Official Paper

DSSSB PRT Official Paper 13 Nov 2019 Shift 3 (Previous Year Paper)

200 questions · 120 minutes · with answers · free

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Mental Ability (20 questions)

Which answer figure will complete the pattern in the question figure?

((a))
((b))
((c))
((d))

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

The pattern followed here is:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

In the following question, select the related words from the given alternatives.

Furniture : Table :: Bird : ?

((a))
Sparrow
((b))
Two
((c))
Frog
((d))
Nest

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Sparrow

The table is furniture.

Similarly;

Sparrow is the Bird.

Hence, "Sparrow" is the correct answer.

In the following question below are given some statements followed by some conclusions based on those statements. Taking the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variancewith commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows the given statements.

Statements:

I. No red is square.

II. Some square are rectangle.

Ill. No rectangle is triangle.

Conclusions:

I. Some triangle are red.

II. Some triangle are not rectangle.

Ill. No rectangle is red.

((a))
All conclusions follows
((b))
Only conclusion III follows
((c))
Only conclusion II follows
((d))
Both conclusion I and II follows

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Only conclusion II follows

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as below,

Conclusions:

I. Some triangle are red → False (As there is no direct relation between triangle and red)

II. Some triangle are not rectangle → True (Definitely true)

Ill. No rectangle is red → False (As there is no direct relation between rectangle and red)

Hence, Only conclusion II follows.

Additional Information

Six girls G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 are sitting around a circular table facing towards the centre. G1 is sitting opposite to G3. G2 is to the immediate left of G3. G5 is sitting opposite to G6. G4 is to the immediate right of G5. Who is sitting to the immediate left of G5?

((a))
G2
((b))
G4
((c))
G3
((d))
G1

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Six girls G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 are sitting around a circular table facing towards the centre.

i) G1 is sitting opposite to G3.

ii) G2 is to the immediate left of G3.

iii) G5 is sitting opposite to G6.

iv) G4 is to the immediate right of G5. (As G4 is to the immediate right of G5, thus case 2 is discarded.

Thus we can see G3 is sitting to the immediate left of G5.

Hence, the correct answer is "G3".

A series is given with one term missing. Select the correct alternative from the given ones that will complete the series.

JRM, LPN, ?, PLP, RJQ

((a))
MNO
((b))
NMO
((c))
NNO
((d))
MPO

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

NNO

The pattern followed is:

Hence, the correct answer is "NNO".

Identify the diagram that best represents the relationship among the given classes.

Male, Father, Son

((a))
((b))
((c))
((d))

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

The least possible Venn diagram for the given set of words is:

All fathers and sons are Male.

Some fathers can be sons and some sons can be fathers too.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (4)".

In the following question, select the missing number from the given series.

47, 49, 101, 307, 1233, ?

((a))
6161
((b))
6185
((c))
6171
((d))
6165

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

6171

The pattern followed is:

Hence, the correct answer is "6171".

In the following question, select the related letter pair from the given alternatives.

GRO : LKX :: ?

((a))
RHT : WAB
((b))
APM : FWV
((c))
KLB : PEK
((d))
HGO : MYX

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

KLB : PEK

The pattern followed is:

Similarly,

Hence, the correct answer is "KLB : PEK".

Point R is 10 km to the south of point T. Point R is 13 km to the west of point W. Point W is 16 km to the north of point S. Point G is 25 km to the west of point S. If point M is 21 km to the south of point R, then point G is how far from point M and point W is in which direction from point M?

((a))
18 km, South east
((b))
19 km, North east
((c))
13 km, South west
((d))
13 km, North east

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

13 km, North east

In the below diagram distance between point G and destination point M.

RO = WS = 16 km

MR = 21 km

OM = MR - RO

OM = 21 km - 16 km

OM = 5 km

OS = RW

GO = GS - OS

GO = 25 km - 13 km

GO = 12 km

Now, Triangle "GOM" is a right-angled triangle, so using Pythagoras Theorem:

GM2 = OM2 + GO2

GM2 = (5)2 + (12)2

GM2 = 25 + 144

GM2 = 169

GM = √169

GM = 13 km

Then point G is 13 km far from the point M.

Point W is North east from point M.

Hence, the correct answer is "13 km, North east".

In the following question, select the wrong figure from the given series.

((a))
((b))
((c))
((d))

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

The pattern is;

In First Row:

In Second Row:

In the Third Row:

So, in place of 9 there is a number 6.

So, the wrong figure is;

Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

How many triangle are rectangle and square both?

((a))
11
((b))
13
((c))
9
((d))
10

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

From the diagram given below:

The shaded part represents the triangle are rectangle and square both

Hence, the correct answer is "9".

If ‘A + B’ means ‘B is the father of A’, ‘A – B’ means ‘B is the son of A’, ‘A ÷ B’ means ‘B is the wife of A’, ‘A × B’ means ‘B is the mother of A’, then which of the following statement is correct about ‘P ÷ Q + R – S × T – G’?

I. Q is the sister of G.

II. P is the son in law of T.

III. S is the brother of wife of P.

((a))
All I, II and III
((b))
Only II
((c))
Only III
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

All I, II and III

Preparing the family tree using the following symbol:

According to the given information,

B is
Symbol	+	-	÷	×
Meaning	Father	Son	Wife	Mother
Of A

Expression: P ÷ Q + R – S × T – G

I. Q is the sister of G → True

II. P is the son in law of T → True

III. S is the brother of the wife of P → True

Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

A series is given with one term wrong. Select that wrong term from the given alternatives.

GRA, MZQ, SHI, YPZ, EXQ

((a))
EXQ
((b))
MZQ
((c))
YPZ
((d))
GRA

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

MZQ

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern follows here is;

In "MZQ", R should be placed at the place of Q.

So, "MZQ" is the wrong term, "MZR" will be the correct term.

Hence, "MZQ" is the correct answer.

In a certain code language, ‘PONTS’ is written as ‘1615142019’, ‘GATER’ is written as ‘7120518’. What is the code for ‘TABLE’ in that code language?

((a))
2012125
((b))
2021215
((c))
2012145
((d))
2120125

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

2012125

The pattern followed here is:

The positional value of the letter is given as their code.

Given code:

‘PONTS’ is written as ‘1615142019’

Letter	Given code
P	16
O	15
I	9
N	14
T	T
S	S

'GATER is written as '7120518'.

Letter	Given code
G	7
A	1
T	20
E	5
R	18

Similarly,

Letter	Given code
T	20
A	1
B	2
L	12
E	5

Thus ‘TABLE’ is written as ‘2012125’

Hence, the correct answer is "2012125".

Marks of J, L, M, N, R and T are compared. Number of people having marks more than R are same as the number of people having marks less than M. Marks of T and L both are lesser than R but more than M. Marks of only J are more than R. If marks of T are more than L and marks of L are 112, then what can be the marks of R and N respectively?

((a))
113, 111
((b))
114, 113
((c))
110, 113
((d))
108, 111

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

113, 111

Marks of J, L, M, N, R, and T are compared.

1) Marks of T and L both are lesser than R but more than M.

R > T/L > M

2) Marks of the only J are more than R.

J > R

Number of people having marks more than R is the same as the number of people having marks less than M.

4) If marks of T are more than L and marks of L are 112.

J > R > T > L > M > N

L = 112

Marks of R are greater than 112 and Marks of N are less than 112.

So, only one option is satisfying i.e. 113, 111.

Hence, option (1) is the correct answer.

Additional InformationIn the question, you have asked marks of R and N respectively.

So, word "Respectively" indicates that you will considered marks of R before N.

First value in option 3rd and 4th has lesser value than 112 which can not be the marks of R.

Hence, it will not be the correct answer.

In the following question below are given some statements followed by some conclusions based on those statements. Taking the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows the given statements.

Statements:

I. Some J are K.

II. No K is A.

Conclusions:

I. No A is J.

II. Some A are not K.

((a))
Both conclusion I and II follows
((b))
Only conclusion I follows
((c))
Neither conclusion follows
((d))
Only conclusion II follows

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Only conclusion II follows

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as below:

Conclusions:

1. No A is J → False (It is possible but not definite). 2. Some A are not K → True (As no K is A then some A is not K is also a definite conclusion).

Hence, the correct answer is "Only conclusion II follows".

Additional Information

In the following question, select the related number from the given alternatives.

36 : 19 :: 64 : ?

((a))
25
((b))
30
((c))
27
((d))
49

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

The logic followed is:

(Multiplication between digits of the first number) + 1 = Second number

36 : 19

(3 × 6) + 1 = 19

18 + 1 = 19

19 = 19

Similarly,

64 : ?

(6 × 4) + 1 = ?

24 + 1 = ?

? = 25

Hence, the correct answer is "25".

If a mirror is placed on the line AB, then which of the answer figures is the right image of the given figure?

((a))
((b))
((c))
((d))

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

The Correct mirror image of the given figure when the mirror is placed at the left side of AB:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Additional Information

In a mirror image, Left changes to the right and the right changes to the left vice-versa.

When placement of mirror not given, By default we will assume it in Vertical direction.

The Letter adjacent to the mirror after the mirror image will adjacent to it just with the left change to right and right change to left vice-versa.

The starting letter of the word will be at last after the mirror image drawn with left changes to right and right changes to left.

Rajat starts walking from his home and walks straight for some time. He turns right and walks. He again turns right and walks. He finally turns right and walks. Finally he is facing towards west. In which direction he started walking initially ?

((a))
West
((b))
East
((c))
North
((d))
South

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

North

According to the information given in the question, we can draw the following diagram.

We can see the he is finally facing west and started walking North initially.

Hence, the correct answer is "North".

In the following question, select the related word pair from the given alternatives.

Goat : 4 :: ?

((a))
Dog : 5
((b))
2 : Hen
((c))
Eagle : 2
((d))
Crow : 3

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Eagle : 2

The logic is;

Name in Left Side: Legs in Right Side.

The legs of Goat are 4.

So, Goat is related 4.

Similarly;

The legs of Eagle is 2.

So, Eagle is related to 2,

Hence, "Eagle : 2" is the correct answer.

Confusion Points

In option (2):

2 : Hen

Legs in Left side and Name in Right Side.

General Awareness (20 questions)

Which of the following factors are considered by Commission for ‘Agricultural Costs and Prices’ (CACP) while determining MSP for crops?

I. Price trend in the domestic and international markets.

II. Inter-crop price parity.

III. Terms of trade between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.

IV. Cost of production.

((a))
II, III, IV
((b))
I, III, IV
((c))
I, II, III, IV
((d))
I, II, III

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

I, II, III, IV

The correct answer is I, II, III, IV .

Key Points

The Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) is an attached office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
It came into existence in January 1965. It is mandated to recommend minimum support prices (MSPs) to incentivize the cultivators to adopt modern technology and raise productivity and overall grain production in line with the emerging demand patterns in the country.
Determinants Of MSP While recommending price policy of various commodities under its mandate, the Commission keeps in mind the various Terms of Reference (ToR) given to CACP in 2009.
Accordingly, it analyzes
demand and supply
cost of production
price trends in the market, both domestic and international
inter-crop price parity
terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture
a minimum of 50 percent as the margin over the cost of production likely implications of MSP on consumers of that product.
It may be noted that cost of production is an important factor that goes as an input in the determination of MSP, but it is certainly not the only factor that determines MSP.

Which of the following river is a west flowing river in India ?

((a))
Krishna River
((b))
Periyar river
((c))
Damodar river
((d))
Ponnaiyar river

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Periyar river

The correct answer is Periyar river.

Key Points

River Periyar:
It is the longest river in the state of Kerala.
It is also known as "The lifeline of Kerala".
It originates in the Western Ghats.
It empties or drains into the Arabian Sea.
Muthirapuzha River, Mullayar River, Cheruthoni River are the few major tributaries of the Periyar river.

Additional Information

Krishna River	- The river extends over the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka. - Krishna river originates in the Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar and finally drains into the Bay of Bengal. - Ghatprabha, Malprabha, Tungabhadra, Bhima, and Musi are the few important tributaries.
Damodar river	- The source of the Damodar river is Chota Nagpur Plateau (Palamau hills in Jharkhand) and the mouth is Hooghly River, Rupnarayan River. - There are 4 dams on the Damodar river: - Tilaiya dam on Barakar river. - Konar dam. - Maithon dam. - Panchet hill dam.
Ponnaiyar river	- Ponnaiyar River rise in the Nandi Hills in the Kolar district of Karnataka. - The River is also known by the name of ‘Little Ganga of the south. - Dakshina pinakani is the other name of Ponnaiyar River. - The River drains its water to the Bay of Bengal. - Pamba, Markanda, Chinnar are tributaries of the River. - Krishnagiri dam and Sathanur dam are constructed on this River.

Which organisation/institution has developed the first Indigenous High-Temperature Fuel Cell System under “New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI)”?

((a))
IISC Bangalore
((b))
CSIR
((c))
ISRO
((d))
DRDO

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

CSIR

The correct answer is CSIR.

Key Points

President Ramnath Kovind unveiled the first Indigenous High-Temperature Fuel Cell System.
This system is developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) under New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI).
The 5.0 kW fuel cell system generates power in a green manner using methanol / bio-methane, with heat and water as bi-products for further use.

Important Points

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) through its New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) programme has approved a project towards the development of human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) that can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in patients.
The project aims to generate hmAbs to SARS-CoV-2 from the convalescent phase of COVID-19 patients and select high affinity and neutralizing antibodies.
The project also aims to anticipate future adaptation of the virus and generate hmAbs clones that can neutralize the mutated virus so that could be readily used for combating future SARS-CoV infections.
The project will be implemented by the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), IIT-Indore and PredOmix Technologies Pvt. Ltd. with Bharat Biotech International Ltd. (BBIL) as the commercialization partner.

Which of the following classical dance form is performed in Lai Haraoba festival?

((a))
Odissi
((b))
Manipuri
((c))
Kathak
((d))
Sattriya

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Manipuri

The correct answer is Manipuri.

Key Points

Manipuri is the celestial dance of shiva and Parvati in Manipur.
Manipuri origin is from the festival of Lai Haraoba.
Manipuri dance is emphasis on devotion and not sensuality.
Faces are covered with a thin veil and gentle movements and hand gestures are given importance in Manipuri dance.
In a Manipuri dance, the emphasis is given on Lasya rather than thandava.
The female in the Manipuri dancers wear a long skirt and focuses on hand and knee movements.
Naga Bandha mudra in which the body is connected in the unique shape of 8 is an important posture in Manipuri dance.

Important Points

'Lai Haroba' literally means merrymaking of Gods or 'Festivity of Gods'.
It is celebrated through oral literature, music, dance, and rituals.
It is one of the main ritualistic festivals of Manipur.
It traces its origin in the pre-Vaishnavite period.
It is celebrated by Manipuri Meitei communities.
Four types of Lai Haraoba are prevalent in Meitei's, namely:
Kanglei Haraoba.
Chakpa Haraoba.
Moirang Haraoba.
Kakching Haraoba.

Which film has won the award for ‘Outstanding Artistic Achievement’ at the 22nd Shanghai International Film Festival?

((a))
Toilet
((b))
Akashathinte Niram
((c))
Veyil Maranga
((d))
Saira

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Veyil Maranga

The correct answer is Veyil Maranga.

Key Points

Veyil Marangal (Trees Under the Sun), directed by Bijukumar Damodaran, won the award for ‘Outstanding Artistic Achievement at the 22nd Shanghai International Film Festival.
It became the first Indian film to win a major award at the festival.
The film was one among the 3,964 entries submitted from 112 countries in the prestigious Golden Goblet Award competition.

Additional Information

Shanghai International Film Festival (SIFF);
Founded in 1993, Shanghai International Film Festival (SIFF) is the only competitive film festival in China approved by FIAPF.
SIFF focuses on awards, markets, forums and film exhibitions so as to build an international platform and promote the development of the Chinese film industry.

Which of the following statements regarding defects of vision in human beings is correct?

I. A person with Hypermetropia can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly.

II. A person with myopia can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects distinctly.

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Only II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Neither I nor II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Neither I nor II

The correct answer is Neither I nor II.

Key Points

Far-sightedness, also known as long-sightedness, hypermetropia, or hyperopia, is a condition of the eye where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred.
This blurred effect is due to incoming light being focused behind, instead of on, the retina wall due to insufficient accommodation by the lens.
It can be corrected using a convex lens. It helps focus the rays entering the eye on the retina.

Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which you can see objects near to you clearly, but objects farther away are blurry.
It occurs when the shape of your eye causes light rays to bend (refract) incorrectly, focusing images in front of your retina instead of on your retina.
It can be corrected using a Concave lens.

Who is the only king in the history of the world who gave up conquest after winning a war?

((a))
Aurangzeb
((b))
Chandragupta
((c))
Tipu Sultan
((d))
Ashoka

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Ashoka

The correct answer is Ashoka.

Key Points

King Ashoka was the only king in the history of the world who gave up conquest after winning the Kalinga war.
The Kalinga war was fought between the Maurya Empire and Kalinga, which is located on the east coast.
King Ashoka gave up conquest after winning the Kalinga war because he realized the violence, he had done to become a world champion and from that very moment, he decided to walk on a path of non-violence.

Important Points

Ashoka (273 BC-232 BC):
He was the greatest Mauryan ruler, Governor of Taxila and Ujjain.
His rule extended to the whole of the sub-continent except the extreme south.
It also included Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir, and the valleys of Nepal.
Ashoka had himself formally crowned in 269 BC.
Under Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire reached its climax.
Ashoka fought the Kalinga War in 261 BC in the 8th year of his coronation.
Later, he was moved by the massacre in this war and, therefore, abandoned the policy of physical occupation in favour of the policy of cultural conquest.
Bherighosa was replaced by Dhammaghosa.
He embraced Buddhism under Upagupta.
He sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra to Ceylon (Sri Lanka as Buddhist missionaries with a sapling of the original peepal tree.
He inaugurated Dhamma Yatras from the 11th year of his reign by visiting Bodh Gaya and also appointed Dhamma Mahamatras (officer of righteousness to spread the message of Dhamma).

Additional Information

Aurangzeb:
Aurangzeb was a ruler of Mughal dynasty.
He was the son of Shah Jahan.
He died in the year 1707.
He imposed Jizya, a military tax on non-Muslims who were not fighting for Mughal Empire.
He was succeeded by his son Bahadur Shah I.
Aurangzeb was also known as 'Zinda Pir' because of his simple lifestyle.
Chandragupta I: (319-335CE)
He was a king of the Gupta dynasty, who ruled in northern India.
His title Maharajadhiraja suggests that he was the first emperor of the dynasty.
He strengthened his kingdom by the matrimonial alliance with the powerful family of Lichchhavis, who were the rulers of Mithila.
He got married to the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi.
He started the Gupta Era in 319AD-320 AD.
He established his authority over Magadha, Saketa and Prayaga.
Tipu Sultan:
Born in November 1750, Tipu Sultan was Haidar Ali’s son and a great warrior is also known as the Tiger of Mysore.
He was a well-educated man fluent in Arabic, Persian, Kanarese and Urdu.
Like his father Haider Ali, Tipu gave maximum care to the raising and maintenance of an efficient military force.
He organised his army on the European model with Persian words of command.
Tipu himself became a member of the Jacobin Club and allowed himself to be called Citizen Tipu.
He planted the Tree of Liberty at Seringapatam.

Veda Samaj was established in ______.

((a))
Madras
((b))
Bombay
((c))
Calcutta
((d))
Ahmedabad

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Madras

The correct answer is Madras.

Key Points

Veda Samaj was established by Keshab Chandra Sen and K. Sridharalu Naidu.
Established in Madras (Chennai) in 1864.
The Veda Samaj was inspired by the Brahmo Samaj.
An important ideology of the members of Veda Samaj was regarding marriage and the funeral rituals as matters of routine, destitute of all religious significance.

Important Points

Brahmo Samaj
It was started at Calcutta on 20 August in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
It was a monotheistic sect of Hinduism.
Brahmo samaj had no faith in any scripture as an authority.
It rejects incarnation.
It was against caste restrictions and propounded a mix of west-east religious qualities.
It denounced polytheism and idol worship opposed idolatry.
It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting religious texts.
Brahmo Samaj spread the religious treasure and teachings of Vedas but never claimed that Vedas are infallible

Maharashtra-Goa belt Iron ore is exported through which of the following ports in India?

((a))
Visakhapatnam port
((b))
Mangalore port
((c))
Kandla port
((d))
Marmagoa port

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Marmagoa port

The correct answer is Marmagoa port.

Key Points

The Maharashtra-Goa belt uses Marmagao Belt for exporting iron ore.
The efficient extraction of iron ore makes it commercially suitable for export.
The Maharashtra-Goa Belt includes the state of Goa and the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra.

Additional Information

Visakhapatnam Port

Iron ore from the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.

Mangalore port

- It is also known as the Panambur Port. - It is located in Dakshina Kannada district, at a site called Panambur of Karnataka. - New Mangalore Port is located at Gurupura river confluence with the Arabian Sea. - It is the deepest inner harbour on the west coast.

Kandla Port

- The Kandla Port, one of the top 12 major ports in the country, has been rechristened as Deendayal Port in the name of icon Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay. - Kandla Port Trust was renamed as Deendayal Port Trust with effect from 25 September 2017. - It is located at Kandla in the state of Gujarat. It is India's hub for exporting grains and importing oil and one of the highest-earning ports in the country.

Croatia Grand Chess Tour 2019 was won by ______ .

((a))
Maxime Vachier - Lagrave
((b))
Viswanathan Anand
((c))
Magnus Carlsen
((d))
Hiraku Nakamura

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Magnus Carlsen

The correct answer is Magnus Carlsen.

Key Points

Magnus Carlsen won the 2019 Croatia Grand Chess Tour title.
India’s Viswanathan Anand ended up with 4.5 points and finished 11th.
Wesley So and Ding Liren finished with second and third positions respectively.

Important Points

Viswanathan Anand is the first Asian to win the World Championship in 2000.
Viswanathan Anand received Arjuna Award for Outstanding Indian Sportsman in Chess in 1985.
He received Padma Shri which is the Fourth highest civilian award awarded by the Government of India in 1987.
He is the first recipient of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna in 1991–1992.
He was awarded the Padma Bhushan award by the Government of India in 2000.
Hiraku Nakamura:
Hikaru Nakamura was born December 9, 1987 in Hirakata, Japan. His family moved to the United States when he was just two years old.
He is a five-time U.S. champion, claiming the title in 2005, 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2019. Nakamura was also a participant in FIDE’s 2004 World Championship tournament and a candidate for the world championship in 2016. As of August 2020, he is the highest-rated blitz player in the world with a 2900 FIDE blitz rating.
Maxime Vachier - Lagrave:
Maxime i‌‌s a chess prodigy who won his first French Championship (Under 8) as a 6-year-old. He went on to become a grandmaster at 14, won the adult French Championship at 16, crossed the 2700-rating barrier at 17 and won the World Junior Championship at 19.

Banabhatta was the court poet of which Indian ruler?

((a))
Jahangir
((b))
Ashoka
((c))
Harshavardhana
((d))
Chandragupta

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Harshavardhana

The correct answer is Harshavardhana.

Key Points

Banabhatta:
Banabhatta was a court poet of King Harshavardhana.
He was one of the great patronages of Sanskrit Literature.
Banabhatta was the Asthana Kavi in the court of King Harsha.
He was the writer of King Harsha’s biography Harshacharitra.
He was the writer of the world’s earliest novel Kadambari.

Additional Information

Harshavardhana:
With the commencement of the 7th century, Harshavardhana (606-647 A.D.) ascended the throne of Thaneshwar and Kannauj on the death of his brother, Rajyavardhana.
By 612 Harshavardhana consolidated his kingdom in northern India.
Harshavardhana is well known for his religious toleration, able administration and diplomatic relations.
He maintained diplomatic relations with China and sent envoys, who exchanged ideas of the Chinese rulers and developed their knowledge about each other.
The Chinese traveller, Hiuen Tsang, who visited India during his reign, has given a vivid description of the social, economic and religious conditions, under the rule of Harsha spoke highly of the king.
Chandragupta:
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Mauryan Empire.
At the young age of 25, he captured Pataliputra from the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty, Dhanananda.
In this task, he was assisted by Kautilya, who was also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta.
In 305 B.C., he marched against Selukas Niketar, who was Alexander’s General controlling northwestern India.
Chandragupta Maurya defeated him and a treaty was signed. By this treaty, He gave his daughter in marriage to the Mauryan prince.
Megasthenes was sent to the Mauryan court as a Greek ambassador.
Chandragupta embraced Jainism towards the end of his life and stepped down from the throne in favour of his son Bindusara.
Then he went to Sravana Belgola, near Mysore along with Jain monks led by Bhadrabhagu and starved himself to death.
Ashoka:
Ashoka was a Mauryan emperor.
Bindusara and Subhadrangi (or Dharma) were Ashoka's father and mother respectively.
He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya dynasty.
Ashoka is considered by many to be one of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka expanded Chandragupta's empire to reign over a realm covering the entire Indian subcontinent except for parts of present-day Kerala, Tamilnadu, and Karnataka.
After the Kalinga war, the Mauryan emperor Ashoka converted to Buddhism from Hinduism, to propagate Buddhism he sent his son Mahendra and his daughter Sanghmitra as missionaries to Ceylon about 251 BC.
They converted the royal family of Ceylon, who helped them in propagating Buddhism across the state.
Jahangir:
Jahangir was the fourth Mughal emperor.
His full name is "Mirza nur-ud-din -Beig Mohammad Khan Salim".
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Jahangirnama is the autobiography of Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled India from 1605 AD to 1627 AD.
It is written in Persian.

Who became the first Indian chef to be awarded the 'Chevalier de l'Ordre du Mérite Agricoleto' by the government of France to recognise his contribution towards reinventing the gastronomic scene in India?

((a))
Vikas Khanna
((b))
Ranveer Brar
((c))
Priyam Chatterjee
((d))
Nita Mehta

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Priyam Chatterjee

The correct answer is Priyam Chatterjee.

Key Points

Priyam Chatterjee is the first Indian chef to receive this French honour Chevalier de l’Ordre du Mérite Agricole, Given by the French government in the Order of Agricultural Merit.
The award, originally instituted in 1883 by the French, recognises contributions to agriculture, the agro-food industry, or gastronomy.
Chatterjee, who’d spent almost three years cooking contemporary European fare at Qla before his seven-month role at Rooh, is the first Indian chef to receive it.

Additional Information

Vikas Khanna	Chef Vikas Khanna honoured with Asia Game Changer award for feeding millions in India amid Covid crisis
Ranveer Brar	Awarded LFEGA ‘Food Entertainer of the Year’ for 2018.
Nita Mehta	Best Asian Cookbook Award for Flavours of Indian Cooking’ at the World Cookbook Fair in Paris in 1999.

Which cell organelle contains powerful digestive enzymes capable of breaking down all organic material?

((a))
Plastids
((b))
Vacuoles
((c))
Golgi apparatus
((d))
Lysosomes

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Lysosomes

The correct answer is Lysosomes.

Key Points

Lysosomes:
These are membrane-bound vesicular structures formed by the process of packaging in the Golgi apparatus.
These are also called ''Suicidal bags'' because of their phagocytic activity.
Lysosome keeps the cell clean by digesting any foreign material as well as worn-out cell organelles.
If any cell or cell organelle gets damaged, the lysosome digest the damaged cell or cell organelle by the application of hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases – lipases, proteases, carbohydrases)
Lysosomes are discovered by Christian de Duve.

Additional Information

Golgi apparatus	- It consists of a system of membrane-bound vesicles (flattened sacs) arranged approximately parallel to each other in stacks called cisterns. - Its functions include the storage, modification and packaging of products in vesicles. - They are responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion.
Plastids	- The plastids are the cell organelles found in all plant cells. - They bear some specific pigments, thus imparting specific colours to the plants.
Vacuoles	- Vacuoles are organelles of plant, fungal, and algal cells. - Vacuoles play crucial roles in cell expansion, serve as storage compartments for nutrients, and function as lytic organelles that contain digestive enzymes.

Which country has won the finals of 2019 women’s FIH Series hockey tournament?

((a))
Australia
((b))
Belgium
((c))
Netherlands
((d))
India

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

India

The correct answer is India.

Key Points

Indian women hockey team defeated Japan 3-1 in the summit clash to win the 2019 FIH Women's Series Finals.
The final match was held at the Hiroshima Hockey Stadium, japan.

Important Points

Federation Internationale de Hockey (FIH):
It is the apex governing body of field hockey and indoor field hockey.
It was founded in 1924 in Paris.
Its headquarters is in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Dr Narinder Dhruv Batra is the President at 47th FIH Congress.

Additional Information

Country	Capital	Currency
Australia	Canberra	Australian Dollar
Belgium	Brussels	Euro
Netherlands	Amsterdam	Euro

The element having tetra-atomic atomicity is ______ .

((a))
Helium
((b))
Nitrogen
((c))
Phosphorous
((d))
Chlorine

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Phosphorous

The correct answer is Phosphorous.

Key Points

The present number of atoms in any molecule of an element is called its atomicity.
Tetra atomic elements are those which are made up of four atoms.
Phosphorous exists as molecules made up of four atoms in a tetrahedral structure.
Each phosphorus molecule consists of four atoms of phosphorus.

Important Points

The following table shows the atomicity of some elements.

Atomicity of Some Elements
Name	Atomicity
Argon, Helium	Monoatomic
Oxygen, Chlorine	Diatomic
Nitrogen	Diatomic
Phosphorous	Tetra – atomic
Sulfur	Poly – atomic

14-day Treasury Bills of the government are issued by RBI to ______ .

I. State governments only

II. Indian citizen only

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Only I
((c))
Neither I nor II
((d))
Only II

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Only I

The correct answer is Only I.

Key Points

Treasury bills were first issued in India in 1917.
In 1997 the government also issued 14-day immediate treasury bills.
The discount rate for the 14-day bills will be set every three months and the effective yield on this instrument will be equivalent to the interest rate on ways and means advances (WMA).
As per an agreement signed between the RBI and the government, the interest rate on ways and means advances has been fixed at three percentage points below the average yield of 91-day T-bills in the preceding quarter.
The bills will be sold only to state governments, foreign central banks and other specified bodies.
The 14-day bills will be sold for a minimum amount of Rs 1 lakh and its multiples. The bills will be repaid or renewed at par after 14 days from the date of issue.

Important Points

Treasury bills are issued when the government needs money for a short period.
Funds collected through such tools are typically used to meet the short term requirements of the government, hence, to reduce the overall fiscal deficit of a country.
These bills are money market instruments issued only by the central government, and the interest on them is determined by the market forces.
They are issued via auctions conducted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) at regular intervals.
Treasury bills have a maximum tenure of 364 days.
At present, treasury bills are issued in three maturities — 91-day, 182-day and 364-day.

Which Schedule of the Indian constitution deals with allocation of seats in the council of states to the states and union territories?

((a))
Fourth Schedule
((b))
Third Schedule
((c))
Second Schedule
((d))
Ninth Schedule

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Fourth Schedule

The correct answer is Fourth Schedule.

Key Points

Fourth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:
It contains the provisions in relation to the allocation of seats for States and Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha.
The Number of Members of the Rajya Sabha to be elected from Each state/Union Territory has been fixed by the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution.
In India, the seats of states/Union territory are dependent on the Larger Size of the population gets more Representatives seats than the states with Smaller Populations.

Important Points

Composition of Rajya Sabha
The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250, out of which, 238 are to be the representatives of the states and union territories (elected indirectly) and 12 are nominated by the president.
At present, the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Of these, 229 members represent the states, 4 members represent the union territories and 12 members are nominated by the president.
Composition of Lok Sabha
The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552.
At present, the Lok Sabha has 545 members. Of these, 530 members represent the states, 13 members represent the union territories and 2 Anglo- Indian members are nominated by the President.

Additional Information

Schedule	Provision of
Third Schedule	It contains the forms of oath and affirmation for: - Union Ministers of India - Parliament Election Candidates - Members of Parliament (MPs) - Supreme Court Judges - Comptroller and Auditor General - State Ministers - State Legislature Elections’ Candidates - State Legislature Members - High Court Judges
Second Schedule	The provisions in relation to allowances, privileges, emoluments of: - President of India - Governors of Indian States - Speaker of Lok Sabha & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha - Chairman of Rajya Sabha & Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha - Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Legislative Assemblies of Indian States - Chairman and Deputy Chairman of Legislative Councils of the Indian States - Supreme Court Judges - High Court Judges - Comptroller & Auditor General of India (CAG)
Ninth Schedule	- It deals with the state acts and regulations that deal with land reforms and - the abolition of the zamindari system. It also deals with the acts and regulations of the Parliament dealing with other matters.

’X’ is a type of soil that is sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.

Identify ‘X’.

((a))
Arid Soil
((b))
Red and Yellow Soils
((c))
Black Soil
((d))
Laterite Soil

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Black Soil

The correct answer is Black Soil.

Key Points

Black soil:
It is known as self ploughing soil.
It is also known as cotton soil and internationally it is known as ‘Tropical Chernozems’.
This type of soil is used for rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton.
It is additionally used to produce groundnut, millet, and oilseeds.
Black soil is ideal for growing crops that are cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, wheat, millets, and oilseeds.
Black soil is to be the best variety of soil for the cultivation of cotton.
Black soil is self ploughing soil Black soil is known as self ploughing soil due to the following reasons:
It is a clayey soil It contains or retains moisture in it Comprises rich nutrients like magnesium and potassium It also develops cracks during summer that helps to expose to sunlight and water during monsoon It can retain water up to high capacity Swells and becomes sticky when wet Due to all the above-mentioned reasons, the cultivation and ploughing process for the farmers becomes easy and the crop grows well as compared to the crops on other soil.
Black soil is best for growing cotton.
Other than cotton sugarcane, wheat, cereals, millets are also cultivated on this black soil.

Additional Information

Arid Soil	- In arid soils, nitrogen is insufficient and the phosphate content is normal. - Calcium content is high in the lower layers of soil. - These soils contain a large amount of sodium, potassium and magnesium. - Thus, this is infertile soil and does not support vegetative growth. - They occur in arid and water-logged regions.
Laterite Soil	- Laterite soils are rich in oxides of iron and aluminium but deficient in nitrogen and potash. - As it is poor in nitrogen, it is not fertile and poor for agriculture - It is majorly found in higher areas of the Peninsular Plateau. - It is found as a result of decomposition due to heavy rainfall and high temperature.

Which of the following provision under 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act is not a compulsory provision?

((a))
Constitution of a State Finance Commission after every 5 years to review the financial position of panchayats
((b))
Granting financial powers to the Panchayats
((c))
Indirect elections to the post of Chairperson of Panchayats at the intermediate and district levels
((d))
Establishment of a State Election Commission for conducting elections to the Panchayats

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Granting financial powers to the Panchayats

The correct answer is Granting financial powers to the Panchayats.

Key Points

Compulsory provision under 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act:
Organization of Gram Sabha.
Establishment of Panchayats at 3 levels i.e., village, intermediate, and district levels.
Direct elections to all seats in Panchayats including at the village, intermediate, and district levels.
Post of Chairperson to be elected by indirect elections at the intermediate and district levels.
The minimum age for contesting elections to Panchayats will be 21 years.
Reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Panchayats - village, intermediate, and district levels.
Reservation of 1/3rd seats for women in Panchayats - village, intermediate, and district levels.
5 years fixed tenure for Panchayats - village, intermediate, and district levels.
Holding fresh elections within 6 months in the event of a super-session of any panchayat.
State Election Commission establishment for conducting elections to the Panchayats.
State Finance Commission constitution after every 5 years to review the financial position of the Panchayats.

Important Points

73rd Constitutional Amendment Act:
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act Was enacted passed in 1992 during the Narasimha Rao Government.
It added Part IX to our Constitution which is entitled as 'The Panchayats' and deals with the provisions of Articles 243 to 243 O.
A new schedule, the Eleventh Schedule was also added to the Constitution.
This act leads to the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati raj system for local self-government.
The three-tier system consists of:
Zila Parishad (at the district level).
Block Samiti (at block level).
Gram Panchayat (at village level).

Three traditional festivals, Sekrenyi, Monyu and Moatsu are associated with which of the following Indian state?

((a))
Nagaland
((b))
Manipur
((c))
Mizoram
((d))
Arunachal Pradesh

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Nagaland

The correct answer is Nagaland.

Key Points

These traditional festivals, Sekrenyi, Monyu and Moatsu are associated with Nagaland.
The Ao tribe of Nagaland has one such special festival, known as the Moatsu festival.
This festival is celebrated after seeds have been sown in the fields.
Men and women of the tribe gather around large outdoor fires and performing traditional dances.
Monyu festival is a major festival of the Phom Nagas of Nagaland.
It marks the conclusion of the winter season and the start of the bright seasons of spring and summer.
Sekrenyi is the major festival of the Angami tribe.
It is a 10-day celebration that signifies purification and sanctification (before going to war).
The young people of the village get-together to sing songs and communal feasting

Additional Information

State	Festivals
Manipur	- Lai Haraoba - Manipur Sangai Festival - Chumpha Festival - Lui Ngai Ni
Mizoram	- Chapchar Kut - Mizo Festivals - Mim Kut Festival - Pawl Kut Festival
Arunachal Pradesh	- Solung festival - Losar Festival - Dree Festival - Reh Festival

Arithmetic Ability (20 questions)

What is the value of 5 + 8 ÷ 5 × 3 + 2 × 3 – (5 – 8 + 6 × 3 ÷ 2)?

((a))
21.8
((b))
30
((c))
9.8
((d))
15.8

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

9.8

Concept Used:

Follow the BODMAS rule according to the table given below:

Calculation:

5 + 8 ÷ 5 × 3 + 2 × 3 – (5 – 8 + 6 × 3 ÷ 2)

⇒ 5 + 8 ÷ 5 × 3 + 2 × 3 – (5 – 8 + 6 × 1.5)

⇒ 5 + 8 ÷ 5 × 3 + 2 × 3 – (5 – 8 + 9)

⇒ 5 + 8 ÷ 5 × 3 + 2 × 3 – (14 – 8)

⇒ 5 + 8 ÷ 5 × 3 + 2 × 3 – 6

⇒ 5 + 1.6 × 3 + 2 × 3 – 6

⇒ 5 + 4.8 + 6 - 6

⇒ 9.8

∴ The value of 5 + 8 ÷ 5 × 3 + 2 × 3 – (5 – 8 + 6 × 3 ÷ 2) is 9.8.

The pie chart given below shows the number of females visiting shops on different days of a week. The number of females visiting a shop on a particular day is shown as a percentage of total number of females visiting shop on all 6 days.

What is the central angle subtend by the sector for day D5?

((a))
80°
((b))
70°
((c))
90°
((d))
100°

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

90°

The Central Angle formed by the Percentage of D5 obtained as:

(25/100) × 360° = (360/4)° = 90°

∴ The Central Angle formed by the Percentage of D5 obtained is 90°

P, Q and R alone can complete a work in 20 days, 40 days and 120 days respectively. In how many days P, Q and R together can complete the same work?

((a))
8 days
((b))
10 days
((c))
12 days
((d))
15 days

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

12 days

Given:

Time taken by P to complete the work =20 days

Time taken by Q to complete the work = 40 days

Time taken by R to complete the work = 120 days

Calculation:

Total work = L.C.M. of (20, 40,120) = 120 units

Efficiency of P = 120/20 = 6 units/day

Efficiency of Q = 120/40 = 3 units/day

Efficiency of R = 120/120 = 1 units/day

Combined efficiency of P, Q and R= (6 + 3 + 1) = 10 units/day

Time taken by P, Q and R working together = 120/10 days = 12 days

∴ The time taken by P, Q and R working together is 12 days.

After giving a discount of 16%, an article is sold at Rs. 4536. What is the marked price of this article?

((a))
Rs. 5800
((b))
Rs. 5400
((c))
Rs. 6200
((d))
Rs. 6600

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Rs. 5400

Calculation:

Let, the marked price is a

marked price is 100%

and after giving the discount of 16 % the price of article is Rs. 4536

So,

a × (100 - 16) % = 4536

⇒ a × 84% = 4536

⇒ a = (4536 × 100)/84

⇒ a = 453600/84

a = 5400

∴ The marked price of article is Rs. 5400.

A solid sphere is converted into a cylindrical wire of length 32 metre. The diameter of sphere is 20 times of the diameter of the cylindrical wire. What is the radius of sphere?

((a))
6 cm
((b))
6 mm
((c))
12 mm
((d))
6 m

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

6 cm

Given:

A solid sphere is converted into a cylindrical wire of length 32 metre

Formula used:

Volume of sphere = $\frac{4}{3}π R^3$

Volume of cylinder = πr²h

Where, r = radius of cylinder, h = height of cylinder

R = radius of sphere

Calculation:

According to the question,

Diameter of sphere = 20 × Diameter of the cylindrical wire

2R = 20 × 2r

⇒ R = 20r ----(1)

Now,

Volume of sphere = Volume of cylinder

⇒ $\frac{4}{3}π R^3$ = πr2 × 32

⇒ $\frac{4}{3}π (20r)^3$ = πr2 × 32 [From eq(1);]

⇒ r = 24/8000 = 3/1000 m

Again, equation (1),

R = 20r = 20 × 3/1000 = 60/1000

⇒ 6/100 × 100 = 6 cm.

∴ The radius of sphere is 6 cm.

The radius of a sphere is increased by x%. What will be the percentage increase in the curved surface area of the sphere?

((a))
[x(200 + x)]/100
((b))
[x2(200-x)]/100
((c))
[x(200 – x)]/100
((d))
[x(200x + x)]/100

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

[x(200 + x)]/100

Formula used:

Successive percentage Increment of curved surface area = (x + x + x2/100)

Calculation:

Successive percentage Increment of x% = (x + x + x2/100)

⇒ (2x + x²/100)

⇒ (200x + x²)/100

⇒ [x(200 + x)]/100

∴ The percentage increase in the curved surface area of the sphere is [x(200 + x)]/100.

Suman got 762.6 marks in an examination. If her marks are 82% of the maximum marks, then what are the maximum marks?

((a))
870
((b))
910
((c))
1030
((d))
930

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

930

Calculation:

Let the maximum marks be x

Suman got marks = x × 82%

According to the question:

⇒ 762.6 = x × 82/100

⇒ x = (762.6 × 100)/82 = 930

∴ The maximum marks is 930.

If Ram walks at the speed of 3 km/hr, he will reach school 6 minutes late, but if he walks at a speed of 4 km/hr, then he will reach 4 minutes before the scheduled time. What is the distance of his school from his house?

((a))
4 km
((b))
3 km
((c))
2 km
((d))
5 km

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

2 km

Given:

Time taken to cover 3 km/hr = 6 min late

Time taken to cover 4 km/hr = 4 min early

Formula used:

Distance = speed × time

Calculation:

Let the distance between his school and his starting point = x km

According to question,

⇒ x/3 – x/4 = (6 + 4)/ 60

⇒ (4x – 3x)/12 = 10/60

⇒ x/12 = 1/6

⇒2 km

∴ Required distance is 2 km.

The bar graph given below shows the number of students absent in an institution on different days of a week.

What is the average number of students absent in institution on per day?

((a))
21
((b))
33
((c))
25
((d))
29

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Given:

The number of students absent in institution on D1 = 10

The number of students absent in institution on D2 = 24

The number of students absent in institution on D3 = 36

The number of students absent in institution on D4 = 50

The number of students absent in institution on D5 = 38

The number of students absent in institution on D6 = 40

Concept Used:

Average = Sum of observations/Number of observations

Calculation:

Average = (10 + 24 + 36 + 50 + 38 + 40)/6 = 198/6 = 33

∴ The average number of students absent in institution on per day is 33.

Two people A and B are at a distance of 400 km from each other at 5:00 a.m. A immediately starts moving towards B at a speed of 25 km/h. At 9:00 a.m., B starts moving towards A at a speed of 5 km/hr. At what time will they meet?

((a))
6:00 p.m
((b))
5:00 p.m
((c))
9:00 p.m
((d))
7:00 p.m

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

7:00 p.m

Given:

A and B are at a distance of 400 km from each other at 5:00 AM.

Formula used:

Speed = Distance/Time

Distance = Speed × Time

Calculation:

According to the question,

Total distance of A and B = 400 km

Then, total distance of (5 : 00 to 9: 00) in 4 hours = 25 × 4 = 100 km

Relative speed of both people = 25 + 5 = 30 km/hr

Time will they meet on the next day = 300/30 = 10 hours

∴ Required time = 9 : 00 am + 10 hours = 7 : 00 p.m .

Additional Information

Distance covered = Speed × Time

Units of Time, Speed and Distance
The basic unit of time is a second, which could also be expressed in other units such as minutes (min) and hours (hr).
The basic unit of speed is meter per second m/s, which could also be expressed in other units such as m/min or km/h.
The basic unit of distance meter (m), which could also be expressed in other units such as kilometre (km).
To convert a speed given in m/s into a speed in km/h, multiply with 18/5.
To convert a speed given in km/h into a speed in m/s, multiply with 5/18.
1 km = 1000 m
1 min = 60 sec.

Average speed:

1. When a body travels different distances at different speeds, the average speed is the amount of time taken to travel the total distance in total time, Therefore, the formula for Time Speed Distance is:
Average speed = Total distance/ Total time
1. When the body travels at speeds of u and v units for equal distances:
Average speed = 2uv/(u + v)

Relative speed:

Consider two bodies moving at speeds u and v.
1. When they are moving in the same direction, the relative speed between the two bodies is the difference of their speeds,
(u – v) if u > v
(v – u) if v > u.
1. When they are moving in the opposite directions, the relative speed between the two bodies is the sum of their speeds,
(u + v).

The bar graph given below shows the wheat (in tonnes) produced in a state in 5 years.

The wheat (in tonnes) produced in year Y1 is what percentage of wheat (in tonnes) produced in year Y5?

((a))
49.83 percent
((b))
45.83 percent
((c))
44.83 percent
((d))
50.83 percent

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

45.83 percent

Given:

The wheat (in tonnes) produced in year Y1 = 2200

The wheat (in tonnes) produced in year Y5 = 4800

Calculation:

Required% = 2200/4800 × 100 = 45.83%

∴ The required% is 45.83%.

The sum of two numbers is 60 and their product is 15. What is the sum of the reciprocal of these two numbers?

((a))
5
((b))
4
((c))
3
((d))
2

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Given:

The sum of two numbers = 60

Their product = 15

Calculation:

Let the two numbers be a and b.

According to the question:

(1/a + 1/b) = (a + b)/ab

⇒ 60/15 = 4

∴ The sum of their reciprocals is 4.

Total compound interest (compounding half yearly) received on a sum at the end of 1.5 years at the rate of 20% per annum is Rs. 1655. What is the sum?

((a))
5500
((b))
4500
((c))
5000
((d))
4800

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

5000

Given:

Compound Interest = Rs. 1655

Rate = 20%

Time = 1.5 years

Concept used:

When the sum is compounded half-yearly, then the rate of interest becomes half and time becomes double.

Formula used:

C.I = P[(1 + R/100)T - 1]

Where, P = Principal, T = Time, C.I = Compound interest and R = rate of interest

Calculation:

Rate = 20%/2 = 10%

Time = 1.5 years = 1.5 × 2 = 3 years

Now,

C.I = P[(1 + R/100)T - 1]

⇒ 1655 = P[(1 + 10/100)³ - 1]

⇒ 1655 = P[11/10 × 11/10 × 11/10 - 1]

⇒ 1655 = P[(1331/1000) -1]

⇒ P = (1655 × 1000)/331 = Rs. 5000

∴ The sum is Rs. 5000.

Rs. 846 was to be divided among X, Y and Z in the ratio of 1/5 : 1/4 : 1/3. But by mistake it was divided in the ratio of 2 : 3 : 4. What is the amount in excess received by Z?

((a))
Rs. 11
((b))
Rs. 20
((c))
Rs. 22
((d))
Rs. 16

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Rs. 16

Given:

Total amount = Rs. 846

Right ratio = 1/5 : 1/4 : 1/3 = 12 : 15 : 20

Wrong ratio = 2 : 3 : 4

Calculation:

Wrong ratio = 12 : 15 : 20

Total sum of wrong ratio = 47

Total amount = Rs. 846

Wrongly divided share of P, Q and R in Rs.

X = (846/47) × 12 ⇒ 216

Y = (846/47) × 15 ⇒ 270

Z = (846/47) × 20 ⇒ 360

Right ratio = 2 : 3 : 4

Total sum of right ratio = 9

Right share of P, Q and R in Rs.

X = (846/9) × 2 ⇒ 188

Y = (846/9) × 3 ⇒ 282

Z = (846/9) × 4 ⇒ 376

Excess received by Z = Rs. (376 - 360) ⇒ Rs. 16

∴ The amount in excess received by Z is Rs.16.

A bag contains equal number of 5 rupee, 10 rupee and 2 rupee coins. If the total amount is Rs. 646, then how many coins of each denomination are there?

((a))
38
((b))
30
((c))
36
((d))
40

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Given:

A bag contains equal number of 5 rupee, 10 rupee and 2 rupee coins

The total amount = Rs. 646

Calculation:

Let the equal number of coin be x, x, x

Amount of coin = 5x, 10x, 2x

According to the question:

5x + 10x + 2x = 646

⇒ 17x = 646

⇒ x = 38

∴ There are 38 coins of each denomination.

How many numbers are there from 295 to 500 which are completely divisible by both 3 and 5?

((a))
8
((b))
17
((c))
22
((d))
14

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Concept:

The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is called their LCM

Calculation:

LCM of 3 and 5 = 15,

Multiple of 15, from 295 to 500 = 300, 315, 330, 345, 360, 375, 390, 405, 420, 435, 450, 465, 480, 495,

So, we can say there is only 14 number from 295 to 500 which are completely divisible by both 3 and 5.

The selling price of an article A is 25% more than its cost price. The selling price of article B is 60% more than the selling price of A and the loss incurred on selling article B at this price is 33.33%. The cost price of article B is how much percent more/less than the cost price of article A?

((a))
200%, more
((b))
300%, more
((c))
200%, less
((d))
300%, less

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

200%, more

Calculation:

Let the cost price be Rs. 100

According to the question:

Selling price of A = 100 × 125/100 = Rs. 125

Selling price of B = 125 × 160/100 = Rs. 200

Loss of B = 33.33% = 100/3%

Cost price of B = (200 × 100)/(100 - 100/3) = (200 × 100 × 3)/200 = Rs. 300

Clearly, Cost price of B is more = 300 - 100 = Rs.200

Required% = 200/100 × 100 = 200%

∴ Cost price of an article B is 200% percent more than the cost price of an article A.

If $A=\frac{5}{3+\frac{3}{1-\frac{2}{3}}}$ and $B=\frac{1}{3-\frac{1}{2-\frac{1}{\frac{5}7}}}$ , the value of A + B.

((a))
7/6
((b))
7/3
((c))
13/12
((d))
8/5

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

7/6

Calculation:

$A=\frac{5}{3+\frac{3}{1-\frac{2}{3}}}$

⇒ $A=\frac{5}{3+\frac{9}{1}}$

⇒ $A=\frac{5}{12}$

$B=\frac{1}{3-\frac{1}{2-\frac{1}{\frac{5}7}}}$

⇒ $B=\frac{1}{3-\frac{1}{2-\frac{7}{5}}}$

⇒ $B=\frac{1}{3-\frac{5}{3}}$

⇒ $B=\frac{3}{4}$

A + B = 5/12 + 3/4 = 14/12 = 7/6

∴ The correct answer is 7/6.

The area of a triangle whose sides are 2 cm, 3 cm and 4 cm is equal to the area of an equilateral triangle of side x cm. What is the value of x⁴?

((a))
108√70
((b))
10080
((c))
45
((d))
75

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Given

Sides of a triangle = 2 cm, 3 cm and 4 cm

Equilateral triangle of side x cm

Concept

Using heron's formula

Area of triangle = √s(s - a) (s - b) (s - c)

Where s is semi perimeter of a triangle and a, b and c are the sides of a triangle.

s = ( a + b + c)/2

Area of the equilateral triangle = (√3/4) × a²

Calculation

a = 2 cm, b = 3 cm and c = 4 cm

s = (2 + 3 + 4)/2

= 4.5

= 19

Area of triangle = √4.5(4.5 - 2) (4.5 - 3) (4.5 - 4)

= √(4.5 × 2.5 × 1.5 × 0.5)

= √8.4375 cm²

Area of the equilateral triangle = (√3/4) × x²

According to the question,

Area of triangle = Area of the equilateral triangle

⇒ √8.4375 cm2 = (√3/4) × x²

Both side square,

⇒ 8.4375 = (3/16) × x4

⇒ x⁴ = (8.4375 × 16)/3 = 135/3 = 45

∴ The value of x4 is 45.

The value of $\frac{1}{2+\frac{1}{3+\frac{1}{2+\frac{1}{2}}}}$ .

((a))
17/39
((b))
1
((c))
15/17
((d))
6/13

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

17/39

Calculation:

$\frac{1}{2+\frac{1}{3+\frac{1}{2+\frac{1}{2}}}}$

⇒ $\frac{1}{2+\frac{1}{3+\frac{2}{{5}{}}}}$

⇒ $\frac{1}{2+\frac{5}{17}}$

⇒ 17/39

∴ The correct answer is 17/39.

General Hindi (20 questions)

दिए गए शब्द का उपसर्ग ज्ञात कीजिए।

अत्याचार

((a))
अ
((b))
अत्या
((c))
अत्
((d))
अति

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

अति

‘अत्याचार ='अति+आचार’ में ‘अति’ उपसर्ग है। सही विकल्प अति है।

Key Points

‘अत्याचार’ शब्द में ‘अति’ उपसर्ग है अर्थात ‘अति + आचार = अत्याचार।
संस्कृत एवं संस्कृत से उत्पन्न भाषाओं में उस अव्यय या शब्द को उपसर्ग कहते हैं जो कुछ शब्दों के आरंभ में लगकर उनके अर्थों का विस्तार करता अथवा उनमें कोई विशेषता उत्पन्न करता है।
‘अति’ उपसर्ग से बने अन्य शब्द हैं- अत्युक्ति, अत्याचार, अतिशय, अतिकर्मण, अत्यन्त, अतिक्रमण, अतिकाल, अतिरिक्त।
'अ' उपसर्ग से बने शब्द अमोल, अथाह।

Additional Information

उपसर्ग	उप (समीप) + सर्ग (सृष्टि करना) का अर्थ है - किसी शब्द के समीप आ कर नया शब्द बनाना। अर्थात ऐसे शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के पूर्व जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन कर देते हैं।	प्र + हार = प्रहार सम् + हार = संहार वि + हार = विहार

उपसर्ग

वह शब्दांश या अव्यय, जो किसी शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर मूल शब्द के अर्थ में विशेषता ला दे या उसका अर्थ ही बदल दे। जैसे – अ + छूता = अछूता, कु + चैला = कुचैला इत्यादि।
1. संस्कृत के उपसर्ग
2. हिंदी के उपसर्ग
3. उर्दू के उपसर्ग
4. अंग्रेजी के उपसर्ग

दिए गए रिक्तस्था में उपयुक्त विराम चिन्ह का चयन कीजिए।

बाप रे _______ पिताजी आ गए_____

((a))
" " ।
((b))
; ,
((c))
! ।
((d))
, !

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

! ।

बाप रे___पिताजी आ गए। इस वाक्य में पहले विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ह लगेगा, फिर पूर्ण विराम लगेगा। जो (! ।) इस प्रकार है।

जैसे:- बाप रे! पिताजी आ गए।

Key Points

विराम चिन्ह – भाषा के लिखित रूप में विशेष स्थानों पर रुकने का संकेत करने वाले चिन्हों को विराम चिन्ह कहते हैं।

विराम चिन्ह का नाम	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
पूर्ण विराम चिन्ह (।)	जहाँ एक बात पूरी हो जाये या वाक्य समाप्त हो जाये वहाँ पूर्ण विराम ( । ) चिन्ह लगाया जाता है।	बाजार खुल गया।
अर्द्ध विराम चिन्ह (;)	जहाँ अल्प विराम से कुछ अधिक ठहरते हैं तथा पूर्ण विराम से कम ठहरते हैं, वहाँ अर्द्ध विराम का चिन्ह ( ; ) लगाया जाता है।	मुख्य अतिथि आ गए हैं; वह शीघ्र चले जाएंगे।
अल्प विराम चिन्ह (,)	वाक्य में जहाँ थोड़ा रुकना हो या अधिक वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों आदि को अलग करना हो वहाँ अल्प विराम (,) चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया जाता है।	राकेश, मोहन, शीतल और पंकज ने यह चित्र बनाया है।
प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह (?)	बातचीत के दौरान जब किसी से कोई बात पूछी जाती है अथवा कोई प्रश्न पूछा जाता है, तब वाक्य के अंत में प्रश्नसूचक-चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया जाता है।	तुम्हारी माताजी का नाम क्या है ?
विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ह (!)	इसका प्रयोग हर्ष, विवाद, विस्मय, घृणा, आश्रर्य, करुणा, भय, संबोधन इत्यादि का बोध कराने के लिए इस चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया जाता है।	वाह! कितना सुंदर दृश्य है।
लाघव चिन्ह (०)	किसी बड़े तथा प्रसिद्ध शब्द को संक्षेप में लिखने के लिए उस शब्द का पहला अक्षर लिखकर उसके आगे शून्य (०) लगा देते हैं। यह शून्य ही लाघव-चिन्ह कहलाता है।	डॉक्टर – डॉ०, प्रोफेसर – प्रो०

दिए गए वाक्य में कौन सा शब्द परसर्ग है ज्ञात कीजिए।

राजू ने खिलौने खरीदे।

((a))
खरीदा
((b))
खिलौना
((c))
राजू
((d))
ने

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

ने

राजू ने खिलौने खरीदे। इस वाक्य में 'ने' यह एक परसर्ग का उदाहरण है।

अन्य विकल्प :

राजू एक कर्ता के रूप में प्रयुक्त हुआ है।

खरीदा यह एक क्रिया के रूप में प्रयुक्त हुई है।

खिलौना यह कर्म के रूप में प्रयुक्त हुआ है।

Key Points

कारक के आठ भेद होते हैं- कर्म कारक, कर्ता कारक, सम्बन्ध कारक, अधिकरण कारक, संबोधन कारक, आपदान कारक, सम्प्रदान कारक, करण कारक।
जो शब्द क्रिया के साथ सम्बन्ध प्रकट करते हैं वे कारक कहलाते अथवा कारक चिन्हों को परसर्ग या विभक्ति कहते हैं।

Additional Information

परसर्ग - ये वे अक्षर हैं जो किसी शब्द के बाद आते हैं और कोई विशेषता लाते हैं। जैसे - का, की, रे, ने, द्वारा, से आदि।
कारक - संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के जिस रूप से वाक्य के अन्य शब्दों के साथ उसके सम्बन्ध का बोध होता है, उसे कारक कहते हैं।
विभक्ति	कारक	चिन्ह/ परसर्ग
प्रथम	कर्ता कारक	ने
द्वितीय	कर्म कारक	को
तृतीय	करण कारक	से, के द्वारा
चतुर्थी	सम्प्रदान कारक	को, के लिए (देने का भाव)
पंचमी	अपादान कारक	से, (अलग होने के लिए)
षष्ठी	संबंध कारक	का, की, के, रा, री, रे
सप्तमी	अधिकरण कारक	में, पर
अष्टमी	संबोधन	हे ! ओ ! अरे !

दिए गए शब्दों में से पुल्लिंग ज्ञात कीजिए।

((a))
योगिनी
((b))
पृथ्वी
((c))
देवनागरी
((d))
कंबल

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

कंबल

दिए गए सभी विकल्पों में केवल ‘कम्बल’ शब्द पुल्लिंग है। अन्य शब्द योगिनी, पृथ्वी, देवनागरी ये सभी स्त्रीलिंग शब्द हैं।

योगिनी शब्द का पुल्लिंग योगी होता है।
देवनागरी यह एक लिपि है, हिन्दी भाषा की लिपि देवनागरी कहलाती है।

Key Points

लिंग	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
पुल्लिंग	जिन शब्दों के अंत में आ, आव, पा, न आदि आते हैं वे शब्द अधिकतर पुल्लिंग होते हैं।	जैसे- बहाव, लोहा आदि।
स्त्रीलिंग	जिन शब्दों के अंत में ई, आवट, इया, ता, आई, आहट आदि प्रत्यय लगे हों, स्त्रीलिंग होते हैं।	जैसे-मित्रता, थकावट आदि।

दिए गए श्रुतिसम भिन्नार्थक शब्द का अर्थ ज्ञात कीजिए।

आचार

((a))
आचरण
((b))
सब्जियाँ
((c))
फल
((d))
सब्जियों को मिलाकर बनाने वाली सामग्री

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

आचरण

आचार यह एक श्रुतिसम भिन्नार्थक शब्द है, इसका अर्थ 'आचरण' होता है।

अचार - आचार यह श्रुतिसम भिन्नार्थक शब्द है। अचार एक खाद्य पदार्थ है।

Key Points

श्रुतिसम भिन्नार्थक	ऐसे शब्द जिनमें स्वर, मात्रा अथवा व्यंजन में थोड़ा सा अंतर होता है। वे बोलने में लगभग एक जैसे लगते हैं परन्तु उनके अर्थ में भिन्नता होती हैं। ऐसे शब्द 'श्रुतिसम भिन्नार्थक शब्द' कहलाते हैं।	जैसे- घन और धन दोनों के उच्चारण में कोई खास अन्तर महसूस नहीं होता परन्तु अर्थ में भिन्नता है। घन= बादल, धन=सम्पत्ति।

दिए गए विराम चिन्हों में से उद्धरण चिन्ह को ज्ञात कीजिए।

((a))
" "
((b))
!
((c))
:
((d))
?

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

" "

दिए गये विकल्पों में से (" ") उद्द्धरण का चिन्ह है।

अवतरण चिन्ह या उद्धरण चिन्ह (‘….’ “…” )	किसी की कही हुई बात को उसी तरह प्रकट करने के लिए अवतरण चिन्ह ( ''... '' ) का प्रयोग होता है। पुस्तक, समाचारपत्र, लेखक का उपनाम, लेख का शीर्षक इत्यादि उद्धृत करते समय इकहरे उद्धरण चिन्ह ( ‘...’ ) का प्रयोग होता है।	गांधी जी ने कहा था "अहिंसा परम धर्म है”।

Key Points

विराम चिन्ह – भाषा के लिखित रूप में विशेष स्थानों पर रुकने का संकेत करने वाले चिन्हों को विराम चिन्ह कहते हैं। विराम चिन्ह के भेद –
विराम चिन्ह का नाम	विराम - चिन्ह
पूर्ण विराम - जै��े - बाजार खुल गया।	।
अर्ध विराम चिन्ह - जैसे – मुख्य अतिथि आ गए हैं; वह शीघ्र चले जाएंगे।	;
अल्प विराम चिह्न - जैसे – राकेश, मोहन, शीतल और पंकज ने यह चित्र बनाया है।	,
प्रश्न सूचक चिन्ह – जैसे – तुम्हारी माताजी का नाम क्या है ?	?
विस्मय सूचक या आश्चर्य चिह्न – जैसे – वाह ! कितना सुंदर दृश्य है।	!
संयोजक या योजक चिन्ह - जैसे – मैं दिन–रात यही सोचता रहा।	-
निर्देशक चिन्ह – जैसे – श्री जितेंद्र जी ने कहा _ सत्य के मार्ग पर चलना चाहिए।	_
अवतरण चिन्ह या उद्धरण चिन्ह – जैसे – गांधी जी ने कहाँ था "अहिंसा परम धर्म है”	‘….’ “…”
कोष्ठक चिन्ह – जैसे – दशहरे के दिन दशानन (रावण) का दहन किया जाता है।	[ {()} ]
उप विराम (अपूर्ण विराम) - जैसे - विज्ञान: वरदान या अभिशाप	:
विवरण चिन्ह - जैसे - निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों का उत्तर दीजिये :-	:-
पुनरुक्ति सूचक चिन्ह	„ „

दिए गए शब्द का समास ज्ञात कीजिए।

नवरात्र

((a))
द्विगु समास
((b))
द्वंद्व समास
((c))
तत्पुरुष समास
((d))
बहुब्रीहि समास

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

द्विगु समास

दिए गए विकल्पों में से ‘नवरात्र’ में ‘द्विगु समास’ होगा।

Key Points

‘नवरात्र’ अर्थात नौ रात्रियों का समूह।
इसमें पहला पद संख्यावाचक विशेषण है और नवरात्र का समस्त पद नौ रात्रों के समाहार का बोध करा रहा है, इसलिए यहाँ ‘द्विगु समास’ है।

द्विगु समास	जिसका पहला पद संख्यावाचक विशेषण और समस्तपद किसी समूह का बोध करता है।	दोपहर- दो पहरों का समाहार

अन्य विकल्प:

द्वंद्व समास	जिस समास में दोनों पद प्रधान हों तथा विग्रह करने पर उनके बीच ‘तथा’, ‘या’, ‘अथवा’, ‘एवं’, ‘और’ का प्रयोग होता है ।	पाप-पुण्य- पाप और पुण्य
तत्पुरुष समास	जिस समास में प्रथम पद गौण और उत्तर पद की प्रधानता होती है और समास करते वक्त बीच क�� विभक्ति का लोप हो जाता है।	विद्यालय-विद्या का आलय राजदूत- राजा का दूत
बहुव्रीही समास	जिस समास में दोनों पद प्रधान नहीं होते हैं और दोनों पद मिलकर किसी अन्य विशेष अर्थ की ओर संकेत कर रहे होते हैं।	जैसे – जो महान वीर है = महावीर अर्थात हनुमान, तीन आँखों वाला = त्रिलोचन अर्थात शिव।

दिए गए वाक्य में वाच्य ज्ञात कीजिए।

दीपक द्वारा आम खाया जाता है।

((a))
कर्मवाच्य
((b))
भाववाच्य
((c))
सरल
((d))
कर्तृवाच्य

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

कर्मवाच्य

दीपक द्वारा आम खाया जाता है। यह वाक्य 'कर्मवाच्य' का उदाहरण है।

Key Points

वाच्य- वाच्य का अर्थ है ‘बोलने का विषय।’ क्रिया के जिस रूप से यह ज्ञात हो कि उसके द्वारा किए गए विधान का विषय कर्ता है, कर्म है या भाव है, उसे वाच्य कहते हैं। हिंदी में वाच्य तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-
वाच्य	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
कर्तृवाच्य	क्रिया के जिस रूप में कर्ता प्रधान हो और सकर्मक और अकर्मक दोनों क्रियाए हो, उसे कर्तृवाच्य कहते हैं।	दिनेश पुस्तक नहीं पढता है।
कर्मवाच्य	क्रिया के जिस रूप में कर्म प्रधान हो, जिसमें केवल सकर्मक क्रिया के वाक्य होते है। उसे कर्मवाच्य कहते हैं।	गाड़ी चल रही है।
भाववाच्य	क्रिया के जिस रूप में न तो कर्ता की प्रधानता हो, न कर्म की, बल्कि क्रिया का भाव ही प्रधान हो, वहाँ भाववाच्य होता है।	मुझसे सोया नही जाता।

दिए गए रिक्त स्थान में वाक्य के अनुसार सही वर्तनी वाला शब्द ज्ञात कीजिए।

यह पुस्तक तो बहुत _______ है।

((a))
मँहगी
((b))
महांगी
((c))
महंगी
((d))
महँगी

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

महँगी

दिये गए विकल्पों में 'महँगी' इसका सही उत्तर है। अन्य विकल्प सही उत्तर नहीं हैं।

Key Points

महँगी का अर्थ ‘अधिक मूल्य पर वस्तुएँ बिकने की स्थिति’ होता है।

अन्य विकल्प:

अशुद्ध रूप	शुद्ध रूप
मँहगी	महँगी
महांगी	महँगी
महंगी	महँगी

Additional Information

वर्तनी

लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं। ‘वर्तनी’ शब्द का अर्थ उच्चारित होने वाले शब्द के लेखन में प्रयोग होने वाले लिपि चिह्नों के व्यवस्थित रूप को वर्तनी कहा जाता है।

दिए गए वाक्यों में से शुद्ध वाक्य ज्ञात कीजिए।

((a))
नौकरी करी जहाज पर मैं।
((b))
जहाज मैं नौकरी करता था एक पर।
((c))
मैं जहाज़ की नौकरी को पर करता था।
((d))
मैं एक जहाज पर नौकरी करता था।

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

मैं एक जहाज पर नौकरी करता था।

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर 'मैं एक जहाज पर नौकरी करता था।' - यह वाक्य व्याकरण की दृष्टि से शुद्ध वाक्य है।

Key Points

दिए गए विकल्पों में शुद्ध वाक्य है- ‘मैं एक जहाज पर नौकरी करता था।
मैं जहाज़ की नौकरी को पर करता था। - इस वाक्य में कारक की अशुद्धि है।
जहाज मैं नौकरी करता था एक पर। - इस वाक्य में वाक्य का क्रम गलत तरीके से लिखा हुआ है।
नौकरी करी जहाज पर मैं। - इस वाक्य में वाक्य का क्रम गलत लिखा हुआ है।

Additional Information

वाक्य भाषा की अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण इकाई है। इसलिए लिखने या बोलने के समय यह ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि वह स्पष्ट और व्याकरणिक दृष्टि से शुद्ध हो। वाक्यों के विभिन्न अंग यथास्थान होने चाहिए।

दिए गए मुहावरे का अर्थ ज्ञात कीजिए।

'मन मैला करना'

((a))
विमुख होना
((b))
ठोस जवाब देना
((c))
मनचाही वस्तु पाना
((d))
अप्रसन्न होना

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

अप्रसन्न होना

'मन मैला करना’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'अप्रसन्न होना' होगा।

Key Points

'मन मैला करना' का अर्थ- अप्रसन्न होना या असंतुष्ट होना।
वाक्य प्रयोग- ज़रा - ज़रा सी बातों पर मन मैला करोगे तो यह संसार कैसे चलेगा?

अन्य विकल्प:

मुहावरा	अर्थ	वाक्य प्रयोग
मुँहतोड़ जवाब देना	ठोस जवाब देना	उसकी हर बात का मैं मुँहतोड़ जवाब दूँगा।
मुँहमांगी मुराद पाना	मनचाही वस्तु पाना	तुम बड़े भाग्यशाली हो जो इस नौकरी के रूप में मुँहमांगी मुराद पा गये।
मुँह मोड़ना	विमुख होना	उस विद्यार्थी ने परीक्षा से मुँह मोड़ लिया।

Additional Information

‘मुहावरे’ का अर्थ बोलचाल की भाषा में सांकेतिक रूप से किसी भाव को प्रकट करना होता है। जैसे- आँखों से गिरना, आकाश से बातें करना आदि।

दिए गए शब्द का पर्यायवाची ज्ञात कीजिए।

रोशनी

((a))
आकृति
((b))
शैली
((c))
माल
((d))
आलोक

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

आलोक

‘रोशनी’ का पर्यायवाची शब्द 'आलोक' है।

Key Points

रोशनी के पर्यायवाची शब्द:

उजाला, प्रकाश, जगमगाहट, चमक, आलोक।

Additional Information

माल	धन, दौलत, संपदा, संपत्ति, वित्त, विभूति, पैसा, माया, द्रव्य, अर्थ, ज़र, रूपया, लक्ष्मी,
शैली	चाल, ढंग, प्रणाली, तर्ज, तरीका, विधि।
आकृति	ढाँचा, शक्ल, बनावट।

शब्द	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
पर्यायवाची	एक ही अर्थ में प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द जो बनावट में भले ही अलग हों, पर्यायवाची या समानार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।	आग-अनल, पावक, दहन। हवा-समीर, अनिल, वायु।

दिए गए शब्द का विलोम शब्द ज्ञात कीजिए।

अनुरक्त

((a))
उपर्युक्त
((b))
आर्यत
((c))
अतिरिक्त
((d))
विरक्त

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

विरक्त

'अनुरक्त' शब्द का उचित विलोम शब्द 'विरक्त' है।

अनुरक्त का अर्थ 'अनुराग युक्त प्रेमी' होता है।
विरक्त अर्थात भोग विलास आदि से दूर रहने वाला।
अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प:

शब्द	विलोम
उपर्युक्त	निम्नोक्त
अतिरिक्त	अनातिरिक्त

Additional Information

शब्द	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
विलोम/ विपरीतार्थक	'विलोम' शब्द का अर्थ है-उल्टा या विपरीत। अत: किसी शब्द का उल्टा अर्थ व्यक्त करने वाला शब्द विलोमार्थक या विपरीतार्थक शब्द कहलाते हैं।	राग-द्वेष सामिष-निरामिष व्यष्टि-समष्टि आकाश-पाताल

दिए गए शब्द की संधि विच्छेद ज्ञात कीजिए।

निष्कपट

((a))
निष + कपाट
((b))
निष + अपट
((c))
नीः कप्ट
((d))
निः + कपट

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

निः + कपट

निष्कपट शब्द का सही विच्छेद 'नि: + कपट = निष्कपट' होता है।

निष्कपट यानी कपट रहित।

जब संधि करते समय विसर्ग के बाद स्वर या व्यंजन वर्ण के आने से जो विकार उत्पन्न होता है, हम उसे विसर्ग संधि कहते हैं।

Key Points

संधि - दो शब्दों के मेल से जो विकार (परिवर्तन) होता है, उसे संधि कहते हैं। संधि के तीन प्रकार हैं - 1. स्वर, 2. व्यंजन और 3. विसर्ग।
संधि	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
स्वर संधि	दो स्वरों के मेल से उत्पन्न होने वाले विकार को स्वर संधि कहते हैं। इसके इसके पाँच भेद हैं- दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण, अयादि।	देवालय = देव + आलय।
व्यंजन संधि	व्यंजन के बाद किसी स्वर या व्यंजन के आने से उस व्यंजन में जो परिवर्तन होता है, वह व्यंजन संधि कहलाता है।	उद्धार= उत+ हार।
विसर्ग संधि	विसर्ग के साथ स्वर अथवा व्यंजन के मिलने से जो विकार उत्पन्न होता है, उसे विसर्ग संधि कहते हैं।	दुशासन = दु: + शासन।

Additional Information

विसर्ग संधि के कुछ उदाहरण :-
- दुः+ शासन= दुश्शासन - अधः+ गति= अधोगति - निः+ संतान= निस्संतान - नमः+ ते= नमस्ते

रिक्त स्थान में दिए गए चार विकल्पों में उस विकल्प का चयन करे जो दिए गए मुहावरे के अर्थ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ रूप से व्यक्त करता है।

मिठाई देखकर उसके ________ आया।

((a))
मुँह मोड़ना
((b))
मुँह देखी कहना
((c))
मुँह में पानी
((d))
मुँह काला करना

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

मुँह में पानी

मिठाई देखकर उसके ... आया। इस वाक्य के रिक्त स्थान पर 'मुँह में पानी' ऐसा मुहावरा आएगा, जो उचित विकल्प है।

मुहावरे	अर्थ	वाक्य प्रयोग
मुँह में पानी आना	लालच होना	रामलाल हलवाई का नाम सुनते ही हमारे मुंह में पानी आ जाता है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प:-

मुहावरे	अर्थ	वाक्य प्रयोग
मुँह मोड़ना	विमुख होना	इन दिनों वह खेलकूद से मुँह मोड़कर पढाई में लगा हुआ है।
मुँह काला करना	कलंकित होना	चोरबाजारी का काम करके आपने खुद ही अपना मुँह काला किया है।
मुँह देखी कहना	मुँह देखकर बात करना	नेता लोग हमेशा मुँह देखी का काम किया करते है।

Additional Information

मुहावरा परिभाषा

उदाहरण

मुहावरा का शाब्दिक अर्थ ‘अभ्यास’ है। मुहावरा शब्द अरबी भाषा का शब्द है। हिन्दी में ऐसे वाक्यांशों को मुहावरा कहा जाता है, जो अपने साधारण अर्थ को छोड़कर विशेष अर्थ को व्यक्त करते हैं।

अंक भरना- स्नेह से लिपटा लेना वाक्य-माँ ने स्नेह से अपने पुत्र को अंक में भर लिया

निर्देश: एक गद्यांश दिया गया है। गद्यांश के आधार पर प्रश्न दिए गए हैं। गद्यांश को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ें तथा प्रत्येक प्रश्न के चार विकल्पों में से सही विकल्प चुने।

बेहतर शिक्षा सभी के लिए जीवन में आगे बढ़ने और सफलता प्राप्त करने के लिए बहुत आवश्यक है। यह हम में आत्मविश्वास विकसित करने के साथ ही हमारे व्यक्तित्व निर्माण में भी सहायता करती है। स्कूली शिक्षा जीवन में महान भूमिका निभाती है। पूरे शिक्षा तंत्र को प्राथमिक शिक्षा, माध्यमिक शिक्षा और उच्च शिक्षा जैसे तीन भागों में बाँटा गया है। शिक्षा के सभी स्तर अपना एक विशेष महत्व स्थान रखते हैं। आज के इस प्रतियोगी संसार में, सभी के लिए शिक्षा प्राप्त करना बहुत आवश्यक है। उच्च शिक्षा का महत्त्व नौकरी और अच्छा पद प्राप्त करने के लिए बहुत अधिक बढ़ गया है।

उचित शिक्षा भविष्य में आगे बढ़ने के लिए बहुत से रास्तों का निर्माण करती है। यह हमारे ज्ञान के स्तर, तकनीकी कौशल और नौकरी में उच्च पद को प्राप्त करने के द्वारा हमें सामाजिक, मानसिक और बौद्धिक रूप से मजबूत बनती है। हरेक बच्चा अपने जीवन में कुछ अलग का सपना रखता है। शिक्षा लोगों के मस्तिष्क को उच्च स्तर पर विकसित करने का कार्य कराती है और समाज में लोगों के बीच सभी भेदभावों को हटाने में मदद करती है। शिक्षा हमें अच्छा अध्ययन कर्ता बनने में मदद करती है और जीवन के हर पहलू को समझने के लिए सूझ-बूझ को विकसित करती है। शिक्षा सभी मानव अधिकारों, सामाजिक अधिकारों, देश के प्रति कर्तव्यों और दायित्वों को समझने में भी हमारी सहायता कराती है। शिक्षा का हमारे जीवन में अत्यधिक महत्व है।

उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उपयुक्त शीर्षक क्या होगा?

((a))
बेरोजगारी के अवसर
((b))
शिक्षा का महत्व
((c))
शिक्षकों का महत्व
((d))
रोजगार का महत्व

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

शिक्षा का महत्व

इस गद्यांश में शिक्षा के सभी पक्षों पर प्रकाश डाला है। अतः उचित शीर्षक 'शिक्षा का महत्व' होगा।

गद्यांश में आया हुआ उल्लेख:

शिक्षा का हमारे जीवन में अत्यधिक महत्व है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

बेरोजगारी के अवसर यानी रोजगार प्राप्त करने हेतु कई विकल्प मौजूद होना।
शिक्षको का महत्व यानी शिक्षको के माध्यम से ही व्यक्ति को शिक्षा मिल सकती है।
रोजगार का महत्व यानी रोजगार आने से जीवन शैली में परिवर्तन होना।

शिक्षा के माध्यम से क्या विकसित करने में सहायता मिलती है?

((a))
अच्छा पद
((b))
बेहतर शिक्षा
((c))
अपराध
((d))
आत्मविश्वास

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

आत्मविश्वास

शिक्षा के माध्यम से हमारे भीतर 'आत्मविश्वास' विकसित करने में सहायता मिलती है।

गद्यांश में आया हुआ उल्लेख:

यह हम में आत्मविश्वास विकसित करने के साथ ही हमारे व्यक्तित्व निर्माण में भी सहायता करती है। स्कूली शिक्षा जीवन में महान भूमिका निभाती है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

आत्मविश्वास यानी खुद कुछ काम करने की ललक।
अपराध यानी समाज और संविधान के बताये नियमो का उल्लंघन।
बेहतर शिक्षा यानी ऐसी शिक्षा जो संस्कार के साथ - साथ जीवन में व्यावहारिकता का भी बोध कराये।

उच्च शिक्षा क्या प्राप्त करने में सहायक है?

((a))
नौकरी
((b))
भूखमरी
((c))
बेरोजगारी
((d))
सपने

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

नौकरी

उच्च शिक्षा 'नौकरी' प्राप्त करने में सहायक है।

गद्यांश में आया हुआ उल्लेख:

उच्च शिक्षा का महत्त्व नौकरी और अच्छा पद प्राप्त करने के लिए बहुत अधिक बढ़ गया है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प का विश्लेषण:

नौकरी - वेतन के रूप में की जाने वाली सेवा।
भूखमरी - भूख से मरने की अवस्था।
बेरोजगारी - किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा सक्रियता से रोजगार की तलाश किये जाने के बावजूद जब उसे काम नहीं मिल पाता तो यह अवस्था बेरोजगारी कहलाती है।
सपने - कल्पना करना।

हर एक बच्चा क्या सपना रखता है?

((a))
अनुशासन को मिटाने में
((b))
दायित्व पूर्ण करने, में सफल होने में
((c))
कर्तव्य पालन का
((d))
जीवन में कुछ अलग करने का

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

जीवन में कुछ अलग करने का

हरेक बच्चा 'जीवन में कुछ अलग करने का' सपना रखता है।

गद्यांश में आया हुआ उल्लेख:

यह हमारे ज्ञान के स्तर, तकनीकी कौशल और नौकरी में उच्च पद को प्राप्त करने के द्वारा हमें सामाजिक, मानसिक और बौद्धिक रूप से मजबूत बनती है।
हरेक बच्चा अपने जीवन में कुछ अलग का सपना रखता है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

अनुशासन यानी नियमबद्ध आचरण।
दायित्व यानी जिम्मेदारी या कार्यभार।
कर्तव्यपालन यानी जो करने योग्य बाते है, वह बखूबी निभाना।

पूरे शिक्षा तंत्र को कितने भागों से बाँटा गया है?

((a))
पॉंच
((b))
दो
((c))
चार
((d))
तीन

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

तीन

पूरे शिक्षा तंत्र को 'तीन' भागो में बांटा गया है।

प्राथमिक शिक्षा - पहली कक्षा से पाँचवी कक्षा तक।
माध्यमिक शिक्षा - छठी कक्षा से बारहवी कक्षा तक।
उच्च शिक्षा - स्नातक स्तर से पीएचडी तक।

General English (20 questions)

Choose the word that is opposite in meaning to the given word.

Impute

((a))
Keen
((b))
Sharp
((c))
Defend
((d))
Unequal

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Defend

The correct answer is 'Defend'.

Key Points

Let's explore the meaning of the marked word and the given word.
Impute: to lay the responsibility or blame for (something) often falsely or unjustly.
Example: The economic sins imputed to Tito had all been committed to a greater extent by the communist parties of neighbouring countries.
Defend: to protect someone or something against attack or criticism; to speak in favour of someone or something:
Example: He vigorously defended his point of view.
From above, we can refer that the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

Keen:very interested, eager, or wanting (to do) something very much.
Example: They were very keen to start work as soon as possible.
Sharp: intelligent or quick to notice things.
Example: Birdwatchers need to have sharp ears and eyes.
Unequal: different in size, level, amount, etc.
Example: The slices were unequal in size.

Choose the word that can substitute the given sentence.

One who supervises in the examination hall.

((a))
Apiary
((b))
Arena
((c))
Arsenal
((d))
Invigilator

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Invigilator

The correct answer is 'Invigilator'.

Key Points

Invigilator: It refers to a person who supervises candidates during an examination (निरीक्षक).
Example: But the students had already left the hall and only the invigilator was seen bundling up the answer sheets.
Thus, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

Let's explore the given options:

Group of words	One word substitution
a place where bees are kept	Apiary (मधुमक्षिका-पालनगृह)
a place or scene of activity, debate, or conflict.	Arena (रंगभूमि,रणभूमि)
a large group of weapons that someone has	Arsenal (शस्त्रागार)

Improve the bracketed part of the sentence. If there is no change, choose ‘No improvement’.

She complained of (having tortured) by the police.

((a))
been tortured
((b))
No improvement
((c))
having been tortured
((d))
tortured

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

having been tortured

The correct answer is 'having been tortured'.

Key Points

The given sentence is an example of the passive structure of the present perfect tense.
Structure: Object of the active sentence + has/have + been + the third form of the verb + by + subject of the active sentence.
Example:
Active Voice: I have written a story.
Passive Voice: A story has been written by me.
Thus, from the above, 'having tortured' needs to be replaced with 'having been replaced'.

Therefore, the correct sentence is: 'She complained of having been tortured by the police.'

Improve the bracketed part of the sentence. If there is no change, choose ‘No improvement’.

All the students have (passed) the final examination.

((a))
passed on
((b))
No improvement
((c))
passed out of
((d))
passed away

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

No improvement

The correct answer is 'No improvement'.

Key Points

There is no error in the given statement.
The given sentence is an example of the present perfect tense.
Present perfect tense: It is defined as the action that started in the past, finished in past but has a relation with the present.
Structure of present perfect tense:
Subject+has/have+ the third form the verb.
Example: He has passed the test.
Thus, the correct answer is option 2.

Therefore, the correct sentence is: 'All the students have passed the final examination.'

Rearrange the parts of the sentence in correct order.

P: is a kind of

Q: for his misdeed

R: narrating the story

S: confession and repentance

((a))
PQRS
((b))
SRQP
((c))
RPSQ
((d))
RPQS

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

RPSQ

The correct sequence for the given sentences is 'RPSQ'.

Key Points

Sentence R comes first as it introduces the subject, 'Narrating the story'.
Sentence P follows R as it connects the subject with its linking verb 'is'.
Sentence S follows P as it what is narration of the story is like to that person.
Sentence Q is the last part.
Thus, the sequence becomes:
R: narrating the story
P: is a kind of
S: confession and repentance
Q: for his misdeed

Correct Sequence: RPSQ

In the following question, out of the given four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the Idiom/Phrase.

Latin and Greek

((a))
Unable to understand
((b))
Very much
((c))
A bribe
((d))
Be patient

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Unable to understand

The correct answer is 'Unable to understand'.

Key Points

Latin and Greek: It is an idiomatic phrase and it is use to say that you cannot understand what is being said or written or something meaningless and incomprehensible to you or something that you do not understand. (यह एक मुहावरा है और इसका उपयोग यह कहने के लिए किया जाता है कि आप समझ नहीं सकते कि क्या कहा या लिखा जा रहा है या कुछ अर्थहीन और समझ से बाहर है या कुछ ऐसा जो आपको समझ में नहीं आता है)
Example: He tried to explain the rules of the game to me, but it was Latin and Greek to me.
Thus, from above we can say that the correct answer is option 1.

In the following question, out of the given four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the Idiom/Phrase.

Give in

((a))
To be ready
((b))
Natural and simple
((c))
Source of irritation
((d))
Surrender

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Surrender

The correct answer is 'Surrender'.

Key Points

Give in: It is an idiomatic phrase that means cease fighting or arguing or yield or surrender.
Example: He reluctantly gave in to the pressure.
Thus, the correct answer is option 4.

Rearrange the parts of the sentence in correct order.

P: and well written

Q: her diary

R: was an accurate

S: record of those times

((a))
SPRQ
((b))
QPRS
((c))
PSQR
((d))
QRPS

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

QRPS

The correct sequence for the given sentences is 'QRPS'.

Key Points

Sentence Q comes first as it introduces the subject, i.e. pronoun 'Her diary'.
Sentence R follows Q as it connects the subject with its linking verb 'was'.
Sentence P follows R as it connects the both the adjectives i.e. 'accurate' and ' well written' with the conjunction 'and'.
Sentence S is the last part.
Thus, the sequence becomes:
Q: her diary
R: was an accurate
P: and well written
S: record of those times

Correct Sequence: QRPS

A sentence has been given with a blank to be filled with an appropriate word. Choose the correct alternative.

The employees would like ______ a long holiday.

((a))
to have
((b))
having been
((c))
having to
((d))
have

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

to have

The correct answer is 'to have'.

Key Points

Normally when two verbs are together in a sentence, the second verb (verb number 2) is in its infinitive form.
Example: I need to study.
The verb 'like' is succeeded by both 'infinitive' as well as '-ing form of verb'.
Example:
I like to sleep.
I like sleeping.
There isn't any difference between them and can be used in place of each other but the infinitive after the verb 'like' is used to talk about habits or choices.
Example:
I like to eat chocolate for breakfast. (This is my habit or my choice).
I like eating chocolate. (This is more about what I like doing in general)
Thus, 'to have' will be used in the blank.

Therefore, the correct sentence is: 'The employees would like to have a long holiday. '

Additional Information

Infinitive: An infinitive is a verbal consisting of to + a verb, and it acts like a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence.

In the given question, four words are given out of which one word is correctly spelt. Choose the correctly spelt word.

((a))
Fortunate
((b))
Detor
((c))
Defaince
((d))
Enmety

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Fortunate

The correct answer is 'Fortunate'.

Key Points

Fortunate: someone who is fortunate has something good happen to them, or is in a good situation.
Example: I’ve been fortunate to find a career that I love.
Let's explore other options:
Detor: There is no such word in the English dictionary or there may be some spelling mistake. The correct spelling is 'Detour' which means a long or roundabout route that is taken to avoid something or to visit somewhere along the way.
Defaince: There is no such word in the English dictionary or there may be some spelling mistake. The correct spelling is 'Defiance' which means open resistance or bold disobedience.
Enmety: There is no such word in the English dictionary or there may be some spelling mistake. The correct spelling is 'Enmity' which means the state or feeling of being actively opposed or hostile to someone or something.

Find the part of the given sentence that has an error in it. If there is no error, choose ‘No error’.

A war was (1)/ declared against (2)/ Germany by England (3)/ No error (4)

((a))
1
((b))
4
((c))
3
((d))
2

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

The correct answer is '4', i.e. there is no error in this sentence.

Key Points

The given sentence is an example of the passive structure of simple past tense.
Simple past tense: It is used to denote an action that started in past, finished in past, and has no relation in present.
Passive structure of simple past tense:
Object of the active sentence + was/were + the third form of verb + by + subject of the active sentence.
Example:
Active Voice: He wrote a letter.
Passive Voice: A letter was written by him.
Thus, the correct answer is option 2.

Choose the word that is opposite in meaning to the given word.

Opaque

((a))
Impose
((b))
Order
((c))
Shady
((d))
Transparent

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Transparent

The correct answer is 'Transparent'.

Key Points

Let's explore the meaning of the given word and the marked word.
Opaque: not able to be seen through; not transparent.
Example: As the liquid cools it becomes cloudy and opaque.
Transparent: clear and easy to understand.
Example: The way the system works will be transparent to the user.
Thus, from above we can say that the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

Let's explore the meaning of other options:

Word	Meaning	Example
Impose	if someone in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it	The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory.
Order	the way that things or events are arranged in relation to each other, so that one thing is first, another thing is second etc	Make sure that you put the books back in the right order.
Shady	probably dishonest or illegal.	She’s been involved in some shady deals.

In the given question, four words are given out of which one word is incorrectly spelt. Choose the incorrectly spelt word.

((a))
Committe
((b))
Council
((c))
Cigarette
((d))
Controller

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Committe

The correct answer is 'Committe',i.e. it is an incorrectly spelt word.

Key Points

Committe: It is an incorrectly spelt word. The correct spelling is 'Committee'.
Committee: a group of people chosen to do a particular job, make decisions etc.
Example: the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Thus, from the above, we can say that the correct answer is option 1.

A sentence has been given with a blank to be filled with an appropriate word. Choose the correct alternative.

He is addicted to alcohol and exerts a bad influence ______ his family.

((a))
in
((b))
about
((c))
on
((d))
for

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

The correct answer is 'on'.

Key Points

Preposition: A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence. Some common preposition are 'on', 'in', 'at',etc.
On: As a preposition, it means affecting or relating to someone or something.
Example: There will be new restrictions on the sale of weapons.
Thus, from above we can say that 'on' will be used in the blank.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 'He is addicted to alcohol and exerts a bad influence on his family.'

Additional Information

In: As a preposition, it means used with the name of a container, place, or area to say where someone or something is.
Example: There’s some sugar in the cupboard.
About: concerning or relating to a particular subject.
Example: She said something about leaving town.
For: used to say who is intended to get or use something, or where something is intended to be used.
Example: I’ve got a present for you.

Find the part of the given sentence that has an error in it. If there is no error, choose ‘No error’.

They expected that (1)/ Mr. Yadav would (2)/ joined them (3)/ No error (4)

((a))
4
((b))
2
((c))
3
((d))
1

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

The correct answer is '3', i.e. the error lies in this part of the sentence.

Key Points

The error lies in the incorrect usage of the verb 'joined' succeeding the modal verb 'would'
'Joined' needs to be replaced with 'Join'.
The verbs that follow modal verbs should only be in their base form.

Therefore, the correct sentence is: 'They expected that Mr. Yadav would join them.'

Additional Information

Modal verb: An auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. English modal verbs include must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might.

Hinglish

त्रुटि 'joined' verb के गलत उपयोग में निहित है जो मोडल क्रिया **'would'**के बाद आती है
'Joined' को 'Join' से बदलने की जरूरत है।
मोडल क्रियाओं का पालन करने वाली क्रियाएं केवल उनके मूल(base) रूप में होनी चाहिए।

Direction: Read the following passage/information carefully and answer the given questions.

In contrast to traditional analysis of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labour and clientele from the owner’s ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of primary institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behaviour and beliefs. A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behaviour. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources.

According to the passage, traditional analysis of minority business would be least likely to do which of the following?

((a))
To accumulate personal savings.
((b))
Examine business primarily in their social contexts.
((c))
Focus on the maintenance of business rather than means of stating them.
((d))
Focus on bank loan.

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Examine business primarily in their social contexts.

The correct answer is 'Examine business primarily in their social contexts.'

Key Points

Let's refer to the following lines of the passage.
Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behaviour. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings.
From the above we can infer that the correct answer is option 2.

Which word from the passage means the same as agreement?

((a))
Obligation
((b))
Frugal
((c))
Assistance
((d))
Clientele

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Obligation

The correct answer is 'Obligation'.

Key Points

Let's explore the meaning of the given word and the marked word.
Agreement: an arrangement or promise to do something, made by two or more people, companies, organizations etc.
Example: They had made an agreement that they would share the profits equally.
Obligation: a legal or moral duty to do something.
Example: I think companies should have a legal obligation to recycle their products at the ends of their lives.
Thus, from above we can say that the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information

Let's explore the meaning of other options:

Word	Meaning	Example
Frugal	careful to buy only what is necessary	As children we were taught to be frugal and hard-working
Assistance	help or support	We offer financial assistance to students.
Clientele	all the people who regularly use a shop, restaurant etc	The restaurant attracts a young clientele.

The passage best supports which of the following statements?

((a))
Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business ventures.
((b))
Successful minority-owned businesses succeed primarily because of the potential strengths of their founders.
((c))
The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique formal organisation.
((d))
Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business ventures.

The correct answer is ' Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business ventures.'

Key Points

Let's refer to the following lines in the passage:
Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behaviour. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings.
Thus, from above we can infer that the correct answer is option 1.

Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network?

((a))
The local government in a small city sets up a programme that helps teenagers find their jobs and a neighbourhood based fraternal organisation develops an on-the-job training programme.
((b))
Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin.
((c))
A neighbourhood based fraternal organisation develops an, on-the-job training programme.
((d))
The local government in a small city sets up a programme that helps teenagers find their jobs.

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

A neighbourhood based fraternal organisation develops an, on-the-job training programme.

The correct answer is 'A neighbourhood based fraternal organisation develops an, on-the-job training programme.'

Key Points

Let's refer to the following lines:
Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of primary institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behaviour and beliefs.
From above we can refer that the correct answer is option 3.

100

Which of the following means the same as accumulated?

((a))
Decrease
((b))
Acquire
((c))
Reduction
((d))
Dispersal

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Acquire

The correct answer is 'Acquire'.

Key Points

Let's explore the meaning of the given word and the marked word.
Accumulated: to gradually get more and more money, possessions, knowledge etc over a period of time
Example: It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth.
Acquire: to obtain something by buying it or being given it.
Example:Manning hoped to acquire valuable works of art as cheaply as possible.
Thus, from above we can say that the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

Let's explore the meaning of other options:

Word	Meaning	Example
Decrease	to become less or go down to a lower level, or to make something do this	The number of people who have the disease has decreased significantly in recent years.
Reduction	a decrease in the size, price, or amount of something, or the act of decreasing something	The company promised they would make no staff reductions for at least two years.
Dispersal	the process of spreading things over a wide area or in different directions	No doubt, as they are established, the pressures for dispersal are fewer.

Discipline 1 (20 questions)

101

______ refers to ‘a set of norms’ applied to various aspects of human behaviour regulated by well established, easily recognized and relatively stable norms for smooth functioning of society and social relations.

((a))
Private institution
((b))
Democratic institution
((c))
Capital institution
((d))
Social institutions

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Social institutions

Social institution refers to a set of norms applied to various aspects of human behaviour regulated by well established, easily recognized and relatively stable norms for smooth functioning of society and social relations. There are some important institutions like family, education, religion, economy, polity which play different roles following the norms and values of one particular society

Family is the first school where children start their initial learning. The role of teacher played mother and other members of the family. Even in the formal school system, different roles like teacher, pupil and parents are members of society and always carry their cultural baggage and values of the same society.
Religion is also one universal institution that exists from primitive to post-modern society. French sociologist Emile Durkheim defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things. Except Karl Marx, there is consensus that religion is a functional role in society.
Economy institution refers to the rules, procedures and norms of production, distribution, consumption as well as working system and patterns. Economic activities and needs are very of any society irrespective of its stages of development. Karl Marx considered economy is the basic structure of any society on which other institutions are dependent.
Education: The process of education takes place in every society. However, its forms may from one society to another society. There are two common functions of education in every society. First universal function of education is to socialize the members of society and transmit the culture to the next generation. Second is to fulfil society’s needs pertaining to human resource.
Polity: Each society has some or other system of rules. Political institutions are defined as a system of control through its organizations and legal or legitimate use of force. According to T. B. Bottomore, polity is mainly concern with the division of power and authority in society.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about Social institution.

102

In which of the following stages the children can think abstractly according to Piaget’s Theory?

((a))
Concrete operations stage
((b))
Pre-operational stage
((c))
Formal operations stage
((d))
Sensory motor stage

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Formal operations stage

Jean Piaget, a swiss psychologist, who belonged to the cognitive school of psychology, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorised in four stages. The stages are explained below:

Stages	Characteristics
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)	Infant explores the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.
Preoperational (2-7 years)	Symbolic thought develops; object permanence is established; the child cannot coordinate different physical attributes of an object, use words and pictures to represent an object
Concrete operational (7-12 years)	The child can reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets. He can perform reversible mental operations on representations of objects.
Formal operational (12-15 years)	The adolescent can apply logic more abstractly; hypothetical thinking develops

Hence, we conclude that In Formal operations stage, the children can think abstractly according to Piaget’s Theory.

103

Which of the following Cognitive Research Trust (CoRT) tool allows the individuals to choose from a number of different possibilities and alternatives?

((a))
Plus, Minus, Interesting (PMI)
((b))
Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices (APC)
((c))
Consider All Factors (CAF)
((d))
First Important Priorities (FIP)

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

First Important Priorities (FIP)

Cognitive Research Trust (CoRT) is a tool to assess the implementation of higher-order thinking skills in the teaching-learning process. It is designed to enhance different aspects of thinking in students for crucial cognitive development.

First Importance Priorities (FIP) is the CoRT tool that allows the individual to choose from a number of different possibilities and alternatives. It is about giving priority to an idea to deal with a situation for positive consequences.

All CoRT thinking tools are:

CoRT Thinking Tools
CAF: Consider All Factors
FIP: First Important Priorities
PMI: Plus, Minus, Interesting (ideas)
APC: Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices
OPV: Other People’s Views
AGO: Aims, Goals, Objectives (purpose)
C & S: Consequence and Sequel

104

Who considered the economy as the basic structure for getting power and dominance in society?

((a))
Karl Marx
((b))
Paulo Freire
((c))
Pierre Bourdieu
((d))
John Dewey

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Karl Marx

The Influence of Society to Education Process:

Economic aspects: Equality of opportunity is a core value of democracy and Indian constitutional provision of education. Yet it has become increasingly clear that equalization of opportunity is exceedingly difficult to achieve in present economic condition. The economic process creating more and more as well widening the gap between rich and poor. Karl Marx considered the economy the basic structure for getting power and dominance in society. Further educational system also plays an important role in legitimizing control of the dominant section of society.
Socio-cultural influence: The education of any society has direct correlations with its socio-cultural factors. The process of education evolved in its social structure, social norms and values system. School is one such creation of human society to transfer the existing cultural content from one generation to the next generation. Note that:
Pierre Bourdieu, the French sociologist, viewed education perpetuate the culture of dominant class, this phenomenon he called ‘cultural reproduction.
Paulo Freire observed the teaching process, teaching method and language makes a difference between oppressors and oppressed.
Political conditions and their influence: The nature of state, political parties, ideology and policy directs the nature of the education system and its policy in society. Democratic states profess ideals of democratic education development; however, inherent inequality is the weakness of these states. Contrary to this, socialist states claim for a common education system but inculcate their own political ideology rather than secular education.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is of Karl Marx.

105

Which of the following plays a role in influencing the concept formation under self-concept?

I. Relationship with the family members

II. Memorization skills

III. Ordinal position

((a))
Both II and III
((b))
I, II and III
((c))
Both I and III
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Both I and III

Concepts are regarded as the images in our mind; they serve to help children to understand the world into functional units. A concept is the basic unit of all types of learning.

The child’s perception or view of him/herself is called self-concept. The part of the environment in which he/she lives is known as his/her phenomenal self. The rest of the environment of which he/she is aware of or to which he responds is called a phenomenal environment or perceived environment. There are many factors that affect the development of self-concept. They are the following:

Physical condition: Good health always facilitates proper and healthy growth. Poor health or physical defects cuts off children from their interaction with other peer members. The helplessness and weakness makes the child feel inferior.
Body build: When the children fail to grow to their normal size, they usually are unable to keep pace with the others of their age. Same with children who are overweight. The feelings of such differences with others of their peer group make them feel inferior.
Names and nicknames: Nick-names start off for fun. However, sometimes they tend to persist and some children feel ridiculed by this. If the nickname suggests a physical or personality trait, it leads to feelings of inferiority.
School environment: In most instances, teachers try to bring about good understandings with children. However, teachers who use discipline that children consider unfair will bring about feelings of disrespect for the teacher as well as the self.
Social acceptance: Being accepted or not by the peer group influences the personality of the child through its effects on self-concept. Children who are very popular or children who are least popular, both are more affected by this than the others in between.
Success or failures: Children are expected to perform certain tasks for their age. These tasks are usually carried out by most others of their age. However, due to some reasons, some children may not be able to perform these tasks. Success brings about feelings of confidence and self-acceptance. Failure brings about feelings of inadequacy. When the success rate is high and prestigious, greater are its effects on self-concept. Continuous failure on the other hand will have damaging effects on the child’s personality.
Gender: In our country, girls soon get a feeling of inferiority by the roles they are forced to play. This results in a decrease in self-evaluation. More so as society adds up to it. Hence, it is up to the teachers to make the children understand that there is no such discrimination and that both, girls as well as boys are equal in all aspects.
Intelligence: If children’s intelligence is deviant from the normal their personality is bound to be adversely affected by it. It will not be long before the children realize that they are less than the average and a feeling of inferiority begins to develop. Because of this they begin to feel shy and start to keep to themselves. It is also possible that they may become aggressive.
Other factors: Relationship with the family members, ordinal position (it means if they are the first child or the second or the third), methods used for child training, the ethnic group to which one belongs, mobility environment etc, all play a significant role in influencing the concept formation.

Hence, we conclude that both Relationship with the family members and the ordinal position plays a role in influencing the concept formation under self-concept.

106

Which of the following is/are rights of children?

I. To get proper health services

II. Right of life

III. To be cared for by the parents

IV. To get basic education in mother tongue

((a))
I, II and III
((b))
II, III and IV
((c))
I, II and IV
((d))
I, II, III and IV

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

I, II, III and IV

Rights are essential for good of the individual as well as the society. United Nations as an international organization has made several attempts in providing rights to the people of the world. One of the major steps is the Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, which has made its signatories to respect the rights of its people of the land and to create conditions for their entitlements. Though UDHR includes Rights of the Child, observing the poor condition of children in the world, the UN felt the necessity to emphasize on Rights of the Children. Some of the rights which every child should have:

To get proper health services
To have freedom of expression
Not to be separated from parents against the will of the child
To be cared for by the parents
To have a name
To get basic education in mother tongue
Right to life
To be protected from all forms of exploitation
To be protected from corporal punishment

Hence, we conclude that all the above points are the rights of children.

107

The language development of the children begins from ______ .

((a))
the age of 2 years
((b))
the age of 1 year
((c))
the birth’s cry
((d))
the age of 5 years

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

the birth’s cry

Language is a system that consists of symbols (i.e. words) that stand for particular objects, relationships, actions and feelings and through which we can transmit and understand a large variety of messages. An infant begin to learn language in the early years (that is, from the birth's cry), it can be understood through the following points:

Most of us believe that language development starts only when the child utters the first word, which is usually around the first birthday. But this is not true.
In the first year, the infant is learning to discriminate speech sounds-an ability that helps in learning to speak later.
He also makes sounds in response to the adults' talk and these sounds lead to words.
It has been found that when parents speak to the child and respond to the sounds that he produces in the early months, his language development is fostered.
Therefore, it is important to talk to babies right from the time they are born.
While the infant seems to perceive language from birth onwards, he does not produce words so early in life.
Language development of all children follows a certain sequence. This means that there are stages in the learning of language that are universal.
The sequence is crying, cooing (vowel sounds like "ooo") at the age of 4-5 month, babbling (syllables like "da", "ki", "ta") at the age of 6-10 months, the first word at the age of 10-12 months.
One word is used at a time to convey a whole sentence, like ‘doll’ means ‘I want a doll’.
By one year, the child can combine two words. By 2 years, 2 to 3 words sentences are spoken easily.
By the age of 5 years, a child has a vocabulary of about 500 words. This vocabulary then grows rapidly.

Hence, we conclude that the language development of the children begins from the birth’s cry.

108

Which of the following is NOT a general category of life skills?

((a))
Emotional skills
((b))
Social skills
((c))
Interaction skills
((d))
Thinking skills

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Interaction skills

Life skills are put to use in specific situations. Opportunities have to be provided for developing these life skills among the learners. The process is as important as the content. Life skill can influence the way we feel about ourselves and the way others perceive us. There are ten core skills that are broadly divided into three general categories i.e. thinking skills, Social skills and Emotional skills.

Thinking Skills:
Creative thinking: Creative thinking helps us respond adaptively and flexibly in our everyday life situation. It is about looking beyond our direct experience, exploring available alternatives and the various consequences of our actions or non-action. Creative thinking is a novel way of seeking of doing things that is characteristic of four components- fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration.
Critical thinking: It enables us to analyze information and experience objectively and assess the factors that influence the way we think and act.
Decision making: It helps to deal constructively with decisions about our lives.
Problem-solving: These skills empower us not only to control our problem but can turn them into opportunities.
Social Skills:
Self Awareness: It is the ability to understand our strengths, weaknesses, values, outlook character, our needs, desires, aspirations, ourselves, feelings e.g. I like myself even though I am imperfect.
Effective communication: It is the ability to express, both verbally and nonverbally, in ways that are culturally acceptable.
Interpersonal relationship skills: It helps relate with people in a positive way. It also means being able to make and maintain friendly relationships, which can be of great importance to our mental and social well being. It may also mean being able to end relationships constructively.
Empathy is the ability to be sensitive to another person’s solution, as in the case of AIDS sufferers, or people with mental illnesses, who may be stigmatized and ostracized by the very people they depend upon for support.
Emotional Skills:
Coping with emotions: It involves recognizing emotions within us and others, being aware of how emotions influence behaviour and being able to respond to emotions appropriately.
Coping with stress: It means recognizing the sources of stress in our lives, recognizing how this affects us, and acting in ways that help us control our levels of stress, by changing our environment or lifestyle and learning how to relax.

Hence, we conclude that interaction skill is not a general category of life skills.

109

Who considered economy as the basic structure of any society on which other institutions are dependent?

((a))
Karl Marx
((b))
Talcott Parsons
((c))
Emile Durkhiem
((d))
T.B. Bottomore

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Karl Marx

Economy institution refers to the rules, procedures and norms of production, distribution, consumption as well as working system and patterns. Economic activities and needs are very of any society irrespective of its stages of development. Karl Marx considered economy as the basic structure of any society on which other institutions are dependent.
Family is the first school where children start their initial learning. The role of teacher played mother and other members of the family. Even in the formal school system, different roles like teacher, pupil and parents are members of society and always carry their cultural baggage and values of the same society.
Religion is also one universal institution that exists from primitive to post-modern society. French sociologist Emile Durkheim defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things. Except Karl Marx, there is consensus that religion is a functional role in society.
Education: The process of education takes place in every society. However, its forms may from one society to another society. There are two common functions of education in every society. The first universal function of education is to socialize the members of society and transmit the culture to the next generation. The second is to fulfil society’s needs pertaining to human resource.
Polity: Each society has some or other system of rules. Political institutions are defined as a system of control through their organizations and legal or legitimate use of force. According to T. B. Bottomore, polity is mainly concern with the division of power and authority in society.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about Karl Marx.

110

Which of the following is true about textbooks in India?

I. Textbooks dominates the curriculum

II. Teachers spend most of the class time simplifying it and familiarising students with it

((a))
Only II
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Both I and II

For several reasons, textbooks continue to be the main source of teaching and learning in schools and are the only source of students’ learning in most of schools. Because it acts as an aid to the teacher from which a teacher explains facts and figures. It is not wrong to say that teachers spend most of the class time simplifying it and familiarising students with it. The textbook can be used as one of the best source of learning if properly used because of its following characteristics:

Following the recommendations of the NCF 2005, the textbooks have now been developed very systematically indicating teachers’ activities and learners’ activities in and out of the classroom.
The concepts related to a topic are organized in a comprehensive way in the textbook which gives sufficient idea for organizing a lesson. A less imaginative teacher may strictly follow the order of arrangement of concepts while teaching in the classroom, while a resourceful teacher will study the arrangements in the textbook carefully and may evolve alternative arrangements of concepts that would be more interesting and more meaningful for students.
The concepts are presented with a variety of activities like song, story, pictures, puzzles and discussions which create interest among the students to learn more.
To strengthen the concepts taught, a number of practice activities are given for the students to do. These practice activities will provide you with ideas to generate several such activities and more innovative practices for your students.
The new textbooks have been developed not merely to give factual information but also with the scope for student interaction.
The activities and exercises given in the textbook can also be used to assess the extent of learning each student has acquired at the end of the topic/lesson.

Hence, we conclude that both the points are true in the context of the textbook.

111

Which sociologist argued that school is a miniature and reflection of society rather than an individual?

((a))
Emile Durkheim
((b))
John Dewey
((c))
Talcott Parsons
((d))
Karl Marx

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

John Dewey

Education is generally seen as the foundation of society which brings economic wealth, social prosperity, and political stability. It is a major aspect of the development of any modern society and the most significant indicator of the overall development of any region.

Key Points

John Dewey wrote extensively on this theme and his two contributions are very appropriate here - The School and Society (1899), Democracy and Education (1916).
He argues that school is a miniature reflection of society rather an individual.
Education is concerned with all people and considered as a basic social need of all societies. John Dewey viewed that being a social need education performs major functions to society as follows:
Transmission of culture
Reduce inequality and disparity
Social mobility and social change
Development of new knowledge
Individual development

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is of Dewey.

112

Which of the following is NOT one of the abilities which underlie critical thinking according to Edward Glaser?

((a))
Gather and marshal pertinent information
((b))
Ignore unstated assumptions and values
((c))
Appraise evidence and evaluate statements
((d))
Interpret data

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Ignore unstated assumptions and values

Critical thinking is a process that challenges an individual to use reflective reasonable, rational thinking to gather, interpret, and evaluate information in order to derive a judgment. Developing a habit of questioning is basic to critical thinking.

Edward Glaser developed and defined a critical thinking ability (1941), that considers the following approach- a wise attitude in considering problems, knowledge of the logical investigation, skills in applying the methods of critical thinking.

According to Edward Glaser, there are a few abilities that underlie critical thinking.

They are the ability to Recognise problems
Find workable means to meet those problems
Gather and marshal pertinent information
Recognise unstated assumptions and values
Comprehend and use language with accuracy, clarity and discrimination
Interpret data
Appraise evidence and evaluate statements
Recognize logical connections between statements
Draw warranted conclusions and generalizations
Test the conclusions and generalizations arrived at

Hence, ignoring unstated assumptions and values is not one of the abilities which underlie critical thinking according to Edward Glaser.

113

Which of the following is true according to the Right to Education Act, 2009?

I. Curriculum should confirm the values enshrined in the constitution

II. A child is required to pass 1 board examination before completion of elementary education

((a))
Only II
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Only I

The Right to Education Act commonly known as RTE Act 2009 is an act which aims to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India under the Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. It should be noted that the curriculum will be constructed in conformity with the values enshrined in the RTE Act.

No child shall be held back, expelled or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education.
It provides free education from 6 to 18 years for children with disabilities.
According to the RTE Act, a teacher will spend a minimum of 45 hours in teaching including preparation hours in a week.

Whereas the Act Ensures the Right of Children with Disabilities by:

Providing free education from 6 to 18 years.
Promoting their integration in normal schools.
Bringing them in the mainstream with other children.
Facilitating them with special training in an appropriate environment.

Note: The RTE Act, 2009 ensures to provide free and compulsory education to normal children from 6 to 14 years of age.

Hence, we conclude that curriculum will be constructed in conformity with the values enshrined in the RTE Act.

114

Which of the following statement is/are true?

I. Learning happens in formal and informal conditions

II. Learning modifies/Changes the behaviour

III. Learning is a process of interacting with the environment

((a))
I, II and III
((b))
Both I and II
((c))
Both II and III
((d))
Both I and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

I, II and III

Learning refers to the modification of behavioural pattern as it modifies the behaviour and personality of an individual. It is a comprehensive process which refers to a change in behaviour, knowledge and skill as a result of practice and experience.

Characteristics of learning:

Learning is transferable.
Learning requires interaction. Also, learning is interaction with the environment.
Learning happens in formal and informal conditions.
Learning involves problems solving.
Learning leads to a change in behaviour.
Learning is purposeful and goal-oriented.
Learning starts with birth and proceeds up to death.
Learning is the relationship between stimulus and response.

Hence, all the above points about learning are true.

115

Which of the following factors affect the self-concept?

I. Names and nicknames

II. Success or failures

III. Intelligence

IV. Social acceptance

((a))
I, III and IV
((b))
II, III and IV
((c))
I, II and III
((d))
I, II, III and IV

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

I, II, III and IV

Concepts are regarded as the images in our mind; they serve to help children to understand the world into functional units. A concept is the basic unit of all types of learning.

The child’s perception or view of him/herself is called self-concept. The part of the environment in which he/she lives is known as his/her phenomenal self. The rest of the environment of which he/she is aware of or to which he responds is called phenomenal environment or perceived environment. There are many factors that affect the development of self-concept. They are the following:

Physical condition: Good health always facilitates proper and healthy growth. Poor health or physical defects cuts off children from their interaction with other peer members. The helplessness and weakness makes the child feel inferior.
Body build: When the children fail to grow to their normal size, they usually are unable to keep pace with the others of their age. Same with children who are overweight. The feelings of such differences with others of their peer group make them feel inferior.
Names and nicknames: Nick-names start off for fun. However, sometimes they tend to persist and some children feel ridiculed by this. If the nickname suggests a physical or personality trait, it leads to feelings of inferiority.
School environment: In most instances, teachers try to bring about good understandings with children. However, teachers who use discipline that children consider unfair will bring about feelings of disrespect for the teacher as well as the self.
Social acceptance: Being accepted or not by the peer group influences the personality of the child through its effects on self-concept. Children who are very popular or children who are least popular, both are more affected by this than the others in between.
Success or failures: Children are expected to perform certain tasks for their age. These tasks are usually carried out by most others of their age. However, due to some reasons, some children may not be able to perform these tasks. Success brings about feelings of confidence and self-acceptance. Failure brings about feelings of inadequacy. When the success rate is high and prestigious, greater are its effects on self-concept. Continuous failure on the other hand will have damaging effects on the child’s personality.
Gender: In our country, girls soon get a feeling of inferiority by the roles they are forced to play. This results in a decrease in self-evaluation. More so as society adds up to it. Hence, it is up to the teachers to make the children understand that there is no such discrimination and that both, girls as well as boys are equal in all aspects.
Intelligence: If children’s intelligence is deviant from the normal their personality is bound to be adversely affected by it. It will not be long before the children realize that they are less than the average and a feeling of inferiority begins to develop. Because of this they begin to feel shy and start to keep to themselves. It is also possible that they may become aggressive.
Other factors: Relationship with the family members, ordinal position (it means if they are the first child or the second or the third), methods used for child training, the ethnic group to which one belongs, mobility environment etc, all play a significant role in influencing the concept formation.

Hence, we conclude that all the above factors affect self-concept.

116

What kind of education is produced by human beings based on cut-and-dried principles?

((a))
Both efficient and creative
((b))
efficient
((c))
Neither efficient nor creative
((d))
creative

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

efficient

Cut and Dried Principle of Education: Any education which does not require advanced preparation or much decision making, such education is called cut and dried principle of education. Note that:

Efficient education is the education in which more positive outcomes are produced at the lower level of resources used. It is produced by human beings based on cut-and-dried principles.
On the other hand, creative education requires proper thinking and planning in order to execute, hence, cut and dried principles can not produce creative education.

Hence, we conclude that efficient education is produced by human beings based on cut-and-dried principles.

117

Which of the following is/are tools of Cognitive Research Trust (CORT)?

I. APC = Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices

II. PMI = Plus, Minus, Interesting (ideas)

III. CAF = Consider All Factors

((a))
I, II and III
((b))
Both II and III
((c))
Both I and III
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

I, II and III

Cognitive Research Trust (CoRT) is a tool to assess the implementation of higher-order thinking skills in the teaching-learning process. It is designed to enhance different aspects of thinking in students for crucial cognitive development.

First Importance Priorities (FIP) is the CoRT tool that allows the individual to choose from a number of different possibilities and alternatives. It is about giving priorities to an idea to deal with a situation for positive consequences.

All CoRT thinking tools are:

CoRT Thinking Tools
CAF: Consider All Factors
FIP: First Important Priorities
PMI: Plus, Minus, Interesting (ideas)
APC: Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices
OPV: Other People’s Views
AGO: Aims, Goals, Objectives (purpose)
C & S: Consequence and Sequel

118

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of Information Process Theory?

((a))
Manipulation of information
((b))
Retrieval of relevant information from memory
((c))
Using selected information
((d))
Sensory processing

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Using selected information

Information Processing Theory: According to this theory, thinking is connected with the information one receives from the environment through one’ senses and the nature of thought process depends on how it is utilized by the individual from the time he perceived it until the time he processes it at various depth levels in solving his problem or chalking out a strategy or plan. The stages are

Sensory Processing
Retrieval of Relevant Information from Memory
Manipulation of Information

Hence, we conclude that using selected information is not one of the stages of Information Processing Theory.

119

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics found in a creative thinker?

((a))
Enjoys challenge
((b))
Sees problem as interesting
((c))
Gets easily demotivated
((d))
Seeks problem

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Gets easily demotivated

Individuals who think creatively seem to have some personality features in common. Evidence obtained from objective and subjective tests indicates that creative people tend to have the following traits:

They prefer complexity and some degree of imbalance in phenomena
They are more complex psychodynamically and have greater personal scope
They are more independent in their judgements
They are more self-assertive and dominant
They reject suppression as a mechanism for the control of impulse

Creative thinkers are found to be:

curious
seeks problems
enjoys challenge
optimistic
able to suspend judgment
comfortable with imagination
sees problems as opportunities
sees problems as interesting
problems are emotionally acceptable
challenges assumptions
doesn’t give up easily: perseveres, works hard

Hence, we conclude that creative thinkers does not get easily demotivated.

120

Which article of Indian Constitutions guarantees some fundamental right to every arrested person?

((a))
42
((b))
22
((c))
8
((d))
58

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Article 22 of the Indian constitution

Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases (Article 22)

As per Article 22 —

No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.
Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate.

Our Constitution guarantees certain rights to the arrested person. The first part of Article 22 provides specific rights to persons under punitive detention. Punitive detention is the detention of a person after trial and conviction to punish him for an offence committed by him. These rights are,

The right to be informed of the grounds of arrest,
The right to consult a lawyer of one’s own choice,
To be produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of arrest (excluding the holidays and time taken during the journey).
Further, the period of detention cannot be beyond what is authorized by the magistrate.

It may be noted that aforesaid safeguards are not available to:

Alien enemies; and
Persons arrested or detained under preventive detention law.

Preventive Detention – The second part of the Article deals with preventive detention. In preventive detention, persons are arrested to prevent them from committing a serious crime. Preventive detention is the detention of a person without trial for a limited period when the State suspects that a person is likely to commit a crime or is a threat to the security of the State. Such detention too is subject to some safeguards present in Article 22.

Discipline 2 (20 questions)

121

Numbers based on ten digits i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 was basically designed by ______ .

((a))
Americans
((b))
Indians
((c))
Arabians
((d))
Portuguese

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Indians

In our day to day life we need to quantify several things that we use or come across like members in the family, students in the class/school. For counting objects, expressing the different quantities, measuring length, weight, volume, expressing time etc numbers are essential. Numbers have been so intimately associated with our life that we cannot think of anything without them. Different systems of numbers were developed in different ancient civilizations

Roman Numbers: I, II, III etc
India’s Contribution: The present decimal system i.e. the numbers based on ten digits i.e.,0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 was designed basically by Indians and it was carried by Arabic people to their country and subsequently to western world. Thus, this system of numeration is named as Hindu-Arabic Numerals.
Mayan System: See the figure below:

Babylonian System:

Hence, we conclude that Numbers based on ten digits i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 was basically designed by Indians.

122

Which of the following type of school environment will not make education more effective and will not be conducive to learning?

((a))
The teaching-learning materials are properly stored and are available in plenty to children
((b))
The teacher is friendly and understanding
((c))
The classroom are spacious with adequate space for free movement
((d))
The light and ventilation in the classroom is not adequate

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

The light and ventilation in the classroom is not adequate

The classroom environment should be such that each and every child feels comfortable, joyful, and feel encouraged to use his/ her potential optimally for learning. For creating an enabling learning environment, what you need is to look for reasonably comfortable physical conditions in your classroom.

Key Points

Physical Environment of the Classroom: A good classroom is like a home away from home for both the teacher and the students. It should thus be safe, secured, attractive and functional, keeping in mind the grade, age appropriateness, the type of classroom activities the teacher and students will perform etc. A classroom environment communicates a bit good about what the classroom is like. The physical atmosphere of a classroom speaks about the nature of students and teacher of the class. The physical environment of a classroom has two major components: the physical conditions and the material resources available in the classroom.
Physical conditions of classroom: The classroom needs to be a part of a pucca building without any leakage in the roof. The walls and floor should be properly plastered without any edges that can cause injury to children. The room is to be well-ventilated, and sufficiently lighted with large doors and windows facilitating cross ventilation which would make the environment of the room comfortable and pleasant for children. There should be sufficient space available in the classroom for conducting any group work.
Management of TLM: When you are engaged in the management of the classroom teaching-learning process, you need quite a large number of materials like boards (black or white) to write, display boards, materials/furniture for sitting, and storing along with the teaching-learning materials (TLM). Their placement, storage, and use in the classroom both by you and your students constitute an essential part of the physical environment of the classroom.
Humane relationship in the classroom: It is observed that the students in their class have good relationship among each other and with teachers, and most students perform better in the subjects taught by such teachers than in other subjects.

Hence, we conclude that poor ventilation in the classroom will not make education more effective and will not be conducive to learning.

123

What is/are the characteristics of a good teaching-learning material?

I. The material should have utilitarian value.

II. The TLM should be lightweight, safe and sturdy.

III. Familiarity of TLMs will help to introduce new concepts.

((a))
I, II and III
((b))
I and II
((c))
II and III
((d))
I and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

I, II and III

Teaching-learning materials (TLMs) also known as instructional aids, facilitate a teacher in achieving the learning objectives formulated by her/him prior to teaching-learning activities start. Characteristics of Good TLM:

The TLMs need to be attractive to the children. Size, colour (multi-colour or brilliant or appealing colour combination), movement (like moving toys) and in some cases the smell or/and taste or sound are some of the attributes of the materials which attract the attention of young learners.
Familiarity of TLMs will help to introduce new concepts. The children can also manipulate these materials with ease for meaningful learning of new concepts.
Novelty of the material also attracts the children. Unusual materials or novel use of the familiar materials are the attractive features of good TLMs.
The material should have utilitarian value. No material is a good or bad TLM, it is in the proper use that makes the material good or bad. A beautiful and attractive flower increases the aesthetic sense but is not a good material to teach the properties of a square.
Materials of multiple utility like dice, sticks, marbles, cubes and flashcards can have multiple uses in nearly all subject areas of the elementary school curriculum and are hence more in demand as TLMs in the schools.
Ease of handling the materials which include sturdiness (strong enough for rough handling), lightweight, and safety (harmless for use by children) is an important characteristic for which such materials are preferred in the teaching-learning process.

Hence, we conclude that all are characteristics of TLM.

124

Which of the following learning practice adopts learning-centred educational practices?

I. On-site field experiences

II. Synchronous interactive learning activities

III. Problem based inquiry learning

((a))
I and III
((b))
I, II and III
((c))
II and III
((d))
I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

I, II and III

Learning-centred education focuses on the learning process. Although its primary concern is on the learning of the students, all those involved in the education of students such as teachers are also co-learners with the students in the learning-centred education.

Key Points

It is basically learner-centered but includes teachers in the process of learning in a classroom situation. Some examples of learning-centred educational practices are:

Collaborative group learning, both inside and outside the classroom
Inquiry and discovery by students and teachers together
Problem-based inquiry learning
Synchronous interactive distance learning
Hands-on, experiential learning activities
On-site field experiences
Self-paced performance on contextual tasks

Hence, we conclude that all the above practices are adopted in learning-centred educational practices.

125

What is the role of a teacher in Problem Solving method of teaching-learning process?

I. Create a fear-free atmosphere in the class.

II. Help the student in analyzing the problem.

III. Help students to develop critical thinking, open-mindedness and spirit of enquiry and discovery.

((a))
I and III
((b))
I and II
((c))
II and III
((d))
I, II and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

I, II and III

Problem-solving is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the learner's active involvement in the learning process.

In this approach, teachers create a problematic situation for students and then assist them in perceiving, defining, and stating the problems in a fear-free classroom environment.

Key Points

The following are the roles of the teacher in the Problem Solving method:

Creating a problematic situation.
Creating a fear-free atmosphere in the class.
Helping the student in analyzing the problem.
Encouraging the student to formulate and to test the hypotheses.
Assisting the student in perceiving, defining, and stating the problem.
Helping the student to develop critical thinking, open-mindedness, and a spirit of inquiry and discovery.

Hence, we conclude that all are the roles of a teacher in a problem-solving method of the teaching-learning process.

Additional Information

Aims of problem-solving method:

To develop divergent thinking among students.
To boost student's understanding of the concept.
To promote the use of critical and imaginative thinking.
To help students to gain the ability of scientific problem-solving.
To make students able to utilize creativity in the decision-making process.

126

Which of the following restricts the versatility of language and its usage?

I. Ordinary people’s opinion is, that language is only a means of communication

II. The view that the “speech community” is an integral part of language and its usage

III. The linguist’s opinion that language is a paring of grammar and a dictionary

((a))
I and II
((b))
I and III
((c))
II and III
((d))
I, II and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

I and III

Key Points Ways of looking at a language:

There are two ways of looking at language. Ordinary people recognize language only as a means of communication.
Linguists generally look at language as a pairing of grammar and a dictionary.
These two ways of looking at language restrict the versatility of language and its usage.
These perspectives conclude that speakers of a given language come later than dictionaries and grammar that exist in a given language.
However, unlike ordinary people or linguists for that matter, it is important that you know there is no language without speakers.
Dictionaries and grammars cannot be made unless there are speakers of a language who would participate with linguists or people to prepare dictionaries and grammars.
The speech community is the only vital part of language and its usage.
A speech community is formed by people who speak a given language and give the given language a shape or standard.
There is no doubt that language developed as humans developed in a certain process through various phases.
Had there been no society or speech community, the dictionaries and grammar would have had no value.
Therefore, to be able to define the language, we will have to understand various aspects of language including the evolution of language.

Hence, we can conclude that option 2 is correct.

127

Which of the following are the results of linguistic exchange between languages of different families?

I. Echo words

II. Postpositions

III. Exactly same words in all the Indian languages

IV. Reduplicated words

((a))
I, II and IV
((b))
I, II and III
((c))
I and II
((d))
I and IV

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

I, II and IV

It would be important to note that despite the linguistic diversity and variety of language families available in India, India is one linguistic area. For understanding this it is important to appreciate that people speaking languages of all four families have been living together here for thousands of years and thus languages have borrowed greatly from each other. As a result, various types of structural similarities have developed in these languages over time. Some examples are given below:

Echo words: Such words can be found in all Indian languages. The second word is an ‘extra’ word and has no meaning if used on its own and sound similar to the first one. For example, the Hindi word chai-vai. The second-word vai has no meaning on its own in Hindi but in this context refers to any other things like eatables that may accompany tea.
Reduplicated words: Nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc. can be repeated to create new words in all Indian languages. When nouns are repeated then ‘every’ is added to the meaning of the word. For example, the word ghar-ghar in Hindi means ‘every house’
All Indian languages have postpositions i.e. the prepositional words are placed after the noun. Thus instead of saying ‘on the table’ where ‘on’ comes before the ‘table’, in Hindi one says mez par.
At the level of sounds: Most Indian languages have retroflex sounds such as those of the T-Varg i.e. T, Th, D, Dh etc. For example, Daan means charity while Dhaan means paddy or rice.

Hence, we conclude that above all are the results of linguistic exchange between languages of different families.

128

Which of the following social skills are necessary in a child for using the Co-operative learning method?

I. Leadership skill

II. Conflict management skill

III. Decision-making skill

IV. Trust-building skill

((a))
I, II, III and IV
((b))
I, II and III
((c))
II, III and IV
((d))
I, III and IV

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

I, II, III and IV

Cooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught but also for helping teammates learn, thus creating an atmosphere of achievement. Students work through the assignment until all group members successfully understand and complete it. There are five basic and essential elements of cooperative learning (Brown & Ciuffetelli Parker, 2009):

Positive Interdependence: Each group member’s efforts are required and indispensable for group success. Each group member has a unique contribution to make to the joint effort because of his or her resources and/ or role and task responsibilities.
Inter-personal &Small-Group Skills: Social skills like Leadership, Decisionmaking, Trust-building, Communication and Conflict-management skills must be developed among the students.
Face-to-Face Interaction: Teacher has to tell how to do the work and has to check for their understanding by discussing the concepts learnt. There is also a need to connect the new learning with the past learning.
Individual & Group Accountability: Teacher has to keep the size of the group small as smaller the size of the group, the greater the individual accountability may be. It is also necessary that the students are tested orally by asking them to present their learning. When the class gets some doubts the whole group should be prepared to explain to the class the rationale underlying the answer.
Group Processing: Group members discuss how well they are achieving their goals and maintaining effective working relationships. They also describe what actions of the members are helpful and not helpful. This helps in reflecting on the behaviours which help them either to continue or to change.

Hence, we conclude that all the above points are necessary in a child for using Co-operative learning method.

129

Collaborative group work is important for enhancing pupil participation. Which of the following are key features of effective group work discussions?

I. Pupils asking question

II. Pupils actively and persistently seeking help from peers

((a))
Only I
((b))
Only II
((c))
Both I and II
((d))
Neither I nor II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Both I and II

Key Points Methods for examining collaborative learning processes hence include conversation analysis and statistical discourse analysis. Collaborative group work is important for enhancing pupil participation. The key features of effective group work discussions include pupils:

asking questions
actively and persistently seeking help from peers
providing help that is detailed
checking that the help given is understood by the recipient.

Hence, we conclude that both are key features of effective group work discussions.

130

______ is a qualitative approach, analyzing students’ talk in response to a place in literature or a primary source in history.

((a))
Learner centred learning
((b))
Learning centred learning
((c))
Co-operative learning
((d))
Collaborative learning

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Collaborative learning

Collaborative learning refers to methodologies and environments in which learners engage in a common task where each individual finds out and is accountable to each other. This method allows face-to-face conversation and discussions using the computers also (like online forums, chat rooms etc.). Methods for examining collaborative learning processes hence include conversation analysis and statistical discourse analysis.

It can take place any time students’ work together, for example, when they help each other with homework. Cooperative learning takes place when students work together in the same place on a structured project in a small group.
It is more a qualitative approach, analyzing student’s talk in response to a place in literature or a primary source in history. Cooperative learning on the other hand tends to use quantitative methods which look at achievement (the product of learning).
In this approach, once the task is set which is always open-ended, the teacher transfers all authority to the group. It is up to the group to plan and perform the task as per their combined effort. In the cooperative learning approach, the authority remains with the teacher who retains ownership of the task, and he/she continuously monitor, guide and suggest modifications to keep the group on the track of solving the problem.
It truly empowers students whereas cooperative learning does not. Instead, cooperative learning employs them to serve the teacher’s ends and produces a ‘right’ or acceptable answer.
Collaboration in education is a dialogue between the student, teacher and the curriculum. Students are viewed as problem solvers, and problem-solving and inquiry approaches are employed for emphasising cognitive skills. This views teaching as a ‘conversation’ in which teachers and students learn together through a process of negotiation with the curriculum to develop a shared view of the world. Cooperation, on the other hand, represents the best means to approach mastery of fundamental knowledge. Once students become reasonably conversant, they are ready for collaborative, ready to discuss and assess.

Hence, we conclude that collaborative learning is more a qualitative approach, analyzing student’s talk in response to a place in literature or a primary source in history.

131

Which of the following statement regarding teaching-learning process is correct?

I. In a teacher-centred classroom the students are active learners.

II. Constructivist learning and teaching considers student as passive learners and teacher facilitates the process of knowledge construction by the students.

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Only I
((c))
Neither I nor II
((d))
Only II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Neither I nor II

The teacher is the knowledge transmitter and students are passive listeners. The needs and interests of individual students are overlooked. Students’ participation in the learning activities are dictated by the teacher. Some key points related to it:

The focus is on teaching rather than learning.
The teacher expects absolute obedience from the students, hence, students are not active learners.
Little or no scope for questioning, debates and sharing of ideas.
Suitable for teaching a large number of students at the same time.
Suitable for teaching historical facts to students in the higher classes.
Imposing facts on children makes them lose interest in the teaching-learning process.

Constructivist: They believe that meaning learning takes place when learners discover principles, concepts, and facts for themselves. Characteristics of Social constructivist approach:

It emphasizes on collaboration with others for learning.
It ensures active involvement of learners and promotes peer tutoring.
It allows learners to foster their own strategy of learning to perform an activity.
It views learners as makers of meaning and creators of knowledge through social interaction.

Hence, we can conclude that both statements are not correct.

132

Which of the following is/are the advantages of demonstration method of teaching?

I. It stimulates learning and attempts to retain students interest

II. It reduces distraction and promotes sustained attention among the students and paves way for useful learning

III. During the demonstration, the doubts of the students are cleared by the teacher then and there.

((a))
II and III
((b))
I and III
((c))
I, II and III
((d))
I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

I, II and III

Demonstration Method: The word demonstration means to give demos or to perform a particular activity or concept. In the demonstration method, the teaching-learning process is carried in a systematic way. Demonstration often occurs when students have a hard time connecting theories to actual practice or when students are unable to understand applications of theories. Advantages:

It is cost-effective. As the teacher demonstrates, it becomes more economical and time-saving.
The teacher explains the concepts during the experiment and so the students clearly understand the concepts of the lesson.
During the demonstration, the doubts of the students are cleared by the teacher then and there.
It reduces distraction and promotes sustained attention among the students and paves way for useful learning.
It stimulates learning and attempts to retain student interest.
During the demonstration, students get opportunities for the following:
Observation
Note making
Questioning
Drawing
Involving in Experiments

133

Who is a true teacher?

((a))
Who is free from compulsions of the society
((b))
Who has built an impressive educational organization
((c))
Who is bound to an ideal or a belief
((d))
Who uses teaching as a means of acquiring position or authority

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Who is free from compulsions of the society

To create a successful education, good classroom management will be so much needed, because by applying this, a teacher can control, organize, assess, and prompt a class well. Based on the fact that the role of a teacher in managing classroom is needed by the teachers.Skills of an Effective teacher:

Teachers who are firmly rooted in their subject knowledge make clearer presentations and recognize students' difficulties readily. They can handle the queries of their students effectively.
A good teacher is the one who is free from all the compulsion of the society.
Translate the knowledge into an appropriate curriculum of assignments, tests, games, lessons, demonstrations, etc. He/she should be able to undertake application-oriented teaching as well.
Provide clear presentations and explanations that tend to have students who learn more and also rate their teachers more positively. Teachers who are clear are specific and precise and not vague. They project clarity of thought and an unambiguous vision which makes their teaching more effective.
The most essential skill of a teacher having the ability to help children form their own opinions on the texts.
Teachers who are warm and friendly inspire and instil positive attitudes and a love for learning in their students. Such teachers are known to be more effective in terms of students' increased attention, achievement, willingness to learn, and favourable attitude towards the content.
The teacher has to perform before teaching. He/she has to plan to teach activities like deciding appropriate content and its organization, pacing of delivery, a grouping of the students, identifying appropriate activities, etc.
Structuring the content or ideas in terms of a lesson, unit, syllabus, and curriculum is a comprehensive scheme that involves the application of philosophy, psychology, sociology, culture, and linguistics as its basis.
The teacher tries to help the student to clarify his/her response. Additional information related to a question or answer can be asked to ensure whether a student has properly understood the ideal concept or not.
The teacher puts higher-order questions in order to increase critical thinking or awareness among ' students.

Hence, we conclude that a true teacher is the one who is free from compulsions of the society.

134

Which teaching approach is based on the belief that “the teacher knows all that a learner is required to know”?

((a))
Constructivist approach
((b))
Teacher centered approach
((c))
Subject centered approach
((d))
Learner centered approach

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Teacher centered approach

The focus is on teaching rather than learning.
The teacher expects absolute obedience from the students, hence, students are not active learners.
Little or no scope for questioning, debates and sharing of ideas.
Suitable for teaching a large number of students at the same time.
Suitable for teaching historical facts to students in the higher classes.
Imposing facts on children makes them lose interest in the teaching-learning process.

Hence, in the teacher-centred approach is based on the belief that “the teacher knows all that a learner is required to know”.

135

Which humanistic psychologists considered learning to be essentially social in nature and educating children in a social environment make them good future citizens?

((a))
E.L. Thorndike
((b))
Carl Rogers
((c))
B.F. Skinner
((d))
Pavlov

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers contribution to humanistic and clinical psychology: Carl Rogers was very close to some other eminent scholars who were in charge of planning the fundamental thoughts of Humanistic psychology. Carl Rogers, another influential humanistic psychologist working in the therapeutic field, believed that people are basically good, that they are driven to fulfil their potential to actualize themselves, and that they have the capacity to choose their own behaviour.

He additionally accepted that each of us sees the world in our own particular novel way and that, keeping in mind the end goal to comprehend what somebody does, you need to attempt and see the world as they see it.

Rogers on education: For Rogers, learning is a function of need. The need is what the individual perceives as maintaining and enhancing to himself. Therefore, those elements of ‘education’ that are not perceived as self-related are of little or no significance probably not ‘learned at all’ within Rogers’ definition of learning.

The following statements summarise some of the fundamental ideas of his educational theory:

He considered learning to be essentially social in nature and educating children in a social environment make them good future citizens.
One person cannot teach another person how to teach.
Anything that can be ‘taught’ to another is inconsequential.
The only learning that significantly influences behaviour is that which is self-discovered and self-appropriated.
Such self-discovered ‘truth’ cannot be directed communicated to another.
With effort, one may, on occasion, succeed in ‘teaching’ another something, but if this happens it is damaging, not helpful. The person who has been ‘taught’ begins to distrust his own experience. If one’s own experience is not trusted, ‘significant’ learning is stifled.
Carl Rogers sees education in terms of individual exploration and discovery, individual understanding, individually significant meaning, and learning.

He further writes: “By significant learning, I mean learning which is more than an accumulation of facts; it is learning which makes a difference in the individual’s behaviour, in the action he chooses in the future, in his attitudes, and in his personality.”

Hence, we conclude that the above line is said by Carl Rogers.

136

Which of the following statement regarding Operant Conditioning by B.F. Skinner is correct?

I. Positive reinforcement occurs when the removal of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus following an emitted behavior strengthens the occurrence of the behavior.

II. Negative reinforcement involves the representation of a pleasant stimulus followed by an emitted behavior which strengthens the occurrence of the behavior.

((a))
Neither I nor II
((b))
Only I
((c))
Only II
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Neither I nor II

Conditioning is the process of modifying one’s behavior with the help of some preparation or training. Behaviourism theory is an idea that states that learning takes place owing to conditioning.

John Watson is called the father of behaviorism. There are two types of conditioning: Operant and Classical.

Key PointsBoth the above-given statements are given opposite to each other. So, both are incorrect as positive means to add, and negative is to remove or take away.

Operant: This method of conditioning works on reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement promotes the happening of behavior in the future while punishment is a term that implies the reduction of the happening of behavior in the future. It has positive (to add) and negative (to take away) factors:
Positive Reinforcement: To add an action to repeat the outcome. For example: Offering rewards (action added) when children give correct answers.
Negative Reinforcement: To take away an action to repeat an outcome. For example, Restrictions are removed (action is taken away) from prisoners when they behave well.

Hence, we conclude that both the above statements are incorrect.

137

Which of the following are true regarding the way we speak a language?

I. The way of speaking changes according to the target audience

II. Professional and personal environment seek a different way of speaking the same language

III. The way we speak can also influence our physical appearances

((a))
II and III
((b))
I, II and III
((c))
I and II
((d))
I and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

I and II

The Social Aspects of Language: Our choice of words, our selection of sentences are always dependent on the factors such as, the context, the person who speaks to, the place where we speak and the theme. We don’t speak to our father about our school work the same way as we speak to your mom about our food etc. Also, we cannot use the same language with our teachers the language we use with our friends.

Social differences and stratifications are prominently observed the way we use language. Sometimes the people of different castes use different styles of the same language.

Language changes in every 15 to 20 kilometres.
It is often dependent on the way sentences are constructed and words are formed and even the way how words are pronounced.
The moment you open your mouth you disclose your identity, Where you come from, what kind of family you belong to and what sort of people from your friend circle gets know the moment you say even a small word such as ‘hello’.
In Delhi, some people say ‘majja’ and others say ‘mazza’; some say ‘zafar’ and some say ‘jafar’.
The way of talking can tell whether the speaker is educated or uneducated, poor or rich or old Delhi or new Delhi and the like. Whether you are calling your school ‘skul’ or ‘sakul’ that too makes a lot of difference. This way linguistic identity is directly related to social identity.

Hence, we conclude that the way of our speaking changes according to the target audience, and Professional and personal environment seek a different way of speaking the same language.

138

Which method of teaching is also known as ‘Heuristic method’?

((a))
Discovery method
((b))
Lecture method
((c))
Play-way method
((d))
Project method

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Discovery method

Heuristic Method: Discovered by H. E. Armstrong, this method of teaching involves placing students as far as possible in the altitude of the discoverer. This method can also be named as the 'discovery method'. It involves finding out instead of being merely told about things.

Important Points

It makes the process of problem-solving and decision making quick and efficient by:

promoting the use of critical and imaginative thinking.
raising problems before students to activate their thinking power.
emphasizing active involvement of learners to boost their understanding.
enabling students to acquire knowledge by discovering the facts themselves.

Hence, we conclude that the heuristic method is also called discovery method.

139

As a teacher, which of the following techniques you can adopt in the classroom/school to use imitation for enabling young students to acquire positive and socially desirable behaviour?

I. When any student imitates positive behaviour, try to recognize it and provide verbal praise encouraging him/her to repeat it.

II. While teaching history and social science to students, always highlight the positive aspects of the important characters for imitation by the students.

((a))
Only II
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Both I and II
((d))
Only I

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Both I and II

Much of human learning is a function of imitating and observing the behaviour and action of others and these are also the main processes through which children acquire new experiences and behaviour. Imitation is copying or reproducing others’ actions or behaviours. One does not imitate everybody one comes across. One chooses consciously or otherwise a person for imitating some of his/her behaviours or actions that attract him/her. As a teacher, you do in the classroom/school to use imitation for enabling young students to acquire positive and socially desirable behaviour.

Try to be a model for imitation by your students. Demonstrate positive aspects of your behaviour to your students. A teacher’s positive practices like cleanliness, punctuality, truthfulness, and fairness to all have an immense impact on the students to imitate. Nevertheless, do not expose your weaknesses to your students.
While teaching history, social science, literature and telling stories to children, always highlight the positive aspects of the important characters for imitation by the students.
When any student imitates positive behaviour, try to recognize it and provide verbal praise encouraging him/her to repeat it.

Hence, we conclude that both the above statements are correct.

140

______ may be regarded as a link between the personality and cognitive behaviour of the learner.

((a))
Learning style
((b))
Experiences
((c))
Motivation
((d))
Learning situation

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Learning style

Learning style is influenced by learning situation, experiences and motivation and may be regarded as a link between the personality and cognitive behaviour of the learner. Some learning styles classifications include:

Left and right brain thinkers
Auditory, visual and kinaesthetic learners
Activists, reflectors, theorists and pragmatists

Hence, we conclude that learning styles may be regarded as a link between the personality and cognitive behaviour of the learner.

Discipline 3 (20 questions)

141

______ provides a concrete record of the connection perceived by the students, and thus it indicates how the student’s knowledge is organised and interconnected.

((a))
Concept map
((b))
Creative map
((c))
Concrete map
((d))
Critical map

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Concept map

Concept Map:

Students learn different concepts in a topic, but many times it is found that they treat the concepts they have learnt as disjointed and isolated facts and they are unable to interlink the relationships between these concepts.
No concept in a subject is isolated; a particular concept of a subject is interlinked with different branches of another subject (for example, it usually happens in math's and social science) in different ways and different manners.
There are different ways/ types of concept maps can be formed on a particular concept.
The above concept can be developed in different maps, depending upon the number of sub-concept and linking words you want to include.
Therefore, the number of connections and depth of understanding can be assessed by the number of linking lines and used by the student’s concept map.
Hence, a concept map provides a concrete record of the connections perceived by the students, and thus it indicates how the student’s knowledge is organised and interconnected.
More specifically, concept mapping can furnish valuable insight into the depth of students’ understanding because it reflects the accuracy and strength of their connections.
Even Venn Diagram of some concepts can play a role of concept mapping

Hence, a concept map provides a concrete record of the connections perceived by the students, and thus it indicates how the student’s knowledge is organised and interconnected.

142

About which of the following criteria that was ment by Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, Kohlberg meant that people do not lose the insights gained at earlier stages but integrate them into new, broader frameworks?

I. Hierarchic integration

II. Qualitative differences

((a))
Only I
((b))
Only II
((c))
Both I and II
((d))
Neither I nor II

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Only I

Kohlberg's stages of moral development represent a progression in the way individuals understand and reason about moral issues.

Key Points

There are two important criteria that are met by Kohlberg’s stages of moral development:

I. Hierarchic integration - This criterion refers to the idea that as individuals progress through the stages of moral development, they do not lose the insights gained at earlier stages but integrate them into new, broader frameworks. This means that higher stages of moral reasoning include and transcend the reasoning of earlier stages. This reflects the understanding that moral development is a cumulative process where new levels of moral reasoning build upon the foundations laid by the previous levels.
II. Qualitative differences - This criterion emphasizes that each stage in Kohlberg's theory is qualitatively different from the others. In other words, the way moral reasoning is structured at each stage is different, and the kind of logic and considerations that individuals use at one stage are distinct from those at other stages. This is not just a matter of having more knowledge or being better at applying rules, but a change in the very nature of the reasoning process.

Therefore, Kohlberg meant that people do not lose the insights gained at earlier stages but integrate them into new, broader frameworks primarily through hierarchic integration. The answer is only I.

143

“Sum of two natural/whole numbers is also a natural/whole number.” This statement represents which of the following property of addition in natural and whole numbers?

((a))
Associative property
((b))
Commutative property
((c))
Additive identity in whole numbers
((d))
Closure property

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Closure property

Addition: When two collections of similar objects are put together, the total of them is called addition.

Closure property of numbers:

There are mainly four properties of numbers that are based on the fundamental mathematical operations i.e., addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. One such property is the closure property of numbers.
The closure property states that when you perform an operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. on any two numbers in a set, the result of the computation is another number in the same set, which eventually justifies the sum of two natural/whole numbers is also a natural/whole number.
If p and q are natural or whole numbers then applying operations on them will result in natural or whole numbers respectively. For example, 3 +2 = 5 (where 3, 2, and 5 are all natural numbers).

Additional Information

Properties of addition in natural and whole numbers:

Commutative Property: p + q = q + p where p and q are any two natural/ whole numbers.
Associative property: (p + q) + r = p + (q + r) = p + q + r . This property provides the process for adding 3 (or more) natural/whole numbers.
Additive Identity in Whole Numbers: In the set of whole numbers, 4 + 0 = 0 + 4 = 4. Similarly, p + 0 = 0 + p = p (where p is any whole number). Hence, 0 is called the additive identity of the whole numbers.

144

Choose the word that is opposite in meaning to the given word.

Favourable

((a))
sweet
((b))
calm
((c))
inauspicious
((d))
flexible

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

inauspicious

Antonym/ Opposite

The word that is opposite in meaning to another. Antonyms refer to contrasts in word meaning, particularly in adjectives though also in nouns and verbs, E.g. hot-cold, young-old, male-female, alive-dead, buy-sell.

Words	Antonym
Sweet	cacophonous, acid, unsavoury
Calm	agitated, excited, harsh
Inauspicious	favourable, auspicious, fortunate
Flexible	inflexible, firm, rigid, brittle

Synonym/ Same

Synonym refers to the sameness of meaning by means of different words within a language. E.g., the word 'laryngitis' and 'sore throat' have the same denotative meaning, although they differ in their context of use, the former used in a more technical sense than the latter. Similarly, the words 'steed' and 'charger' in a more poetic way represent the meaning of the word 'horse'.

Words	Synonym
Sweet	Delicious, syrupy
Calm	smooth, soothing, tranquil
Inauspicious	unfortunate, bale
Flexible	malleable, soft, elastic

145

A sentence has been given with a blank to be filled with an appropriate word. Choose the correct alternative.

Not only the soldiers ______ their captain was also captured.

((a))
and
((b))
so
((c))
if
((d))
but

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

but

The correct answer is 'but'

There are certain phrases in English that always come together, like either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also
'Not only-but also' is used to emphasize two entities. In the above sentence, it means that both soldiers and their captain was captured.

Hence, we conclude that 'but' is correct

146

The approaches of learning must have to address which of the following for the development of creativity among the learners?

I. Freedom to students for questioning and expressing ideas.

II. Active learning and process-based assessment.

III. More scope for problem-posing and problem-solving.

((a))
Only II
((b))
I, II and III
((c))
Only III
((d))
Both II and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

I, II and III

It has been observed that some of the students’ performance is different from others. Their ways of solving a problem or developing any kind of activity are unique and innovative. These abilities of the learners called creativity or creative abilities.

The important task of teaching a subject is how to develop such abilities among the learners. The development of learners’ creative abilities more or less depends on the nature of the learning task and the approaches followed by the teacher in the classroom.

Key PointsThe approaches of learning must have to address the following for the development of creativity among the learners:

Recognition of alternative ideas/methods of solutions proposed by students.
Collaboration- Both students and teachers search for alternatives.
More scope for brainstorming and reflective thinking.
Encouragement for divergent thinking.
More scope for problem-posing and problem-solving.
Freedom to students for questioning and expressing ideas.
More scope and freedom for fluent expression and elaboration of ideas.
Motivation and accepting views/suggestions.
Active Learning and process-based assessment.

Hence, we conclude that all the above points are true.

147

Choose the word that means the same as the given word.

Compassionate

((a))
pitiful
((b))
small
((c))
mean
((d))
concise

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

pitiful

Synonym/ Same

Words	Synonym
Pitiful	compassionate, dismal, distressing, insignificant
Small	cramped, limited, meagre
Mean	greedy, selfish, close
Concise	succinct, pithy, terse, abridge

Antonym/ Opposite

Words	Antonym
Pitful	cheerful, fortunate, glad
Small	big, fat, huge
Mean	generous, compassionate, extreme
Concise	long, lengthy, wordy

148

Seven to eleven-year-old children watched a model play a bowling game and donate some of the items he won to a “needy children’s fund”. The above statement will develop which of the following kind of behaviour in these children?

I. Aggression

II. Prosocial behaviour

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Only I
((c))
Neither I nor II
((d))
Only II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Only II

Prosocial behaviours are behaviours that benefit another person. They include cooperation, sharing and helping when others are in distress. Children pass through four predictable stages in the development of empathy which makes prosocial behaviours possible.

In the first stage, infants have difficulty differentiating themselves from others. They cry when others cry and they laugh when others laugh.
After one year they gradually develop a sense of self as different from others and at that point they enter the second stage characterized by egocentric thinking.
They help the other person in ways that they themselves would want to be helped.
Then comes the third stage during which children show situation-specific empathy.
Finally, when they reach the fourth stage they come to relate their expression of distress to others when others are also in distress.
In fact, in the fourth stage, only appropriate exhibition of empathy is demonstrated, that is, others get emotional support from those who show an appropriate empathic reactions.
Children can learn helping behaviour by imitating other known people.
Opportunities for responsibility-taking, role-playing, and reinforcing desirable behaviour as and when it occurs will strengthen the development of prosocial behaviour.

Anti-social behaviours are characterized by truancy, delinquency, theft, vandalism and other forms of violation of the accepted social rules and conventions. In some cases of antisocial behaviour, the causal factors may be more personal than environmental, whereas in other cases it is vice versa. However, there is always a mixture of both personal and environmental influences, in varying proportions, that leads to delinquent behaviours.

Hence, we conclude that helping a needy one is pro-social behaviour.

149

Which of the following is/are the property (ies) of multiplication in integers?

I. Multiplication is associative

II. Multiplication is closed

III. Multiplication distributes over addition

((a))
Only III
((b))
I, II and III
((c))
Both I and II
((d))
I and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

I, II and III

Multiplication represents repeated addition of a number with itself. For example: 3 + 3 is represented as 3 × 2.

Properties of Multiplication:

Commutative Property: a × b = b × a. Example, 9 × 4 = 4 × 9 = 36
Closure property: If p and q are natural or whole numbers then p × q is also a natural or whole number. Like in the above example, 4 and 9 are natural numbers, so is their multiple (36).
Associative property: (p × q) × r = p × (q × r) (where p, q, and r are any three natural/whole numbers)
Identity of multiplication: The number ‘1’ has the following special property in respect of multiplication. p × 1= 1 × p = p (where p is a natural number)
Distributive property of multiplication over addition: p × (q + r) = (p × q) + (p × r).

Note that there is no distributive property for addition. One should not be confused (p + q) + r = p + (q + r) as distributive, the given property is associative property for addition.

Addition: When two collections of similar objects are put together, the total of them is called addition.

Properties of addition in natural and whole numbers:

Closure property: Sum of two natural/whole numbers is also a natural/ whole number.
Commutative Property: p + q = q + p where p and q are any two natural/ whole numbers.
Associative property: (p + q) + r = p + (q + r) = p + q + r . This property provides the process for adding 3 (or more) natural/whole numbers.
Additive Identity in Whole Numbers: In the set of whole numbers, 4 + 0 = 0 + 4 = 4. Similarly, p + 0 = 0 + p = p (where p is any whole number). Hence, 0 is called the additive identity of the whole numbers.

150

Which of the following is/are the steps of Interpretation construction design model?

I. Contextualization

II. Cognitive apprenticeship

III. Collaboration

((a))
Only III
((b))
Both I and II
((c))
Both II and III
((d))
I, II and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

I, II and III

Interpretation Construction (Icon) Design Model: Learning in this model comprises of seven steps and start from the learner’s observation.

Observations: The key aspects of this model, where learners are made to observe the elements and situation related to the problem before proceeding to evolve a solution.
Contextualization: After observing the situation, learners try to contextualise the situation. That is, the learners relate the observed situation and elements of the problem to be solved to their previous ideas/ experiences/knowledge.
Cognitive Apprenticeship: Learners are encouraged to exercise their minds through different brainstorming activities by the teacher. As a teacher, you need to guide them on how to analyse and interpret the problem at this stage. You will find your students are having several alternative conceptions or misconceptions.
Collaboration: Learners form a group to work on the task. In the collaboration stage, learners discuss freely about their alternative conceptions/misconceptions and are able to communicate with their peers. As a teacher, your work is to guide each group and at the same time, you also act as a co-learner of each group.
Interpretation & Construction: The learners analyze their constructed knowledge through argumentation, discussion and validation and generate their own interpretation.
Multiple Interpretations: As learners have a lot of flexibility during the learning process, they are able to interpret the knowledge in different ways and different manner and form several possible interpretations of the problem situation as well as problem's solution.
Multiple Manifestations: The learners try to apply various interpretations one by one for the problem solution and thus acquire multiple solutions to the problem. Further, they also gain multiple manifestations of the same interpretation.

Hence, we conclude that all are the steps of Interpretation Construction Design Model.

151

______ was/were a simple apparatus, invented by B.F Skinner, which permitted a pupil to read a brief passage, answer questions and then, by turning a knob, to see if the pupil was correct.

I. teaching machine

II. learning machine

((a))
Only II
((b))
Both I and II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Neither I nor II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Only I

Teaching machine: It is an application of the behavioural approach to learning. Teaching machines present items in an essentially predetermined sequence, permit the students to respond and give them immediate feedback. Teaching machines are automatic devices which present a question or other stimulus to a stimulus, provide a means of response, and then inform him/her of the correctness of his/her response immediately after he had responded. They are of two types (i) constructed-response and (ii) multiple-choice machines.

Skinner’s theory suggests the great potentiality of the shaping procedure for behaviour modification. According to this theory, the following procedure is applied to ensure effective learning in students:

Learning objectives should be defined very specifically in terms of behaviour
Objectives should be arranged in order of simple to complex.
For developing motivation among the students, the classroom reinforcers like praise, blames, grades, etc., should be used.
Proper use of positive and negative gestures also serves as reinforcers to work.
Reinforcers should be used periodically so that the possibility of extinction of the desired behaviour is resisted.
In the classroom, the principle of immediacy of reinforcement is very important. Praise for a job done well given immediately can be stronger reinforcer or motivator than a grade given much later.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about teaching machine.

152

In the following question, out of the given four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the Idiom / Phrase.

To step on someone’s toes

((a))
everyday without exception
((b))
to be too shy to speak
((c))
exactly
((d))
to hurt his feelings

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

to hurt his feelings

To step on someone’s toes: to hurt someone's feelings

Example: You might step on some important people's toes with this project.

Hence, we conclude that to step on someone’s toes means to hurt someone's feelings.

153

Which of the following statement is not correct about integers?

I. There is no integer which can be said as the greatest. Any big integer you think of, there exists an integer greater than that.

II. Zero (0) is neither positive nor negative

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Only I
((c))
Neither I nor II
((d))
Only II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Neither I nor II

Integers:

An integer is a number with no decimal or fractional part and it includes negative and positive numbers, including zero.

The series of numbers –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 is known as Integers.

º In integer there is no any greatest or smallest number exist,

For every +p in the integer series, there exists –p in it, such that (+p) + (–p) = 0. +p and –p are known as opposite of each other.
Zero (0) is neither positive nor negative.

Hence, we conclude that both statements are correct.

154

Choose the word that is opposite in meaning to the given word.

Artless

((a))
safe
((b))
destroy
((c))
crafty
((d))
machine

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

crafty

Antonym/ Opposite

Words	Antonym
Safe	unsafe, unprotected, dangerous
Destroy	aid, assist, bear, begin
Crafty	artless, imbecile, open

Synonym/ Same

Words	Synonym
Safe	intact, protected, secure, okay
Destroy	consume, crash, damage, dismantle
Crafty	astute. cagey, canny
Machine	appliance, automobile, apparatus

155

In the following question, out of the given four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the Idiom/Phrase.

Turn upside down

((a))
search thoroughly
((b))
ask for help
((c))
arrive casually
((d))
clear from the records

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

search thoroughly

Turn upside down: search thoroughly

Example: He turned upside down, but he could not find his property papers.

Hence, we conclude that to turn upside down means to search thoroughly.

156

Which of the following method provides the proof of the problem?

((a))
Project method
((b))
Analytic method
((c))
Inductive method
((d))
Synthetic method

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Synthetic method

Synthetic Method: The word "synthetic" is derived from the word 'synthesis' which means to combine. In this method, we combine several facts, perform certain mathematical operations, and arrive at the solution. In this method, we start with the known data and connect it with the unknown part.

It is the process of putting together known bits of information to reach the point where unknown information becomes obvious and true. Thus in this method, we proceed from hypothesis to conclusion.

It is lead from:

Known to Unknown
Hypothesis to Conclusion (Therefore, it provides the proof of the problem)
Concrete to Abstract
Simple to Complex

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about synthesis method.

157

In the decimal system of numbers, ______ is called the place holder.

((a))
2
((b))
3
((c))
1
((d))
0

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Place Holder: It is a number which, according to its place in a number changes its value. For example:

Consider any three-digit number like 308.
The place value of the digit 0 in the tenth place is zero.
If 0 had not been there, the number would have reduced to 38 and there would have been total confusion.
Here, 0 keeps the place intact and gives proper identity to the number.
Hence, 0 is called the place holder in the decimal system of numbers

Hence, we conclude that, in the decimal system of numbers, 0 is called the place holder.

158

Choose the word that can substitute the given sentence.

A play with a sad or tragic end

((a))
elegy
((b))
sonnet
((c))
caption
((d))
tragedy

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

tragedy

Note the meaning of the given words:

Tragedy: A play with a sad or tragic end
Elegy: A mournful or plaintive poem, a funeral song
Sonnet: A fixed verse from Italian origin consisting of 14 lines that are typically five-foot iambics and rhyme according to one of a few prescribed
Caption: The descriptive heading or title of a document or part thereof.

159

For which kind of problem in mathematics the method of analysis and synthesis is applied?

((a))
If and then
((b))
Simplify the equation
((c))
True and false
((d))
For match the column type question

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

If and then

Method of analysis and synthesis is applied for such problems in mathematics where ‘if-then’ type of logic is needed (If a triangle is isosceles, then prove that the measures of the angles opposite to the sides of equal length are equal).

Key Points Synthetic Method: The word “synthetic’ is derived from the word ‘synthesis which means to combine. In this method, we combine several facts, perform certain mathematical operations, and arrive at the solution. In this method, we start with the known data and connect it with the unknown part.

It is the process of putting together known bits of information to reach the point where unknown information becomes obvious and true. Thus in this method, we proceed from hypothesis to conclusion.

It is lead from:

Known to Unknown
Hypothesis to Conclusion
Concrete to Abstract
Simple to Complex

The Analytical Method is a generic process combining the power of the Scientific Method with the use of a formal process to solve any type of problem. Analysis means breaking up into components.

The use of the Analytical Method is critical to solving the sustainability problem because it appears that current processes are inadequate.
They are intuitive, simple, and based on how activists approach everyday problems.
All scientifically based problem-solving approaches use the analytical method.
It leads from conclusion to hypothesis.
It proceeds from unknown to known. (opposite of synthetic method)

Hence, we can conclude that If and then kind of problem in mathematics the method of analysis and synthesis is applied.

160

Find the part of the given sentence that has an error in it. If there is no error, choose ‘No error’.

He was one (1)/ of the best (2)/ maths teacher availability (3)/ No error (4)

((a))
2
((b))
3
((c))
1
((d))
4

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

The correct answer is Option 2.
'One of the' is always followed by a plural form because "One of" is indicating a particular thing/member out of a set with multiple things/members in it, so it's correct to use the plural form.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2 'one of the best maths teachers'.

Discipline 4 (20 questions)

161

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the NCERT syllabus of EVS?

I. The syllabus is organized not as a list of “topics” but as “themes”.

II. The sub-themes allow for a connected and inter-related understanding to develop.

III. The thematic approach helps to bring in perspective from different subjects and disciplines.

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Both II and III
((c))
I, II and III
((d))
Both I and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

I, II and III

Environmental Studies at the primary stage is perceived as an approach to learning of environment in its totality without being burdened by any disciplinary considerations. The NCERT syllabus attempts to reflect the above realisation and understanding in a number of ways:

The syllabus is organised not as a list of “topics” but as “themes”. And, each theme has a few sub-themes.
The sub-themes are organised in a spiral and progressive manner with emphasis on integration.
The sub-themes allow for a connected and inter-related understanding to develop.
The themes in the syllabus do not begin by listing key concepts, or rather key questions which allow each child to think, apply, and develop his/her own understanding and articulate their own learning’s and ideas.
The thematic approach helps to bring in perspectives from different subjects and disciplines.
The activities are only suggestive, and can be easily adapted to suit the local situations.

Hence, we conclude that all the statements are correct about NCERT syllabus of EVS.

162

What is included in stage 1 of productive computer session?

I. Establishment of ground rules.

II. Letting pupils use the computer casually

((a))
Only II
((b))
Both I and II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Neither I nor II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Only I

Integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT): ICT is broadly defined as a process of using any ICT tools (including information resources on the web, multimedia programs in CD-ROMs) to enhance student learning. In the classroom, it is a challenging task for any teacher today. Operational knowledge of ICT alone cannot help you to use ICT in the classroom. You must have the fundamental ideas about the systematic ways (how and when) to integrate ICT in the classroom.

Stages of ICT (use of computer session):

Stage 1: Before the computer/tablet/mobile session: At the first stage, teachers and students need to discover ICT tools and their general functions and uses. Hence, the emphasis is usually on ICT literacy and basic skills. In this, basic rules are established.
Stage 2: During the computer/tablet/mobile session: The second stage involves learning how to use ICT tools and beginning to make use of them in different disciplines. This involves the use of general as well as particular applications of ICT, and it is linked with the applying stage in the ICT development model.
Stage 3: The computer/tablet/mobile session: In the third stage, there is an understanding of how and when to use ICT tools to achieve a particular purpose, such as in completing a given project. This stage implies the ability to recognize situations where ICT will be helpful, choosing the most appropriate tools for a particular task, and using these tools in combination to solve real problems. This is linked with the infusing stage in the ICT development model.
Stage 4: After the computer/tablet/mobile session: The fourth stage is when the learning situation is transformed through the use of ICT. This is a new way of approaching teaching and learning situations with specialized ICT tools, and it is linked with the transforming stage in the ICT development model.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is of 1st stage of productive computer session.

163

The historical theory of social-cognitive development is related to whom?

I. Piaget

II. Vygotsky

((a))
Only I
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Only II
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Only II

Constructivism: It is the theory which backs the idea that child construct their knowledge by themselves when they explore.

Key Points

Lev Vygotsky, who idealized the fact that children learn whey they collaborate with others, derived sociocultural theory which says that development takes place due to the intermingling of culture, social interaction (which has three components explained below), and language.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): It is the zone a child wants to master in. For example, if he wants to learn chess, it would be ZPD for him.
More knowledgable other (MKO): To learn chess, when he needs a person who is good at chess, that person is more knowledgable other.
Scaffolding: It is the help or motivation that is provided by MKO to that child.

Hence, it can be concluded that the historical theory of social-cognitive development is related to Vygotsky.

Hint

Piaget is primarily known for his theory of cognitive development, which focuses on the stages of individual cognitive development in children. While Piaget's theory does touch upon aspects of social interaction and social cognition, his work is more closely associated with individual cognitive development rather than social-cognitive development.

164

By the age of ten, children can ______.

I. understand abstracts

II. understand symbols

((a))
Only II
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Both I and II
((d))
Only I

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Only II

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, belongs to the cognitive school of psychology, is famous for his work on child development. He strongly believed that children are little scientist and they actively construct their understanding of the world.

Key PointsHe made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages as explained below:

Stage	Characteristics of a child
Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs):	Egocentric (has no view of others, self-view matters)
Learning by taste, smell
Able to crawl and walk
Object permanence (ability to remember objects)
Pre-operational (2-7 yrs)	Learns language and pretending
Animism (belief that toys have emotions)
Learn symbolic representation
Egocentric initially, but at the end of the stage it began to vanish
Centration: Focus on only one aspect
Conservation: The idea which states the quantity of a substance remains the same even if transferred from one object to another
Concrete operational (7-11)	Conservation
Seriation: Ability to understand that even if objects are placed at distant positions, their number remains the same.
Reversibility: Ability to understand that a process can be reversed.
Decentring: ability to think on another aspect.
Transitivity: If A = B and B = C, then A = C
Formal operational (11 yrs onwards)	Abstract thinking (ability to be imaginative)
Learns complex calculations

Hence, we conclude that by the age of ten, children can understand symbols.

165

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the importance of environment in the development of the child?

I. The immediate environment is the primary context to which the child relates.

II. Valuable learning takes place through interactions with the immediate environment.

III. Environment plays little role in the lives of children.

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
I, II and III
((c))
Both II and III
((d))
Both I and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Both I and II

We belong to our environment, grow up in it, learn from it, depend on it, contribute to it, and influence it, just as it influences us. This influence begins from the moment we are born and continues throughout our life.

Key Points

The world of the child begins with an awareness of its own body and gradually expands, in ever-widening circles to an exploration of the immediate surroundings- family and home, neighborhood, school, and beyond.
Learning takes place first and foremost in the home and family. Even when children join school, the learning continues to take place, not only in the school, but at home and within the community.
The immediate environment is the primary context to which the child relates. It includes physical, social, and cultural environment.
Valuable learning takes place through interactions with the immediate environment.
Children, especially young children, have a natural desire to learn and make sense of the world around them. It is critical that they are provided with an environment that enables and supports this learning.

Hence, we conclude that both I and II statements are true regarding the importance of the environment in the development of the child.

166

What could be the reason to ask questions from listeners in story-based lessons?

I. To arouse curiosity and motivate.

II. To find out what pupils already know about a topic.

((a))
Neither I nor II
((b))
Only II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Both I and II

Listening and telling stories helps children in learning language in primary classes. Listening to stories is of interest to children and also enhances their creativity. Often it is seen that children mould the stories they have heard as per their wishes while telling it to their friends. Through this children not only learn the meaning of the words but also develop an understanding of various incidents and this facilitates in enhancing their imagination. Another way in which stories are beneficial is that it enhances the ability of children to estimate. For example, whenever children are listening to a story, they are curious to know about what happens next.

Discussing a story after listening to it, is a little difficult task but if the teacher is prepared with its objective then it can become a useful medium.
Most of the teachers feel that after telling the story, it is their right to ask the children, about the lesson they have learnt from it.
Telling stories to children is as important as listening to stories from them.
This helps the children in developing their ability to express themselves, makes them curious, and motivates them to learn.
Instead of asking the children to repeat the story told by the teacher, it is more beneficial to ask them to tell any story that they like because it develops language skills. It will also let teachers know what a student knows already.
While responding to the personality and the character of the story, the child includes her experiences in it.
Every child in the classroom should be given the freedom that she can talk about anything regarding the story, can even exaggerate it through her imagination.

Hence, we conclude that both the points could be the reason to ask questions from listeners in story-based lessons.

167

Which of the following is/are aim(s) of teaching learning of EVS?

I. help learners understand environmental issues.

II. promote positive actions.

III. limit children to the textual material.

((a))
I, II and III
((b))
Only III
((c))
Only I
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Both I and II

EVS, at the primary stage, is an integrated subject area that draws upon insights from sciences (physical, chemical, and biological), social studies (history, geography, political science, sociology, etc), and environmental education (protection and conservation).

It is aimed at developing in children a holistic or integrated perspective of the environment where he/she lives in.

Key PointsTeaching-learning of EVS aims to:

expose children to the real-life world (natural and socio-cultural)
enable them to analyze, evaluate, and draw inferences about problems and concerns related to the environment.
help them understand environmental issues
foster and nurture favorable attitudes and values toward the environment
promote positive actions

Hence, we conclude that both I and II are the aims of teaching EVS.

168

Which of the following is/are way(s) of using media as a resource for teaching learning of EVS?

I. Children can read scientific or environment-related stories from magazines and newspapers.

II. Children can make poster paintings to express their idea and views on relevant environmental concerns.

III. Using ‘newspaper cutting’ related in EVS students can undertake research work or project an identified theme Resources work or project an identified theme in EVS

((a))
I, II and III
((b))
Both I and III
((c))
Both II and III
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

I, II and III

Media provides a set of teaching-learning resources, popular and easily available. For EVS, the main advantage of using media is that students learn about current environmental issues.

Key PointsSome ideas on how to use media for EVS include:

Using ‘Newspaper cuttings’ related to EVS students can undertake research work or projects on an identified theme in EVS.
Facts and opinions with regard to relevant environmental themes can be discussed using environment-related channels and magazines.
You can make children read scientific or environment-related stories from magazines or newspapers.
Children can be encouraged to watch programs on Television telecast by the UGC. They can be informed about this in advance. And this could be preceded or followed by a relevant classroom session.
With the use of posters and paintings, you can help children express their ideas and views on relevant environmental concerns.

Hence, we conclude that all the points are true in the context of media as a learning resource.

169

What does formulaic language consists of?

I. Social English

II. Professional English

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Only II
((d))
Only I

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Only I

Children seem to pass through a series of more or less fixed ‘stages’, as they acquire language. The age at which different children reach each stage can vary considerably, however, the order of ‘stages’ remains the same.

Important Points

There are four stages of language learning:

Pre-Production Stage- Silent Period: Listen is more in action as compared to production. They understand keywords and phrases.
Early Production Stage- Telegraphic and Formulaic Language: The type of English children produce in the early stages of language learning, for example, they say, "yes, no". In this stage, children tend to socialize with others.
Speech Emergence Stage - Period of Expanded Production: They begin to understand language pretty well, but still are dependent on context.
Intermediate Fluency Stage - Creative Expanded Production: They learn complex forms of language and vocabulary.

Hence, we conclude that formulaic language consists of social English.

170

In which activity the language is the pupil’s own language, no matter what their level is?

((a))
Delayed copying
((b))
Straight copying
((c))
Dictation
((d))
Free-writing

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Free-writing

There are levels of writing which a learner goes through to be master in it. It starts with familiarization, in which learners are familiarized with certain features of a particular text. Also, learners are given “certain grammar and vocabulary through a text”.

Important Points

Freewriting refers to a prewriting activity that focuses on writing continuously regardless of grammar, spelling, and topic. In this, the language is the pupil’s own language, irrespective of their level of writing.

Other types of writing include:

Controlled Writing	A writing activity that focuses on grammatical elements, sentence structure, etc in writing.
Guided Writing	It emphasizes upon engaging students in the linguistically rich activity, providing immediate guidance to complete language task, involving the teacher with a group of students on a writing task.
Product Writing	A writing activity that focuses on the end product of the writing task in which students imitate a writing model.

Hence, we conclude that the above-mentioned statement refers to free-writing.

171

The life cycle of insects and animals come under which cross-curricular link?

((a))
Science
((b))
Geography and the environment
((c))
Computer
((d))
History

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Science

Science is derived from the Latin word ‘scientia’ which means ‘to know’. So, science is limited not only to observation, experimentation, and analysis, but also to know ways of life. It should be noted that:

The life cycle of insects and animals come under science.
The Product of Science is obtained after processing methods of science which are to observe infer, measure, communicate, classify, predicting, and to use number-space-time relationships and integrated process skills (to control variable, define operation, formulate a hypothesis, interpret data and, experiments are dealt with in detail).
The basic components of knowledge that are gathered after applying the above process are fact (24 hours in a day), principle (Archimedes principle), theory or scientific law (Newton’s law) and, concept (speed is distance per unit time).

Hence, we conclude that the life cycle of insects and animals come under science.

172

Which of the following is true in the context of a productive computer session?

I. ‘Collate work that has been produced on the computer’ comes under stage 3.

II. ‘Make sure children stay on the task’ comes under stage 1

((a))
Neither I nor II
((b))
Only II
((c))
Both I and II
((d))
Only I

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Only I

Stages of ICT (use of computer session):

Stage 1: Before the computer/tablet/mobile session: At the first stage, teachers and students need to discover ICT tools and their general functions and uses. Hence, the emphasis is usually on ICT literacy and basic skills. In this, basic rules are established.
Stage 2: During the computer/tablet/mobile session: The second stage involves learning how to use ICT tools and beginning to make use of them in different disciplines. This involves the use of general as well as particular applications of ICT, and it is linked with the applying stage in the ICT development model.
Stage 3: The computer/tablet/mobile session: In the third stage, there is an understanding of how and when to use ICT tools to achieve a particular purpose, such as in completing a given project. This stage implies the ability to recognize situations where ICT will be helpful, choosing the most appropriate tools for a particular task, and using these tools in combination to solve real problems. This is linked with the infusing stage in the ICT development model. Along with this, collating works that have been produced on a computer also come under this.
Stage 4: After the computer/tablet/mobile session: The fourth stage is when the learning situation is transformed through the use of ICT. This is a new way of approaching teaching and learning situations with specialized ICT tools, and it is linked with the transforming stage in the ICT development model.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is of 3rd stage of productive computer session.

173

What is included in metacognitive strategies?

I. Self-assessment

II. Reviewing

((a))
Only II
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Both I and II

Cognition is the mental processing of information, which is the function of the human mind that allows perceptions to grow into conceptions. When we have control over our own cognitive functions that are termed as metacognition.

In the reflective culture of assessment, the primary emphasis is on self-assessment combined with peer-assessment. The purpose of such an assessment is to assess students:

Cognitive competencies such as problem-solving, critical thinking, formulating questions, searching for relevant information, making informed judgments, efficient use of information, conducting observations, investigations, inventing and creating new things, analysing data, presenting data communicatively, oral and written expression.
Meta-cognitive competencies such as self-reflection, self-evaluation, and reviewing.
Social competencies such as leading discussions and conversations, persuading, co-operating, working in groups etc. and effective dispositions such as perseverance, internal motivation, responsibility, self-efficacy, independence and flexibility

Hence, we conclude that metacognitive strategies include both above points.

174

Which of the following is true about language?

I. It provides a bank of memories and symbols inherited from one’s fellow speakers and created in one’s own lifetime

II. It is a medium through which most knowledge is constructed

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Only II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Neither I nor II

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Both I and II

We know from our everyday experiences that most children, even before they start their schooling, internalise an extremely complex and rule-governed system called language, and possess full linguistic capabilities. In many cases, children come to school with two or three languages already in place at the oral-aural level. They are able to use these languages not only accurately but also appropriately. Even differently talented children who do not use the spoken languages develop equally complex alternative sign and symbol systems for expression and communication. Note that:

Languages also provide a bank of memories and symbols inherited from one's fellow speakers and created in one's own lifetime.
They are also the medium through which most knowledge is constructed, and hence they are closely tied to the thoughts and identity of the individual.
In fact, they are so closely bound with identity that to deny or wipe out a child's mother tongue(s) is to interfere with the sense of self.
Effective understanding and use of languages(s) enables the child to make connections between ideas, people and things, and to relate to the world around.
If we wish to launch any sound programme for language teaching in schools, it is important to recognise the inbuilt linguistic potential of children as well as to remember that languages get socio-culturally constructed and change in our day-to-day interactions.
Language(s) in education would ideally build on this resource and would strive to enrich it through the development of literacy (scripts including Braille) for the acquisition of academic knowledge.
Children with language-related impairments should be introduced to standard sign languages, which can support their continued growth and development to the fullest.
A recognition of the linguistic abilities of learners would encourage them to believe in themselves and their cultural moorings.

Hence, we conclude that both the above statement about language is correct.

175

Which model can be used to introduce a methodology for story-based work?

((a))
Three stage model
((b))
One stage model
((c))
Two-stage model
((d))
Four-stage model

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Three stage model

Impactful stories- a book, a film, an oral story, animated stories, and documentaries have the power to bring us closer to something much greater than ourselves.

Important Points

The three-stage model can be introduced to make a story work:

Separation: In this, the protagonist leaves home for some adventure or some mission.
Transition: When he faces a worldly problem, he learns new things. Bitter experiences make him stronger while sweet experiences motivate him to move forward.
Reintegration: At last, the protagonist returns home after getting what he sought.

Hence, the Three-stage model can be used to introduce a methodology for story-based work.

176

Which of the following aspects can be assessed by the teacher through projects on EVS?

I. Presentation quality of the project report

II. Learner’s ability to think

III. Learner’s ability to analyse

IV. Ability to memorize data

((a))
II, III and IV
((b))
I, II, III and IV
((c))
I, III and IV
((d))
I, II and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

I, II and III

Projects make an integral part of teaching-learning EVS. Two aspects of children’s learning can be assessed through projects. One is their learning of the EVS content and other is the general EVS objectives like the social skills and values. When children carry out a group survey of a local water body, green area and the birds in the vicinity, the teacher can assess a variety of aspects related to not just the content but also other skills, such as:

Ability to effectively communicate with local communities
Presentation quality of the project report
Quality of participation- Students can be asked questions such as:
name the group members who often helped each other
name the friends in your group
were you able to resolve differences of opinion during the group work?
did you share the resources?
Ability to think and analyse processes and relations in real-life situation

Hence, we can conclude that all the above aspects can be assessed by the teacher through projects on EVS.

177

Which of the following is not a part of Behavioural Role?

((a))
To encourage children to transfer learning strategies to the tasks
((b))
To explicitly demonstrate and model learning strategies
((c))
To prompt children to use different strategies
((d))
To set up a collaborative learning environment

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

To set up a collaborative learning environment

Behavioral Role of teacher:

A teacher has to be a role model for children to imitate and follow. His/her personality develops to reach towards a humanistic behavior (behavioral role). It includes encouraging children to transfer learning strategies to the tasks, explicitly demonstrating and modeling learning strategies, to prompt children to use different strategies.

Procedural role of the teacher:

As a school teacher, you will have a role to be the fulcrum of the school-based planning process (procedural role) as envisaged in the RTE Act and lead the group to the desired objectives of development. The procedural role of a teacher also includes providing opportunities for self-direction and choice.
Physical activity can be conducted, for example, they can be taken to the laboratory, or art/craft can be promoted.
You may give interest inventories listing a large number of activities and may ask to rank these from most to least preferred.
Teacher observation may help, the teacher may also watch for attentiveness during the classroom lesson.
Discussing the students' interests at home with their parents.
The teacher will be that of a friend, facilitator, guide, or intervener who should be able to create a conducive learning environment for every child through planned activities.
The teacher involves students at every stage of the teaching-learning process and uses interactive styles of communication to facilitate/her learning potential.
The learning experiences must be planned and organized taking these into account.
Direct experiences, the interaction between teachers and students, and interaction between students among themselves are important for this process.
The teacher should adjust time and allow slower students more time to complete their assignments.

**Hence, we conclude that 'To set up a collaborative learning environment is not a part of behavioral roles.

178

Which of the following is a part of Procedural Role?

((a))
To provide opportunities for self direction and choice
((b))
To explicitly demonstrate and model learning strategies
((c))
To encourage discussion about learning
((d))
To take on a guiding, questioning approach

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

To provide opportunities for self direction and choice

To create a successful education, good classroom management will be so much needed, because by applying this, a teacher can control, organize, assess, and prompt a class well. Based on the fact that the role of a teacher in managing the classroom is needed by the teachers. Role of teacher:

A teacher has to be a role model for children to imitate and follow. His/her personality develops to reach towards a humanistic behavior (behavioral role).
As a school teacher, you will have a role to be the fulcrum of the school-based planning process (procedural role) as envisaged in the RTE Act and lead the group to the desired objectives of development. The procedural role of a teacher also includes providing opportunities for self-direction and choice.
Physical activity can be conducted, for example, they can be taken to the laboratory, or art/craft can be promoted.
You may give interest inventories listing a large number of activities and may ask to rank these from most to least preferred.
Teacher observation may help, the teacher may also watch for attentiveness during the classroom lesson.
Discussing the students' interests at home with their parents.
The teacher will be that of a friend, facilitator, guide, or intervener who should be able to create a conducive learning environment for every child through planned activities.
The teacher involves students at every stage of the teaching-learning process and uses interactive styles of communication to facilitate his/her learning potential.
The learning experiences must be planned and organized taking these into account.
Direct experiences, the interaction between teachers and students, and interaction between students among themselves are important for this process.
The teacher should adjust time and allow slower students more time to complete their assignments.

Hence, we conclude that 'To provide opportunities for self-direction and choice' is a part of procedural roles.

179

What comes under ' writing at word-level' writing activity?

I. Concept/word webs

II. Friends list

((a))
Neither I nor II
((b))
Both I and II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Only II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Only I

The purpose of writing is to express oneself, to provide information, to persuade, or create a literary work. It also aims to expresses or reflect on his or her own life and experiences.

'Writing at word level' is a learning activity to develop children's vocabulary, handwriting, and spelling.
Activities like classifying words into word families, crosswords, picture labeling, and word puzzles come under it.
It is associated with a child's literary development by using printed materials/worksheets with written clues to the meaning of the words, to help the students to find out the word in the given worksheet.
In these activities, sometimes words are replaced with spaces and the student has to fill the spaces with a suitable word in order to find a meaningful word to substitute the sentence.

Additional Facts:

Communicate ideas in writing, usually do so to express themselves, inform their reader, persuade a reader, or to create a literary work. In college, we mostly rely on two purposes for composition style writing, and those are to inform or to persuade the audience.
The writing process can help students understand how to plan, write, and revise for various purposes and genres.
Students can use the writing process independently or as part of writing workshops in which they respond to each other’s writing.
A writing process is an instructional approach to writing that consists of five basic stages.
The stages are prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing.

Hence, it becomes clear that Concept/word webs come under 'writing at the word level'.

180

Which of the following techniques can be used to introduce new vocabulary?

I. Using objects

II. Referring to illustrations in books

((a))
Only I
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Only II
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Both I and II

The basic goals of teaching a new language include the growth of their pupils' vocabulary. They will also acknowledge that learning vocabulary is a rather more complex process than it might first appear. To know a word in a target language means the ability to:

recognise it in its spoken or written form
recall it whenever needed
pronounce it while speaking
in an acceptable manner
use it in the appropriate grammatical form
spell it correctly while writing and use it at the appropriate level of formality while speaking and writing.

It can be improved by using various objects so that student remember their name, referring to the illustration in the textbook, reading new and different text, guessing from the context, sorting, using synonyms and antonyms, knowing the etymology of a word. It is interesting to know that even creative activities like drawing can help in building vocabulary because a learner will have to know the 'word' that he has drawn.

Hence, we conclude that both techniques can be used to introduce new vocabulary.

Discipline 5 (20 questions)

181

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct regarding the importance of museums as a learning resource in social science?

I. Students are able to relate what they have studied in their textbooks which helps in strengthening their knowledge.

II. A visit to the museum can stimulate a sense of inquiry among the students.

III. Museum can act as a visual aid for the students to learn.

IV. Museum visit can inculcate an attitude of disinterest among the students while learning social science.

((a))
I, II, III and IV
((b))
II, III and IV
((c))
I, II and III
((d))
I, III and IV

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

I, II and III

In order to make the learning of social sciences more enjoyable and effective; there is a need for innovations in teaching methods. Social Science learning should involve visits to museums at local, state and national levels.

NCF 2005 Position Paper by National Focus Group on Teaching of Social Sciences Social Science: Museums play important role in the intellectual and cultural growth of students. They enrich the experiences of students. Students get the opportunity to relate what they have studied in their textbooks and classrooms which help in strengthening their knowledge and enriching their experiences. The purpose of museums is not merely to present visual aids but also to stimulate the sense of curiosity, beauty and its appreciation, spirit of inquiry of nature and natural phenomena. Museum may include realia, diorama, models, charts, scrapbooks, etc.

Students may be asked to explore the local surroundings and observe the activities of artisan communities engaged in different crafts using local skills and materials.
The handicraft may be displayed in a small corner of the school and developed into a museum.
The schools should have their own social science museums.
During the summer break, students may be asked to make models of historical monuments, charts indicating the effect of volcanoes or earthquakes, crosswords games or puzzles.
The children may paint phenomena related to the natural environment.
Newspapers or magazines cutting related to topics in the syllabus, or related information downloaded from the Internet can be displayed.
This museum could be laid out in different ways from time to time so that it does not become dated.
Students may also be involved in other activities.

Hence, we conclude that all the above points are correct in the context of the museum as a resource in social science.

182

If the data containing a few distinct values are arranged in ascending order or descending

order, then that data is known as ______.

I. Raw data

II. Arrayed data

((a))
Only I
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Only II
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Only II

Data are information collected in a systematic manner with the aim of deriving certain related conclusion. Let us discuss the sources for the collection of data.

The collected data from different sources which are not arranged or organized in any manner are called raw data.
When data are collected directly from the source i.e., from the students. This is an instance of the data being collected from the primary source.
The data which are collected indirectly i.e., from the documents containing the information collected for some other purpose. Such indirect sources are called secondary source.
If the raw data consists of a few scores, then we arrange them in ascending (increasing) or descending (decreasing) order. Then it is called arrayed data.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about arrayed data.

183

A table is sold for Rs. 1200. If marked price of the table is Rs. 1500, then what will be the discount percentage?

((a))
28 percentage
((b))
20 percentage
((c))
15 percentage
((d))
25 percentage

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

20 percentage

Concept: Discount % = $Marked\ Price\ -\ Selling\ Price \over Marked\ Price$ × 100

Given: Selling Price = 1200

Marked Price = 1500

Solution:

Discount = $1500 - 1200 \over 1500$ × 100 = 20%

Hence, we conclude that the discount is 20%.

184

Which of the following is true about traditional assessment?

I. Based on the medical model

II. Procedures are inoculated to curriculum

((a))
Only II
((b))
Both I and II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Neither I nor II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Neither I nor II

Assessment is an evaluation of the student’s performance. It makes student’s performance more meaningful. Unless we interpret, analyze, rank-order, and compare one’s individual score with the average score of the group, we cannot find out one’s relative position in a group. The assessment helps a teacher to design his/her teaching in a better way and to know the attainment level of learners in the subject content. The assessment helps a learner to know his /her learning progress. Some people believe traditional assessment methods are more effective, others think that alternative assessment tools are superior.

The answer is 4. Neither I nor II.

Traditional assessment is a type of assessment that is based on the idea that learning can be measured objectively and that there is a single "correct" answer to every question. It is often used in schools to measure student achievement.

Statement I is not true about traditional assessment because it is not based on the medical model. The medical model is a way of thinking about disability that views disabilities as diseases or disorders that need to be cured. Traditional assessment does not view disabilities in this way.
Statement II is also not true about traditional assessment because procedures are not inoculated to curriculum. Inoculated means to introduce a small amount of a disease to the body in order to build immunity. In the context of assessment, inoculated would mean that the assessment procedures are specifically designed to fit the curriculum. This is not the case with traditional assessment.

Traditional assessment is a broad term that can encompass a variety of different assessment methods. However, the two statements given are not true about any type of traditional assessment.

185

The value of the unknown which makes the linear equation a true statement is called the solution or ______ of the equation.

((a))
Square root
((b))
Root
((c))
Root mean
((d))
Cube root

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Root

To solve an equation is to find the value of the unknown which satisfies the equation. The value of the unknown which makes the equation a true statement is called the solution or root of the equation.

Consider the linear equation x + 7 = 16.
To find 'x', we will go on trying the integer 1, 2, 3……… for ‘x’ till we get both sides equal.
It can be seen by trial that only when x = 9, at that point, equality of both sides of the equation occur.
For no other value of 'x', the equation is satisfied.
Thus, we know that the equation is satisfied i.e. both the sides have equal value only for one value of the unknown.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about 'root'.

186

Which of the following techniques can be used to introduce new vocabulary?

I. Guessing from context

II. Sorting

((a))
Neither I nor II
((b))
Only I
((c))
Only II
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Both I and II

Vocabulary knowledge is not something that can ever be fully mastered. It is something that expands and deepens over the course of a lifetime.

Vocabulary is acquired incidentally through indirect exposure to words and intentionally through explicit instruction in specific words and word-learning strategies.

Key PointsBoth of these techniques can be effective ways to introduce new vocabulary:

I. Guessing from context: This strategy encourages learners to use the context of a sentence or paragraph to infer the meaning of new words. This can help learners improve their vocabulary and comprehension skills, as well as their ability to understand new material.
II. Sorting: This strategy involves organizing words into categories based on their meanings, similarities, or differences. It can help learners see relationships between words, remember new vocabulary, and understand the nuances of word meanings.

So, both I and II can be used to introduce new vocabulary.

187

Which of the following is/are traditional approach/approaches adopted by social scientists in understanding political science?

I. More philosophical in nature.

II. Insist on quantitative and inductive approach. Aim at making politics a scientific body of knowledge.

III. Concentrates on formal apparatus of politics: government, institutions, constitutions etc.

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Both I and III
((c))
I, II and III
((d))
Both II and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Both I and III

Though the approaches to understanding political science are classified differently, prominent classification of approaches to understanding political science is traditional and modern approaches have become quite dominant.

Key Points

Traditional approaches emerged from the contributions of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, and continued their dominance till the beginning of the nineteenth century. Modern approaches started in the 15th-16th centuries and became dominant in understanding political science in the twentieth century. Some of the common differences between traditional approaches and modern approaches are given below:

Traditional Approach	Modern Approach
Define political science as the study of state and its governmental institutions	Define political science as the study of power and decision making of political behaviour
Concentrates on formal apparatus of politics: government, institutions, constitutions etc	See politics as an activity or a process service.
Defines political science as a subjective, theoretical and purpose-oriented task	Define political science as an objective, scientific and process-oriented task
More philosophical in nature	More analytic in nature
See political science as a non-observable and value-loaded subject	See political science as an observable and value-free subject
Prescriptive and normative. Aim at the achievement of a good society	Insist on a quantitative and inductive approach. Aim at making politics a scientific body of knowledge
Basically taxonomic and focus on institutions as the main instrument of social change and control	Focus on extra political factors and conditions which affect the behaviour of political events and institutes.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that both I and IIIare true.

188

The teacher wants to explain 'Laws of Reflection’ in the chapter ‘light’. Which of the

following learning activities can be conducted by the teacher in the class for this purpose?

I. Draw a diagram on the chalkboard or display a chart and explain

II. Demonstrate the experiment to prove the law and ask students to observe the demonstration

((a))
Neither I nor II
((b))
Both I and II
((c))
Only II
((d))
Only I

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Both I and II

To teach a lesson to students, a teacher can use various techniques as per the requirements of the lesson. For example, to teach laws of reflection, a teacher can conduct following learning activities in the class:

Draw a diagram on the chalkboard or display a chart and explain.
Demonstrate the experiment to prove the law and ask students to observe the demonstration.
Instruct students to carry out the experiment themselves and then to note down and verify the results

Hence, we conclude that all the above activities can be conducted to teach laws of reflection.

189

Which of the following is/are NOT similarity/similarities between social sciences and social studies?

((a))
Both are the outcomes of same genus/parenthesis
((b))
Human relationship is the common denominator in case of both of them
((c))
Both share a common body of course contents
((d))
Both are concerned with practical aspects of human affairs

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Both are concerned with practical aspects of human affairs

Social sciences are the body of knowledge which is concerned with human affairs in the spectrum of broad socio-cultural system. Social sciences constitute an important component of high school/higher education curriculum. The different social science subjects like history, political science, anthropology, philosophy, economics etc. have independent status in high school/university education.

The concept of ‘social studies’ is of recent origin (since 1916 in America, and since 1937 in India- Gandhiji’s Basic Education). Social studies is a single and composite instructional area which draws its contents from many social sciences like history, geography, political science, economics, etc. Social studies doesn’t combine social science subjects in an unrelated way rather it meaningfully integrates them for the purpose of helping the learners understand woman’s/man’s relationship with the society/ environment in which she/he lives. Developing competencies relating to healthy social living is the main aim of social studies learning. Social studies is concerned with the practical aspects of the society.

Points of Difference	Social Sciences	Social Studies
Derivation	Social sciences are the genesis or the parent disciplines of social studies.	Social studies is the outcome or product of social sciences.
Area of Affairs	Concerned with theoretical aspects of human affairs.	Concerned with practical aspects of human affairs.
Area of Affaire	Social sciences seek social utility	Social studies seeks instructional utility
Approach	Social sciences represent an adult approach. It is studied through idealistic approach.	Social studies represents a child approach. It is studied through a pragmatic approach.
Aim	Social sciences aim at contributing knowledge and increasing the intellectual horizon.	Social studies aims at acquiring knowledge for solving various practical problems of the society.
Composition	Social sciences include a large number of subjects like history, pol. sc., sociology, anthropology, economics etc.	Social studies draws its contents from a large number of social sciences and label them under three or four broadheads (i.e., history, economic, etc.) to be taught at school or junior school level.
Nature of Composition	Social sciences are a mixture of different subjects where each and every subject has a special identity and one subject can easily be differentiated from others.	Social studies is a compound rather than a mixture where something new emerges out of combinations. It is very difficult to separate the parts of social studies in clear cut ways.
Reader	The readers of social sciences are very few. Only those who are competent and interested, they can study social sciences.	Since citizenship preparation is the main aim of social studies, so, it is studied by everybody.
Stage of study	Social sciences are advanced study of human society. They are basically taught at high school/university level.	Social studies is the simplified aspect of social sciences which is basically taught at school or junior school stage.
Scope	The scope of each social science subject is limited within its own field. For example, economics is related to such kind of activities which touch the economic field. Social sciences have vast scope since they include numerous subjects.	Social studies touches all the aspects of human social life in a compound manner. Social studies is the part of social sciences. So, it is narrower than social sciences.
Complexity	Social sciences are the complex study of social phenomena.	Social studies is the simplified aspect of social sciences taught to the school or junior students.

Hence, we conclude that both social studies and social science are concerned with practical aspects of human affairs.

190

Which of the following is an appropriate example of using community resources to make a social science class more learner-centered?

((a))
The teacher can ask the students to prepare projects on complex issues of social science
((b))
The teacher can ask the students to participate in community cultural programmes
((c))
The teacher can take a test on social science topics that involves communities
((d))
The teacher can ask anyone student to read about the importance of community

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

The teacher can ask the students to participate in community cultural programmes

A teacher teaching Social Sciences has the responsibility of making the class interesting. This is possible when the learners participate actively in the teaching-learning process. One of the general features which are expected to be in a social sciences class are:

Using community resources: Community is a storehouse of resources both natural and human. There is a need for strong bondage between the school and the community. This can be achieved by involving the community in school activities. This can be done in two ways. One is taking the learners to the community to experience learning and the other is inviting the community to the school.
Example: When the community organizes cultural programmes, school children can participate in the programme. If the school wants to organize a talk on Health-related issues, the local health worker can be invited to address the children.

191

Which of the following is true about integrated education?

I. Learning problems are considered to be due to a defect in the student

II. No change in the existing mainstream environment

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Neither I nor II
((c))
Only I
((d))
Only II

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Neither I nor II

Confusion Points According to the official DSSSB answer key, option 1 is correct. However, according to us and authentic sources, the correct answer should be option 2.

Key Points

The answer is 2. Neither I nor II.

Integrated education is a type of education in which students with disabilities are educated in the same classrooms as students without disabilities. It is based on the belief that all students can learn together, regardless of their abilities.

Statement I is not true about integrated education because it does not consider learning problems to be due to a defect in the student. Instead, it recognizes that learning problems can be caused by a variety of factors, including environmental factors, such as the school environment.
Statement II is also not true about integrated education because it does require some changes to the existing mainstream environment. For example, teachers may need to be trained in how to work with students with disabilities, and the school may need to provide additional resources, such as specialized equipment or support staff.

Therefore, neither statement I nor statement II is true about integrated education.

192

____ is the product of the maximum number of each prime factor that occurs in either of the numbers.

((a))
Unit digit
((b))
Least common multiple
((c))
Highest common factor
((d))
Multiples

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Least common multiple

Lowest Common Multiple is the product of the maximum number of each prime factor that occurs in either of the numbers. For example:

12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 31

18 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 21 × 32

Hence, LCM of 12 and 18 is 2² × 3² = 36.

So, LCM of 12 and 18 is 22 × 32 = 36. Here, the highest power of 2 and 3 is considered.

The Highest Common Factor is the product of the lowest powers of each of the prime factors that commonly occurs in both the numbers. For example:

12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 2² × 3¹

18 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 2¹ × 3²

Hence, HCF of 12 and 18 is 2¹ × 3¹ = 6. Here, the lowest power of 2 and 3 is considered.

193

Which of the following is correct about the S-A-S postulate of congruence of triangles?

((a))
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding sides of other triangle and the angles include between them are congruent, then two triangles are congruent
((b))
If the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are respectively congruent to the hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other triangle, then two right-angled triangles are congruent
((c))
If two angles of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding angles of the other triangle and the sides included between them are congruent, then two triangles are congruent
((d))
If three sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding sides of the other triangle, then two triangles are congruent

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

If two sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding sides of other triangle and the angles include between them are congruent, then two triangles are congruent

Congruence of triangles: Two triangles are said to be congruent if their all sides and angles are equal corresponding to the other triangle’s all sides and angles. There are four ways in which a triangle can be proved or said congruent.

SSS (Side-Side-Side) Rule: It is when we are given that all the three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of another triangle correspondingly.
SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Rule: It states that two sides and the angle included between those sides of one triangle are equal to two sides and the angle included between them of the other triangle.
ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) Rule: If the two angles and one side between them of one triangle is equal to the corresponding angles and side, the triangle is said to be congruent.
AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) Rule: It states that if two consecutive angles and one adjacent side of a triangle is equal to two consecutive angles and one adjacent side of another triangle.
Right- Hand Side (RHS) Rule: It states that if in two right-angled triangles, the length of the hypotenuse and one of the sides of one triangle is equal to the length of the hypotenuse and one of the sides of another triangle, the triangle is said to be congruent.

194

Which of the following can be an effective teaching-learning strategy while teaching history to the learners?

((a))
Teaching Revolt of 1857 by providing all facts and figures about it to the learner
((b))
Teaching Quit India Movement through story telling
((c))
Giving lengthy assignment to the learners on various topics of Indian History
((d))
Asking the students to memorize the chronology of important events in History

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Teaching Quit India Movement through story telling

Narration/Storytelling: It is a skill wherein the narrator communicates to the listeners through oral and non-verbal gestures. This withholds the attention of the listeners. In fact it is an art in itself which aims at presenting to the students through the medium of speech which is clear, vivid and interesting, with an ordered sequence of events in such a way that the students are able to reconstruct these happenings and they live in their imagination through experiences recounted. Note that:

They can make students almost visualize the events and the personalities concerned.
To keep the listener on track, the narrator asks simple questions in between, which requires to be answered in one or two words.
This method is suitable to teach social science especially History, at the elementary stage (for example, Kalinga war, Dandi March, Quit India Movement etc can be taught through this method).
This would arouse the interest of children and provide them scope for imaginative understanding and thorough enjoyment.
Storytelling can be relied upon by the teacher as the best companion for developing traits of character such as charity, piety, truthfulness, velour, etc. among students.
Advantages: This method can create interest in the students and they start liking both the teacher and the subject. It can also support the development of imagination and inculcation of virtues, which required for social living. Students learn more than what is given in the textbook.
Limitations: Teacher plays a major role and if the story is not told in an interesting way, students may feel bored. It is also true that all topics cannot be taught through this method. Teacher has to collect more information than what is in the textbook and has highly to be skilled in narration for the success of the method.

Hence, we conclude that Teach India Movement can be taught through storytelling.

195

Which of the following activity is involved in the evaluation stage of pedagogical analysis?

((a))
Giving feedback
((b))
Determining the tools to check for the achievement of the intended learning outcomes
((c))
Stating learning outcomes
((d))
Identifying types of learning

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Determining the tools to check for the achievement of the intended learning outcomes

Applying the 5Ws and 1 H strategy to planning science lessons requires you to answer the following four basic questions:

Whom to teach (Understanding the need of students)
When to teach (Deciding the suitable time)
What to teach? (Selecting the content/concepts)
Why to teach? (Deciding the learning outcomes)
How to teach and assess? (Selecting methods and strategies and Deciding the assessment procedures)

This whole process mentioned above is known as “pedagogical analysis”. It is done at three stages:

Pre-active stage: This stage involves the following activities
Ascertaining entry competence
Stating learning outcomes
Analyzing content and subordinate concepts
Identifying types of learning
Interactive stage: This stage involves the following activities
Deciding methods/approaches of stimulus presentation
Deciding on expected learners’ responses
Giving feedback
Evaluative stage: This stage involves determining the tools to check for the achievement of the intended learning outcomes.

Hence, we conclude that 'Determining the tools to check for the achievement of the intended learning outcomes' falls under Evaluation stage of Pedagogical Analysis.

196

Which of the following statements regarding the expository approach of teaching science is/are correct?

I. Teaching-learning process is totally controlled by the teacher.

II. It is a deductive thinking wherein abstract content is differentiated by the teacher giving appropriate examples to the students.

((a))
Neither I nor II
((b))
Only I
((c))
Only II
((d))
Both I and II

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Both I and II

Expository Approach:

It is also known as the Transmission Approach.
In this approach, the teacher is communicating maximum information to the students in a minimum of time.
This approach helps the teacher to cover the content to be taught to the students.
This approach is widely used across all subjects and different levels of education by the teacher.
The main proponent of this method is David P. Ausubel.
In the expository approach all the cues provided by the teacher while teaching, the deductive thinking wherein abstract content is differentiated by the teacher giving appropriate examples to the students.
The teaching Learning process is totally controlled by the teacher.

Hence, we can say that all the above points are true in the context of the expository approach.

197

In which of the following teaching method of science, rules, generalizations and principles are provided to the students and then they are asked to verify them with the help of particular examples?

I. Inductive reference

II. Deductive reference

((a))
Only I
((b))
Both I and II
((c))
Only II
((d))
Neither I nor II

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Only II

Inductive-Deductive Method: It is perhaps the oldest and the most basic method of teaching as well as learning mathematics. All other methods in mathematics utilise this method in different degrees. This is a combination of two methods of induction and deduction

Deductive method: Here the learner proceeds from general to particular, abstract to concrete and formula to examples. A preconstructed formula or principles are told to students and they are asked to solve the different relevant problems with the help of the earlier formula. This method is known as Deductive method of teaching which follows the steps given below for effective teaching:
Clear recognition of the problem
Search for a tentative hypothesis
Formulating of a tentative hypothesis/Choosing the relevant formula for solution.
Solving the problem.
Verification of the results
Inductive Method: Induction is the form of reasoning in which a general law or principle is derived from a study of particular objects or specific processes.
It is based on the logic that if something is true for a particular case and is further true for a reasonable adequate number of cases, then it is true for all such cases.
It helps the learner in developing the ability to reason by observing common elements in the similar instances and arriving at the generalised statement or rule.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about deductive reference.

198

Which of the following statements regarding methods used in the discovery approach to teaching science in the teaching-learning process is/are correct?

I. Open discovery method is used by scientists.

II. Teachers use the guided discovery method while teaching science to the students.

((a))
Both I and II
((b))
Only I
((c))
Neither I nor II
((d))
Only II

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Both I and II

The discovery approach is a type of teaching that encourages students to take a more active role in their learning process by answering a series of questions or solving problems designed to introduce a general concept. There are three types of methods that are included under the discovery approach:

Open Discovery Method: Based on inductive reasoning and followed by scientists.
Guided Discovery Method: This too is based on inductive reasoning and used by teachers while teaching science to students. The pattern that is used in the Guided Discovery method is Example-Rule.
Deductive Discovery Method: It is used to discover by using the deductive method, that is, something can be discovered fro some general principle.

Hence, we can say that both statements are correct.

199

In order to make the practical work most effective, which of the following points, a science teacher must always keep in view?

I. Classroom Environment

II. Organising physical environment

III. Display students work creatively

((a))
I and III
((b))
I, II and III
((c))
I and II
((d))
II and III

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

I, II and III

‘Learning by doing’ is one of the cardinal principles of teaching science. In order to make the practical work most effective, the science teacher should always keep in view the following points:

The classroom environment
Organizing the physical environment
Maximize classroom space
Use space outside of the classroom
Display student work creatively
Building the psycho-social environment

Hence, we conclude that teacher must keep in view all the above points.

200

______ is knowledge of classification, principles, models or structures pertinent to a particular disciplinary area.

((a))
Procedural knowledge
((b))
Metacognitive knowledge
((c))
Conceptual knowledge
((d))
Factual knowledge

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Conceptual knowledge

The Knowledge dimensions can be defined as follows:

Factual Knowledge is knowledge that is basic to specific disciplines. This dimension refers to essential facts, terminology, details or elements students must know or be familiar with in order to understand a discipline or solve a problem in it. Ex. Oxygen is represented by O₂.
Conceptual Knowledge is knowledge of classifications, principles, generalizations, theories, models, or structures pertinent to a particular disciplinary area. Ex: Concept of gravity.
Procedural Knowledge refers to information or knowledge that helps students to do something specific to a discipline, subject, and area of study. It also refers to methods of inquiry, very specific or finite skills, algorithms, techniques, and particular methodologies. Ex: Dissecting the flower to study the internal parts of a flower.
Metacognitive Knowledge is the awareness of one’s own cognition and particular cognitive processes. It is strategic or reflective knowledge about how to go about solving problems, cognitive tasks, to include contextual and conditional knowledge and knowledge of self.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about conceptual knowledge.

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