management is written by Edwin B. Flippo.
• Human Resource and Personnel Management is written by William B. Werther and Keith Davis.
• Management Techniques for Libraries is written by **G. Edward Evans.**​

Additional InformationSome important books in library science and their authors:

The Correct answer is Central Reference Library, Kolkata.

Key Points

• Indian National Bibliography-
• It is an authoritative bibliographical record of current publications and books in India received by the National Library, Kolkata, under the provision of the Delivery of Books Act, 1954.
• It comes in 14 major languages including English.
• It is being brought out by the National Library of India through its subordinate Central Reference Library office since 1957.
• Its periodicity is Monthly.
• Till 1972 the INB was divided into two parts- general publications and government publications. However, the two parts have been amalgamated now.

Additional Information

• Central Reference Library-
• The Central Reference Library is a subordinate office of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India situated in Kolkata.
• The primary objective of this institution is to compile and publish the Indian National Bibliography.
• It acts as the National Bibliographic Agency of the country.
• It also publishes the "Index Indiana".
• ​National Library, Kolkata-​
• The National Library of India is the largest in India by volume and public record.
• It came into existence through the Imperial Library (Change of name) Act, of 1948.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad opened the National Library to the public in 1953.
• It was renamed The National Library of India by the National Library of India Act, 1976.
• It is headquartered in Kolkata.​
• UGC-
• It stands for University Grants Commission.
• It is a statutory organization established by the Parliament Act 1956.
• It is the national body for the coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of university education.
• Following are the establishment of UGC-
• It established Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET).
• It appointed National Review Committee on University and college libraries.
• It established National Informatics Centre (NIC).
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF):
• It was established in May 1972 as an autonomous organization under Deptt. of Culture of Government of India.
• Publications of RRRLF:
• ​Indian Libraries: Trends and Perspectives
• Raja Rammohun Roy and the New Learning
• Directory of Indian Public Library
• Tagore Bibliography
• Granthana, Indian Journal of Library Studies (bi-annual)
• RRRLF Newsletter (bi-monthly)
• Books for the Millions at their Doorsteps (Information Manual)

The correct answer is (A) and (D) are correct:

Key Points

• CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-NIScPR), New Delhi came into existence on 01-04-2021 with the merger of erstwhile CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (CSIR-NISCAIR), New Delhi and erstwhile CSIR-National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies (CSIR-NISTADS).
• It was first announced on 14-01-2021 by Hon'ble Minister Dr. Harsh Vardhan, former Minister of Science and Technology and Minister of Earth Sciences.

Confusion Points

• In 2002, the Indian Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC), which came into being in 1952 under CSIR, was merged with NISCOM to form the National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR).
• NISCOM started its inception from telecommunication projects in 2005-2006.
• The National Institute of Science, Technology, and Development Studies (NISTADS) was formed on 30 September 1980.
• The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is an autonomous body established in 1942.

The Correct answer is Elsevier.

Key Points Science Direct:

• ScienceDirect is a web-based full-text database that provides access to a large bibliographic database of scientific and medical publications.
• ScienceDirect database is produced by Elsevier on March 1997.
• The journals produced in the Science Direct database are categorized into four main sections:
• Physical Sciences and Engineering,
• Life Sciences,
• Health Sciences, and
• Social Sciences and Humanities.
• It provides free article abstracts and full text on a subscription basis.

Additional Information

• McGraw Hill
• ​It is an American publishing company for educational content, software, and services for pre-K through postgraduate education.
• It is one of the "big three" educational publishers along with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and Pearson Education.
• McGraw Hill was founded in 1888
• Elsevier:
• ​it is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.
• Elsevier is part of the RELX Group, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier.
• Thomas Reuters:
• Thomson Reuters Corporation is a Canadian multinational conglomerate.
• The company was founded in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and is currently headquartered in Eagan, Minnesota.
• Thomson Reuters was created by the Thomson Corporation's purchase of the British company Reuters Group in April 2008.
• Emerald:
• Emerald Publishing Limited is a scholarly publisher of academic journals and books in the fields of management, business, education, library studies, health care, and engineering.
• Emerald was founded in the United Kingdom in 1967 as Management Consultants Bradford (MCB) UP Ltd.
• The publisher changed its name to Emerald in 2002 following the success of its Emerald Fulltext database.

The correct answer is "Access Science".

Key Points

• Access Science -
• Access Science is an authoritative and dynamic online resource with its roots in McGraw-Hill.
• Access science presents rigorously vetted scientific knowledge and concepts in ways that are both engaging and accessible.

Important Points

• McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology -
• The MC Graw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology is an English-language multi-volume encyclopedia dedicated to scientific and technological subjects.
• The areas covered in the encyclopedia are -
• Life sciences and physical sciences
• Engineering and technology topics, etc.

The Correct answer is OCLC:

Key Points

• CONTENTdm is a digital asset management software package that is used by individual libraries and library consortia, such as CARLI, to provide access to digital versions of primary source materials.
• CONTENTdm is a product of OCLC. CARLI purchased a license for CONTENTdm in 2005.

Additional Information

• OCLC:
• It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, then became the Online Computer Library Center as it expanded. In 2017, the name was formally changed to OCLC, Inc
• Products and Services of OCLC:
• BIBLIOTHECAplus library management system.
• LBS library management system.
• EZproxy access and authentication software.
• GreenGlass
• SISIS-SunRise library management system
• Wise
• CatExpress cataloging service.
• PiCarta database
• WorldCat.org global catalog.
• IFLA:
• The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) ) was founded in 1927.
• Core Activities
• ALP Action for Development through Libraries Programme
• PAC - Preservation and Conservation
• ICADS - IFLA-CDNL Alliance for Digital Strategies
• IFLA UNIMARC
• FAIFE- Free Access to Information and Freedom of Expression
• CLM - Committee on Copyright and Other Legal Matters
• COS- Committee on Standards.
• UNESCO:
• The constitution of UNESCO signed on 16 November 1945, came into force on 4th November 1946.
• Activities:
• Access to Information.
• UNESCO established the Memory of the World Programme in 1992.
• Community Multimedia Centres.
• Public Domain Information
• General Information Programme.
• ALA:
• ​ALA is the world's oldest and largest library association founded in 1876 with its headquarters in Chicago.
• ALA Divisions;
• American Association of School Librarians (AASL)
• Assn. for Library Service to Children (ALSC)
• Assn. of College & Research Libraries (ACRL)
• Public Library Assn. (PLA)
• Reference & User Services Assn. (RUSA)
• Young Adult Library Services Assn. (YALSA)

The Correct answer is Stockholm, Sweden:

Key Points

• The DAISY Consortium was formed in  Sweden in May 1996 by talking book libraries to lead the worldwide transition from analog to Digital Talking Books.
• The initial members include:
• The Japanese Association of Libraries for the Blind
• The Spanish National Organization of the Blind, O.N.C.E.
• Royal National Institution for the Blind, RNIB (United Kingdom)
• Swiss Library for the Blind and Visually Impaired, SBS
• The Dutch Library for Visually and Print Handicapped Students and Professionals, SVB etc.
• The DAISY Foundation was established in Amsterdam.

​

Additional InformationLibrary Consortia in India:

• INDEST (Indian Digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology)
• FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy/ Astrophysics)
• UGC – INFONET
• NKRC (National Knowledge Resource Centre)
• IIM Consortium
• HELINET (Health Sciences Library and Information Network)
• SPACENET
• CeRA (Consortia for e-Resources in Agriculture)
• ICMR e-Consortia

Library Consortia: International

• CARLI (Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois):
• CONCERT (CONsortium on Core Electronic Resources in Taiwan):
• SANLIC ( South African National Library and Information Consortium)
• CURL (Consortium of University Research Libraries);
• The CURL is a Consortium of University Research Libraries in UK
• EIFL ( Electronic Information for Libraries): 
• EIFL is a not- for- profit organization based in Europe
• ICOLC (International Coalition of Library Consortia): 
• It is a Consortium of Consortia, and first met informally in 1997.

The correct answer is "Reference Service".

Key Points

• User Orientation is a kind of Reference service. It can be understood clearly by closely analyzing the various features of Reference Service and User Orientation.
• Reference Service V/S User Orientation -

 

​

Additional Information

• Current Awareness Service (CAS) -
• Current Awareness Services brings information that is current or of recent origin to the attention of its users as quickly as possible.
• It does not answer any specific query but provides a broad view of recent developments confined to a well-defined subject area or topic.
• Document Delivery Service (DDS) - 
• DDS is concerned with the supply of documents to the user in demand either in print or non-print format
• DDS adds value to other information services as the value and importance of other access services are directly dependent on the efficiency of this service.

The Correct answer is ​(A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (I):

Key Points

• Introduction to Reference work is written by William A Katz.
• Guide to Reference Material is written by A.J. Walford
• Guide to Reference Books is written by C.M. Winchell
• The textbook of Information Science is written by **P.S. Kawatra.**​

Additional InformationSome important books and authors

The correct answer is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

Key Points

• Sauce Model of Information Literacy:​
• This model was initially developed in the year 1999 and then it was slightly revised in April 2009.
• This model was created by Trevor Bond.
• ​PLUS Model:
• ​The PLUS model was developed by James Herring and published in 1996.
• The Seven Pillars of Information Literacy: 
• Developed by Christine Bruce, this model proposes seven interconnected pillars of information literacy.
• The Big6:
• ​Developed by Michael B. Eisenberg and Robert E. Berkowitz, the Big 6 is one of the earliest and most widely used information literacy models.
• It consists of six stages, namely task definition, information-seeking strategies, location, and access, use of information, synthesis, and evaluation.

Additional Information Other Information Literacy Models:

• The Information Search Process (ISP): Developed by Carol C. Kuhlthau.
• The 8 W’s Literacy Model:
• T​he 8Ws Model was formulated by Annette Lamb in 1990s.
• Jamie McKenzie’s Model of Information Literacy:
• ​McKenzie has elucidated that IL has three major components: Prospecting, Interpreting and Creating New Ideas.
• The Big Blue — Taxonomy of information skills:
• This information literacy model “The Big Bluewas developed by the **JISC (**Joint Information Systems Committee).
• Seven Pillars of Information Literacy:
• ​In 1999 the SCONUL Working Group on Information Literacy developed “Information Skills in Higher Education” i.e. known as the Seven Pillars of Information Skills Model.

Confusion Points

• SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries formerly known as Standing Conference of National and University Libraries; Ireland and UK) was founded in 1950.
• Seven Pillars of Information Skills Mode by SCONUL was developed in 1999.

The Correct answer is Annette Lamb.

Key Points

• The 8 W's Model was formulated by Annette Lamb in the 1990s.
• This is a project-based model which extends opportunities to the students to explore their own and learn the complexities of information
  

literacy.

• The explanation of the steps is given as under:
• Watching – In this first stage of this model user explores and considers his surroundings, which means in this stage user asks to observe their surroundings. It also asks students to understand their surroundings from family needs to global concerns.
• Wondering – In this stage the user checks his prior knowledge in reference to the topic, issue, and question; for this user focuses on options, discusses ideas, identifies problems, and then develops questions.
• Webbing – This stage directs the user/student to locate or search for information related to his topic, and question.
• Wiggling – In this stage user evaluates the information that has been collected at an earlier stage because at this stage user is uncertain about whether what he has collected is relevant or not or collected information will go with the topic. It also involves its perspectives.
• Weaving – In this stage user organizes the ideas and formulates plans. In this stage user also focuses on the application, analysis, and synthesizing of information.
• Wrapping – This stage is a very important stage because in this stage users create packaging ideas i.e. solutions.
• Waving – In this stage user communicates ideas through presentation or sharing. He may ask users for the searched information.
• Wishing – This stage belongs to assessment. It is necessary to assess because after a long process of searching for relevant and meaningful information, which may help him to make future possibilities.

Additional Information

• The SAUCE Model was introduced by Trevor Bond.
• ​SAUCE is a process for users to use in research, problem-solving, and inquiry learning.
• This model was initially developed in the year 1999 and then it was slightly revised in April 2009.
• The PLUS Model was introduced by James Herring.
• ​The PLUS model was developed by James Herring and published in 1996.​
• ​The Big6 i.e. IL Model was formulated by Mike Eisenberg and Bob Berkowitz.

The Correct answer is F. W. Taylor.

Key Points

• Taylor is often considered the father of scientific management, also known as Taylorism.
• The term “Scientific Management” was first of all given by Louis Brandeis in 1910.
• Taylor gave much concentration on the supervisory level of management and the performance of managers and workers at an operational level.
• The five principles of management by F.W Taylor.
• Science, not the Rule of Thumb,
• Harmony, Not Discord,
• Mental Revolution,
• Cooperation, not Individualism,
• Development of Every Person to His Greatest Efficiency.

Additional Information

• Peter Drucker-
• Peter Drucker coined the term "Management By Objective (MBO) in 1954.
• He is an Austrian-American management consultant, educator, and author.
• Drucker also coined the term "Knowledge Worker" in 1959.
• Henry Fayol,
• ​He is also known as the ‘father of modern management theory’ and gave a new perception of the concept of management.
• He introduced a general theory that can be applied to all levels of management and every department.
• He postulated the fourteen principles of management.
• Peter Pyhrr developed the idea of Zero-based budgeting.

The correct answer is UNESCO.

Key Points

• Webster’s Third New International Dictionary defines data as “something given or admitted; facts or principles granted or presented; that upon which an inference or argument is based, or from which an ideal system of any sort is constructed”.
• According to Oxford Encyclopaedic English Dictionary data are “known facts or things used as a basis for inference or reckoning”.
• UNESCO defines data as facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by human or automatic means”
• Data are defined in the McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology as “numerical or qualitative values derived from a scientific experiment.
• CODATA defines data as a “crystalized presentation of the essence of scientific knowledge in the most accurate form”.

Additional Information

• The DIKW pyramid:
• Russel Ackoff initiated the DIKW pyramid.
• It consists of
• Data: Raw and unprocessed facts and figures, such as numbers, symbols, and characters.
• Information: Data that has been processed, organized, and structured in a meaningful way to provide context and relevance. Information answers the questions of who, what, where, and when.
• Knowledge: Information that is further processed and analyzed in the context of existing knowledge and experience to provide insight and understanding. Knowledge answers the question of how.
• Wisdom: The highest level of the pyramid is wisdom, which involves applying knowledge to solve complex problems and make sound judgments. Wisdom answers the question of why.

The correct answer is 23 April.

Key Points

• World Book and Copyright Day is an annual event organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), on 23 April.
• The event is observed in order to promote reading, publishing, and copyright.
• World Book Day was created by UNESCO on 23rd April 1995 to celebrate books and authors and encourage young people to discover the pleasure of reading.
• The first World Book Day in the UK and Ireland took place in 1997 to promote reading for fun.
• In 2023, World Book and Copyright Day will link the power of literature and storytelling with the International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022-32) with the theme: Indigenous Languages.​

Additional Information

• Important Days in the Library science field:
• National Book Week (India) November 14-20.
• International Read an E-book Day September 18.
• World Intellectual Property Day      April 26
• International Archives Week June 8-14
• International Literacy day                08 Sept.
• National Librarian day,                  12 August.

The correct answer is 1955:

Key Points

• IASLIC:​
• The Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres (IASLIC) was founded on 25 June 1955
• Dr. S L hora was elected as the first president and Mr. J Saha as the first honorary General Secretary of IASLIC.
• The second edition of the Directory of Special and Research Libraries in India was in 1985.
• ​Research in progress: IASLIC has launched a compilation of a register of Research in Progress (RiP) from October 2012.
• Publications:
• The serial publications of IASLIC are IASLIC Bulletin (quarterly) established in 1956.
• IASLIC Newsletter (monthly).
• Indian Library Science Abstracts (annual).
• IASLIC gives the Best Librarian of the Year and best Article in IASLIC Bulletin awards every year.
• THE IASLIC SM Ganguly award is given to the Librarian of the year since 1993.​

In News

• The IASLIC 33rd All India Conference 2023 will be organized in collaboration with the Department of Library & Information Science, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India, and is scheduled to be held at the Pondicherry University, Puducherry, during December 7-9, 2023.
• Main Theme: of the conference would be Collaborative Librarianship

The correct answer is Mary W. Plummer.

Key Points

• The Oxford Dictionary defines ethics as “the science of morals, the department of study concerned with the principles of human duty”.
• According to **IFLA professional ethics means “**A collection of professional guidelines for librarians and other library employees adopted by the national library or librarians associations or implemented by government agencies”.
• Miss Mary Wright Plummer, a librarian whose character left a lasting impression on the profession, delivered a speech titled "Pros and Cons of Librarianship" at the Illinois Library Association on April 14, 1903, which focused on the need of ethics for librarians.
• This speech was published in the May issue of Public Libraries in the same year.

Additional Information

• The ALA drafted the code of ethics for library professionals in 1939.
• The Library Association (UK) appointed a working party on professional ethics in 1978.
• In 1989 Joint Council of Library Association in India (JOCLAI) finalized a draft code of ethics.
• Amitabha Chatterjee recommends some facets of the code of ethics in 2008.
• A.K. Mukherjee, Megnanand, R.L. Mittal, Amitabha Chatterjee, P.S.G. Kumar et al wrote about the Code of Ethics in their books.

The Correct answer is 1926:

Key Points

• The Graduate Library School by the University of Chicago was established in 1926 with support from a grant from the Carnegie Corporation.
• it was the first library school in America to offer a doctorate in library science work.
• The faculty of the Graduate Library School established the journal, The Library Quarterly in 1931.
• The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books was established in 1945 at the Graduate Library School by Frances E. Henne.

Confusion Points

• In 1883, Melvil Dewey founded the School of Library Economy, the first institution for the instruction of librarians ever organized.

The correct answer is "IFLA Scroll of Appreciation".

Key Points

• ​The IFLA Scroll of Appreciation
• The IFLA Scroll of Appreciation is awarded to "an individual who has given distinguished service to IFLA as a volunteer engaged in a committee or group, in addition to efforts in fostering IFLA values, for example, diversity, inclusion, and equality".
• ​Nomination for IFLA Scroll of Appreciation -
• A nomination for the IFLA Scroll of Appreciation needs to have at least two nominators who are (or who represent) current IFLA Members, Personal Affiliates, or current members of a Section Standing Committee.
• A nomination must include evidence to support any claims of the nominee’s distinguished service or contribution to IFLA or to the global library field.

Important Points

• IFLA Honours and Awards -
• IFLA’s Honours and Awards recognize those who have given significant service and made distinguished contributions to the profession.
• The various IFLA Awards are listed below in the table:

The correct answer is "Fifteen".

Key Points

• The Dublin Core -
• "The Dublin Core", also known as the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, is a set of fifteen "core" elements (properties) for describing resources.
• The 15 Dublin Core elements are -

 

Additional Information

• Metadata -
• Metadata is the term used for the data that provides information about other data, in short, it can be referred to as "data about data".
• It was traditionally used in the card catalogs of libraries until the 1980s when libraries converted their catalog data to digital databases.

The correct answer is H.E. Bliss.

Key Points

• **H.E Bliss (1870-1955) is said to have said “Be minute, be minute, be not too minute”. To this Ranganathan replied, “Be minute, be minute, be too minute”.**​

Additional Information

• Henry Evelyn Bliss:
• He was named one of the 100 most important leaders in the field of library and Information science in the 20th century by American Libraries in December 1999.
• His collection of poems is entitled Better Late Than Never.
• Publications include:
• The Organization of Knowledge and the System of the Sciences in 1929.
• The Organization of Knowledge in Libraries in 1933.​
• ​Melvill Dewey:
• Melville Louis Kossuth "Melvil" Dewey (December 10, 1851 – December 26, 1931) was an influential American librarian and educator, inventor of the Dewey Decimal system of library classification,
• In 1876, Dewey moved to Boston, where he founded and became editor of The Library Journal.
• He was also one of the founders of the American Library Association, of which he was secretary from 1876 to 1891 and president in 1891 and 1893.
• School of Library Economy was officially opened on January 5, 1887.
• ​A. C. Foskett-​
• He is the author of the book "The Subject Approach to Information".
• He was a British Educator and Librarian.
• His full name is Antony Charles Foskett.​
• S. R. Ranganathan-​
• His full name is Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan, widely known as S.R. Ranganathan.
• He is regarded as the Father of Library Science in India.
• His most notable contribution to the field of library science is his"Five Laws of Library Science".
• He is also recognized for his development of a classification scheme widely known as Colon Classification.

The correct answer is Subject classification:

Key Points

• One Place Theory: To collocate all the abstract aspects of a concrete subject around it. Given by James Duff Brown in his Subject Classification it is an alternative approach to division by discipline.
• The S C places all the aspects of the subject together, which is why it is called a one-place theory.

Additional Information

• Subject Classification:
• ​Brown created three bibliographic classification systems: the Quinn-Brown scheme (1898), the Adjustable Classification (1898), and the Subject Classification (1906, 1914, and 1939).
• There were three editions of SC. The first two were created by Brown himself, and the third was the second edition somewhat expanded and revised by Brownís nephew, J.D. Stewart.
• ​Library of Congress Classification:
• ​The LC is a purely enumerative classification. It consists of 21 classes in 29 parts and 45 volumes and is the bulkiest of all the classification systems.
• It is based upon a literary warrant.
• ​Bibliographic Classification (BC):
• ​Bibliographic Classification (BC) was designed during 1940-53 by H.E. Bliss.
• Its order of main classes is planned well. It is based upon what Bliss called "Scientific and Educational Consensus".
• ​Colon Classification (CC):
• ​Designed by S.R. Ranganathan and published first in 1933.
• It is a freely faceted classification conforming to the General Theory of Classification and guided by postulates and principles.

The Correct answer is (B) and (D) are correct.

Key Points

• A user interface refers to the part of an operating system, program, or device that allows a user to enter and receive information
• CUI stands for Character User Interface. It is a user interface where the user interacts with the computer solely through the keyboard and requires a command to perform any task
• It works by allowing the user (client) to issue commands as one or more lines of text (referred to as command lines) to a program.
• Examples CUIs are MS-DOS and the UNIX.

​

Additional Information

• GUI stands for Graphical User Interface.
• A GUI enables users to interact with the operating system or application. It performs quick calculations of arithmetic and frees up the CPU to perform other tasks.
• It offers buttons, windows, scrollbars, iconic images, wizards, and other icons to facilitate users.
• MS-Windows is the most popular GUI for personal computers.

The Correct answer is Semantics:

Key Points

• Semantics:
• ​it is the study of reference, meaning, or truth.
• The term can be used to refer to subfields of several distinct disciplines, including philosophy, linguistics, and computer science.
• In linguistics, semantics is the subfield that studies meaning.
• In present-day philosophy, the term "semantics" is often used to refer to linguistic formal semantics, which bridges both linguistics and philosophy.
• In computer science, the term semantics refers to the meaning of language constructs, as opposed to their form (syntax).

Additional Information

• Plagiarism involves using someone else's work or ideas without giving them credit, which is a form of intellectual theft and violates ethical standards in research.
• Epidemiology is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why. Epidemiological information is used to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom the disease has already developed.
• Epistemology is defined as the 'Theory of Knowledge'. It is a branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods, and processes of acquiring knowledge.

The correct answer is the Internet Engineering Task Force.

Key Points

• IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.
• An IPv6 address has a size of 128 bits.
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
• Pv6 is intended to replace IPv4.
• 1 Bytes is equal to 8 bit.​

Additional Information

• **IPv4 (**Internet Protocol version 4) uses a 32-bit addressing scheme.
• This means that IPv4 addresses are composed of 32 binary bits, which are typically represented as four sets of decimal numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.0.1).
• Each decimal number in the address represents an 8-bit segment, also known as an octet, resulting in a total of four octets in an IPv4 address.

The Correct answer is Planning Programming Budgeting System;

Key Points

• Planning Programming Budgeting System (PPBS):
• ​This method of budgeting was first proposed by USDOD (United States Department of Defence) (1961).
• Two key elements of PPBS are budgeting and systems analysis.
• This method combines the functions of planning activities, programs, and services, translating them into tangible projects, and finally presents the requirements in budgetary terms.
• This method combines the best of both program budgeting and performance budgeting.

Additional Information

• Formula Budgeting:
• Based on financial norms and standards this method tries to relate some inputs like users served, academic programs supported, and the ratio of book stock to total funds of the parent body.
• The formulae are used for financial estimation as well as budget justification.
• Program Budgeting:
• ​​This method propounded originally in Hoover Commission Report (1949) has three steps. 
• statement of agency (i.e., library) objectives
• full consideration of alternative ways and
• logical selection of the best based on
  

effectiveness and efficiency.

• Performance Budgeting:
• This budgeting method is similar to program budgeting but the emphasis shifts from programs to performance.
• A performance budget is based on expenditure incurred on the performance of activities and the stress is on operational efficiency.
• It emphasizes the performance and operational efficiency of the programs.
• Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB):
• The method, developed by Peter Phyrr during the early 1970s, requires thorough knowledge of the organization, a lot of time, effort, and training.
• it assumes a budget of ‘zero’ for each program until one convinces the appropriating authority that the program is worthwhile and deserving of support at a specified level.

The correct answer is "To provide countrywide access to National and International Scientific and Academic Content".

Key Points

• One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) -
• ONOS is an initiative proposed by the Government of India (GoI), that aims to provide countrywide access to national and international scientific and academic content.
• The ONOS is starting its operation from 1st January 2025
• This initiative is expected to benefit research and educational institutions including universities, colleges, and research organizations, as well as every citizen of the country through public libraries.

Additional Information 

• ONOS Objective -
• ONOS is expected to sign national licenses with most of the prominent STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics) publishers and database producers across the world in order to encourage easy access to high-quality academic information, thus stimulating scientific research and innovation in the country.
• Providing country-wide access to electronic resources at an affordable cost and at better terms of licenses.

The Correct answer is Andrew Carnegie:

Key Points

• Andrew Carnegie:
• Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
• During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away around $350 million (roughly$5.9 billion in 2022),[6] almost 90 percent of his fortune, to charities, foundations, and universities.
• He donated 2M pounds for the development of the Library Building.
• He is Known for:
• ​Founding and leading the Carnegie Steel Company.
• Founding the Carnegie Library, etc
• A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929

Additional Information

• Melvil Dewey:
• Melville(December 10, 1851 – December 26, 1931) was an influential American librarian and educator,
• He is Known for
• Inventor of the Dewey Decimal system of library classification,
• A founder of the Lake Placid Club,
• A chief librarian at Columbia University,
• A founding member of the American Library Association.
• S R Ranganathan:
• Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan 9 August 1892 – 27 September 1972) was a librarian and mathematician from India.
• He is Known for:
• Contributions to the field by his five laws of library science
• The development of the first major faceted classification system, the colon classification.
• He is considered to be the father of library science, documentation, and information science in India.
• His birthday is observed every year as National Librarian Day in India.
• T Wilson:
• Dr. Thomas D. Wilson is a researcher in information science
• Dr. Wilson's best-known study on information-seeking behavior was the INISS project.
• Recently, Dr. Wilson has been an advocate for the adoption of activity theory in the area of information behavior.
• Dr. Wilson also founded Information Research, an online journal for information science

The Correct answer is OCLC:

Key Points

• Choreo Insights is an extensive library analytics solution that uses WorldCat holdings data to align academic library collections with institutional focus areas, emerging curriculum priorities, and future trends.
• It is the product of OCLC.
• Choreo Insights compares monographs and serials collections with other institutions around the world in seconds.

Additional Information

• OCLC:
• It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, then became the Online Computer Library Center as it expanded. In 2017, the name was formally changed to OCLC, Inc
• Products and Services of OCLC:
• BIBLIOTHECAplus library management system.
• LBS library management system.
• EZproxy access and authentication software.
• GreenGlass
• SISIS-SunRise library management system
• Wise
• CatExpress cataloging service.
• PiCarta database
• WorldCat.org global catalog.
• UNESCO:
• ​Products and services of UNESCO.
• UNESDOC Database: Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centers in field offices and institutes.
• CDS/ISIS,
• OpenIDAMS,
• IDIS.
• ALA:
• ​ALA is the world's oldest and largest library association founded in 1876 with its headquarters in Chicago.
• ALA Divisions;
• American Association of School Librarians (AASL)
• Assn. for Library Service to Children (ALSC)
• Assn. of College & Research Libraries (ACRL)
• Public Library Assn. (PLA)
• Reference & User Services Assn. (RUSA)
• Young Adult Library Services Assn. (YALSA)
• IFLA:
• The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) ) was founded in 1927.
• Core Activities
• ALP Action for Development through Libraries Programme
• PAC - Preservation and Conservation
• ICADS - IFLA-CDNL Alliance for Digital Strategies
• IFLA UNIMARC
• FAIFE- Free Access to Information and Freedom of Expression
• CLM - Committee on Copyright and Other Legal Matters
• COS- Committee on Standards.

The Correct answer is the Publisher index.

Key Points

• Indian National Bibliography (INB)
• It is Published by Central Reference Library, 1957- Monthly
• INB is a classified record of current publications published in India.
• INB consists of 3 parts –
• Classified,
• Author & Title Index,
• Subject Index.
• It is based on the publications deposited at the National Library of India under the 'Delivery of Books Act of 1954'.
• INB has been conceived as an authoritative bibliographical record of current publications in the 14 major languages of India and received by the National Library, Calcutta.
• The main source of information on books in India can be considered as Indian National Bibliography (INB).
• Started as a quarterly in 1957, and it is continuing as a monthly since 1964.
• June 2000 is the landmark in the history of the Indian National
  

Bibliography when its compilation was completely computerized.

The Correct answer is Complete Index to Indian Social Science Literature;

Key Points

• INSSPEL:
• ​Indian Social Sciences Periodical Literature is an integrated and computerized bibliographic database of articles published in 119 Indian journals since their inception in 1970 pertaining to Economics and Political Science.
• Earlier INSSPEL database covered only Economics and Political Science periodicals but the current one will be exhaustive and will contain Indian journals under the UGC-CARE list, journals subscribed by NASSDOC, and ICSSR suggested journals.
• Indian Education Index (1947-1978): It is a combined retrospective index, having 26 Indian educational journals in the English language.
• Index to Indian Periodicals: Sociology & Psychology (1886-1970): In the present volume, 35 Indian periodicals in sociology (English) have been indexed right from volume one to the year 1970, covering the period from 1886-1970.
• The earliest periodical indexed in sociology is the 'Journal of Anthropological Society of Bombay'

Additional InformationSome important Databases in Social Sciences:

• In India, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID), New Delhi has developed a package containing the index of articles appearing in 105 Indian periodicals. The database is known as the online Index (OLI).
• Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, (LISTA)
• ABI/INFORM Complete provides comprehensive coverage of business and economic events from across the globe.
• Emerald Management Xtra is the most extensive, comprehensive collection of peer-reviewed management journals and online support for librarians, faculty, researchers, and deans.
• Humanities International Complete is a comprehensive database of humanities content.
• The SAGE Full-Text Collections are award-winning, discipline-specific research databases of the most popular peer-reviewed journals in Communication Studies, Criminology, etc.
• SocINDEX with Full Text is the world's most comprehensive and highest-quality sociology research database.

The correct answer is "CILIP".

Key Points

Definitions of Information Literacy by Different Institutions -

 

Additional Information

• Information Literacy -
• Information Literacy is the ability to access, evaluate, organize, and use information to learn, problem-solve and make decisions.
• Paul Zurkowski was the first to develop the concept of Information Literacy in 1974.
• SCONUL UK developed the "Information Skills Model" in 1999 recommending seven skills which are referred to as “The Seven Pillars of Information Literacy”.
• CILIP -
• CILIP is a professional body in information, knowledge management, and library profession that came into existence in 2002 with the merger of the erstwhile Library Association (LA or LAUK) and the Institute of Information Science (IIS).
• It is headquartered in London, England.

The correct answer is "To facilitate access to published works by visually impaired persons and persons with print disabilities".

Key Points

• Marrakesh VIP Treaty -
• The "Marrakesh VIP (Visually Impaired Persons) Treaty" is formally known as the "Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled".
• The treaty was adopted on June 27, 2013, in Marrakesh, Morocco, and came into force on June 30, 2016.
• The treaty is administered by WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), which makes the production and international transfer of specially-adapted books for VIPs by establishing a set of limitations and exceptions to traditional copyright law.
• India is the first country to ratify the treaty on June 24, 2014.
• The objective of the Marrakesh VIP Treaty - 
• The primary goal of the Marrakesh Treaty is to create a set of mandatory limitations and exceptions for the benefit of the blind, visually impaired, and otherwise print-disabled (VIPs).
• It Permits “Authorized entities” and “Beneficiaries” themselves to make accessible copies without the owner's permission or license.
• It makes provision to permit cross-border sharing of these accessible format works.

 

Additional Information

• WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)-
• It is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN) established on July 14, 1967.
• It aims to promote and protect intellectual property (IP) across the world through international cooperation in the creation, dissemination, use, and protection of works of the human mind.