KVS Librarian 22 Feb 2018 (Subject Concerned) Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Nicholas J. Belkin

 Key Points

• ​​​​Nicholas J. Belkin:
• Nicholas J. Belkin was born in 1942 in America.
• He is known for an Anomalous state of knowledge or ASK.
• He proposed the Episodic model of information-seeking behaviour.
• Elfreda Chatman:
• Elfreda Chatman was an African-American researcher and professor.
• She was well known for her approaches towards information-seeking behaviour and has introduced her small-world method of studying information behaviour.
• David Ellis​:   
• David Ellis developed the model of information-seeking behaviour having six stages  in 1989 which are: 
• Starting
• Chaining
• Browsing
• Differentiating
• Monitoring, and
• Extracting
• T D Wilson: 
• He developed two models for information-seeking patterns in 1981 and 1996 respectively.
• Wilson also founded information research, an online journal for information science.​

Additional Information

Episodic model:

• The episodic model was developed by Nicholas J. Belkin.
• There are 4 dimensions which characterize search behaviour.
• These dimensions can be combined in 16 different ways.
• Method of interaction (scanning/searching)
• The goal of interaction (learning/selecting)
• Mode of retrieval (recognition/specification)
• Resource considered (information/metainformation)

The correct answer Internal environment

Key Points

• Internal environment
• The internal environment is composed of factors and elements within the library or any other organization.
• Internal environment factors are controlled by the library or organization.
• The shift from print to electronic resources is a type of change in the internal environment.
• Economic Environment
• It refers to the factors pertaining to an economy that influence the library in any way
• These factors are often beyond the control of the library or any organization
• Socio environment
• Socio Environment refers to the environment developed by the professionals and staff working within the library.
• It refers to the way the staff or professionals in the library influence or supports users.
• External environment
• It is composed of all the factors outside the library that influence the library in any way.
• It is of two types: **Micro Environment and Macro Environment.**​

Important Points

• ​​PESTEL (political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal ) are the six segments of the General environment.

Additional Information

The correct answer is P N Kaula.

Key Points 

• P N Kaula:
• Prithvi Nath Kaula was born in 1924** and** was appointed as a librarian in 1947 at Birla education trust.
• He joined the first batch of the master's degree program of library science at DU in 1948.
• He held the position of ILA and IATLIS presidentship and was the editor of two reputed journals of library science -Herald of library science and International information, communication, and education.
• In 1975 collection of his writings was published and in the same year, Prof. P N Kaula Endowment for library and information science was formed.
• Library Buildings: Planning and Design is his prominent publication

Additional Information

• B S Kesavan:​
• He was the first Librarian of the National Library of India.
• He is also known as the father of the Indian national bibliography.
• He was also the first Director of INSDOC.
• His prominent publication is History of printing and publishing and The Book in India
• KIIKM is the charitable trust in his memory.
• S R Ranganathan:​
• He is known as the Father of library science in India.
• His most notable and essential contribution to the library field is His Five Laws of Library science and Colon Classification.
• His Birthday ie 12 August is celebrated as national Librarian day across all of India.
• Rajwant singh  Chilana
• ​Rajwant Singh Chilana is an Associate professor Emeritus (University of Illinois) who operates Asian publications in surrey, B.C. providing access to many titles about Indian culture.
• in 2017 Rajwant was able to self-publish south Asian writers in Canada.
• In 2005 he was presented with the Best Librarian award by SATKAL trust Chicago.
• His prominent Books include the international Bibliography of Sikh studies, Dictionary of Sikh Names, etc

Important Points

• Library Buildings: Planning and Design were published in 1970.
• It was digitized in August 2009 and is published by Vikas publications.

The correct answer is lamination.

 Key Points

• Lamination :
• ​Lamination is a construction by an over-layering facet, just as one makes a sandwich by layering a vegetable over a layer of bread.
• According t**o Ranganathan "**when the basic layer is a basic subject and the other layers are isolate ideas, a compound subject is formed"
• Laminations are of two types.
• Lamination 1: In this mode, one or more isolated facets are laminated over a basic facet. This results in compound subjects
• Lamination 2. In this mode, two or more sub-facets of a compound facet are laminated over one another.
• Agglomeration:   
• Agglomeration is also known as Partial comprehension.
• It is the process of collecting together entities into larger masses without cohesion among the components.
• Agglomeration may be made up of consecutive constituents or even non-consecutive constituents with respect to a classification scheme.
• Denudation
• It is stripping a subject, of its successive layers to reach the bottom of the bottomless**.**
• In Denudation Extension of the subject decreases while its intention** **increases.
• Denudation is a dissection applied repeatedly to one entity.
• Fusion:
• In Fusion, two or more PBS are fused together in such a way that each of them loses its individuality.
• This mode may be taken to be equivalent to what Boulding describes as **a "**hybrid discipline"
• Fusion is an advanced stage of loose assemblage.
• In 1968 loose assemblage and fusion were viewed as two different modes of formation of the subject.

The correct answer is information dissemination.

Key Points

• Information dissemination:​
• ​Services in which information is distributed such that it reaches many people or organizations without subscription or prior demand for it.
• These services include literature search, bibliography compilations, state-of-the-art reports, critical reviews, etc.
• Other services include CAS, SDI, electronic clippings, etc.
• The main purpose of information dissemination is to promote awareness among common people.

Additional Information

• Information and referral:  Services that are available to all persons who request them from departments and other offices.
• ​Information retrieval:  It is the process of searching, locating, and retrieving information through the use of the computerized system
• Document retrieval: It is getting the right document to the right people, instantly. This includes both search criteria and security ethics.

The correct answer is User assistance

Key Points

• User assistance:
• Assistance in the use of library collection and library tools such as catalogs including OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue), reference books, etc is provided to the users
• When a user is made to understand the content contained in any document it is called user assistance.
• User Education;
• User education may be defined as a process or program through, which the potential users(maybe scientists, engineers, technologists, academics, and students) of information are made aware of the value of information and are motivated to use information resources.
• User Advisory:
• This service deals with providing reading guidance to the users. The basic aim of this service is to motivate library users to use the library and inculcate good reading habits.
• User orientation:
• The basic aim of the user orientation programs is to introduce the library and its services to the new user. These programs are in the form of a lecture by the librarian followed by a tour of the library; a brochure containing all the information which is distributed to the students; or an audio/ visual kit that is prepared to introduce the library to the newcomer.

Additional Information

• Chemical abstract services:
• CAS (formerly Chemical Abstracts Service) is a division of the American Chemical Society. It is a source of chemical information. CAS is located in Columbus, Ohio, United States.
• Chemical Abstracts is a periodical index that provides numerous tools such as SciFinder as well as tagged keywords, summaries, indexes of disclosures, and structures of compounds in recently published scientific documents..
• Chemical Abstracts has been associated with the American Chemical Society in one way or another since 1907.
• E. J. Crane became the first Director of Chemical Abstracts Service when it became an American Chemical Society

The correct answer is Raja Library Foundation (RRRLF), Kolkata

Key Points

• Raja Library Foundation (RRRLF), Kolkata
• RRRLF was established on 20^th May 1972 by GOI  and is registered under the Societies Act 1961 of  West Bengal.
• The supreme policy-making body of RRRLF is called Foundation and has 22 members.
• 1972 was celebrated as an international Book year.
• DYRC ( District youth Resource center) is an effort of RRRLF.
• Granthana is an official publication of RRRLF.
• The directory of Public Libraries is provided by RRRLF.
• The CIP( India) project and SDP(skill Development program) for public libraries in India are initiated by RRRLF.
• RRRLF initiated the compilation of the Web bibliography of Rabindranath Tagore.
• The Foundation institutes “RRRLF Fellowship” to offer fellowship to five eminent men and women in the field of Library service.
• Matching Scheme Assistance by RRRLF.

Important Points

• Central Reference Library:
• It was established in 1955 on the National Library of India campus.
• Central Reference Library publishes Indian National Bibliography from 1957.
• Delhi Public Library:
• DPL was established in 1951 by UNESCO as Pilot Project.
• It is The National Depository Library of India.
• DPL was inaugurated by Pandith Jawaharlal Nehru.

The correct answer is PERT:

Key Points

• PERT;
• It stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique. it was developed in 1958 by US Navy.
• PERT is the method of system analysis.
• PERT chart depicts tasks, duration, and dependency information.
• In PERT activities are shown as a network of precedence relationship using activity on arrow network construction and it is used for non-repetitive
• This technique uses probabilistic time estimates.
• TQM:
• It stands for Total Quality management and its concept was developed in Japan.
• It was promulgated by Edward Deming and Joseph M Juran.
• TQM focuses more on employees and Customers.
• TQM can be applied in libraries by applying ISO.
• Important Elements of TQM include;
• Customer driven quality
• TQM leadership from top management
• continuous improvement.
• fast response
• Action Based on Facts etc
• Decision Tree analysis;
• A decision tree is a flowchart that starts with one main idea and then branches out based on the consequences of your decisions. It’s called a “decision tree” because the model typically looks like a tree with branches.
• Steps in Decision Tree Analysis

Define the problem in structured terms. ...

Model the decision process. ...

Apply the appropriate probability values and financial data. ...

“Solve” the decision tree. ...

Perform sensitivity analysis. ...

List the underlying assumptions.

• CPM;
• it stands for the critical path method used for planning and scheduling a set of project activities.
• It was developed by Morgan R Walker and James E kelly.
• CPM was first time used in 1966
• CPM charts are similar to PERT charts and are sometimes called PERT/CPM
• The network analysis technique consists of PERT/CPM
• CPM is the statistical technique of project management.

The correct answer is Albert s Humphery

Key Points

• SWOT analysis:
• ​SWOT stands for Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
• It is also called a SWOT matrix.
• The strategy is historically credited to Albert Humphrey in the 1960s, but this attribution remains debatable.  There is no universally-accepted creator.
• SOFT is an acronym for satisfaction, opportunities, faults, and threats.

Important Points

• Peter Pyhrr: ​He has developed ZBB (zero-based Budgeting).
• Philip Kotler He is known for his definition of Marketing Mix and is regarded as the father of modern marketing.
• Peter Drucker: He has written the Book The practice of management and is described as the founder of modern management.
• He coined the term Knowledge Worker in 1959.

The correct answer is a List of approved items:

Key Points

• Indent is an internal document used by libraries to authorize the requisition or purchase of new documents and books. needed by the library.
• Library acquisition:
• Library acquisition is the department of a library responsible for the selection and purchase of materials or resources.
• There are generally five steps taken in order to acquire material for a library collection, whether physical or digital.
• Request processing
• Verification
• Ordering
• Reporting (fiscal management)
• Receiving orders
• Three successive stages of operations - selection; procurement and accessioning - correspond to the three sections of the Acquisition Department.

Additional Information

• Accession Register: The Accession Register is the basic record in the library about each document forming part of its collection. it consists of 14 columns.
• NBM(Non-book Material): Microforms -microfilms, microfiche, etc., models, wallcharts, etc.
• Microphotography was first produced by John Benjamin Dancer.

The correct answer is Full Duplex;

Key Points

• Full Duplex:

• ​It is the mode of transmission that is used in computing networks when there is simultaneous information flow in both directions, from sender to receiver.

• In this mode of transmission, the channel capacity is shared between the two devices.

• The Full Duplex mode features two simplex channels. One channel has traffic flowing in one direction, while the other channel has traffic flowing in the other way.

• The full duplex mode is used when communication in both directions is required.

• Examples: A telephone network and In a messaging app.

• Simplex:

• The Simplex transmission mode is used in computing networks when there is a single or one-way flow of information from sender to receiver

• In this mode of transmission, communication occurs only in one direction,

• A basic example of a simplex transmission mode is communication between a computer and a keyboard and The radio station is a simplex channel.

​

• Half Duplex;
• The half-duplex mode of transmission is used in computer networks when there is a way to flow information from sender to receiver but only one at a time.
• In this mode, the connected devices can transmit or receive the data but not simultaneously.
• The half-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions is not required at the same time.

​

• Examples; Walkie-talkie
• Bandwidth;
• In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.
• The MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) is the most important factor enabling the rapid increase in bandwidth
• Edholm's law, proposed by and named after Phil Edholm in 2004, holds that the bandwidth of telecommunication networks doubles every 18 months
• The MOSFET (MOS transistor) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959

Additional Information

• Transmission mode, also known as a communication mode, is the transfer of data between two devices via a communication channel that includes an optical fiber, wireless channels, copper wires, and other storage media.
• The Physical Layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) Layer Model is dedicated to data transmission in the network.
• The data transmission method was initially used in modems in a computer networking system in the 1940s1940s, then in LANs, WANs, repeaters, and other networking systems.
• Based on the direction of the exchange of information. The transmission mode is classified into three types: simplex, half duplex, and full duplex.

The correct answer is R L Mittal.

Key Points

• The ‘Seven Lamps of Conduct’ that are ‘musts’ for library professionals  were suggested by R L Mittal and are as:
• Impersonal book selection
• Service before self
• Split-mind
• Sympathetic behavior
• Tact
• Industry
• Scholarship

Important Points

• Ethics of Librarianship
• Librarians’ Canons of Ethics 1909 was the first set of the ‘Code of Ethics in librarianship in the USA.
• The first code of ethics from ALA was prepared in 1938 by Ms. Flora B Ledington.
• The Library Association (UK) appointed a working party on professional ethics in 1978.
• A K Mukherjee stated 20 points for library ethics.
• Amitabha Chatterjee also contributed to the code of ethics.
• In 1989 Joint Council of Library Association in India (JOCLAI) finalized a draft code of ethics.

The Correct answer is Object-oriented:

Key Points

• Programming Language:
• ​It is a system of Notation for writing a computer program.
• First GL is also called Machine Language.
• The second GL is called assembly Language.
• Third GL is called a High-level programming language.
• Fourth GL aims for a higher level of abstraction of internal computer hardware details.
• Fifth GLare is based on problem-solving.
• FORTRAN was invented in 1954 by John Backus at IBM.
• C was developed between 1969 and 1973.

Additional Information

• Java:
• ​Java was developed by James Gosling in 1995 at sun Microsystem.
• Greenstone 3 is written in java.
• AJAX is an acronym for Asynchronous javascript and XML.

The correct answer is the Dynamic theory of classification:

Key Points

• A dynamic theory of classification;
• The dynamic theory of library (classification, developed by Ranganathan between 1948 and 1955
• It was for the first time presented in the second edition of Prolegomena to Library Classification, published in 1957.
• A more advanced version of this theory appeared in 1967 in the shape of the third edition of the Prolegomena,
• Three planes of work: the Idea Plane, the Verbal Plane, and the Notational Plane.
• Descriptive theory of classification:
• The descriptive theory was the first stage in the development of library classification.
• The period between 1898 and 1937 witnessed the genesis and development of this theory.

Additional Information

• Important contributors to Library classification;
• J.D. Brown: 
• Guinn-Brown Scheme jointly with  J.H. Quinn in 1894
• Adjustable classification in 1897.
• Subject classification in 1906
• E C Richardson: Classification, Theoretical and Practical in 1910.
• E.W Hulme: In 1911-1912,  he published Principles of Book Classification in the Library Association Record.
• W C B Sayers; "Canons of Classification" in1915
• H.E. Bliss: Bibliographic Classification (BC) in 1935.
• S R Ranganathan; of Prolegomena to Library Classification in 1937

The correct answer is LIght Pen:

Key Points

• Light pen:
• ​A Light pen is a pen-like light-sensitive device.
• A light pen can work with any CRT monitor but not with LCD monitors.
• It is used by architects and engineers for CAD applications and editing.
• It is an input device.

​

• Punched Hole card:
• ​It is also known as the Hollerith card or IBM card.
• It was invented in 1890.
• IBM introduced 80-column punched cards in 1928.
• Scanner:
• A Scanner is an input device and is used to input data into the computer system in the form of pictures.
• The flatbed scanner was invented by Ray Kurzweil and his team in 1975 and can scan a document at 600 dpi.
• Keyboard:
• The first keyboard was developed in the 18^th century and was named a QWERTY keyboard.
• It contains a total of 101 to 104 keys.
• Each key of the keyboard has an ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) value.

The correct answer is Job evaluation.

Key Points

• Job evaluation:
• ​A job evaluation is a systematic way of determining the value/worth of a job in relation to other jobs in an organization.
• These are some of the primary methods of job evaluation explained below:
• Ranking Method
• Classification Method
• Point Method
• Factor Comparison Method
• Pay Survey Method
• Job Evaluation Committee
• Analytical Job Evaluation
• Job description:
• ​The job description is a broad statement of the purpose, duties, and responsibilities of a job or position.
• It is abbrivated as JD.
• it should always be made available to applicants for their study and review.
• Job specification:
• A job specification is an official document that describes the duties, required knowledge, skills and abilities, and minimum qualifications of State jobs.
• Job specification lists qualities that the employee should or sometimes, must have in order to qualify for the job.
• Job performance:
• ​Job performance assesses whether a person performs a job well.
• John P. Campbell describes job performance as an individual-level variable or something a single person does.
• Job performance is a consistent and important outcome of core self-evaluations (CSE).

Additional Information Human Resource Management: HRM means employing people, developing their capabilities, utilizing, maintaining, and compensating their services in tune with the job and organizational requirements.

The correct answer is the Biodata of a user:

Key Points

• User profile
• ​User Profile – A user profile includes the name, address, and keyword/s that represent the interest of the user.
• The user profile may be corrected and needs to be updated from time to time.
• Document profile: In the document profile, complete bibliographical details of the documents are provided along with the keywords that represent the subject/s of the document.
• Matching: In this process, the user profile file is matched with the document profile file.
• Notification: In this process, the user is notified by e-mail, or any other communication means about the document that has matched her/his profile.
• Feedback; Along with the document, a feedback card will also be sent.

Additional Information

• SELECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION:
• ​SDI was developed by Hans Peter Luhn.
• Dr. S R Ranganathan defined SDI as a documentation list on a specific topic anticipated to engage the attention of the member of the parent body.
• UNESCO defined SDI as the regular provision of scientific information to individuals or corporate users on predetermined subjects.

The correct answer is 1970.

Key Points

• NASSDOC:
• ​NASSDOC is an acronym for The National Social Science Documentation Centre.
• It was established by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi ( ICSSR) in 1970.
• It was established with the aim to provide information support to social science research activities in the country.
• It was renamed to its present name in 1985.
• SSDC referred to national documentation centre is known as NASSDOC
• NASSDOC is actively participating in UNESCO's Asia Pacific Information Network in Social Sciences (APINSS),

Additional InformationDESIDOC: Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre was established in 1958.

INSDOC: Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC) was established in 1952.

SENDOC: Small enterprises Documentation centre was established in 1970

the correct answer is Grey literature;

Key Points

• Grey Literature:
• Grey literature (or gray literature) is materials and research produced by organizations outside of the traditional commercial or academic publishing and distribution channels.
• Auger used the term "grey literature" to describe the concept for the first time in 1978.
• Working papers fall under Grey literature.
• Unpublished theses and dissertation fall in grey Literature.
• The annual international grey literature conference series has been organized since 1993 by Greynet.
• The Grey Journal appears three times a year –in spring, summer, and autumn.
• Ephemeral literature:
• ​Ephemeral literature is the literature of short-lived interest, such as printed airline schedules.
• Tertiary literature:
• Tertiary literature presents summaries or condensed versions of materials usually with references to primary or secondary sources.  They can be a good place to look up facts or get a general overview of a subject.
• Examples
• Textbooks

Dictionaries

Encyclopedias

Handbooks

• Secondary literature:
• The secondary literature summarizes and synthesizes the primary literature.
• Examples of Secondary Literature in the Sciences: Literature review articles, Books, etc.

The correct answer is 3^rd Law:

Key Points

• 3^rd law;
• Every Book its Reader.
• The approach of this law is oriented toward the book. As per the law, every book in a library should have a chance of finding its appropriate reader and be useful to her/him.
• The third law implicitly means that “resources look for users.in fact, the duty of the librarian is to help the library resources find the people who want and need them most.
• This principle naturally addresses the fundamental issue of open access.
• A book misplaced is a book lost forever is the principle of the 3^rd law on the reader's side.
• The third law also advocates the maintenance of a well-designed library catalog

Additional Information

• 2^nd Law:
• The second law is “Every reader his/her book is the variant form of which is “books for all.
• Implications of the second law are
• The obligation of the State
• Obligations of the Library Authority.
• 1^st Law;
• First Law: Books are for Use
• Implications of the first law are.
• Library Location
• Working Hours
• Library Building and Furniture
• Staff
• 4^th law;
• Fourth Law: Save the Time of the Reader, presents the biggest challenge to the library administrator. Policies must always be formulated keeping in view the needs of the readers (users) in mind.
• Implications of 4^th law are;
• open access system
• Proper classification system
• Effective circulation systems with all recently developed methods and techniques like photo-charging systems, ticket systems, computerized charging systems, barcode systems, and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems

The correct answer is A OR B

Key Points

• Boolean operators:
• ​Boolean Operators are simple words (AND, OR, NOT, or AND NOT) used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, resulting in more focus and productivity.
• When Boolean operators are used for searching it is known as Boolean search
• This kind of searching is also known as Combinatorial search.
• The basic operations of Boolean algebra are conjunction, disjunction, and negation.
• AND:
• This operator will retrieve all the documents which contain all the keywords occurring at both ends of the AND operator.
• Syntax: <Search Term A> AND <Search Term B>

Example: Library AND Information

• The above query will retrieve only those documents which contain both the terms Library and Documentation. The precision in search is more. The number of documents retrieved will be less hence less is the recall value.
• OR:
• This operator will retrieve all the documents which contain all the keywords occurring at both ends of the OR operator.
• Syntax: <Search Term A> OR <Search Term B>

Example: Library OR Information

• The above query will retrieve all documents which contain both the terms Library and Documentation. The recall in search is more. The number of documents retrieved will be more but the precision of retrieved documents will be less.
• NOT or AND NOT:
• These operators increase the precision of the search result. The query can be made more specific by using these operators. Using the capitalized AND NOT operator preceding a search term eliminates documents that contain that term.
• Syntax <Words to be searched> AND NOT <Words not to be searched>

Additional Information

• Boolean algebra:
• ​Boolean algebra was introduced by George Boole in his first book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847)
• According to Huntington, the term "Boolean algebra" was first suggested by Sheffer in 1913,

The correct answer is RDA:

Key Points

• RDA:

• ​RDA stands for “Resources Description and Access”, the new standard that will be the successor to AACR2R.

• The RDA toolkit was initially released in 2010.

• RDA is divided into 10 sections., 37 chapters, with 13 appendices, a glossary, and an index

• RDA is developed by JSC. and is the new standard for descriptive cataloging.

• RDA was widely implemented in 2013 by LC, British Library, and other major libraries.

• Z39.50:

• It is an ANSI/NISO standard for search and retrieval services.

• Work on the Z39.50 protocol began in the 1970s and led to successive versions in 1988, 1992, 1995 and 2003

• SRU/SRW are twin protocols that are considered to be the successors of Z39.50.

• OSI:

• The open systems interconnection model was developed in 1983 by ISO.

• There are 7 layers in an OSI model.

• Layer 1: The Physical Layer which provides Data encoding, Transmission technique, Physical medium transmission

• Layer 2: The data-link layer which provides Frame Traffic Control, Frame Sequencing, Frame Acknowledgment: etc

• Layer 3: The Network Layer  provides Routing, Fragmentation / Reassembly

• Layer 4: The Transport Layer which provides Buffering: Windowing Reliable Transport (positive acknowledgment):

• Layer 5: The Session Layer

• Layer 6: The Presentation Layer which provides Data representation, Data Security, Data compression

• Layer 7: The Application Layer

• ISO 2709;

• ISO 2709 is an international standard format for bibliographic information interchange on magnetic tape.

• ISO2709 structure consists of the following elements:

• Record label

• Directory

• Data fields

• Record separator

Additional Information

• Anthony Panizzi’s Rules for the Compilation of the Catalogue, printed in 1841.
• Charles Ammi Cutter his Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue, published in 1876.
• A descriptive Catalogue can be divided as
• First age: Called the age of single author code.
• The Second Age  was “the era of the committee code
• Third Age  began in 1967 with the release of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules

The correct answer is 1927

Key PointsInternational Federation of Library of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA):

• IFLA was founded in 1927 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
• IFLA Introduces the concept of Sister Libraries for promoting Public Libraries.
• The goal of promoting international contact among library associations and librarians.
• It is a non-governmental professional organization.
• It is presently one of the leading international bodies representing the interest of library and information services and their users.
• It is considered to be the global voice of the library and information profession.
• In the year 1971, the IFLA set up a permanent secretariat in The Hague, Netherlands.

the correct answer is IASLIC:

Key Points

• IASLIC:
• ​The Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres (IASLIC) was founded in 1955.
• Dr. S L hora was elected as the first president and Mr. J Saha as the first honorary General Secretary of IASLIC.
• The second edition of the Directory of Special and Research Libraries in India was in 1985.
• Publications include IASLIC Bulletin (quarterly) established in 1956. IASLIC newsletter ( Monthly), ILSA (Indian library science abstract).
• Awards; Best retired librarian of the year**, S M Ganguly librarian** award since 1993,
• SIS:
• The Society for Information Science (SIS) was formed in 1975.
• The Young Information Scientist Award has been instituted in 1989 in the memory of Late Shri A.S. Raizada, Founder and Secretary of SIS.
• The first national convention and conference of SIS were held in 1981 at Regional Research Laboratory, Hyderabad.
• The Society has been bringing out since 1981, a monthly entitled SISCOM (Society for Information Science Communication). and SISTRANS (Society for Information Science Transaction) since July 1982.
• Dr. Manoj Kumar Patairiya is the current president of SIS.
• ILA:
• The Indian Library Association was founded in 1933 in Calcutta.
• M O Thomas was the first president of ILA.
• Publications include the ILA newsletter (monthly), JILA**( quarterly),**
• LIS Gateway is maintained by ILA.
• -All India Library Conference is held every year at some place in the country.
• In 1995, a database NALANDA  was created.
• Seventh Plan Working Group on Modernization of Libraries and Informatics submitted its report in 1984.
• ILA hosted the 1992 IFLA General Conference in Delhi.
• The International Conference on Ranganathan's Philosophy was organized by ILA in November 1985.
• he ILA also organized the IFLA Universal Availability of -Publications (UAP) Regional Seminar in October 1985 and FID/CR Regional Seminar in November 1985 in New Delhi.
• IATLIS
• Indian Association of Teachers of library and information science was founded in 1969.
• The first national workshop on LIS teachers and Digital Future was organized from 17-19 Jan. 2007
• IATLIS also started lecture series with SATKAL.
• IATLIS journal of library education and research (IJIER) is published quarterly.
• Motiwale Best LIS teacher award is given by IATLIS.
• Prof Bashiruddin was the first president of IATLIS.

The correct answer is INFLIBNET:

Key Points 

• INFLIBNET
• ​The information and library network was initiated by UGC in 1991 as a project under IUCCA in the seventh five-year plan.
• It became an independent interuniversity center in 1996.
• The concept of INFLIBNET is largely due to the interests of prof Yash Pal.
• The open journal access system is maintained by INFLIBNET.
• INFISTAT is developed by INFLIBNET.
• The annual conference of  INFLIBNET is called CALIBER.
• OJAS, Shodganga, IR@INFLIBNET, epg patshala, e Acharya,  IRTPLA, INFOPORT are some programmes of INFLIBNET.
• INFLIBNET newsletter is published quarterly.
• SOUL library software was developed by INFLIBNET.

Additional Information

• SOUL:
• ​The first version (version 1.0) of SOUL (Software for University Library) was released in February 1999 during CALIBER-99 at Nagpur.
• The second version of SOUL, named SOUL 2.0 was released in January 2009
• SOUL 3.0 was released in 2021.
• National Centre for Scientific Information:
• NCSI was established in 1983, as a University Grants Commission (India) Inter-University Centre (IUC).
• All the services provided by NCSI were integrated via the Scigate:
• NCSI also published a monthly electronic newsletter InfoWatch.
• ePrints@IISc, etd@IISc, and e-JIS are some services of NCSI
• NCSI also operated a moderated, free discussion forum (List service) LIS-Forum for library & information professionals.
• INFONET Consortium
• INFONET consortium was developed in 2003.
• it is the project of UGC.
• It was launched by A P J Abul Kalam Azad.

The correct answer is Posteriorising Personality Common Isolate

Key Points

• ​Ranganathan defines common isolates as "an isolated idea denoted by the same isolate term and represented by the same isolate number, quite irrespective of the compound subject in which it occurs, or the basic subject with which the compound subject goes".
• Types of Common Isolates in CC:
• Anteriorising common isolates

Applicable after time facet

T - commission report

t4 - survey

v - source material

v46 - genealogy

v6 chronology

• Posteriorising Common Isolates in CC: Posteriorising common isolates are of three types, personality, matter, and energy

common isolates. A personality common isolate stands mainly for institutions, some of which- are as follows: 

• f - investigating- institution

f2 - an observational institution

f3 - laboratory

g - learned body

h6 - museum

y - cultural organizations

• Colon Classification:
• ​The first edition of CC was published in 1933  with Three parts by the Madras Library Association.
• It was compiled by Dr. Ranganathan.
• The second edition of Colon Classification was published in 1939 with four parts.
• Main classes  Spiritual Experience and Mysticism were added in 2^nd ed. Also, octave principles were added.
• The third edition of Colon Classification 'appeared in 1950 fourth in 1952 Fifth in 1957, the Sixth in 1960, and the Seventh ed. in 1987.
• The Notation in CC ed & comprises 74 digits which have been divided into six species.
• The four major devices used in CC are:
• Chronological device
• Geographical device
• Subject device
• Alphabetical device
• The method for mapping the universe of subjects in CC is Faceted.
• 6^th ed . of CC is a Freely faceted classification scheme.
• In CC double inverted comma indicates a Common isolate.
• The asterisk indicates agglomeration and interpolation.

The correct answer is the Analysis of library records:

Key Points

• Methodology in user studies;
• Questionnaire Method; It is the direct method used for user studies. The questionnaire can comprise both close-ended and open-ended questions
• Interview Method; Direct method in which face-to-face conversation happens.
• Diary Method; In this case the investigator requests the users of a library to record in his diary all such activities as are related to the study being conducted.
• Library Records Analysis is an indirect method of user studies. Many libraries maintain records relating to the acquisition of books, periodicals, and other documents; circulation of books; inter-library loan; document delivery; queries handled; and so on

Additional Information

• User studies: 
• ​It is the thorough examination of the users of a library or information center in terms of their types, the categories of documents and services they use, the urgency with which they need the documents and services, etc., using one or more of the approved methods.
• The foundation of user studies was laid down in 1948
• The Centre for Research on user studies (CRUS) was established in 1975 by the British Library.
• Eithel stated that user studies are composed of who reads what; and how these needs can be identified and satisfied.
• Manzil Categorised User studies into three categories, Behavioural,  user, and information flow studies.
• Working in 1973 divided user studies into 3 areas.

The correct answer is knowledge is dependent

Key Points

• Knowledge:
• ​Knowledge is an organized set of statements of fact or ideas, presenting a reasoned judgment or an experimental result that is transmitted to others through some communication medium in some systematic form.
• Knowledge is interpretation in context, relatedness, conceptualization, and forms of argument.
• Knowledge is a Dependent entity and is never complete and knowledge is infinite.
• Types of knowledge;
• Rational
• inductive
• scientific
• Kinds of knowledge;
• Procedural
• Declarative
• Semantic
• Episodic
• Tacit
• Explicit

Additional Information

• DIKW pyramid;
• ​It is also known as the DIKW hierarchy, wisdom hierarchy, knowledge hierarchy, information hierarchy, information pyramid, and the data pyramid
• Russel Ackoff is seen as who has initiated DKIW in knowledge management.

The correct answer is the University of Mumbai:

Key Points

• University of Mumbai:
• ​It was established in 1857.
• The first degrees awarded in 1862 were Bachelor of Arts and Licentiate in Medicine.
• Library science education and training were started by the University Library, the University of Bombay in the year 1943 at the Fort campus.
• Cornelia Sorabji was the university's first female graduate in 1888.
• Dr. Bhau Daji Lad, John Wilson, and Jugonnath Sunkersett are the founders of the university of Mumbai.
• A full-fledged Department of Library Science was established in the year 1964. and in 1967, the Master of Library Science course was introduced.
• The Ph.D. program in Library Science was initiated from the year 1995.

Additional Information

• R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur;
• Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (RTMNU), formerly Nagpur University, was established in 1923.
• in the year 1956 with a diploma course in Library and Information Science. and Ph. D. program from 1987.
• SNDT Women's University, Mumbai: ​ Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University was established in 1916.
• The SHPT School of Library Science, founded in 1961, is a Department of the SNDT Women's University and is situated on its Churchgate Campus.
• The Postgraduate B Lib Sc. degree course replaced the original diploma course in 1964. The Master's course was introduced in 1978. In 2012, a two-year integrated MLISc course was started. The Ph.D. program was introduced in 1985
• University of Pune;
• The University of Pune was established on 10 February 1949.
• The institution's name was changed from the University of Pune to Savitribai Phule Pune University on 9 August 2014 in honor of Savitribai Phule
• First Diploma Course in Library Science was introduced in 1958-59. Diploma Course was converted into the Bachelor's Degree in 1965

The correct answer is Reference:

Key Points

• Norms of UGC:
• The University Grants Commission (India), appointed in 1957 a committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan to advise the UGC about the development of university and college libraries and their organization.
• Reference Section: One person for every 50 readers (other than the users of the textbook collection) in a day.
• Book Section: One person for every 6000 volumes added in a year.
• Periodical Publications Section: One person for every 500 current periodicals taken.
• Documentation Section: One person for every 1000 entries prepared in a year.
• Technical Section: One person for every 2000 volumes added in a year.
• Maintenance Section: One person for every 6000 volumes added in a year, one person for every 500 volumes to be replaced daily, and one person for every 1,00,000 volumes in the library.
• Administrative Section: Minimum of one library accountant, one steno-typist, and one correspondence clerk.
• Circulation Section: 'One person for every 1500 hours for which one library gate has to be kept open in a year.
• Supervisory Section: One Librarian and one Assistant or Deputy Librarian.
• Unskilled Staff: One Cleaner for every 30,000 volumes in the library, one Attendant each for every 6,000 volumes added in a year, for every 500 current periodicals taken, and for each of the shifts in the Circulation Section, besides unskilled and semi-skilled workers normal to any institution

Additional Information

• Norms of AICTE
• AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education) is a statutory body established to properly plan and coordinate the development of technical education systems throughout the country.
• The AICTE recommends the following as norms for the library of a technical institution which has an initial stock of 4000 volumes of books and 36 journals (18 national, and 18 international (desirable):

a) Librarian - 1

b)  Assistant Librarian- 1

c)  Assistants - 4

The correct answer is IFLA

Key Points

• The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto is a document approved by UNESCO in 1949 and updated in Paris on 29 November 1994.
• The Manifesto was prepared with the participation of the public libraries section of the IFLA.
• The 1994 publication of the Public Library Manifesto lists 12 key missions related to information, literacy, education, and culture that should be at the core of public library services:

Additional Information

• IFLA:
• The international federation of library Associations and institutions was founded in 1927.​
• IFLA was registered in the Netherlands in 1971.
• ISBD is developed by IFLA.
• IAP( international advocacy programme) was launched in 2016.
• IFLA journal is published four times a year.
• FID:
• It was founded by Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine in Belgium in 1895 as the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB).
• In 1938, it assumed the name International Federation for Documentation.
• The three major plans, namely, Outline of a Long-Term Policy (1960), the FID Programme (1970) and a New Programme Structure (1978).
• Revision, development and maintenance of UDC have been looked after by FID.
• The 49^th FID Conference and Congress were hosted by INSDOC in October 1998.
• FID honoured Ranganathan by electing him in 1957 as a Member of the Honour.
• FID was dissolved in 2002.
• OCLC:
• Founded in 1967 as Ohio College Library Centre and the name was changed to Online Computer Library Centre in 1981.
• DDC is looked after by OCLC since 1998.
• Fedrick G Kilgour is the founder of OCLC.
• QuestionPoint and WorldCat are maintained by OCLC.
• CONTENTdm, Worldcat and world share are also maintained by OCLC.
• Digby a mobile app was launched by OCLC.
• FAST (faceted Application of Subject Terminology) is developed by OCLC in 1998.
• Dublin core is developed by OCLC.
• Library of Congress:
• ​The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. which is at present considered the national library of the United States of America was founded in 1800.
• The national book festival is the mobile app of LC.
• In 1966 MARC was started as a pilot project of the LC.
• LC was destroyed in 1812.
• The CIP program of LC was started in 1971.​

The correct answer is the minister of Education;

Key Points

• Maharashtra Public Libraries Act, 1967:
• It was enacted in 1967.
• The main features of this Act are;
• Minister for  Education shall be the Ex-officio President of the Council
• Constitution of a separate Department of Libraries, and the appointment of a professional as its Director.
• Establishment of Maharashtra State Library Service
• No library cess.
• The Government shall contribute to the library fund every year, a sum not less than 25 lakh rupees

Important Points

• Madras Public Libraries Act, 1948
• Andhra Pradesh Public Libraries Act, 1960
• Karnataka Public Libraries Act, 1965
• Maharashtra Public Libraries Act, 1967
• West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979
• Manipur Public Libraries Act, 1988
• Kerala Public Libraries Act, 1989
• Haryana Public Libraries Act, 1989
• Mizoram Public Libraries Act, 1993
• Goa Public Libraries Act, 1994
• Gujarat Public Libraries Act, 2001
• Orissa Public Libraries Act, 2001
• Uttaranchal Public Libraries Act, 2005
• Rajasthan Public Libraries Act, 2006
• Uttar Pradesh Public Libraries Act, 2006
• Bihar State Public Libraries and Information Centers Act, 2008

The correct answer is a Register card;

Key Points

• The Three-Card System:
• The Three Card System is a method introduced by Ranganathan.
• In this system, three different cards of the size 5" X 3" are maintained for each periodical.
• Register Card; This is intended to record information about the name of the periodical, the name of the supplier, the periodicity, the order details, the annual subscription, the payment details, details of issues received, etc.
• Check Card: It contains columns for volume and number, due date, details of reminders, etc.
• The Classified Index Card: This card shows the volumes available in the library in the case of each periodical. It also gives details about the supplements, cumulative indexes, etc of the periodical.

Additional Information

• The Ledger System In this system, the record is kept in the form of a bound register wherein each page is allotted to a periodical.
• The card system; In this system, cards of a uniform size, either 5" X 3" or 6" X 4", can be used where each card can hold the data relating to a particular periodical.
• The Kardex System This system was introduced by the Remington Rand of India, Ltd. It is a type of visible record system maintained in a steel filing cabinet.

Each unit cabinet contains seven trays all providing more than 500 card holders. Each cardholder can hold two cards, a Bottom Card and a Top Card.

The  correct answer is the Indian National bibliography;

Key Points

• Indian National Bibliography:
• INB is a classified record of current publications published in India and is a book selection tool giving information about the publications.
• Till 1972 the INB was divided into two parts: general publications and government publications
• It was first published Quarterly and after 1964 was published Monthly.
• From January 1984 onwards 19^th edition of the DDC system is being followed.
• The first computerized INB was issued in 2000.
• INB is an Enumerative type of bibliography.
• B S Kesavan is considered the father of INB.
• Central Reference Library (CRL), Kolkata, Govt. of India, Ministry of Culture, publishes the Indian National Bibliography (INB)

Important Points

• Ulrich's International Periodical Directory:
• The print version has been published since 1932, and was founded by Carolyn F. Ulrich,
• It is now also supplied online as Ulrichsweb
• ProQuest is its publisher.
• World Book Encyclopedia;
• The World Book Encyclopedia is an American encyclopedia first published in 1917 by the Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company.
• the latest edition, World Book Encyclopedia 2022,
• In 1937, World Book published its first international edition.
• In 1998, World Book launched its first website.
• Universities Handbook:
• It was initiated in 1927 by the AIU(Association of Indian universities).

Additional Information

• Book selection principles;
• ​Drury’s Principles: Drury described his principles in his book, Book Selection, published by ALA in 1930. It is a list of 21 points.
• Dewey’s Principles: Melvil Dewey suggested that in selecting a document the librarian should see that the document is “the best reading for the largest number at the least cost”.
• Ranganathan’s Principles: According to Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, documents fall under three categories: umbral documents, d penumbral documents, alien document

The correct answer is BusTopology**.**

Key Points

Bus Topology

• Bus topologies have the simplest layout.
• In a bus topology, there is a main cable that connects to each of the network’s devices.
• Network users utilize the main cable to relay data information from one end of the bus to the other.
• This topology can get noisy, so it’s best for smaller network setups with fewer devices.

Additional Information

MeshTopology 

• The two different types of mesh topology are full mesh and partial mesh.
• Every device is connected to every other device within the network.
• In partial mesh topologies, some computer systems aren’t hooked up to every other device.
• This topology type does require the most cabling and can get quite complex the larger you scale it.

Star topology

• A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between two devices

• In mesh, star and ring topologies are point-to-point connection

• Hub and switch is the central device in a star topology.

• Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies.

• In its simplest form, a star network consists of one central node, typically a switch or hub, which acts as a conduit to transmit messages. In star topology, every node is connected to a central node.

• The switch is the server and the peripherals are the clients.

• In a star topology, each device needs only one link and one I/O port to connect it to any number of other devices

Ring Topology

• Ring topology gets its name from the ring shape that’s formed as a result of each device connecting to two other devices in the network.
• Devices in this type of topology send messages in a unified direction.
• One downside to this topology type is that if one device fails, the rest of the network suffers, too.
• IT can quickly locate which node stopped the message from completing its circular cycle.

The correct answer is the Per capita method

Key Points

• Per capita method:
• In this method, a minimum amount per head is fixed, which is essential for providing standard library services.
• University Grants Commission Library Committee ` recommended that a university provide Rs. 15 per student and Rs. 200 per teacher for acquiring reading material for its library.
• The Kothari Education Commission (1964-66), however, recommended that as a norm, a university should spend each year about Rs. 25 for each student and Rs. 300 per teacher.
• Ranganathan suggested that per capita expenditure on university and college libraries should be Rs. 20 per student and Rs. 300 per teacher, or Rs. 50 per student.
• Ranganathan suggested a 50 paise per capita expenditure way back in 1950.
• Method of proportion:
• ​This method presupposes that the authorities provide adequate finances to the library from their regular budget and that a particular minimum limit is fixed.
• The University Education Commission had recommended that 6.5 percent of a university's budget would be a reasonable expenditure on its library.
• UGC also suggested “this expenditure could vary from 6.5 to 10 percent.
• Ranganathan suggested that either 10 percent of the total budget or 6 percent should be earmarked for public library purposes.
• Method of details:
• ​According to this method, all items of expenditure of a library are accounted for while preparing the financial estimates.
• These are of two types, viz., i**) recurring or current expenditure and ii) non-recurring or capital expenditure**.
• Ranganathan suggested the circulation of recurring/ current expenditure and non-recurring/capital expenditure.
• The Advisory Committee for libraries, Government of India followed almost a similar method for estimating the financial requirements for establishing a countrywide public library system.
• Formula method:
• In this method, a formula based on financial norms and norms is accepted. This appears to be a detailed and dynamic method. Hence saves a lot of time. But it is not responsible for minor variations in each library and its consumers and services.

Additional Information

• University Education Commission (1948-49) was the first Commission on education after Independence.
• The Commission was appointed under the chairmanship of Dr. S. Radhakrishan.
• Education commission was appointed under the chairmanship of Dr. Lakshamanaswami Mudaliyar in 1952 to address the issues

related to school education.

• The Commission introduced the policy of developing a three-year national system of secondary education (after eight years of elementary education).
• The Education Commission (1964-66): Drawing on Nehru’s Mission and articulating most of his key themes, the Kothari Commission (1964-66) was set up under the Chairmanship of Dr. D. S. Kothari to formulate a coherent education policy for India.
• National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was constituted in June 2005 by the prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Sam Pitroda,

The correct answer is Providing support to the development of research and publication

Key Points 

• University Libraries:

• The five major functions of a university are:

• Learning and teaching;

• Research and generation of new knowledge;

• Dissemination and publication of research results;

• Conservation of knowledge and ideas; and

• Extension and services.

• The recommendations of the Raj Committee state that 20% of the university budget should be available for the university library.

• Collage Library;

• Radhakrishnan Commission recommended the setting apart of 6%, the Kothari Commission raised it to about10%, The Karnataka State Universities Review Committee (popularly known as the Raj Commission recommends about 20% of the college budget for the maintenance and development of the library

• On the size of the collection, educationists hold the view that a representative college library should, have at least 50 books per student

• School Library:

• The school libraries are at Primary, Middle, Secondary, etc. levels.

• The foundation of reading habits among children is well laid in school libraries.

Additional Information 

• Library extension services;
• Library extension service is an effort to increase the number of its users to make maximum use of its resources.
• These services are provided by public libraries.
• These services include
• Book libraries
• Bookmobiles
• Services for illiterates
• Young Adult Services
• Services for Adult Learners
• Services for Senior Citizens

The correct answer is 1968

 Key Points

• ​ILA (Indian Library Association) declared 14-20 November has been celebrated as National Library week all over India Since 1968
• National Library Week is an annual celebration highlighting the valuable role of libraries, librarians, and libraries.
• Connect with Your Library was the theme of 2022 library week.

Additional Information

• National Library Week in America is celebrated since 1958 and organized by ALA. in the month of April.
• In 1954 a nonprofit National Book Committee was established between the ALA and the American Book Publishers.
• In 1957 the committee developed the idea for National Library Week
• The theme of the first sponsored week in 1954 was "Wake Up and Read!" and 2021's theme is "Welcome to Your Library.
• The first National Library Week of the Jamaica Library Association was held March 6–12, 1966.
• The first Australian Library Week was held in 1968 by the Australian Library Promotion Council.

The correct answer is the Cow-calf principle

Key Points

• Principle of facet Sequence
• Ranganathan presented four principles for Facet Sequence, they are 1. Wall-Picture Principle, 2. Whole-Organ Principle, 3. Cow-Calf Principle, and 4. Actand-Action-Actor-Tool Principle**.**
• Wall picture principle: The principle indicates that when there are two facets and the concept of one of the facets (let us call it B) is not operative without conceding the concept of the other facet (Let us call it A) then, A should precede B.
• The Whole-Organ Principle reads as if in a subject, facet B is an organ of facet A**, then A should precede B.**
• Cow-calf principle; if a facet A and another facet B belonging to the same subject are not to be separated though they are distinct from each other and thus separable, A and B should be kept together in the same Round, even as a milch cow and its unweaned calf are not separately sold out though they are distinct entities and thus separable, but are kept together in possession of the same owner.
• Act and-action-actor-tool Principle; If in a subject, facet B denotes action on facet A by facet C, with facet D as the tool, then the four facets should be arranged in the sequence A, B, C, D.It means in a subject when Action, Actor, Act, and Tool are present. Their sequence should be Act and-Action-Actor-
• Principle of Helpuf sequence: 
• Ranganathan formulated eight Principles of Helpful Sequence

1. Principle of Later-in-Time
2. Principle of Later-in-Evolution
3. Principle of Spatial Contiguity
4. Principles for Quantitative Measure
5. Principle of Increasing Complexity
6. Principle of Canonical Sequence
7. Principle of Literary Warrant
8. Principle of Alphabetical Sequence​

Additional Information

• ​Canons of Classification
• ​Ranganathan formulated 43 canons and grouped them into three planes of work.

i) Canons for Idea Plane (15).

ii) Canons for Verbal Plane (4).

iii) Canons for Notational Plane (24)

• Fundamental Categories: There are five and only five fundamental categories, namely Time, Space, Energy, Matter and Personality", PMEST; for short
• Basic Laws:: Ranganathan formulated six basic laws, viz.,

1. Law of Interpretation

2. Law of Impartiality

3. Law of Symmetry

4. Law of Parsimony

5. Law of Local Variation

6. Law of Osmosis '

The correct answer is the First author:

Key Points

• Entries made in AACR2R
• ​Single Personal Authorship: For a book having a single personal author, the entry is made under the name of the author.
• Document with Shared Responsibility: Principal authors are distinguished from other authors by giving prominence such as wording or layout, etc. and the main entry is made under them. If the principal author is not indicated on the title page of the book, the entry heading should be made under the first named author.
• EDITED BOOKS: For edited books by more than one editor also, the main entry is prepared by the title of the book. Added entries are also prepared for the subject and other editors.
• AACR is an international library cataloging standard first published in 1967.
• The second edition of AACR2 was issued in 1978.
• Revision AACR2R was published in 1988.
• It is jointly published by ALA, CLA, CILIP, and information professionals.
• RDA (Resource description and access) is designed to replace AACR2R
• The index of AACR2r was compiled by K G B Bakewell.
• AACR-2R consists of two parts:
• Part 1: Description consists of 13 chapters.
• Part 2: Headings, Uniform Titles, and References consist of 21 chapters.
• AACR-2R has prescribed three levels of description.

The correct answer is 30 days.

Key Points

• The Delivery of Books “and Newspapers” (Public Libraries) Act, 1954;
• In 1954 Indian parliament passed the Delivery of Books (Public Libraries) Act. According to this Act, the publisher of every book, newspaper, or serial must deliver at his own expense a copy of the book within thirty days from the date of its publication to:
• National Library at Calcutta (Kolkata),
• Connemara Public Library, Madras (Chennai),
• The Central Library, Town Hall, Bombay (Mumbai),
• Delhi Public Library.
• ​​It was amended in 1956 and became The Delivery of Books 'and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act, 1954.
• The insertions “and Newspapers” provided by the Delivery of Books (Public Libraries) Amendment Act, 1956 include serials as well.
• ​​The copy to be delivered to the National Library, Kolkata should be the best of its kind.
• Penalty: Any publisher who contravenes any provision of this Act. or of any rule made thereunder shall be punishable with a fine which may extend to fifty rupees and, “if the contravention is in respect of a book, shall also be punishable with fine which shall be equivalent to” the value of the book.
• The Delivery of Books (Public Libraries) Act, 1954 extends to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The correct answer is Bibliographical

Key Points;

• Indexing and abstracting of periodicals belong to the bibliographical source of information.
• Indexing and abstracting sources belong to secondary sources.
• The word index is derived from the Latin word ‘indicate’.
• According to Krishna Kumaran index is “a systematic guide to the text of any reading matter or to the contents of other collected documentary material, comprising a series of entries, with headings arranged in alphabetical or other chosen order, & with references to show where each item indexed is located”
• The index is having two parts: The searching part and the Citation.
• According to Maizell “An abstract, simply defined is a condensation that presents succinctly, the objectives, scope, and findings of a document.
• The abstract is having three parts: Searching mechanism, Citation, and Abstract.

Additional Information

• Ready Reference:​ Yearbooks, almanacs, directories, handbooks, manuals, guides, and so on are examples of Ready Reference sources.
• An ephemeral is a communications endpoint (port) of a transport layer protocol of the Internet protocol suite that is used for only a short period of time for the duration of a communication session.
• Current events: There are three types of sources for information on current events: a) Indexes to newspapers, b) News summaries and news digests, and c) Summaries of television and radio broadcasts.
• A bibliography is a list of works on a subject or by an author that were used or consulted to write a research paper, book, or article
• Bibliographies are classified according to the style or the way of listing the sources. There are three common types of bibliography:
• Analytical bibliography
• Enumerative bibliography
• Annotated bibliography

The correct answer is Palgrave Macmillan, UK.

Key PointsStatesman's Yearbook 2017

• The Statesman's Yearbook is a one-volume reference book published annually since 1864.
• It is published by Palgrave Macmillan.
• It is providing information on the countries of the world.
• The first volume was published in 1864.
• Frederick Martin was its foundational editor and presided over the book for twenty years.
• Brian Hunter edited between 1990 and 1997 and Barry Turner took over in 1997.

The correct answer is Note.

Key PointsNote Section

• Note section will commence from the second vertical and continuation if any will commence from the first vertical.
• CCC Rule MF6 prescribes 6 kinds of notes
• But generally, a series note is used which is generally given on the Half title page of the book.
• A single series note is to consist successively of
• The name of the series;
• A full stop;
• Page Number
• The words ‘Ed by’ followed by the pure name (s) of the Editor (s) of the series, if the series has an editor (s),
• A full stop, and
• The series number
• The books are to be given serial numbers in the sequence of the accession in the library or by the year of publication of the book.
• A series note is to be given in circular brackets.
• At the end of each subsection of the series note a full stop (.) is given.

Additional InformationStructure Elements of the Catalogue

According to Rule MBO of CCC, the sections of the main entrance of the classified catalog consist of the following sections:

1. Leading section

2. Heading section

3. Title section

4. Note section, if any

5. Accession number; and

6. Tracing

The correct answer is 1923.

Key Points Sears List of Subject Headings

• It was first designed in 1923 by Minnie Earl Sears
• Sears List has always been published by the H.W. Wilson Company, New York(Now the Company has been taken over by Ebsco).
• In the 15^th edition (1994) edited by Dr. Joseph Miller de-inversion process was completed.
• Its current editor is Ms. Eve Miller who has brought out the 21^st edition in May 2014.
• The principles of the Sears List are:

1. Direct and specific entry

2. Common (popular) usage

3. Uniformity and consistency

• It is in one volume divided broadly in two parts:

1. Prefatory and introductory part including the list of about 500 (common) subdivisions and the List of Key Headings.

2. Alphabetical list of subject headings in word-by-word order (by ALA filing rules, 1980).

The correct answer is Newspaper Clippings.

Key Points Current Awareness Service

• Current awareness service (CAS) is an ongoing service that enables one to monitor new information on regular basis.

• Current awareness type of services meets the current information needs of the users.

• The purpose of this service is to alert the user about recent developments in her/his area of interest as early as possible.

• It generally contains list of journal articles, book titles, etc with no annotations or abstracts.

• It has newspaper type approach, hence, the entire list is meant for scanning.

• Since the list is not meant for permanent use, therefore, no attempt is made to do extensive indexing etc.

• Types of services offered under this category are:

• Accession List / Current Awareness List/Documentation Bulletin

• Title Announcement Service/Contents-by-Journal Service

• Selective Dissemination of Information

• Research-in-Progress Bulletin

**

• Newspaper Clipping Service**

The correct answer is H W Wilson:

Key Points

• Library Literature and Information Science:
• It is a bibliographic database that indexes over 410 library and information science periodicals published internationally.
• It was published by H W Wilson.
• In 2011, the H W Wilson Company, the firm that created the index, sold it to EBSCO Publishing.

Additional Information

• American Library Association​
• Abbreviated as ALA, is the world's oldest and largest library association.
• It was founded in 1876 with its headquarters in Chicago.
• Annual conferences in the month of June.
• Midwinter conference in the month of January.
• Theresa Elmendorf was the first female president of the ILA.
• ALA bulletin booklist, ALA handbook of organization, and membership directory LTP ( library Technology project ) are some publications of ALA.
• OCLC:
• Founded in 1967 as Ohio College Library Centre and the name was changed to Online Computer Library Centre in 1981.
• DDC is looked after by OCLC since 1998.
• Fedrick G Kilgour is the founder of OCLC.
• QuestionPoint and WorldCat are maintained by OCLC.
• The code4lib journal, Art libraries journal, and national education association newsletter are some publications of OCLC.
• Digby a mobile app was launched by OCLC.
• Facet publication:
• Facet Publishing, the commercial publishing, and bookselling arm of CILIP: the library and information association is the leading publisher of books for the library, information, and heritage professionals worldwide**.**
• Over thirty LIS subjects are published by Facet, including subject headings such as Archives, e-Learning, Research Data Management, Copyright, Information Law, and Ethics.
• H W Wilson:
• The H. W. Wilson Company, Inc. is a publisher and indexing company that was founded in 1898.
• The company merged with EBSCO Publishing in June 2011.
• Grey House Publishing currently publishes print editions of H. W. Wilson products under license.
• The John Cotton Dana Award, sponsored by H.W. Wilson, honors outstanding library public relations.

The correct answer is information need;

Key Points

• Information need
• ​ is often understood as an individual or group's desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need.
• The concept of information needs was coined by an American information journalist Robert S. Taylor in his 1962 article "The Process of Asking Questions
• Four types of information needs of users are: current information needs, exhaustive information needs, everyday information needs, and catching-up information
• Gorman identified the following types of information needs: Recognised, unrecognized, and pursued.
• Sense-making theory of information needs was formed by Dervin.
• Information requirements;
• It is the specification of information needs.
• These are typically captured to request information or to develop information systems..
• Information demand:
• Information demand is the constantly changing need for relevant, current, accurate, reliable, and integrated information to support users' activities, whenever and wherever it is needed.
• Information demand analysis is an elicitation and modeling method which allows a systematic analysis of information demand.
• The information demand is identified in a process consisting of several phases, which can also be considered as method components

The correct answer is Servers:

Key Points

• Server:
• ​A server is a computer program or device that provides a service to another computer program and its user, also known as the client.
• A single server can serve multiple clients (Multi-user), and a single client can use multiple servers.
• The server is part of the client–server model; in this model, a server serves data for clients.
• The role of a server is to share data as well as share resources and distribute work.
• Desktop PCs:
• A desktop computer (often abbreviated desktop is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk due to its size and power requirements.
• The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
• Embedded computers;
• An embedded system is a computer system—a combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electronic system.
• Linux and Android are two powerful operating systems used in most embedded systems today.
• Hand-held computers:
• A handheld personal computer (PC) is a pocket-sized computer typically built around a clamshell form factor and is significantly smaller than any standard laptop computer, but based on the same principles.
• Most handheld PCs use an operating system specifically designed for mobile use.
• Types of Handheld Operating Systems are as follows:
• Palm OS.
• Symbian OS.
• Linux OS.
• Windows. Android

Additional Information

• **An Operating System (**OS) is a collection of programs that acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
• Single-User/Single-Tasking OS An operating system that allows a single user to perform only one task at a time is called a Single-User Single-Tasking Operating System.
• Examples are MS-DOS, Palm OS, etc.
• A multi-user operating system allows the permission of multiple users for accessing a single machine at a time

The correct answer is Meta Documents:

Key Points

Ranganathan recognizes four kinds of documents.

• Meta Documents:
• Meta-documents are a record of phenomena made directly, unmediated, by the human mind.
• They are instrument records of natural and social phenomena made possible by instrument technology, photography, radar, etc.
• Conventional documents:
• Conventional documents: are those which are usually recorded on paper in a natural language by writing, typing, printing, or some near-printing process.
• These are the most popular documents in use. These include books, periodicals, maps, atlases, etc
• Non-conventional documents:
• ​Non-conventional documents are a record in nonconventional sizes, shapes, or materials.
• Audios, visuals, audio-visuals, microforms, etc. are included in this category.
• Neo- conventional documents are a new class of micro-documents, such as standards, specifications, patents, data,

Additional Information

• Danis Grogan catorigised documentary sources of information into Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.
• Hanson categorized documentary sources of information into Primary, and secondary sources.

The correct answer is Artificial Intelligence:

Key Points

Generation Of computers;

• First Generation Computers; (1940-1956)
• The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device, which was called a vacuum tube. These computers were very heavy and really large in size.
• They used high-level programming language and used no OS.
• Second Generation Computers: (1956-1963) 
• ​Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes.
• The programming language was shifted from a high level to programming language and assembly language.
• Third Generation Computers: (1964-1971)
• During the third generation, technology envisaged a shift from huge transistors to integrated circuits, also referred to as IC.
• The most feature of this era’s computer was speed and reliability.
• Programming was now wiped out Higher level languages like BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).
• Fourth Generation Computers: (1971-Present)​
• This generation provided even smaller size of computers, with larger capacities.
• ​In 1971 First microprocessors were used, the large-scale of integration LSI circuits built on one chip called microprocessors.
• Fifth Generation Computer
• The technology behind the fifth generation of computers is artificial intelligence(AI).
• It allows computers to behave like humans. It is often seen in programs like voice recognition, the area of medicine, and entertainment.
• Transistor:
• A transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.
• Transistor was invented in 1947 by three scientists namely J Bardeen, H W Brattain, and W Shockley.
• Vacuum Tube:
• The vacuum tube technology was used by the first generation of computers, which was invented by Lee De Forest in 1906.
• VLSI:
• Very-large-scale integration (VLSI has thousands of transistors on a single microchip.
• VLSI is a successor to large-scale integration (LSI), medium-scale integration (MSI), and small-scale integration (SSI) technologies.

The correct answer is It is navigation based.

Key Points

Features of Web OPAC

• It is accessible through the Internet.
• It is a Navigation based System.
• It is possible to search independently by "Author", by "Keyword" in the title, or by "Year.
• A combination of search keys - Author + Year, or Keyword + Year is possible.
• A Wildcard search for a year is possible.
• Displays complete bibliographic information as appeared on reprints.
• The corresponding author gets highlighted in all search results that are displayed.
• To select search keys Author and Year drop-down list box has been provided.
• Standardization of the search key "Author" takes care to search all the related references.

Additional Information

• A Web OPAC is a library catalog on the Web or Intranet.
• Users can search for the required information by connecting to the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of Web OPAC anytime during the day

and from anywhere in the world.

Advantages of Web OPAC

• Scientists can immediately notice the missing reprints by author search.
• Updating can be done quickly as scientists take a keen interest to submit the reprints.
• It is accessible all the time, worldwide.
• Increases awareness of 'Scientific Research Contributions' made by the Institute.
• It is possible for users to send reprint requests immediately by e-mail.
• Compilation of various lists of reprints becomes very easy.

The correct answer is Consortium.

Key PointsLIBRARY CONSORTIA

• Library consortia have evolved from the concept of resource sharing.
• The concept has come out of the increasing costs of publications, particularly periodicals and the reducing capacity of libraries to acquire.
• Another factor is the availability of electronic publications and databases.
• Increasing costs of journals led libraries to cut down on their acquisitions that affected the business of publishers.
• Library consortium is an association of two or more libraries formed to work together toward achieving a chosen goal such as resource sharing.
• Consortium libraries often pool resources for joint purchase of e-journals and share them for access and delivery online.
• Every member library in the consortium is only responsible to the association in respect of the obligations that are set out in the

consortium agreement.

• Library consortium is an association for Resource Sharing and Library Networks for non-profit, economics of information, and for improved and expanded economic collaboration to achieve mutually beneficial goals.

The correct answer is Bits.

Key Points

• Bandwidth is traditionally expressed in bits per second (bps)
• Modern network links now have far greater capacity, which is why bandwidth is now more often expressed as Mbps or Gbps.
• Bandwidth connections can be symmetrical, which means the data capacity is the same in both directions -- upload and download.
• Asymmetrical, which means download and upload capacity is not equal.
• In asymmetrical connections, the upload capacity is typically smaller than the download capacity.
• Enterprise-grade WAN and DIA links more commonly have symmetrical bandwidth.

The correct answer is Non-Primary Basic Subject.

Key Points

• Two or more sub-facets of a compound facet are laminated over one another.
• Such subjects were called earlier non-main basic subjects, the components of which were the host main subjects.
• The latter had the canonical/special/ environment/system component.
• For example,
• Algebra is a non-primary basic subject.
• In this example, Maths is the host-Primary subject and the Algebra is the system component.

Additional Information

• Other Examples:
• Medicine = Host-Primary subject
• Child = Special component
• Mathematics = Host-Primary subject
• Geometry = Canonical component
• The sequence among the non-primary components is System Environment - Special.

The correct answer is Chattisgarh.

Key Points

• Chhatisgarh State Large Library Act was enacted in the year 2009.
• So far 19 states of India have passed the Library Legislation Act in their state. The list below is as follows

1. Madras State Public Library Act 1948
2. Andhra Pradesh State Public Library Act 1960
3. Karnataka Public Library Act of 1965
4. Maharashtra Public Library Act of 1967
5. West Bengal Public Library Act of 1979
6. Manipur State Public Library Act 1988
7. Haryana State Public Library Act 1989
8. Goa State Public Library Act 1993
9. Mizoram State Public Library Act 1993
10. Kerala Public Library Act 1989
11. Gujrat State Public Library Act 2001
12. Odisha State Public Library Act 2001
13. Uttarakhand State Library Act of 2005
14. Rajasthan State  Library Act of 2006
15. UP State Large Library Act of 2006
16. Lakshadweep State  Library Act of 2007
17. Chhatisgarh State  Library Act of 2009
18. Bihar State Public Library Act 2008
19. Arunachal State  Library Act of 2009

The correct answer is It is Volatile.

Key Points

Characteristics of Main Memory:

• It is faster for computer memory as compared to secondary memory.
• It is semiconductor memories.
• It is usually a volatile memory.
• It is the main memory of the computer.
• A computer system cannot run without primary memory.

Additional Information

Memory is of three types:

• Primary memory
• Secondary memory
• Cache memory

Volatile and Non Volatile memory

• Volatile memory is used to store information based on the power supply.
• If the power supply is off, all the data & information on this memory will be lost. For example, RAM (Random Access Memory).
• Whereas non-volatile memory is used to store information even when the power supply is off.
• For example, ROM (Read Only Memory).

The correct answer is Schedules of Classics and Sacred books.

Key Points

• Part 3 gives classes and Sacred Books worked out in far greater detail than in other schemes.
• Books on Indology are numerous, not only in Indian libraries but also in many foreign ones.
• The Indological schedules will also be of use in classifying Manuscript Libraries.
• It includes schedules of Sacred Books with special names.

Additional Information

• CC was Introduced by DR. SR Ranganathan in 1933
• First Edition 1933
• Second Edition 1939
• Third Edition 1950
• Fourth Edition 1952
• Fifth Edition 1957
• Sixth Edition 1960
• Reprinted in 1963 (with amendments)
• Seventh Edition 1987

The correct answer is Circulation Section.

Key Points

Circulation Section:

• The basic aim of the circulation section is to maximize the utilization of the library resources and the major concern of the circulation service is to perform this task with economy and efficiency.
• The circulation section ensures the use of books by readers by offering them the issue and return facilities.
• This section keeps records of all registered users of the library, their transactions, loan periods, borrowing privileges, etc.
• Non-circulation documents like dictionaries, maps, and journals are not issued to the readers.
• The circulation desk or counter is located near the entrance of the library.
• It is a service point meant for the issue and return of books.

Additional InformationTechnical Section:

• It makes a bridge between the acquisition of documents to the Circulation.
• The Technical Processing Section of Central Library also plays a vital role to run the functioning of this library services smoothly.

Acquisition section:

• The journey of every document in the Library to reach its readers starts from the acquisition section.
• It is in this section that the documents are acquired and prepared for use.

Serial control:

• Serial control is an important function in the Library and Information Centre which obtains, controls, and retains the periodicals, which occupy the major part of Information Sources in Libraries today.

The correct answer is the Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science.

Key Points

• It includes not only the terminology of the various specializations within library science and information studies but also the
• the vocabulary of publishing,
• printing,
• binding,
• the book trade,
• graphic arts,
• book history,
• literature,
• bibliography,
• telecommunications, and
• computer science
• It was created by Joan M. Reitz.
• ODLIS began at the Ruth Haas Library in 1994 as a four-page printed handout titled Library Lingo.
• In 1996, the text was expanded and converted to HTML format for installation on the WCSU Libraries Homepage.
• ODLIS was published in print in 2004 under the title Dictionary for Library and Information Science.

The correct answer is the Operating System.

Key Points

The file management function of the operating system is based on the following concepts:

• File attributes
• File operations
• File access permissions
• File system

1) File Attributes

• File attributes are the properties associated with a file that specifies the different information related to the file or data of the file.
• It specifies the characteristics of a file, such as a type and location that completely describe a file.

2) File Operations

• File operations are the various tasks that are performed on files.
• A user can perform these operations by using the commands provided by the operating system.

3) File Access Permissions

• File access permission help specify the manner in which a user can access a file.
• These are the access rights that allow us to read, write or execute a file.

4) File System

• File systems are used by an operating system to store and organize the various files and their information on a hard disk.
• The following are the two different file system that is used to organize files in a computer system:
• File Allocation table
• New Technology File System (NTFS)

The correct answer is "General help to the general reader".

Key Points

• Ready Reference Service-
• Ranganathan defined it as a reference service finished or replied to in a very short time, in a minute if possible less than 5 minutes.
• Ready Reference Service includes the following queries:
• Which are demand direct
• Which are demanded by sharp media
• Which are simple
• These are answered in the table of Reference Librarian
• Which involve short answers
• These are responded to within a short time, within 5 minutes, or less
• Long Range Reference Service-
• This service indicates taking a long time in providing reference service normally more than 5 minutes to provide the service with the help of reference sources.
• It is given to special readers demanding special information in special libraries.
• Need of Long-Range Reference-
• It Saves the Time of the Reader and the Experts
• Knowledge explosion
• The complexity of Information Sources
• Information Sources of other libraries

Additional Information

• Reference Service-
• It advocates the maintenance of a well-designed library catalog with effective cross-reference service.
• S.R. Ranganathan defined Reference Service as " A personal service to each reader in helping him to find the documents answering the interest at the moment pin-pointedly, exhaustively and expeditiously".
• Ranganathan defined the following facets of reference service:
• Ready Reference Service
• Long-Range Reference Service
• The idea of a modern "library reference service" was introduced by Samuel Swett Green in 1876.​
• Ranganathan said that "the reference service that deals with residual principles and generalities, not readily falling within specific pans, is called as "General help to the general reader".

The correct answer is "Zero-based budgeting".

Key Points

• Zero Based Budgeting
• ​The preparation of the Library Budget without considering the previous year's budget is known as Zero Based Budgeting.
• It is an operating, planning, and budgeting process which requires the entire budget request in detail from scratch. Hence, It is also known as Start from Scratch Budget.
• This method of budgeting was developed by Peter Phyrr during the early 1970s.
• It is an operating, planning, and budgeting process which requires the entire budget request in detail from scratch.
• It has much in common with PBBS and is opposite to Historical Budgeting.
• Program Budgeting-
• This method of budgeting ​"tries to answer the questions 'what purpose the money is being spent" and 'how resources have to be deployed for each program?"
• This method of budgeting was propounded by Hoover in Hoover Commission Report (1949).
• Formula Budget
• ​Use of Mathematical Formulas to determine the capital required to produce a given output.
• It was developed by Eric A. Hanushek.
• Performance Budget
• It is based on the relationship between program funding levels and expected results.
• It reflects both the input of resources and the output of services.
• It reflects the estimated expenses and revenues of the libraries.

The correct answer is "Compatibility with SQL".

Additional Information

• DBMS-
• It stands for Data Base Management System.
• The DBMS is a "software system that enables users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database".
• Examples of DBMS include MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, and Microsoft Access.
• Features of DBMS are-
• It must be substantially non-redundant
• It must be program-independent. This concept is known as 'data independence.
• It must be capable of being used by all programs.
• It must include all necessary data relationships, to support the variety of different uses to which data input.
• It must have a common approach to retrieval, additions and deletions, and amendments.
• It has Compatibility with SQL.

The correct answer is "Group spirit".

Key Points

• Henry Fayol listed fourteen principles of Management based on his experience. They are summarized below-
• Division of work: It will increase output and More and better work will be produced with the same effort
• Authority: The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience is the essence of authority.
• Discipline: Discipline is composed of obedience, application, energy, behavior, and outward marks of respect between employers and employees.
• Unity of command: One person, one boss. In no case is there adaptation of a social organism to a duality of command.
• Unity of direction: One head and one plan should lead a group of activities.
• Subordination of individual interest to general interest: The interest of one person or group in a business should not prevail over that of the organization.
• Remuneration of personnel: The price of services rendered should be fair and should be satisfactory to both employees and employers.
• Centralization: Everything that serves to reduce the importance of an individual subordinate’s role is centralization.
• Scalar chain: The chain formed by managers from the highest to the lowest is called a scalar chain or chain of command. They should communicate to and through the links.
• Order: The objective of order is to avoid loss and waste.
• Equity: Kindliness and justice should be practiced by persons in authority to extract the best that their subordinates have to give.
• Stability of tenure of personnel: Reducing the turnover of personnel will result in more efficiency and fewer expenses.
• Initiative: People should be allowed the freedom to propose and execute ideas at all levels of an enterprise.
• Esprit De Corps: In unity there is strength. Managers have the duty to promote harmony and discourage and avoid those things that disturb harmony.

​ 

Additional Information

• Library Management-
• The sole purpose of library Management is to provide customer-centered services.
• Library Management comprises mainly three-
• Institutional Management - for Library
• Clients Management - for Users, and
• Staff Management - for Library Staff

The correct answer is "Indexing".

Key Points

• Abstracting - 
• An abstract is a summary of the core content of documents that helps users to determine if they are required to read the entire document or not.
• Archival - 
• ​Historical manuscripts, isolated letters of ancient rulers, copper plates, and stone inscriptions, besides a host of other artifacts, are popularly known as archives.
• Archives are a greater or a lesser faction of records of an organization, institution, or individual which are preserved for their enduring value whether they are current or noncurrent.
• Indexing-
• It is predominantly a systematic subject listing according to a scheme of subject headings.
• Dr. S. R. Ranganathan was the first to analyze the universe of subjects in depth and suggest a complete theory of naming subjects using a subject-indexing language.
• Full-Text-
• Full Text is a compilation of documents in which the complete text of each referenced document is available for online viewing, printing, or downloading.

Additional Information

• Library Literature and Information Science-
• Library Literature and Information Science is an Indexing.
• It Indexes over 410 library and information science periodicals published internationally.
• It is being produced and published by EBSCO Information Services.
• It served as Bibliographical indexing from 1984 to the present. However, started Full-text coverage from 1997
• It includes full-text, indexing, and abstracts for journals covering all related subjects, including librarianship, classification, and cataloging.

The correct answer is "Classified catalogue".

Key Points

• Classified catalogue-
• It is defined as "a catalogue of subject entries arranged in the systematic order according to a scheme of classification."
• Ranganathan defines it as "a catalogue in which some are numbered entries and some are word entries".
• Features of Classified Catalogue are-
• A classified catalogue provides access to information by subject.
• It brings in an artificiality as the user is expected to be aware of the scheme of classification.
• all the entries are arranged from general to specific at all levels in this catalogue
• It consists of two parts - The classified part, The alphabetical part
• Author catalogue-
• ​In an author catalogue, the entries of documents are under the author’s name and arranged alphabetically.
• It helps a user to obtain at a glance what books are available in the library by a given author.
• It brings together the titles of books of the same author in one place in the catalogue.
• Dictionary catalogue-
• ​It is a catalogue in which all the entries and their related references are arranged together in one alphabetical reference.
• It follows the principle of the specific subject heading.
• A dictionary catalogue with cross-references is called a syndetic or connective catalogue.
• Title catalogue-
• ​In a title catalogue, the titles of documents occupy the leading section of entries, which are arranged in alphabetical order.
• It is a part of a dictionary catalogue or part of the author-title index of a classified catalogue.

Additional Information

• A catalogue in a library is a retrieval tool for accessing resources in the Libraries.
• It discloses to the reader the contents of a library collection.

The correct answer is "Alerting service".

Key Points

• **Referral Service-**​
• Reference service is the process of helping readers to identify sources of information in response to a particular query.
• Reference Service is the personal service that is provided to the users on request.
• It advocates the maintenance of a well-designed library catalog with effective cross-reference service.
• Alerting service-
• ​ library and information science professionals have designed various kinds of services known as alerting services.
• Alerting service help researchers and other information seekers by updating them with the latest arrival of sought documents.
• Some of the important alerting services are - Current Awareness Services, Selective Dissemination of Information Services, etc.
• **Document delivery service-**​
• It is abbreviated as DDS.
• It is concerned with the supply of documents to the user in demand either in print or non-print format.

Additional Information

• Shodh Gangotri: a repository of Indian research in progress-
• ​Shodhgangotri is an initiative of the UGC, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, and INFILBNET Centre.
• It is a type of alerting service.
• Under this initiative, universities are requested to deposit an electronic version of the approved synopsis submitted by research scholars to the universities.

The correct answer is "Catalogue with entries sorted by call number ".

Additional Information

• Shelf List-
• It is an inventory which records bibliographical data of items arranged exactly the same way as arranged on the shelves.
• Each title is represented by a card mentioning the author, title, edition, number of volumes, number of copies, call number and such other items as necessary.
• The call number determines the arrangement of the cards in the shelf list in the exact order of the arrangement of books on the shelves and a reader can easily obtain the needed book from the shelf by this number.
• A shelf list thus serves principally for inventory and control of the collection.
• More or less the shelf list card is a duplicate of the main entry excepting the exclusion of notes, contents and tracing.
• To some extent, it resembles a classified catalogue i.e. a subject catalogue.
• Hence, A Shelf List is a Catalogue with entries sorted by call number.​

The correct answer is "National Science Library, NISCAIR".

Key Points

• National Science Library, NISCAIR-
• It is India's central govt owned science library, archive, and repository.
• CSIR desired to establish a science library to receive and retain all scientific periodicals, and reports of scientific work of the nation both published and unpublished in June 1963.
• Since 1986, National Science Library, CSIR NISCAIR has been the Indian National Centre for assigning ISSN for Indian Journals.

Additional Information

• ISSN-
• It stands for International Standard Serial Number.
• It is an 8-digit serial number.
• It was first published by ISO in 1976.
• It is a unique serial number given to periodicals such as newspapers, and magazines to identify them.
• NISCAIR is the national center of ISSN for assigning ISSN to serials published in India.

Important Points

• ISBN-
• It stands for International Standard Book Number.
• It is a unique numeric commercial book identifier.
• The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1970.
• Since January 1, 2007, ISBN has contained 13 digits.
• The ISBNs are purchased by publishers from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.
• The Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India put the ISBN into operation on January 1985 in India
• RRRNA is the nodal agency for the ISBN administration in India.

The correct answer is "Charles A. Cutter".

Key Points

• Charles A. Cutter-
• Charles Ammi Cutter was an American librarian.
• He produced America's first public card catalog.
• In 1880 Cutter introduced an avant-garde and divergent system of cataloging termed as Cutter Expansive Classification.
• He was the first to outline the objectives and means of cataloging.
• ​Seymour Lubetzky-
• ​Seymour Lubetzky was a major cataloging theorist and a prominent librarian.
• Lubetzky is credited with renewing an emphasis on the "work" in library catalogs.
• American Library Association awarded Lubetzky its highest honor, an honorary lifetime membership.
• **S.R. Ranganathan-**​
• He is also recognized for developing a classification scheme widely known as Colon Classification.
• His most notable contribution to the field of library science is his**"Five Laws of Library Science"**.
• He is regarded as the Father of Library Science in India.
• W. C. B. Sayers-
• William Charles Berwick was a British Librarian and teacher.
• He was the president of the Library Association in the UK in 1938.

The correct answer is "Reading and use of other information media".

Key Points

In DDC 19^th edition -

000 = Generalities

020 = Library and Information Sciences

025 = Library operations

026 = Libraries for the specific subject 

027 = General libraries

028 = Reading and use of other information media

Additional Information

• Dewey Decimal Classification-
• ​DDC Classification scheme was developed by Melvil Dewey,
• It was first published in 1876 and used extensively for the shelf arrangement of books in public libraries.
• The decimal notation used in DDC refers to the principle of dividing each class into ten sub-divisions and each of these sub-divisions into another ten sub-divisions and so on
• In DDC Gap device is a method to accommodate future subjects.
• DDC (19^th ed.) includes 3 summaries-
• First Summary - 10 Main Class
• Second Summary - 100 Division
• Third Summary - 1000 Sections

The correct answer is "Self-instructional material".

Key Points

• The Lecture-
• Lectures are the most common method of instruction.
• They are used for teaching large groups of students.
• This method is an unsuitable method for conveying information about bibliographic data.
• It is only suitable for providing a general introduction to a course on information retrieval.
• Guided tour-
• ​This is one of the traditional approaches commonly followed to orient the freshets to the use of the library.
• It requires heavy demands of library staff time.
• A guided tour is given when the students have little or no motivation actually to use the library.
• Seminars, Tutorials, and Demonstrations-
• ​These are organized for small groups of 'students/users'.
• It provides an opportunity for the active involvement of users in the learning process through greater interaction between the teaching staff and students.

The correct answer is "Law of parsimony".

Key Points

• Law of parsimony-
• ​The law directs that between two or more possible alternatives bearing on a particular phenomenon the one leading to the overall economy of manpower, material, money, and time, considered together with proper weightage, is to be preferred.
• A faceted scheme consists of a set of schedules instead of a single schedule for all subjects in an enumerative classification. Our experience shows that the length of schedules gets reduced in the first one, thereby satisfying the law of parsimony.
• Example: In case a collection is to be reclassified the law of parsimony would suggest that only that part of the collection be classified which is known to be in much use, and also those documents that are returned by the users after being taken out by them from the collection.
• Law of impartiality-
• The law directs that between two or more claimants (e.g, for the first position among two facets of a subject or the choice to be made among the needs of different categories of users) preference should be made only on sufficient grounds, and not arbitrarily.
• Example: The law of impartiality insists that the sequence of facets in different subjects should not be determined in an arbitrary manner in each subject. The sequence should be based on some guiding principles of a general nature, equally applicable to all subjects. That is why Ranganathan has suggested the application of wall-picture principles for facet sequence.
• Law of interpretation-
• ​Ranganathan refers to 1008 principles of interpretation, listed in the Nyaya-Kosa. These principles are applicable in interpreting legal texts. The canons, principles, postulates, and rules of classification taken together can be considered legal documents. Therefore, we should interpret various sections just like legal text. In case of a conflict, the conflict should be resolved with the aid of the laws of interpretation. If necessary, the rules, principles, and canons should also be modified to solve the conflicts. It has been suggested by Ranganathan that colon classification should be scrutinized from the angle of these laws. This will help in determining many of its weaknesses. CC could be revised to overcome these weaknesses. Similarly, the laws of interpretation can be applied in the study of other schemes also.
• Law of symmetry-
• The law prescribes that of two entities or situations which admit to being regarded as symmetrical counterparts of each other, if one entity or situation is given weight in any particular context, the other entity or situation should also be given a corresponding weight.
• Example: In CC, Ranganathan allocated greater ordinal value to Roman caps than Indo-Arabic numerals. Later Roman small letters were used to represent posteriorizing common isolates. These were given lesser ordinal values than Indo-Arabic numerals, which led to the satisfaction of the law of symmetry.

The correct answer is "Mending".

Key Points

• Mending-
• ​When a book becomes damaged, whether due to an accident, deliberate abuse, or simple wear and tear, it requires mending.
• During this time, the book’s status will appear as “MENDING” in the library catalogue.
• Mending Process-
• Apply the wheat paste, with the help of a fine brush or micro spatula, to the top and bottom edges of the tears.
• Press both edges together.
• Cover the repair with wax paper and press the edges of the tear with a folder wipe away any excess paste and allow it to dry.
• Reinforcement-
• It is the term used for giving support in the process of mending pages.
• Reinforcement to the tear at the edge is given during mending.

The correct answer is "NISCAIR, Delhi".

Key Pointsnis

• NISCAIR- 
• NISCAIR stands for National Institute of Science Communication and Infomation Resources.
• In India, NISCAIR (formerly INSDOC) provides Translation Services to the Scientific community.
• NISCAIR provides translation of S&T Documents from 20 foreign languages into English.
• NISCAIR provides reverse translation (English into a foreign language) also.
• It also undertakes interpretation and consultancy assignments in the Japanese language.
• It was founded in 2002 by merging NISCOM and INSDOC.​
• It is headquartered in Delhi.
• Central Institute of Indian Languages-
• It is an Indian research and teaching institute based in Mysuru.
• It was founded on 17 July 1969 as part of the Language Bureau of the Ministry of Education.
• It was established with the aim to coordinate the development of Indian Languages.
• National Library of India, Kolkata-
• The National Library of India is the largest in India by volume and public record.
• It came into existence through the  Imperial Library (Change of name) Act, of 1948.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad opened the National Library to the public in 1953.
• It was renamed The National Library of India by the National Library of India Act, 1976.
• Centre for Science and Environment, Delhi-
• It is a not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organization based in New Delhi.
• It was established in 1980, as a think tank on dealing with environment-development issues in India.

The correct answer is William A Borden:

Key Points

• William A Borden:
• William Alanson Borden (4 April 1853 – 31 November 1931) was an American librarian and an organizer of city libraries in India who was an innovator of cataloging systems.
• In 1910 he was invited to Baroda by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III to organize a system of 400 public libraries. He was designated as Director of Libraries and .founded the first public library system in the world
• .Asa Don Dickinson:
• Asa Don Dickinson (1876–1960), a 1903 graduate of Dewey’s library school in New York, was a distinguished librarian, bibliographic, and publisher’s editor. He served as librarian of the undivided Panjab (Punjab) University at Lahore for one year during 1915–1916 and enjoyed status equal to a senior British professor of the university**.**
• He also advocated open access—something unheard of in India then.
• He founded the Punjab Library Association in 1915  and The second library school was established at the Punjab University, Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1915, and is regarded as The Founding Father of Modern Librarianship in British India
• Asa Don Dickinson was the first in India to publish the Library Primer in 1916.
• A  A Fyzee:
• Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee (10 April 1899 – 23 October 1981) was an Indian educator, jurist, author, diplomat, and Islamic scholar who is considered one of the leading pioneers of modern Ismaili studies. He also served as India's second ambassador to Egypt from 1949 to 1952.
• The Library development in Maharashtra is based on the recommendations of a Fyzee Committee, which was constituted in 1939 and submitted its report in 1940.
• The Committee recommended the establishment of one State Central Library in Mumbai and one Regional Library in Pune. According to the recommendations of this committee, the functions of the Central Library were entrusted to the Asiatic Society of Bombay in 1947
• Gopal Rao Ekbote
• ​Gopal Rao Ekbote born on 1 June 1912.(was Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court.
• He was appointed Additional Judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court for a period of two years with effect from 7 June 1962 and Permanent Judge from 12 February 1964. He was appointed Chief Justice of A.P. with effect from 1 April 1972 and retired on 1 June 1974.

Additional Information

• Central Library of Baroda: it was conceived in 1906 by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III.
• It was first situated at Lakshmi Villas Palace and then moved to sarkarwada.