Official Paper

PYST 4: IB Security Assistant & MTS Official Paper - General Awareness (Held On: 24 March, 2023 Shift 1) (Previous Year Paper)

20 questions · 8 minutes · with answers · free

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Test (20 questions)

1

The poses in which classical dance form are called Karanas?

  1. ((a))

    Odissi

  2. ((b))

    Kathakali 

  3. ((c))

    Kathak

  4. ((d))

    Bharatanatyam

Show Answer
Answer: ((d))

Bharatanatyam

The correct answer is Bharatanatyam.

Key Points

  • Karanas are the poses or movements in the classical Indian dance form of Bharatanatyam.
  • Bharatanatyam is a popular Indian classical dance form that originated in the state of Tamil Nadu.
  • Bharatanatyam was performed by devadasis (temple dancers) as a form of worship.
  • The dance form was later revived in the early 20th century by pioneers such as Rukmini Devi Arundale, who gave it a more modern and structured form.

Additional Information

  • Odissi is believed to have been performed in the temples of Odisha as early as the 2nd century BCE.
  • It was later revived in the mid-20th century by dancers such as Kelucharan Mohapatra.
  • It is known for its graceful movements and expressions.
  • Kathakali is known for its elaborate makeup and costumes, which are used to depict various characters from Hindu mythology.
  • It is also known for its use of mudras (hand gestures) and facial expressions to convey emotions.
  • It originated in the state of Kerala.
  • Kathak is a storytelling dance form that combines elements of both Hindu and Muslim cultures.
  • It is known for its intricate footwork and use of chakkars (spins).
2

As per the World Bank data, what was the population of India at the end of 2021?

  1. ((a))

    1.69 billion

  2. ((b))

    1.49 billion

  3. ((c))

    1.59 billion

  4. ((d))

    1.39 billion

Show Answer
Answer: ((d))

1.39 billion

The correct answer is 1.39 billion.

Key Points

  • The population of India at the end of 2021 is 1.39 billion.
  • According to the World Bank data, India is the second-most populous country in the world after China.
  • The population of India has been steadily increasing over the years, with an annual growth rate of around 1.05%.
  • The Indian government has been implementing various measures to control population growth, such as family planning programs, education, and awareness campaigns.

Additional Information

  • India is predicted to have 1.42 billion people living there in total by 2022.
  • Within 40 years, India is expected to surpass China as the top-ranked nation.
  • The term "population" refers to both permanent foreign residents and all citizens who are either temporarily or permanently present in a nation.
  • The World Bank is a global financial organization that helps governments in low- and middle-income nations pursue capital projects by lending money and providing grants. 
  • Headquarter is in United States.
  • July 1944 saw the founding of it.
  • Ajay Banga is the president.​
3

‘Baithakichi’ is a type of which folk music form in India?

  1. ((a))

    Bihugeet

  2. ((b))

    Pandavani 

  3. ((c))

    Bhatiali

  4. ((d))

    Lavani

Show Answer
Answer: ((d))

Lavani

The correct answer is Lavani.

Key Points

  • Lavani, as Baithakichi is a type of folk music form that is popular in Maharashtra.
  • The Lavani became known as Baithakichi when it was performed by a girl seated in front of the audience in a closed chamber for a special and select audience.
  • Lavani is a folk music form that originated in the state of Maharashtra and is usually performed by women.

Additional Information

  • Bihugeet is a folk music form that originated in the state of Assam.
  • It is usually sung during the Bihu festival.
  • Pandavani is a folk music form that originated in the state of Chhattisgarh.
  • It is based on the stories of the Mahabharata.
  • Bhatiali is a folk music form that originated in the state of West Bengal.
  • It is usually sung by boatmen.
4

 Which of the following electromagnetic waves have the highest wavelength?

  1. ((a))

    Infrared waves

  2. ((b))

    X-rays

  3. ((c))

    Ultraviolet waves 

  4. ((d))

    Microwaves

Show Answer
Answer: ((d))

Microwaves

The correct answer is Microwaves.

Key Points

  • The option with the highest wavelength among the given electromagnetic waves is microwaves.
  • Microwaves have wavelengths ranging from 1 millimeter to 1 meter.
  • Microwaves move in a straight line.
  • Within the electromagnetic spectrum, microwaves have a frequency that is higher than that of regular radio waves and lower than that of infrared light.
  • They are employed in radar, communications, radio astronomy, remote sensing, and, of course, cooking because of their heating function.

Additional Information

  • Infrared waves have wavelengths ranging from 700 nanometers to 1 millimeter.
  • They are commonly used in heating and communication applications.
  • Ultraviolet waves have wavelengths ranging from 10 nanometers to 400 nanometers.
  • They are commonly used in sterilization and detection applications.
  • X-rays have wavelengths ranging from 0.01 nanometers to 10 nanometers.
  • They are commonly used in medical imaging and material analysis applications.
5

The folk-dance form ‘Gaur Maria’ is native of which state in India?

  1. ((a))

    Goa

  2. ((b))

    West Bengal

  3. ((c))

    Gujarat

  4. ((d))

    Chhattisgarh

Show Answer
Answer: ((d))

Chhattisgarh

The correct answer is Chhattisgarh.

Key Points

  • Gaur Maria is a folk dance form that is native to the state of Chhattisgarh in India.
  • It is performed by the tribal communities of the state, especially the Gond tribe, during various occasions and festivals.
  • The dance form is characterized by the use of traditional musical instruments such as dhol, mandar, and jhanj.
  • The performers wear colorful costumes and adorn themselves with ornaments made of beads, feathers, and shells.

Additional Information

  • Goa is known for its vibrant culture and folk dances such as Fugdi, Dekhni, and Dhalo.
  • West Bengal has a rich tradition of folk dances such as Baul, Chhau, and Gambhira.
  • Gujarat is known for its colorful folk dances such as Garba, Dandiya, and Bhavai.
6

As per the India Discrimination Report 2022, the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in India is just ________ percent in 2021.

  1. ((a))

    10%

  2. ((b))

    25%

  3. ((c))

    20%

  4. ((d))

    15%

Show Answer
Answer: ((b))

25%

The correct answer is 25%.

Key Points

  • The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is a measure of the proportion of the working-age population that is either employed or seeking employment.
  • As per the India Discrimination Report 2022, the LFPR of women in India is just 25% in 2021.
  • The LFPR for women in India has been consistently lower than that of men, with a significant gender gap.
  • The low LFPR of women in India can be attributed to several factors such as social norms, lack of education and skills, inadequate infrastructure, and discrimination in the workplace.

Additional Information

  • The India Discrimination Report 2022 focuses on how different socio-religious and gender groups are able to access the labor market (absorption and pay), factor market (access to financing), and endowment market (access to hospitalization) differently.
  • The analysis aims to quantify the level of identity-based discrimination by elucidating the disparities in pay, credit, and health facilities as well as in employment opportunities within the framework of human capital formation across castes, gender, and tribal and religious identities.
7

India’s overall score on the NITI Aayog Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index and Dashboard in 2020-21 is ________. 

  1. ((a))

    65

  2. ((b))

    66

  3. ((c))

    60

  4. ((d))

    64

Show Answer
Answer: ((b))

66

The correct answer is 66.

Key Points

  • The NITI Aayog Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index and Dashboard is a comprehensive framework to track the progress of all Indian states and Union Territories towards achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
  • The index comprises of 16 SDGs and 54 indicators, covering social, economic, and environmental dimensions of development.
  • The latest report released by NITI Aayog in June 2021 shows that the overall score of India on SDG India Index and Dashboard has improved from 60 in 2019-20 to 66 in 2020-21.
  • The report also highlights that Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Himachal Pradesh are the top three states in terms of overall SDG score, while Bihar, Jharkhand, and Assam are at the bottom.
  • The increase in India's overall score is attributed to improvements in indicators related to clean energy, urban development, health, and education.

Additional Information

  • The National Institute for Transforming India is known as NITI Aayog.
  • The highest-ranking think tank for public policy within the Indian government is NITI Aayog.
  • Narendra Modi serves as its chairperson.
  • It was established on January 1st, 2015.
  • The National Democratic Alliance is its founder.
8

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans. In which category of carcinogens radio frequency of mobiles phones is kept?

  1. ((a))

    Group 4

  2. ((b))

    Group 2B

  3. ((c))

    Group 2A

  4. ((d))

    Group 3

Show Answer
Answer: ((b))

Group 2B

The correct answer is Group 2B.

Key Points

  • The radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
  • IARC classification places the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in Group 2B of the IARC's classification system, which means that they are possibly carcinogenic to humans based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals.
  • Other examples of Group 2B carcinogens include gasoline, lead compounds, and chloroform.

Additional Information

  • Group 4 carcinogens are substances or agents that are probably not carcinogenic to humans.
  • Group 3 carcinogens are substances or agents that are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans due to inadequate evidence.
  • Group 2A carcinogens are substances or agents that are probably carcinogenic to humans based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals.
  • It is important to note that the classification of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans does not mean that they definitely cause cancer.
  • More research is needed to determine the extent of the risk, if any, posed by exposure to these fields.
9

The inception of Sanchi as a sacred centre was attributed to the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in the _________. 

  1. ((a))

    5th century BCE

  2. ((b))

    3rd century BCE

  3. ((c))

    4th century BCE

  4. ((d))

    6th century BCE

Show Answer
Answer: ((b))

3rd century BCE

The correct answer is 3rd century BCE.

Key Points

  • Sanchi is a small village located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and is famous for its ancient Buddhist monuments.
  • The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka is considered to be the founder of the Sanchi Stupa, which he built in the 3rd century BCE.
  • Sanchi became an important center of Buddhism during the Mauryan period and continued to flourish under the Sunga, Satavahana, and Gupta dynasties.
  • The Sanchi Stupa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered to be one of the finest examples of Buddhist architecture in India.

Additional Information

  • From roughly 268 to 232 BCE, Ashoka was the third Mauryan Emperor of Magadha in the Indian subcontinent.
  • Following a bloody battle, he subjugated Kalinga.
  • The main focus of the edicts, "dhamma" or righteous conduct, was thus Ashoka's lifelong mission.
  • The Lion Capital of Ashoka has been adapted as the emblem of the current Republic of India.
  • The Ashoka Chakra, or Ashoka's wheel, is the focal point of the Indian national flag.
10

Which State/Team bagged the highest number of gold medals at the 36th National Games of India?

  1. ((a))

    Tamil Nadu

  2. ((b))

    Haryana

  3. ((c))

    Services team

  4. ((d))

    Karnataka

Show Answer
Answer: ((c))

Services team

The correct answer is Services team.

Key Points

  • Services team won the highest number of gold medals at the 36th National Games of India.
  • The Services team won a total of 159 medals, including 91 gold medals, 33 silver medals, and 35 bronze medals, making them the overall champions of the games.
  • The National Games of India is a multi-sport event held every two years in India, featuring athletes from different states and union territories of the country.

Additional Information

  • Tamil Nadu finished second in the medal tally with a total of 215 medals, including 56 gold medals.
  • Haryana finished third with a total of 178 medals, including 47 gold medals.
  • Karnataka finished seventh in the medal tally with a total of 78 medals, including 17 gold medals.
11

Cadmium pollution causes a disease called ‘Emphysema’. Which organ in the human body is/are primarily affected in ‘Emphysema’?

  1. ((a))

    Kidneys

  2. ((b))

    Lungs

  3. ((c))

    Liver

  4. ((d))

    Heart

Show Answer
Answer: ((b))

Lungs

The correct answer is Lungs.

Key Points

  • Emphysema is a lung disease that causes shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing.
  • Cadmium pollution is one of the causes of Emphysema.
  • Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the lungs and cause damage to the air sacs.
  • The primary organs affected by Emphysema are the lungs, as it causes damage to the air sacs and makes it difficult for the person to breathe.

Additional Information

  • Emphysema cannot be cured, however treatment can help:
  • control the symptoms to avoid problems and
  • slow the condition's progression
  • enhance a person's general health and welfare
  • Oxygen therapy and assistance in stopping smoking are examples of supportive therapy.
12

Who made history in the women’s 100 m hurdles and became the first Indian woman to run a sub-13s time to win the gold medal at the Nation Games 2022?

  1. ((a))

    Nandini Agasara

  2. ((b))

    V Surekha

  3. ((c))

    Jyothi Yarraji

  4. ((d))

    Rosy Meena Paulraj

Show Answer
Answer: ((c))

Jyothi Yarraji

The correct answer is Jyothi Yarraji.

Key Points

  • Jyothi Yarraji made history in the women's 100 m hurdles and became the first Indian woman to run a sub-13s time to win the gold medal at the National Games 2022.
  • Jyothi Yarraji is a track and field athlete from Andhra Pradesh who specializes in the 100 m hurdles.
  • She has won several medals at the national level and has represented India in international events.

Additional Information

  • V Surekha is a pole vaulter from India.
  • She currently owns the 4.15 m national mark, which was established in 2014 at the National Open Championships in New Delhi.
  • The first female pole vaulter from India to clear 4.00 meters is Surekha.
  • The National Games is a multi-sport event held every two years in India.
  • It is the largest domestic sporting event in the country and features athletes from all states and union territories.
  • The earliest Olympic Games in the nation, now known as the National Games, took place in North India in the cities of Delhi, Allahabad (now Prayagraj), Patiala, Madras (now Chennai), Calcutta (now Kolkata), and Bombay.
13

In terms of ecology, an organism that can tolerate a wide range of temperatures is referred to as _________. 

  1. ((a))

    niche

  2. ((b))

    euryhaline

  3. ((c))

    eurythermal

  4. ((d))

    stenohaline

Show Answer
Answer: ((c))

eurythermal

The correct answer is eurythermal.

Key Points

  • Eurythermal organisms are those that can tolerate a wide range of temperatures.
  • They are adapted to survive in environments with varying temperatures.
  • These organisms can maintain their metabolic processes and other physiological functions within a broad temperature range.

Additional Information

  • Niche refers to the role or position of an organism within its habitat or ecosystem.
  • It includes the physical and biological factors that influence the survival and reproduction of the organism.
  • Euryhaline organisms are those that can tolerate a wide range of salinities.
  • They are adapted to survive in environments with varying levels of salt concentration in water bodies.
  • Stenohaline organisms are those that can only tolerate a narrow range of salinities.
  • They are adapted to survive in environments with a constant level of salt concentration in water bodies.
14

Which of the following is a non-essential amino acid as it can be made by the human body? 

  1. ((a))

    Proline

  2. ((b))

    Methionine

  3. ((c))

    Threonine

  4. ((d))

    Valine

Show Answer
Answer: ((a))

Proline

The correct answer is Proline.

Key Points

  • A non-essential amino acid is one that can be synthesized by the human body and does not need to be obtained through the diet.
  • Proline is a non-essential amino acid as it can be synthesized by the body from the amino acid glutamate.
  • Proline is involved in wound healing, antioxidative reactions, immunological responses, metabolism, and protein production and structure.
  • Methionine, Threonine, and Valine are essential amino acids as they cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet.

Additional Information

  • Methionine is important for the synthesis of proteins and the production of other amino acids.
  • It is also a precursor for molecules such as SAM, which is involved in various cellular processes.
  • Threonine is important for the synthesis of proteins, antibodies, and neurotransmitters.
  • It is also involved in the metabolism of fats.
  • Valine is important for the synthesis of proteins and the production of energy.
  • It is also involved in the metabolism of other amino acids.
15

NITI Aayog has constructed the SDG India Index spanning across 13 out of 17 SDGs as prescribed by UNO. Which of the following SDG goals of UNO is left out in the SDG India Index?

  1. ((a))

    Goal 5 

  2. ((b))

    Goal 9

  3. ((c))

    Goal 7

  4. ((d))

    Goal 12

Show Answer
Answer: ((d))

Goal 12

The correct answer is Goal 12.

Key Points

  • The SDG India Index has been constructed by NITI Aayog to measure India's progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations.
  • The SDG India Index covers 13 out of the 17 SDGs, namely - No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Good Health and Well-being, Quality Education, Gender Equality, Clean Water and Sanitation, Affordable and Clean Energy, Decent Work and Economic Growth, Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, Reduced Inequalities, Sustainable Cities and Communities, Climate Action, and Life Below Water.
  • Goal 12 of the SDGs is Responsible Consumption and Production.
  • This goal is also covered by the SDG India Index and focuses on promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Additional Information

  • Goal 5 of the SDGs, which is Gender Equality, is the one that is left out in the SDG India Index.
  • This means that the progress made by India towards achieving gender equality is not being measured by the Index.
  • Goal 9 of the SDGs, which is Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, is one of the SDGs covered by the SDG India Index.
  • This goal focuses on building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation.
  • Goal 7 of the SDGs, which is Affordable and Clean Energy, is another SDG covered by the SDG India Index.
  • This goal aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
16

 Which of the following is a weakest acid?

  1. ((a))

    Perchloric acid

  2. ((b))

    Ethanoic acid

  3. ((c))

    Hydrochloric acid

  4. ((d))

    Nitric acid

Show Answer
Answer: ((b))

Ethanoic acid

The correct answer is Ethanoic acid. 

Key Points

  • Ethanoic acid is a weak acid because it only partially dissociates in water, meaning it doesn't release all of its hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
  • This is because ethanoic acid has a weaker bond between hydrogen and the rest of the molecule compared to stronger acids like hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
  • Perchloric acid, on the other hand, is a strong acid because it completely dissociates in water, releasing all of its hydrogen ions.
  • It is one of the strongest acids known and is highly corrosive and dangerous.
  • Hydrochloric acid is also a strong acid that completely dissociates in water.
  • It is commonly used in industrial processes and is a component of gastric acid in the stomach.
  • Nitric acid is a strong acid that is highly reactive and corrosive.
  • It is used in the production of fertilizers, explosives, and dyes.

Additional Information

  • An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
  • Acids have a pH lower than 7 and can be classified as either weak or strong depending on how easily they donate hydrogen ions.
  • Strong acids completely dissociate in water, while weak acids only partially dissociate.
  • Acids can be found in many everyday substances, such as citrus fruits (which contain citric acid), vinegar (which contains acetic acid), and carbonated drinks (which contain carbonic acid).
17

The disease ‘Xerophthalmia’ is caused in children due to deficiency of which vitamin in their diet?

  1. ((a))

    Vitamin B12

  2. ((b))

    Vitamin A 

  3. ((c))

    Vitamin D

  4. ((d))

    Vitamin C

Show Answer
Answer: ((b))

Vitamin A 

The correct answer is Vitamin A.

Key Points

  • Xerophthalmia is a condition where the eyes become dry and inflamed due to a lack of vitamin A in the diet.
  • Vitamin A is an essential nutrient that helps maintain good vision, skin, and immune system health.
  • It also plays a role in the growth and development of bones and teeth.

Additional Information

  • Vitamin B12 is important for the production of red blood cells and proper nerve function.
  • Deficiency of this vitamin can lead to anemia, fatigue, and neurological problems.
  • Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are important for bone health.
  • Deficiency of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
  • Vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and is important for the immune system.
  • Deficiency of this vitamin can lead to scurvy, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and joint pain.
18

Traditional folk musicians ‘Manganiyar’ and ‘Langa’ are related to which state of India from following? 

  1. ((a))

    Tamil Nadu

  2. ((b))

    Odisha 

  3. ((c))

    Rajasthan

  4. ((d))

    Assam

Show Answer
Answer: ((c))

Rajasthan

The correct answer is Rajasthan.

Key Points

  • The Manganiyar and Langa are traditional folk musicians belonging to the state of Rajasthan, India.
  • They are known for their unique style of music which is deeply rooted in the Rajasthani culture.
  • The Manganiyar and Langa communities have been practicing and preserving their musical traditions for generations.
  • These musicians are often invited to perform at cultural events, weddings, and other occasions.

Additional Information 

  • Tamil Nadu is a state in the southern part of India.
  • The state has a rich cultural heritage and is known for its classical music forms such as Carnatic music.
  • Odisha is a state located in the eastern part of India.
  • The state has a vibrant culture and is known for its classical dance form, Odissi.
  • Assam is a state located in the northeastern part of India.
  • The state has a diverse culture and is known for its traditional music forms such as Bihu and Zikir.
19

Which state is the host for the 5th Khelo India Youth Games-2022?

  1. ((a))

    Madhya Pradesh

  2. ((b))

    Haryana

  3. ((c))

    Goa

  4. ((d))

    Telangana

Show Answer
Answer: ((a))

Madhya Pradesh

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh.

Key Points

  • The Khelo India Youth Games is an annual multidisciplinary sports event organized by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India.
  • It was launched in 2018 to promote sports at the grassroots level and identify young talent in various disciplines.
  • The 5th edition of the Khelo India Youth Games is scheduled to be held in Madhya Pradesh from 21st to 30th March 2022.
  • The event will feature over 20,000 athletes from across the country competing in 20 different sports.
  • Madhya Pradesh has been chosen as the host state due to its excellent sports infrastructure and facilities.
  • The state has recently hosted several major national and international sporting events, including the 2019 FIH Hockey Olympic Qualifiers and the 2020 National Games.

Additional Information

  • Haryana has been a regular host of the Khelo India Youth Games, having hosted the first and fourth editions of the event.
  • Goa has not hosted the Khelo India Youth Games before.
  • However, the state has hosted several international events such as the Lusofonia Games and the AFC U-16 Championship.
  • Telangana has not hosted the Khelo India Youth Games before.
  • However, the state has hosted several national and international events such as the Premier Badminton League and the World Series Hockey.
  • The Khelo India Youth Games is a great platform for young athletes to showcase their skills and compete against the best in the country.
  • It also provides them with exposure and opportunities to develop their potential and pursue a career in sports.
20

HCFC-141 b is one of the most powerful ozone-depleting chemicals after Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). What is the full form of HCFC?

  1. ((a))

    Hydro ChloroFluoro Carbene

  2. ((b))

    Hydro CyanoFluoro Carbon

  3. ((c))

    HeptaChloroFluoro Carbon

  4. ((d))

    Hydro ChloroFluoro Carbon

Show Answer
Answer: ((d))

Hydro ChloroFluoro Carbon

The correct answer is Hydro ChloroFluoro Carbon.

Key Points

  • HCFC-141 b is a type of hydrochlorofluorocarbon that is commonly used as a refrigerant in air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
  • It is a potent greenhouse gas and is known to contribute to global warming.
  • The use of HCFCs is regulated under the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty aimed at reducing the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances.

Additional Information

  • A carbene is a type of molecule that contains a carbon atom with only two valence electrons.
  • Chemicals known as ozone depleting substances erode the ozone layer that shields the planet. Among them are:
  • hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
  • hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
  • methyl bromide (CH3Br)
  • bromochloromethane (CH2BrCl)
  • chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • halon
  • carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
  • methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3)
  • Under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, import and production of certain substances are regulated.

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