DSSSB PRT Official Paper 11 Nov 2018 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

As per the statement we have got a new manager and how to behave is asked.

For actions:

Option 1: Will be detached / neutral.

False. We will not be neutral with the new manager as this indicates we are arrogant in nature.

Option 2: Will warmly welcome him.

True. This will be motivating the manager and the manager will be having a positive attitude towards new colleagues.

Option 3: There will be adjustment problems because you are still loyal to your old manager.

False. Being loyal doesn't mean that we can't work with the new manager.

Option 4: Will please him because he will help in future.

False. The new manager might have negative thoughts regarding us as we are pleasing him without any reason. 

Therefore, the correct answer is **"**Will warmly welcome him".

The logic followed is:

Logic: The name of the dwelling place of animals or birds is written.

Option 1: Nest: Place where birds live.

It is the dwelling place.

Option 2: Catling: Catling is the baby of a cat or kitten.

It is not the dwelling place.

Option 3: Hive: Home of honey bees.

It is the dwelling place.

Option 4: Den: Where dogs(mammals) live. 

It is the dwelling place.

Thus except for option 2, all the other options are dwelling place of either animal or bird.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Catling".

By using the symbols in the table given below, we can draw the following family tree:

As per the condition, the family tree for the question will be:

As it can be clearly seen from the family tree that Kumar is the father of Meera.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Father".

The pattern followed is:

Logic: Each number is multiplied by (3/2) to get the next number.

 

 

Therefore, the correct answer is "1/24".

​As per the given conditions the path tracked by Mukesh is as follows:

Now, the shortest distance between starting and ending point has to be found i.e. (OA).

In triangle OAR by applying Pythagoras theorem.

$H^2 = P^2 + B^2$

$OA^2 = OR^2 + RA^2$

$OA^2 = 15^2 + 15^2$

$OA^2 = 225 +225$

$OA = \sqrt450$

$OA = 21.21$

OA = 21 (approx).

Therefore, the correct answer is "21".

Concept: When it's sunset the shadow is formed towards the east direction.

As per the question, It is sunset, and Bala's shadow falling on his right.

It is only possible when he is facing the north direction.

Also, Guna is exactly the opposite of Bala.

 

Hence, "Guna" must be facing "South".

Therefore, the correct answer is "South".

According to the question Suja's age, last year was square of a number.

Let, her previous year's age be:  "$x^2$".

So, her present age will be: "$x^2 + 1$ ".

Next year her age will be a cube of a number.

Therefore, next year age will be: "$x^2 + 2$"

Let the cube be " $y^3$".

Therefore, $y^3$ = $x^2 + 2$

Taking x = 1; y = 3 (not a cube of any number) .

Again x = 2 ; y = 6 (not a cube of any number).

Now taking x = 3 ; y = 11 (not a cube of any number).

Again x = 4 ; y = 18 (not a cube of any number).

Taking x = 5 ; y = 27 (its a cube of 3).

Therefore, x = 5 ; y = 27. 

Her previous year's age will be "25" years.

Present age will be 25 + 1 = "**26"**years.

Again suja's age is equal to a cube.

So, her age will be "64" years. (64 is the cube of 4).

So, she needs to wait for $64 - 26 = 38$  years.

Therefore, the correct answer is "38 years".

Logic: As per the question. The girl is 20th from both sides.

It means she is in the middle position.

Hence, the total number of students will be 

19 + 19 + 1 = 39.

Therefore, the correct answer is "39".

The total number of odd days from 16th December 2002 to 16 December 2004 are:

Total odd days = 3.

So, the day on 16th December 2004 will be, Friday + 3 Days = Monday. 

As 16th December 2004 is Monday then add 5 more days to get day on 21st December 2004.

Monday + 5days = Saturday.

Hence, 21st December 2004 is Saturday.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Saturday".

Additional Information Months and their odd days.

The month with 31 days has "3" odd days.

The month with 30 days has "2" odd days.

February for leap year contains "1" odd day.

February without leap year contains "0" odd days.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given question will be:

Conclusion:

I. All women are sisters.

True. As all portion of women is a part of sisters.

II. Some women are sisters.

True. As all portion of women is a part of sisters thus some part of women are sister will be also a definite statement.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Both I and II follow".

Additional Information

Suppose for an Example: All A are B.

If we go from In to Out means from A to B then cases with All and some will be true like All A are B and Some A are B.

But if we go Out to In then only cases with Some will be true and All will be can't say like Some B are A will be true but All B are A will be can't say.

The water image for "orange" will be:

Therefore the correct answer is "option 3".

Additional Information

 

 

 

The logic followed is:

Logic: Sum of square of both numerator and denominator should be checked.

For 4/5.

$16 + 25 = 41$

Option 1: For 6/10.

$36 + 100 = 136$

It is false.

Option 2: For 8/5.

64 + 25 = 89

It is False.

Option 3: For 2/3.

4 + 9 = 13.

It is false.

Option 4: For 7/9.

49 + 81 = 130

It is true.

Therefore, the correct answer is "7/9": 130" 

Additional Information

Sometimes cubes of numbers can also be asked. So, cubes up to 10 should be remembered.

As per the statement:

I. Bina is 25 years younger than her father at present.

Let the birth year of Bina's father be "x".

The BIrth year of Bina will be "x + 25".

II. Born in 1964, Bina's daughter is 35 years younger than Bina's father.

As Bina's daughter is 35 years younger than Bina's father.

Therfore, birth year of father will be**:** 

1964 - 35 = 1929.

Hence, "x = 1929".

Therefore, the birth year of Bina will be:

1929 + 25 = 1954.

As it can be seen that both statement are required to obtain the correct birth year of Bina.

Therefore, the correct answer is "The data given in both statements I and II together are necessary".

Logic: "Charminar, historic monument located at the heart of Hyderabad, and Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana state which comes in "India".

So, the relation should be:

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

As per the question,

i) Shilpa's weight is more than Anita's but less than Rosa's.

Rosa> Shilpa > Anita.

ii) Anita's weight is more than Jeeva's.

Rosa> Shilpa > Anita > Jeeva.

iii) Kanaga's weight is more than Shilpa's but less than Rosa's.

Hence, Kanaga's weight is between Shilpa and Rosa.

Rosa> Kanaga > Shilpa > Anita > Jeeva.

This is the final arrangement.

As it can be seen the weight of "Rosa" is highest.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Rosa".

Logic: Device and its use is taken as an analogy.

Cyclometer: A device mounted over cycles in order to calculate speed.

Therefore, the correct answer is**"Speed".**

Logic: Digits are taken as code for Letters at the respective positions.

For "RUBA":

For "HEALTH":

Hence, 

For "BHARAT" 

Therefore, the correct answer is "6857518".

Additional InformationSometimes, a letter's numerical position is also taken as code.

The triangles in the given figure are shown below:

Therefore, the correct answer will be "15".

Logic: In each row following logic is followed:

For

For 

Similarly, For 

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Therefore, the correct answer is "MN".

Additional Information

Shortcut to remember the reverse positional letters.

Logic: There are 26 alphabets. After being written first half in reverse order it will become.

Original order before interchanging the last half alphabets:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z.

After being written first half in reverse order it will become.

M L K J I H G F E D C B A N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z.

Now, 22th from the right side will be: 

As it is clear that "I" is 22th from the right position.

Therefore, the correct answer is "I".

Additional Information

Shortcut to remember the reverse positional letters

The correct answer is Chenab.

Key Points

• Salal Dam also known as Salal Hydroelectric Power Station, is a run-of-the-river hydropower project on the Chenab River.

• It is located in the Reasi district of the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir.

• Salal power station is a run-of-the-river scheme with an installed capacity of 690 MW.

• It was the first hydropower project built by India in Jammu and Kashmir under the Indus Water Treaty regime. 

Additional Information

Some other important Dams in Jammu and Kashmir:

The correct answer is Liver, virus.

Key Points

• There are 5 unique hepatitis viruses that are identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E.
• Commonly all  5 viruses are related to liver disease, they vary in important ways.
• Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are most often transmitted through the consumption of contaminated water or food.
• Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through exposure to infective blood, semen, and other body fluids.
• Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly transmitted through exposure to infective blood.

The correct answer is 24 October 1945.

Key Points 

• United Nations:
• The UNO was formed on 24 October 1945.
• It was founded in San Francisco, USA.
• The headquarters were shifted to New York in 1946.
• At present, 193 countries are members of the UN.
• South Sudan is the latest and the 193rd member to join the UN in 2011.
• The UN Charter came into force on October 24, 1945, when the Governments of China, France, the UK, the Soviet Union, and the USA, and a majority of other counties had ratified it.

Additional Information

• The headquarters of the  International Court of Justice is in Hague, Netherlands.
• The headquarters of the International Labour Organization is in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The headquarters of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is in Paris, France.

The correct answer is Part: X Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits.

Key Points

• The Scheduled and Tribal Areas is the subject in Part-X of the Indian Constitution. 
• Part-X of the Indian Constitution contains the article-244 & 244 (a).
• Article-244:- Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
• Article-244 (a):- Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefore
• However, the provisions of the 5th Schedule of the Indian Constitution refer to the management and control of the scheduled areas and scheduled tribes in any state other than the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.

Additional Information

The Constitution of India is grouped into 25 parts which are as follows:-  

The correct answer is 8 December.

Key Points

• The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Charter Day is observed every year on 8th December.
• On this day  in 1985, SAARC Charter was adopted in Dhaka, during the first summit of the group.
• 2021 marks the 37th anniversary of the regional group.
• The aim of SAARC members is to promote stability, peace and progress in the region.
• SAARC has organized 18 summits since 1985.

Additional Information

• The Charter was signed by the leaders of eight South Asian nations- Bangladesh, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• SAARC is currently focusing on regional cooperation in all fields of development activity that impact the livelihood of people.
• These specialised bodies promote regional cooperation by SAARC members in various fields:
• South Asian University - New Delhi
• SAARC Regional Standards Organization - Dhaka
• SAARC Development Fund - Thimphu
• SAARC Arbitration Council- Islamabad
• Apart from these specialised bodies, SAARC regional centres also promote regional cooperation such as:
• The SAARC Agriculture Centre in Dhaka.
• The Cultural Centre of the group in Colombo.
• The SAARC Energy Centre in Islamabad.
• The SAARC Tuberculosis & HIV/AIDS Centre in Kathmandu.

The correct answer is Virat Kohli and Mirabai Chanu.

Key Points

• India men’s cricket team captain Virat Kohli and weightlifter Mirabai Chanu were conferred with the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award by President Ram Nath Kovind at the Rashtrapati Bhavan in 2018.
• Virat Kohli is the third cricketer to be awarded the Khel Ratna after Sachin Tendulkar (1997) and MS Dhoni (2007).
• Chanu is the third weightlifter to win the prize after Karnam Malleswari (1995) and Nameirakpam Kunjarani (1996).
• Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award is the highest sports honor of India and is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
• Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award consists of a medallion, a certificate, and a cash prize of Rs 25 lakhs.
• This is given every year for outstanding contributions to sports over a period of four years.

The correct answer is Rakesh Sharma.

• Rakesh Sharma is an Indian military pilot and cosmonaut.
• He was the first Indian citizen to go into space.
• In 1984, he became the first Indian citizen to enter space.
• He went to space as a part of a joint program between the ISRO and the Soviet Intercosmos space program.
• He was a part of the Soviet rocket Soyuz T-11 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.

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Additional Information

• He was the 139th cosmonaut to be in space in the world.
• On the 3rd April 1984, SqnLdr >Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian to orbit in space.
• He went to space as a part of a joint program between the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Soviet Intercosmos space program.
• The IAF officer flew aboard a Soyuz T11 spacecraft.
• He spent 7 days, 21 hours, and 40 minutes aboard the Salyut 7 orbital station along with two Soviet astronauts, Yury Malyshev and Gennadi.
• His work in space was focused on areas of biomedicine and remote sensing.
• When the then PM of India, Indira Gandhi asked Sharma how does India look from outer space, Sharma said "Saare Jahaan se Achcha".
• Rakesh Sharma is also the first Indian to have been conferred with the 'Hero of Soviet Union' award. He was also awarded the Ashok Chakra.
• ​Yuri Gagarin - the first man to enter space.

The correct answer is In 1897, Tilak was imprisoned for eighteen months for spreading discontent against the rule.

Key Points

• Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, whose real name was Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was born 165 years ago on July 23.

He was a freedom warrior, social thinker, philosopher, and educator who was instrumental in India’s Independence effort.

He was popularly known as the 'Father of Swaraj'.

He established the Deccan Education Society in 1884 to impart nationalist principles to young people.

Important PointsIn 1890, Tilak became a member of the Indian National Congress. He was opposed to its moderate stance, especially in the battle for self-government. At the moment, he was one of the most prominent revolutionaries.

• The bubonic plague spread from Bombay to Pune in late 1896, and by January 1897, it had reached epidemic proportions.
• Forced entry into private homes, an inspection of residents, relocation to hospitals and segregated camps, removal and destruction of personal belongings, and prohibiting patients from entering or leaving the city were among the harsh steps used to deal with the emergency.
• The outbreak had been brought under control by the end of May. They were generally seen as acts of injustice and dictatorship.
• Tilak took up the cause by publishing provocative articles in his newspaper Kesari, citing the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita to claim that no one should be held responsible for killing an oppressor without expecting a reward.
• The Chapekar brothers and their associates then shot and killed Commissioner Rand and another British officer, Lt. Ayerst, on June 22, 1897.
• Tilak was charged with murder incitement and received an 18-month sentence. He was respected as a martyr and a national hero when he was released from jail in modern-day Mumbai.
• After this, he declared "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it."

The correct answer is Nellore.

Key Points

• Nellore district, officially Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore district, is one of the thirteen districts in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. According to the 2011 Census, the district's population was 2,966,082, of which 29.07% was urban. Its administrative headquarters are located in Nellore city. Located in the Coastal Andhra region, the district is bordered by the Bay of Bengal to the east, Kadapa district to the west, Prakasam district to the north, and Chittoor district and Thiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu to the south.
• The island of Sriharikota, the site where most Indian spacecraft are launched, is located in the Nellore district.

Important Points

• The official name of Nellore was changed to Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District (SPSR Nellore) on 4 June 2008, in honor of the Indian revolutionary Potti Sri Ramulu, who died fasting in an attempt to achieve the formation of a separate state for the Telugu people, which would later become Andhra Pradesh.
• Cultured shrimp farming had started a decade ago.
• Nellore was the area where companies had invested the most.
• The investment paid off.
• Nellore has the best and has the most of cultured shrimp farming in India.
• This is why it is called the Shrimp capital of India.

Additional Information https://www.indiastatdistricts.com/andhrapradesh/sripottisriramulunellore-district

The correct answer is All the options given.

Key Points

• KD Jadhav was Independent India's first Individual Olympic medalist.
• He won a Bronze medal in the 1952 Helsinki (Finland) Olympics in Wrestling.
• Independent India's first Olympic medal was a gold medal won by the Indian Hockey Team in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics.

 Important PointsKD Jadhav: The First Individual Olympic Medallist of India 

• Winning a medal at the world’s biggest showpiece event “The Olympics” is always a dream of every athlete. Athletes toil for years to give their best at the grandest stage in their respective events. Be it a team or an individual event, Indian athletes have made the nation proud from time to time with their riveting performances. India won its first gold medal as a team in hockey at the Olympics back in 1928 and post-Independence in 1948 as an independent nation.  But what made the country proud was when Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav bagged the first individual medal for India in the form of a bronze in wrestling at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics.
• Popularly known as the “pocket dynamo”, KD Jadhav wrote his name in the history books as undoubtedly the face of modern Indian wrestling. His glory at the Helsinki Olympics revived wrestling commonly known as “Kushti” in parts of Haryana. Till now India has won five medals in the wrestling event at the Olympics comprising 4 bronze medals and one silver medal. Though KD Jadhav’s success at the 1952 Olympics was eclipsed by the Indian Hockey team by winning gold, yet his achievement set up a milestone in the history of Indian sports.

 

Glory at the Olympics

 

• Jadhav’s first feel of the big stage was at the 1948 London Olympics. His journey was funded by the Maharaja of Kolhapur. During his stay in London, he was trained by Rees Gardner, a former lightweight World champion from the United States. It was Gardner’s guidance that saw Jadhav finish sixth in the flyweight section, despite being unfamiliar with wrestling on the mat. He stunned the audience by defeating the Australian wrestler Bert Harris in the first few minutes of the bout. He went on to defeat Billy Jernigan of the US, but lost to Mansour Raeisi of Iran, to be eliminated from the Games.
• “You grow more when you learn from your mistakes”, this is what KD Jadhav did to achieve success. The next Olympics were 4 years away and the veteran made the best use of this time. He trained harder and that too on the mat in order to be familiar with the conditions. A problem that rose for Jadhav was finance. To deal with it, Jadhav pleaded to the Chief Minister of Bombay at Morarji Desai. But all he received was a cold snub. Jadhav didn’t lose hope and wrote to the President of the Indian Olympic Association at that time Yadivandra Singh. Yadivandra arranged a bout for KD against Niranjan Das, and KD again with his talent and skills knocked out Niranjan thus earning him a ticket to the 1952 Olympics.
• It was all worth it. In the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, Jadhav stunned the audience by defeating opponent after opponent with ease in the first 5 rounds of bantamweight freestyle wrestling. In the sixth round, the adept was asked to fight Soviet Union’s Rashid Mammadbeyov. As per the rules, a rest of at least 30 minutes were required between bouts, but no Indian official was available to press his case. As a result, a tired Jadhav failed to inspire and Mammadbeyov cashed in on the chance to reach the final. Defeating the wrestlers from Canada, Mexico, and Germany, he won the bronze medal on 23 July 1952 at the age of 27 thereby creating history by becoming Independent India’s first individual medal winner. Although India’s hockey team bagged a gold at the Helsinki games, Jadhav and his prestigious bronze medal was the primary attraction of India’s contingent that returned home after the Olympics.

hence all the options are correct.

The correct answer is Earth Observation Satellite.

Key Points

• PSLV-C40/ Cartosat-2 Series Satellite Mission was launched on Jan 12, 2018.
• 30 co-passenger satellites with Cartosat-2 Series were lifted off.
• These co-passenger satellites have one microsatellite and one nanosatellite.
• This satellite was launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. ​

Additional Information

• Cartosat-2 Series Satellite is the primary satellite carried by PSLV-C40.
• This remote sensing satellite is similar in configuration to earlier satellites in the series and is intended to augment data services to the users.
• The imagery sent by satellite will be useful for cartographic applications, urban and rural applications, coastal land use and regulation.

The correct answer is Panchayti Raj Committee.

 Additional Information

• Ashok Mehta Committee was constituted by Janta Party in December 1977.
• The main motto of this committee was to review the Panchayati Raj system in India.

Key Points

• Panchayati Raj was first implemented in India on 2nd October 1959 in Nagore district of Rajasthan.
• Panchayati Raj involves people in Decision making and mitigates the government's work pressure.
• Ashok Mehta was constituted under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta.
• Later on, by the 73rd Amendment of the Indian Constitution Panchayat was given constitutional status.
• It was added in the XI Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

The correct answer is Purchase Tax.

• GST stands for Goods and Services Tax.
• GST was implemented in India on 1st July, 2017.

Additional Information

• GST is a single domestic Indirect Tax.
• It is based on One Nation One Tax.
• There are 4 types of GST:-
• IGST
• SGST
• CGST
• UTGST
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee government introduced GST in India.
• There is a simple formula to calculate GST:- a simple formula arises: GST Amount = (Original Cost*GST Rate Percentage) / 100. Net Price = Original Cost + GST Amount
• France was the first country in the world to introduce GST.
• Assam was the first state in India to accept GST.

The correct answer is Angstrom.

 Angstrom is a measuring unit. It is used to measure length or very small distances. 

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Key Points

1. Nucleus is the controlling section of Cell. It regulates the function of a cell. 
2. It contains the hereditary information. 
3. It is called brain of the cell. 

 Additional Information

• Cytoplasm is a jelly like substance which is found in cell.
• It is found between Nucleus and Cell membrane.
• It gives shape and forms structure of cell.
• Plasma membrane is also called Cell membrane.
• It works as an entrance for the materials to enter the cell.

The correct answer is Allegations of corruption and criminal activity may form the basis of the impeachment process.

 Additional Information

• President is the Head of the State.
• No criminal proceedings can be initiated against him.

Key Points

1. Impeachment process against President is mentioned in Article 61. 
2. Impeachment can be initiated in either of the house of Parliament.  3.  If President violates the constitution, then Impeachment can be initiated against him.
3. 14 days notice is sent to President of India.
4. Impeachment process must be passed with two thirds majority of both the houses.

The Correct Answer is Bhil, Gond, Santhal

Key Points

• Tribe: A tribe is a social division in a traditional society consisting of families linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect.
• The most commonly known tribes of India are Bhils (or Bheels), Gonds, Santhal, Munda, Khasi, Garo, Angami, Bhutia, Chenchu, Kodaba, and the Great Andamanese Tribes.
• Of all these tribes, the Bhil tribal group, as per the 2011 census, is the largest tribe in India.
• It constitutes a staggering 38% of the country’s total scheduled tribal population.
• The Gond tribe is second only to the Bhils in terms of population size, called the second-largest tribe of India.
• The Gond constitutes a major percentage (35.6%) of the country’s total tribal population.

​

Additional Information 

• Most Famous Tribal Groups
• Bhils Tribe: The Bhils are a tribe found mostly in the mountain ranges of Udaipur and in some districts of Rajasthan.
• The Bhils are the largest tribe in India.
• Popularly known as the Bowmen of Rajasthan.
• They speak the Bhili language.
• Gonds Tribe: Found in the Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh and in parts of Maharashtra, Orissa, and Andhra Pradesh.
• They are known for their valour and speak many Indian languages including the Dravidian Gondi language.
• Agriculture is their main occupation.
• Keslapur Jathra and Madai are their festivals.
• Santhal Tribes: The Santhal tribes are a major tribe of West Bengal.
• First tribe to offer resistance to the British during the 1855 Santhal rebellion which resulted in the creation of a separate Santhal Paragans district.
• They depend on agriculture and livestock for their living and are great hunters.
• Santhals follow the Sarna religion.
• In addition to traditional festivals like Karam and Sahrai, Santhali dance and music are major attractions.

The Correct Answer is Bengal.

Key Points

• In the 1937 elections, the Indian National Congress emerged in power in eight of the provinces - the three exceptions being Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh.
• It formed MInistries in 8 out of the 11 provinces.
• In Assam, it had won 33 out of 108 seats and though it was the single largest party it was not in a position to form a Ministry.
• In Punjab, the Muslim League with Unionist Party formed a coalition government.
• In Bengal, the Muslim League formed a coalition government with Krishak Praja Party under Fazlul Haq.
• Congress remained in office for more than two years.
• Under this tenure, Tenancy acts were passed in United Provinces and Bihar, to protect the tenants from the moneylenders.

Additional Information

• In 1937, the Congress Government in Bombay appointed a Textile Inquiry Committee which recommended a wage increase for labor.
• In November 1938, the Congress Government in Bombay introduced the “Industrial Disputes Act”.
• Rise of Separatism: In 1937, after the Provincial elections, Congress had refused to make coalition Governments with the Muslim league.
• There was one more reason for the press for a separate Muslim nation.
• It was the Wardha Scheme of Education, which led the Muslim League to champion the cause of Pakistan.

The Correct Answer is 1860.

Key Points 

• A corporate tax, also called corporation tax or company tax, is a direct tax imposed on the income or capital of corporations or analogous legal entities.
• British rule in India became established during the 19th century.
• After the Mutiny of 1857, the British government faced an acute financial crisis.
• To fill the treasury, the first Income-tax Act was introduced in February 1860 by Sir James Wilson (British India's first finance minister).

The Correct Answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Article 356 of the Constitution empowers the central government to impose its direct rule over any state, known as the President’s Rule.
• This clause states that the president's rule can only be prolonged for more than a year every six months if the following criteria are met: Throughout all of India, or in every region of the state, there is already a national emergency. Elections cannot be held in the state, according to the Election Commission. Hence option 2 is correct
• This is also called a ‘State Emergency’.
• Or if a state government is unable to function according to Constitutional provisions, the Union government can take direct control of the state machinery.
• It is imposed for an initial period of six months
• It can last for a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months.
• The 42nd amendment act of 1976 extended the initial time duration of President Rule from 6 months to 1 year.​

 Additional Information

• Types of emergency: National Emergency; Financial Emergency; State Emergency (President’s Rule in States).
• A proclamation of the president’s rule may be revoked by the president at any time by a subsequent proclamation.
• Such a proclamation does not require parliamentary approval.

The Correct Answer is UNESCO.

Key Points 

• In 1994, UNESCO issued a commemorative medal marking the 125th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, India's ' Father of the Nation ' and the world's advocate of non - violence, peace, and tolerance.
• The medal bears a portrait of Gandhi engraved by the **French artist Pierre - Yves Trémois.**​

Additional Information 

• The year 1995 marked the fiftieth anniversary of UNESCO.
• It was chosen as the United Nations Year for Tolerance.​
• Mahatma Gandhi, by name of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (born October 2, 1869, Porbandar, India—died January 30, 1948, Delhi).
• He was an Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India.
• He came to be considered the father of India.
• He was known for his non-violence protest and was a leading figure of freedom movements.

Important Points

Major movements of Mahatma Gandhi are as follows:

• Champaran Satyagraha (1917): At Champaran, Mahatma Gandhi adopted the approach of the civil disobedience movement and launched demonstrations and strikes against the landlords.
• Khilafat Movement (1919): Khilafat movement was started by the Ali brothers to show the protest against unjust done with Turkey after the First World War.
• Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): Non-Cooperation movement was launched in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi due to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• Civil-Disobedience Movement (1930): Mahatma Gandhi in March 1930 addressed the nation in a newspaper, Young India, and expressed his willingness to suspend the movement if his eleven demands get accepted by the government.
• Quit India Movement (1942): Mahatma Gandhi launches the Quit India movement on 8 August 1942 during the Second World War to drive British rule out of India.

Given:

A and B contain spirit and water in the ratio 3 : 8 and 6 : 5 respectively

Calculation:

∴ Required ratio = (1/11) : (2/11) = 1 : 2

Alternate Method

Let the total quantity in A be 11x and in B be 11y, which is to be mixed

According to the question:

(3x + 6y)/(8x + 5y) = 5/6

⇒ 18x + 36y = 40x + 25y

⇒ 22x = 11y

⇒ x/y = 1/2

∴ They should be mixed in the ratio 1 : 2

Given:

A can complete the work in 20 days

B can complete the work in 30 days

C can complete the work in 60 days

All 3 started working together and A and B left the work 5 days before the scheduled completion of the work

Formula used:

The efficiency of a person is inverse of the time taken

Calculation:

Per day efficiencies of A, B, and C respectively are 1/20, 1/30, 1/60

Per day efficiencies of all working together = 1/20 + 1/30 + 1/60 = 1/10

Hence, they can complete the work together in 10 days

A and B left 5 days before the completion of the work, which means half of the work remaining for C

C needs 60/2 days to complete it.

∴ C will take 30 days to complete the remaining work alone

Concept:

The unit digit of power of a number repeats itself every 4th time

Calculation:

2421 - 4624 + 234

⇒ (24)(5 × 4) + 1 - (46)(6 × 4) + (23)4

⇒ Unit digit will be determined by unit digit of (241 - 464 + 23⁴) 

⇒ Unit digit of 241 = 4

⇒ Unit digit of 464 = 6

⇒ Unit digit of 234 = 1

Hence, unit digit will be (4 - 6 + 1) = - 1

Since unit digit can not be negative, we will add 10 to it because these numbers are in decimal form.

∴ Unit digit of (24)21 - (46)24 + (23)4 = - 1 + 10 = 9

Given:

When a person sells 12 articles, he incurs a loss equal to the selling price(SP) of 3 articles

Formula used:

Loss = CP - SP

Loss% = (Loss/CP) × 100

CP = Cost price

Calculation:

Let the SP of 1 article = s

Total SP = 12s

⇒ Loss = 3s

Let the CP of 1 article = c

Total CP = 12c

⇒ 3s = 12c - 12s

⇒ 5s = 4c

⇒ s/c = 4/5

⇒ For every 5 units of CP, the person loses 1 unit of CP

Loss% = (1/5) × 100 = 20

∴ Loss = 20%

Given:

The train's speed is 75 km/h without a halt and 66 km/h with a halt

Formula used:

Speed = distance/time

Calculation:

Let the distance be 1650 km(LCM of 75 and 66)

Time without halt = 1650/75 = 22 hours

Time with halt = 1650/66 = 25 hours

Difference in time 3 hours = 180 minutes

∴ Average halt per hour = 180/25 = 7.2 min/hr

Given:

The value of the machine depreciates at the rate of 15% per annum

Present value of the machine = Rs. 18000

Calculation:

The value of the machine after two years(V)= 18000(85/100)(85/100)

V = 18000(0.7225)

∴ Percentage decrease in its value after 2 years = (1 - 0.7225) × 100 = 27.75%

Given:

6 cubes are joined edge to edge to form a cuboid

Length of the side of the cube = 2 cm

Formula used:

SA of a cube = 6a2

SA of a cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)

SA = Surface area

a = side of the cube

l = length of the cuboid; b = breadth of the cuboid; h = height of the cuboid

Calculation:

Let the side of the cube = a

SA of 8 cubes = 6 × 6a2 = 36a2

Length of the cuboid = 6a

Breadth of the cuboid = a

Height of the cuboid = a

SA of the cuboid = 2(6a2 + 6a2 + a2) = 26a2

Decrease in SA = 36a2 - 26a2 = 10a2

∴ % decrease in Surface Area = (10a2/36a2) × 100 = 27.8%

Formula used:

(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)

Calculation:

(1.98)3 + (0.02)3 + 1.98 × 0.12

= (1.98)3 + (0.02)3 + 3(2)(1.98 × 0.02)

= (1.98)3 + (0.02)3 + 3(1.98 × 0.02)(1.98 + 0.02)

= (1.98 + 0.02)3 = 23

∴ (1.98)3 + (0.02)3 + 1.98 × 0.12 = 8

Given:

By selling the article at 5/7 of the original selling price(SP), the seller gains 10%

Formula used:

Gain = SP - CP

Gain% = (Gain/CP) × 100

CP = Cost price

Calculation:

Let the original SP be x and CP of the article be y

⇒ 5x/7 is the new SP

Gain at new SP = 0.1y; (10% of CP)

⇒ 0.1y = 5x/7 - y

⇒ 1.1y = 5x/7

⇒ x/y = 77/50

⇒ SP/CP = 77/50

⇒ Gain when article will be sold at original SP = 77 - 50 = 27 units

Gain% = (27/50) × 100 = 54

∴ Profit when sold at original price = 54%

Given:

HCF of two numbers = 14

Sum of the numbers = 294

Concept:

Co prime numbers are those numbers that have only 1 as their common factor 

Calculation:

Since 14 is the HCF of the numbers

Hence, numbers can be written in the form of 14x and 14y; where x and y are natural numbers and co-prime to each other

⇒ 14x + 14y = 294

⇒ x + y = 21

The pairs possible following the condition of co-prime:

(1, 20), (2, 19), (4, 17), (5, 16), (8, 13), (10, 11)

∴ Total 6 such pairs are possible

Calculation:

Let x = $0.0\overline{3}$

⇒ 10x = $0.\overline{3}$     ----eq.1

⇒ 100x = $3.\overline{3}$     ----eq.2

By subtracting eq.1 from eq.2:

90x = 3

⇒ x = 1/30

Let y = $0.\overline{09}$     ----eq.3

⇒ 100y = $9.\overline{09}$     ----eq.4

By subtracting eq.3 from eq.4:

99y = 9

⇒ y = 1/11

Let z = $0.6 \overline{23}$

⇒ 10z = $6. \overline{23}$     ----eq.5

⇒ 1000z = $623. \overline{23}$     ----eq.6

By subtracting eq.5 from eq.6

990z = 617

⇒ z = 617/990

$0.0\overline{3} + 0.\overline{09} + 0.6 \overline{23}$ = x + y + z

= (1/30) + (1/11) + (617/990) = 74/99

∴ $0.0\overline{3} + 0.\overline{09} + 0.6 \overline{23}$ = $0.\overline{74}$

Given:

The average weight of 40 students and 2 teachers = 41 kg

Average weight decreases by 1.5 kg when teachers are excluded 

Formula used:

Average of n numbers = Sum of all the numbers/n

Calculation:

Total weight of students and teachers = 41 × 42 = 1722

Total weight when teachers are excluded = 40 × 39.5 = 1580

⇒ Total age of teachers = 1722 - 1580 = 142

⇒ Average age of teachers = 142/2 = 71 kg

Given:

​12 men earn Rs. 103680 working 8 hours a day in 24 days

Formula used:

(m1 × d1 × h1)/w1 = (m2 × d2 × h2)/w2

m = number of men

d = number of days

h = number of hours

w = work

Calculation:

According to the question:

(12 × 24 × 8)/103680 = (16 × 20 × 6)/w2

⇒ 6/103680 = 5/w2

⇒ w2 = 86400

∴ 16 men working 6 hours a day for 20 days will earn Rs. 86400

Given:

Diagonal of the rectangle = 15√5 cm

Perimeter of the rectangle = 90 cm

Formula used:

Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(l + b)

Area of a rectangle = lb

Length of the diagonal of a rectangle = √l2 + b2

(x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy

Calculation:

90 = 2(l + b)

⇒ l + b = 45

√l2 + b2 = 15√5

⇒ l2 + b2 = 1125

(l + b)2 = l2 + b2 + 2lb

⇒ 452 = 1125 + 2lb

⇒ lb = 450

∴ Area of the rectangle = 450 cm2

Given:

Speed of stream(w) = 2.5 kmph

The boat can travel 30 km upstream and 50 km downstream in total 8 hours

Formula used:

Speed = distance/time

Upstream speed = b - w

Downstream speed = b + w

b = speed of boat in still water

Calculation:

According to the question:

30/(b - 2.5) + 50/(b + 2.5) = 8     ----eq.1

⇒ 4b² - 25 = 15b + 37.5 + 25b - 62.5

⇒ 4b² = 40b

⇒ b = 10

∴ Speed of the boat in still water = 10 kmph

Calculation:

Given number = 94832

30² = 900; 31² = 961

⇒ 94832 is somewhere between 300² and 310²

Checking for 305² = 93025, started from 305 because 948 is in the second half between 900 and 961

Checking for 306² = 93636

Checking for 307² = 94249

Checking for 308² = 94864

So, 94864 - 94832 = 32

Hence, 32 should be added to make it a perfect square.

∴ Sum of digits = 3 + 2 = 5

Given:

Rs. 35040 is divided among A, B and C

6A = 7B = 8C

Calculation:

6A = 7B = 8C

⇒ Divide all by 168(LCM of 6, 7, 8)

⇒ A/28 = B/24 = C/21

⇒ A : B : C = 28 : 24 : 21

A's share = 28 units out of total 28 + 24 + 21 = 73 units

∴ Share of A = (28/73) × 35040 = Rs. 13440

Given: 

Students passed in mathematics and science respectively = 72% and 68%

Students failed in both subjects = 18%

Formula used:

n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)

Calculation:

Let A be the students who passed in mathematics and B be the students who passed in science

n(A) = 72

n(B) = 68

Total students = 100%

n(A ∪ B) = 100 - 18 = 82%

n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)

⇒ 82 = 72 + 68 - n(A ∩ B)

⇒ n(A ∩ B) = 58%

∴ Students who passed in both subject = 58%

Alternate Method

By Venn diagram

M represents mathematics and S represents science

Given:

 

x = 32

Concept:

The median of data is the centermost number of the data when arranged in ascending order

Calculation:

Total number of students = 24 + 28 + 36 + 44 + 46 + x (which is 32) + 20 + 10 = 240

Hence, the centermost number(marks) will be in 30-40 interval as it is having the 119^th, 120^th and 121^st numbers when arranged in ascending order

The total measure of the angle of the pie chart = 360º

∴ Central angle of pie chart for 30-40 interval = (44/240) × 360 = 66º

Given:

 

Mean marks of the students = 37.64

Concept:

Mean is the average of a data

Calculation:

Total number of students = 24 + 28 + 36 + 44 + 46 + x + 20 + 10 = 208 + x

We have to take middle number of an interval to calculate total of that interval.

Total marks = (24 × 5) + (28 × 15) + (36 × 25) + (44 × 35) + (46 × 45) + (x × 55) + (20 × 65) + (10 × 75) = 7100 + 55x

Mean = (7100 + 55x)/(208 + x)

⇒ 37.64(208 + x) = 7100 + 55x

⇒ 7829.12 + 37.64x = 7100 + 55x

⇒ 17.36x = 729.12

∴ x = 42

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "प्राचीन हिन्दू" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• उपर्युक्त गद्यांश के अनुसार प्रसाद जी के नाटकों का क्षेत्र प्राचीन हिंदू काल है।
• गद्यांश से
• "प्रसाद जी के नाटकों का क्षेत्र प्राची हिंदू काल है और प्रेमी जी का मुस्लिम काल है।"

Additional Information

• प्राचीन
• विशेषण
• पुराना।
• पूरब का।
• प्राचीन का समानार्थी शब्द
• पुरातन, पुराना।
• प्राचीन का विलोम
• नवीन

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "उपेन्द्रनाथ अश्क़" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• उपर्युक्त गद्यांश के अनुसार उपेंद्रनाथ अश्क सामाजिक नाटक लिखने वालों में प्रमुख हैं।
• गद्यांश से
• "सामाजिक समस्याओं पर नाटक लिखने वालों में लक्ष्मी नारायण मिश्र, उपेंद्रनाथ अश्क तथा भुवनेश्वर प्रमुख हैं।"

Additional Information

• सामाजिक
• विशेषण
• समाज का
• समाज से संबंधित।
• सामाजिक
• समाज + इक (प्रत्यय)

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "ऐतिहासिक" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• उपर्युक्त गद्यांश के अनुसार छायावादी काल में ऐतिहासिक नाटकों की प्रधानता रही।
• गद्यांश से
• "छायावादी काल में ऐतिहासिक नाटक लिखने की धूम रही।"

Additional Information

• छायावाद हिंदी साहित्य के रोमांटिक उत्थान की काव्य-धारा है।
• मुकुटधर पाण्डेय ने श्री शारदा पत्रिका में एक निबंध प्रकाशित किया जिस निबंध में उन्होंने छायावाद शब्द का प्रथम प्रयोग किया।
• कृति प्रेम, नारी प्रेम, मानवीकरण, सांस्कृतिक जागरण, कल्पना की प्रधानता आदि छायावादी काव्य की प्रमुख विशेषताएं हैं।

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "उग्र" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• उपर्युक्त गद्यांश के अनुसार महात्मा ईसा नाटक "उग्र" ने लिखा है।
• गद्यांश से
• "उग्र ने महात्मा ऐसा नामक साहस पूर्ण नाटक लिखा है।"

Additional Information

• "उग्र" का पूरा नाम पांडे बेचैन शर्मा उग्र है।
• नाटक
• पुल्लिंग
• साहित्य
• रंगमंच पर अभिनय की जा सकने योग्य रचना।
• अभिनय, ड्रामा।

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "जयशंकर प्रसाद" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• ऐतिहासिक नाटक लिखने वालों में प्रमुख जयशंकर प्रसाद हैं।
• "जयशंकर प्रसाद के अतिरिक्त हरि कृष्ण प्रेमी गोविंद बल्लभ पंत सेठ गोविंद दास आदि ने ऐतिहासिक नाटक लिखे हैं।"

Additional Information

• ऐतिहासिक
• विशेषण
• इतिहास से संबंध रखनेवाला।
• ऐतिहासिक
• इतिहास + इक (प्रत्यय)

इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 ‘गुणवाचक विशेषण’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प सही उत्तर नहीं हैं।

Key Points

• ' सीधा’ शब्द ‘गुणवाचक विशेषण’ है।

<br>

अन्य विकल्प:

Additional Information 

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में 'कर्मठ' सही उत्तर है। अन्य सभी विकल्प सही उत्तर नही हैं।

Key Points

• आलसी  शब्द का अर्थ है - निकम्मा और सुस्त।
• कर्मठ शब्द का अर्थ है - जो बराबर और अच्छी तरह सब या बहुत काम करता रहता हो।

अन्य विकल्प  -

Additional Information 

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "आपने अच्छा किया कि मुझे सूचना दे दी।" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• "आपने अच्छा किया कि मुझे सूचना दे दी।" वाक्य शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• उपर्युक्त वाक्य मिश्र वाक्य है।
• मिश्र वाक्य
• ऐसे वाक्य जिनमें सरल वाक्य के साथ साथ कोई भी दूसरा उपवाक्य शामिल हो, उन वाक्य को मिश्र वाक्य कहा जाता है।
• मिश्र वाक्य का निर्माण एक से अधिक साधारण वाक्य से होता है, जिनमें एक प्रधान वाक्य होता है और दूसरा वाक्य आश्रित होता है और इसी वजह से मिश्र वाक्य की पहचान भी होती है।

​अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍प-

• अशुद्ध वाक्‍य- शीघ्र चलो कि ट्रेन छूट जायेगी। (इस वाक्‍य में कि शब्‍द का प्रयोग सही नहीं क‍िया गया है।)
• शुद्ध वाक्‍य- शीघ्र चलो अन्यथा ट्रेन छूट जाएगी।
• अशुद्ध वाक्‍य- जहाँ मनुष्य विवश है उसी प्रकार असमर्थ भी है। वाक्‍य में अनावश्‍यक शब्‍द भी का प्रयोग क‍िया गया है।
• शुद्ध वाक्‍य- जहॉं मनुष्‍य व‍िवश है उसी प्रकार असमर्थ है।
• अशुद्ध वाक्‍य- बूढे क्‍या जवान, सब प्रसन्‍न हैं। वाक्‍य मे बूढे शब्‍द की वर्तनी में त्रुटि है।
• शुद्ध वाक्‍य- बूढ़े क्‍या जवान, सब प्रसन्‍न हैं।

 

Additional Information

• मिश्र वाक्य के निर्माण में प्रधान वाक्य और आश्रित उपवाक्य को जोड़ने के लिए बहुत सारे संयोजक अव्यय का प्रयोग होता है।
• जैसे
• आपस में, कि, जो, क्योंकि, जितना, उतना, जैसा, वैसा, जब, तब, जहाँ, वहाँ, जिधर, उधर, यद्यपि, यदि, अगर, तो इत्यादि।

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘जूता’ शब्द देशज है।

जूता का अर्थ है - पैरों की रक्षा के लिए कपड़े, चमड़े आदि का बना पैरों का पहनावा। अतिरिक्त विकल्पों के प्रकार भिन्न हैं।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 ‘तनया’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प इसके असंगत उत्तर होंगे। 

Key Points 

• दिए गए विकल्पों में 'तनया' शब्द 'नौका' का उचित पर्यायवाची शब्द नहीं है।
• नौका के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - नाव, तरिणी, जलयान, जलपात्र, तरी, बेड़ा, डोंगी, तरी, पतंग।
• तनया शब्द के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - लड़की, नन्दिनी, दुहिता, कन्या, पुत्री, बेटी, आत्मजा, तनुजा, सुता।

Additional Information

'संसद' शब्द स्त्रीलिंग है। 

जैसे- संसद हमारे देश की प्राचीन धरोहर है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प 

• संतुलन, सन्दूक और संदेह शब्द पुल्लिंग के उदाहरण है।

Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों में से ‘प्रत्यक्ष’ में ‘अव्ययीभाव समास’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points

स्पष्टीकरण: 

‘प्रत्यक्ष’ अर्थात आँखों के सामने। यहाँ अव्ययीभाव समास है।  

Additional Information

अन्य विकल्प:

सही उत्तर  विकल्प 2 ‘सम्’ है।

Key Points

• सन्मुख में 'सम्' उपसर्ग का प्रयोग होता है।
• सम् + मुख = सन्मुख
• ‘सम’ उपसर्ग से बनने वाले अन्य शब्द -  संभव, संतोष, संस्कार आदि।
• ‘सम’ का अर्थ – उत्तम, पूर्ण, साथ

उन्मत्त' का संधि विच्छेद 'उत् + मत्त' होता है।

Key Points

• उन्मत्त' का संधि विच्छेद 'उत् + मत्त' होगा।
• दो व्यंजनों अथवा व्यंजन-स्वर के परस्पर मिलने से व्यंजन संधि होती है।
• व्यंजन ध्वनि के निकट स्वर या व्यंजन आने से व्यंजन में जो परिवर्तन होता है, उसे व्यंजन संधि कहते हैं।
• उदाहरण–
• उत् + नति = उन्नति

Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 ‘ईन’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

Key Points

• आसीन अर्थात पद पर बैठा हुआ।
• यह भाववाचक तद्धित प्रत्यय का उदाहरण है।
• संज्ञा के अंत आ, आयंध, आई, आन, आयत, आरा, आवट, ई, एरा, औती, त, ती, पन, पा, स इत्यादि तद्धित प्रत्यय लगाकर भाववाचक तद्धितांत संज्ञाएं बनाई जाती हैं।

Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 ‘अज्ञ’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं।

Key Points 

‘जो कुछ न जानता हो’ को 'अज्ञ' कहा जाता है।

अन्य विकल्प:​

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘द्रवीभूत’ शब्द की वर्तनी शुद्ध है। अत: सही विकल्प 2 ‘द्रवीभूत’ है। अन्य सभी शब्दों की वर्तनी त्रुटि पूर्ण हैं।                 

Key Points 

• ‘द्रवीभूत’ का अर्थ ‘पिघला हुआ, द्रव रूप में आया हुआ, तरलित' होता है।

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 ‘छाता’ है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित उत्तर होंगे।

Key Points

स्पष्टीकरण: 

उपर्युक्त शब्दों में ‘छाता’ तद्भव शब्द है। इसलिए ‘छाता’ इसका सही उत्तर है। इसका तत्सम शब्द ‘छत्र’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प इसके असंगत उत्तर हैं।

छाता - वर्षा या धूप से बचने के लिए कपड़े आदि का बना हुआ एक आच्छादन। 

अन्य विकल्प:

Additional Information

विशेष:

दिए गए विकल्पों में से ​'भाववाचक' संज्ञा सही उत्तर है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points 

• जिस वाक्य में किसी धातु, द्रव या पदार्थ को छू नहीं सकते हैं; केवल अनुभव कर सकते हैं। वे वाक्य भाववाचक संज्ञा के अंतर्गत आते हैं।
• दोस्ती शब्द से दोस्त होने के भाव का बोध हो रहा है। अतः दोस्ती एक भाववाचक संज्ञा है।

Important Points

 

Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 'दीपक’  होगा। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points 

• दिए गए शब्दों में 'दीपक' शब्द तत्सम है जिसका तद्भव रूप 'दीया' होगा।
• ऐसे शब्द जो संस्कृत से ज्यों के त्यों लिए गए, तत्सम होते हैं।
• अन्य सभी शब्द तद्भव हैं।

अन्य विकल्प: 

Additional Information 

The correct answer is 'affectation'.

Key Points

• Affectation: behavior, speech, or writing that is artificial and designed to impress.
• Example: It is the affectation of a man who measures every word for effect.
• Thus, from above, we can conclude that 'affectation' will be used in the blank.

Therefore, the correct sentence is: The man at your local coffee shop has never left the country but speaks as though he has lived in London all his life! His British accent is an affectation. 

Additional Information

• Let's explore other options:
• abrasion: the process of scraping or wearing something away.
• Example: The metal is resistant to abrasion.
• affirmation: the action or process of affirming something or being affirmed.
• Example: He nodded in affirmation.
• accumulation: the acquisition or gradual gathering of something.
• Example: The accumulation of wealth.

The correct answer is 'impute'.

Key Points

• impute: to credit or ascribe (something) to a person or a cause.
• Example: I impute your success to nepotism.
• Thus, from above, we can conclude that 'impute' will be used in the blank.

Therefore, the correct sentence is: You might impute your ability to sing well to the thousands of rupees your parents spent for music lessons.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore other options:
• incorporate: take in or contain (something) as part of a whole; include.
• Example: He has incorporated in his proposals a number of measures.
• utilise: make practical and effective use of.
• Example: Vitamin C helps your body utilise the iron present in your diet
• propagate: spread and promote (an idea, theory, etc.) widely.
• Example: The government have tried to propagate the belief that this is a just war.

The correct answer is 'Wide'.

Key Points

• Strait: (of a place) of limited spatial capacity; narrow or cramped.
• Example: The road was so strait that a handful of men might have defended it.
• Wide: of great or more than average width.
• Example: It is a wide road
• Thus, from above we can conclude that the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information  

• Let's explore the options:
• Situation: a set of circumstances in which one finds oneself; a state of affairs.
• Pass: move or cause to move in a specified direction.
• Narrow: limited in extent, amount, or scope; restricted.

The correct answer is 'Incontestable'.

Key Points

• Moot: subject to debate, dispute, or uncertainty.
• Example: Whether they had been successful or not was a moot point.
• Incontestable: not able to be disputed.
• Example: But there are companies that issue policies incontestable after the date of issue.
• Thus, from above we can conclude that the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the options:
• Controversial: giving rise or likely to give rise to public disagreement.
• Irrelevant: not connected with or relevant to something.
• Unsettled: liable to change; unpredictable.

The correct answer is 'Ontology'.

Key Points

• Metaphysics: the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space.
• Example: They would regard the question of the initial conditions for the universe as belonging to the realm of metaphysics or religion.
• Ontology: the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.
• Example: What's new about our ontology is that it is created automatically from large datasets.
• Thus, from above we can conclude that the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the options:
• Disbelief: inability or refusal to accept that something is true or real.
• Scepticism: a skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something.
• Pluralism: a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, etc., coexist.

The correct answer is 'Contradict'.

Key Points

• Probate:  establish the validity of.
• Example: the house has been valued for probate.
• Contradict: deny the truth of (a statement) by asserting the opposite.
• Example: the survey appears to contradict the industry's claims.
• Thus, from above we can conclude that the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the options:
• Validate: check or prove the validity or accuracy of (something).
• Formalise: give (something) legal or formal status.
• Corroborate: confirm or give support to (a statement, theory, or finding).

The correct answer is 'divest'.

Key Points

• divest : deprive (someone) of power, rights, or possessions.
• Example: Men are unlikely to be divested of power without a struggle
• Thus, from above, we can conclude that 'divest' will be used in the blank.

Therefore, the correct sentence is: If an employee strays from procedure for his own interests, his superiors may divest him from his position.

Additional Information  

• Let's explore other options:
• debilitate: make (someone) weak and infirm.
• Example: Chemotherapy exhausted and debilitated him.
• diverge: (of a road, route, or line) separate from another route, especially a main one, and go in a different direction.
• Example: They walked along the road together until they reached the village, but then their paths diverged.
• dither: be indecisive.
• Example: Stop dithering and choose which one you want!

The correct answer is 'Black'.

Key Points

• Sable: a dark brown or black colour.
• Example: The usual colours range from light grey through intermediate shadings to sable and black.
• Thus, from above we can conclude that the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'Murkiness'.

Key Points 

• Turbidity: the quality of being cloudy, opaque, or thick with suspended matter.
• Example: The water is clouded by turbidity.
• Murkiness: dark and dirty or difficult to see through.
• Example: The river was brown and murky after the storm.
• Thus, from above we can conclude that the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the options:
• Instability: lack of stability; the state of being unstable.
• Directionless: lacking in general aim or purpose.
• Nippiness: able to move quickly; nimble.

The correct answer is 'They were very tired'.

Key Points

• Third Person: the form of a verb or pronoun that is used about another person you are speaking about or writing about.
• Let's explore options:
• The sentence in option 1 has the third person singular form, as the person is talking about another person.
• The sentence in option 2 has the first person singular form it means the form of a verb or pronoun that is used when people are speaking or writing about themselves.
• The sentence in option 3 has the first person singular form it means the form of a verb or pronoun that is used when people are speaking or writing about themselves and is in simple past tense.
• The sentence in option 4 has the third person plural form as the plural pronoun and verb i.e. 'they' and 'were' is used in the sentence.
• Thus, from above, we can conclude that the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is 'Incumbency'.

Key Points

• ​Tenure: the holding of an office.
• Example: His tenure of the premiership would be threatened.
• Incumbency: the holding of an office or the period during which one is held.
• Example: During his incumbency, he established an epidemic warning system.
• Thus, from above we can conclude that the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the options:
• Wane: (of a state or feeling) decrease in vigour or extent; become weaker.
• Relegate: assign an inferior rank or position to.
• Delegate: a person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular an elected representative sent to a conference.

The correct answer is 'This sentence is incorrect'.

Key Points

• Let's explore options:
• In option 1, Two nouns are connected with an article 'an' which is incorrect.
• Option 2 is grammatically and contextually correct as the subject of the sentence is singular and the verb is also singular.
• In option 3, 'there' needs to be replaced with 'their', because 'there' means in, at, or to that place or position.whereas 'their' means  belonging to or associated with the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified.
• In option 4, 'have' needs to be replaced with 'has' because the subject of the sentence is singular, i.e. 'work' and will require a singular verb.
• Thus, from above, we can conclude that the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'We are learning English.'

Key Points

• Let's explore options:
• Option 1 is grammatically and contextually correct. The subject of the sentence, i.e. 'we' is plural and a plural verb is used with it.
• In option 2, 'too' needs to be replaced with 'two', 'too' means in addition; also whereas 'two' means equivalent to the sum of one and one; one less than three; 2
• In option 3, the usage of 'went' is incorrect as it shows the action happened in past tense but the keyword 'now' shows that the action is happening in present.
• In option 4, the usage of pronoun 'you' is incorrect as it is used for person or people, but the sentence is referring to the possession of someone i.e. someone's chair and to show it 'your' should be used in the place of 'you'.
• Thus, from above, we can conclude that the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is '?'.

Key Points

• The given sentence has an interrogative structure. An interrogative sentence asks a question; it helps us to seek clarifications, clear confusions and ask an explanation etc and therefore, a question mark (?) is always placed at the end of the sentence.
• An interrogative sentence can also form with the help of a modal verb such as 'can', 'could', 'should', etc. 
• Example: What are you doing?
• Example: Can you give me a glass of water?
• So, '?' is the correct punctuation mark that should end the given sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4).

Complete sentence: Hey! Can you hear me*?*

Additional Information 

• We use the full stop ( . ) at the end of a sentence.
• Example: I like to dance.
• Quotation marks (")Quotation marks are punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech, a quotation, a phrase or a word.
• Example: "Open the Door".
• The sign of exclamation (!) is usually used after an exclamation or interjection. It is intended to indicate strong feelings and convey emotion, as well as to indicate shouting or high volume.
• Example: We won!

The correct answer is 'Pleading'.

Key Points

• Suppliant: making or expressing a plea, especially to someone in power or authority.
• Example: Their faces were wary and suppliant
• Pleading: make an emotional appeal.
• Example: He ignored her pleading.
• Thus, from above we can conclude that the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information 

• Let's explore the options:
• Demanding: (of a task) requiring much skill or effort.
• Lackadaisical: lacking enthusiasm and determination; carelessly lazy.
• Half-hearted: without enthusiasm or energy.

The correct answer is 'His early lessons were written on the river sand.'

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines of the passage:
• Born on October Ist in 1918 in Tamil Nadu, India, Govindappa Venkataswamy was the eldest of five children in a farming family. He walked two kilometers to school each day and his early lessons were written in sand from the riverbed.
• From the above-given options only option 1 indicated the economic condition of Govindappa Venkataswamy was not very good.

The correct answer is 'He served for three years in the Indian Army'.

Key Points

• Let's take a look at  chronological events:
• In 1944. Venkataswamy received his medical degree from Stanley Medical College in Madras, graduating second in his class.
• Immediately after receiving his medical degree, Venkataswamy served as a physician with the Indian Army for three years.
• In 1951 he qualified with an MS in Ophthalmology at Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Madras.
• Venkataswamy was permanently crippled by rheumatoid arthritis at age 30.
• He trained as an ophthalmologist. In 1956, he was appointed as the head of the Department of Ophthalmology at the Government Madurai Medical College and eye surgeon at the Government Erskine Hospital in Madurai.
• Thus, from above we can refer that the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Madras'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines of the passage:
• Venkataswamy received his medical degree from Stanley Medical College in Madras, graduating second in his class. In 1951 he qualified with an MS in Ophthalmology at Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Madras.
• Thus, from above we can refer that the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'a biographical'.

Key Points

• If we look at the passage, the whole passage gives an account of the story of Govindappa Venkataswamy and his work in the field of ophthalmology.
• Thus, it is a biographical passage.
• Biography: an account of someone's life written by someone else.
• Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Complete sentence: This passage is a biographical passage. 

Important Points

• Ophthalmology: the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eye.

Additional Information

• Let's explore other options:
• Narrative: The narrative passage often includes the elements necessary for the development of a story. For example: main character, supporting character, events. Therefore, the narrative paragraph often requires the writer.
• Argumentative: An argumentative passage is a piece of academic writing that presents a claim its author must prove.
• Literary: It contains a portion or section of a written work; a paragraph, verse, etc.: a passage of Scripture. a phrase or other division of a musical work, fine arts, etc.

The correct answer is 'He founded Aurolab to bring down the price of the intraocular lens down to one-tenth of international prices.'

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following lines of the passage:
• In 1992, Venkataswamy and partners of Aravind founded Aurolab, an internationally certified manufacturing facility that brought the price of the intraocular lens down to one-tenth of international prices, making it affordable for developing countries.
• Venkataswamy pioneered mobile eye camps with the government, and later implemented this practice at Aravind.
• He was the founder and former chairman of Aravind Eye Hospitals, the largest provider of eye care in the world.
• He personally performed over 1,00,000 eye surgeries.
• From above we can infer that the correct answer is option 1 because Venkataswamy didn't pioneer Aurolab with an intention of bringing down the price, he founded it to help people.
• Thus, from above we can say that the correct answer is option 1.

There are many theories related to intelligence. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of intelligence. 

• The theory of Multiple Intelligence which consists of seven different kinds of intelligence is propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner'.

Important Points

The theory of Multiple Intelligence emphasizes that:

• intelligence is of several kinds rather than dominated by a general factor.
• intelligence can't be tied to a single domain as each individual has his/her own abilities.
• how cultures shape the potential of the human using Intelligence as a multi-dimensional set of complex abilities.

Key Points

Types of intelligence suggested by Howard Gardner in this theory:

Hence, it is concluded that Riya is displaying linguistic intelligence.

Social Constructivism was developed by the Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky, although himself a cognitivist, believed that it was not possible to separate learning from its social context.

Key Points 

Vygotsky’s main interest was in the study of language development.

• Learning for him occurred through social dialogue which took place between the teacher and the learners, between the learners themselves and between the learner and the text.
• Vygotsky believed that learners made sense of new knowledge through internal or instrumental dialogue.
• Thus learning was interacting in a social setting as well as reconstructing ideas in one’s own mind and sharing them with others. The language was used by the learner to organize thought, to learn as well as to communicate and share experiences.
• In other words, language enabled a child to imagine, create, manipulate and use new ideas and share them with other people. Parents and teachers provided learners with new vocabulary in terms of words, phrases and chunks along with the structures of language.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that Vygotsky was more interested in social dialogue in teaching.

Additional Information

• Some of the major tenets developed by Vygotsky was the Zone of Proximal Development and the Level of Actual Development. The area in which an individual’s optimum learning can occur is called the Zone of Proximal Development.

The 'Multidimensional Intelligence Theory' or 'Theory of Multiple Intelligence' was propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner' in his book 'Frames of Mind'.

 Key Points This theory describes eight different kinds of intelligence and emphasizes that:

• intelligence is of several kinds.
• intelligence can't be tied to a single domain.
• each individual has his/her own unique abilities.
• intelligence is not dominated by a general factor.

Hence, it could be concluded that Howard Gardner was the propounder of the 'Multidimensional Intelligence Theory'.

Important Points

Types of intelligence suggested by Howard Gardner in this theory: 

Additional Information

A child who excels in maths may not do well in civics. The single-factor theory of intelligence contradicts this observation.

Key Points

Intelligence has been a controversial topic throughout psychology's history. Despite the substantial interest in the subject, there is still considerable disagreement about what components make up intelligence.

• The term "intelligence quotient," or IQ, was first coined in the early 20th century by a German psychologist named William Stern.
• Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests to help the French government identify schoolchildren who needed extra academic assistance.
• Binet was the first to introduce the concept of mental age or a set of abilities that children of a certain age possess.

Important Points

Alfred Binet’s One/Uni factor theory:

1. He was the first psychologist to formalize the concept of intelligence in terms of mental operations.
2. This theory arose from his interest in differentiating more intelligent from less intelligent individuals.
3. He conceptualized intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities that can be used for solving any problem in an individual’s environment.
4. Thus his theory is called Uni or One factor of Intelligence.
5. This theory came to be disputed when psychologists started analyzing data of individuals, which was collected using Binet’s test.

This theory states intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities that can be used for solving any problem in an individual’s environment. This contradicts the observation(A child who excels in maths may not do well in civics).

Additional InformationCharles Spearman’s two-factor theory (1927)

• Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence employing a statistical method called factor analysis.
• He showed that intelligence consisted of a general factor ( g-factor ) and some specific factors ( s-factors ).
• The g-factor includes mental operations which are primary and common to all performances.
• In addition to the g-factor, he said that there are also many specific abilities. These are contained in what he called the s factor. Excellent singers, architects, scientists, and athletes may be high on g-factor but in addition to this, they have specific abilities which allow them to excel in their respective domains.

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence or Three-factor theory of intelligence:

Robert Sternberg (1985) proposed the Triarchic theory of intelligence. He defined intelligence as “the ability to adapt, to shape and to select the environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”. According to his theory there are three types of intelligence:

• Componential intelligence
• Experiential intelligence
• Contextual intelligence

**The **theory of multiple intelligences: proposes the differentiation of human intelligence into specific “modalities of intelligence”, rather than defining intelligence as a single, general ability. The theory has been criticized by mainstream psychology for its lack of empirical evidence, and its dependence on subjective judgment.

"Motivation" refers to the factors that move or activate the behavior of people toward a goal. It plays a significant role in students learning and development.

For example, when we see a student working diligently on every duty assigned to him or her, hence we infer that the individual has a motive to achieve. According to Skinner, "motivation is the superhighway to learning".

Key Points

Motivation is of two types:

• Intrinsic (internal) motivation- It is an internal force of motive within an individual that drives him or her to act in a certain way. It can develop a feeling of self-confidence and competence in a person.
• A student who is intrinsically motivated may complete a task because it brings him or her pleasure or enjoyment.
• For example, Roopa, a class 6 student, likes to read story books. She has read the most books in her class and is a favorite of her teachers. She likes to read because she is intrinsically motivated to read.
• Extrinsic (external) motivation- It is a type of motivation that comes from outside sources. It is the external or environmental causes that initiate an individual's behavior. And individual behavior is driven toward a goal by incentive or reinforcement. For example- A student who studied diligently for the exam in order to achieve a higher grade. 
• Extrinsic rewards should be used with caution because they have the potential of decreasing intrinsic behavior.
• It may encourage a student to actively participate in a task in which he or she has no interest.

Hence, we can conclude that option 2 is correct.

The play-way method is mostly “Activity-based” or “Hands-on Experience” learning. Children step out of their home and familiar surroundings to learn among different people, who include their peers and teachers.

• Play way method is first originated by 'H. Caldwell Cook' and later popularized by 'Friedrich Froebel' in the world.

Key PointsPrinciples of Play-way method

• A practical approach helps in easy learning for the child.   The complete atmosphere of freedom is conducive to learning.
• The customized method designed and adopted should suit the needs of the child.
• Learning methods used should be related to real-life rather than books.
• This method provides a plethora of opportunities for the child to express themselves.

Important PointsAdvantages of play-way method -

• It turns entire learning into a fun element by involving play in it, which helps in the physical development of the child.
• It develops the feeling of satisfaction among children.
• Every child is given equal exposure and ample opportunities for learning and participation.
• Along with knowledge, it inculcates various cognitive skills in a child.
• It helps children to connect with peers and teachers easily, increases emotional development.
• It facilitates overall and holistic development.

Hence, play- way method develops  Cognitive, Emotional, and Physical development in children.

Teaching Machine— a physical, mechanical device that administered multiple-choice questions, and only moved onto the next question when the student answered correctly.

Key PointsB.F.Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, and author. He propagated his own theory of learning.  

• Pressey (1926) developed a teaching machine. This machine provided an automatic scoring device to the learners for immediate feedback. So, this was the first step towards the formulation of systematic learning. Subsequently, the theory of B. F. Skinner (1953) on operant conditioning, whose main contribution was that human behavior could be shaped, opened a new chapter in the development of programmed learning materials.
• Skinner in the 1950's introduced a concept of "teaching machine" that differed from Pressey's in some ways. ―The teaching machine is composed of mainly a program, which is a system of combined teaching and test items that carries the student gradually through the material to be learned.
• The "machine" is composed of a fill-in-the-blank method on either a workbook or in a computer.
• If the subject is correct, he/she gets reinforcement and moves on to the next question.
• If the answer is incorrect, the subject studies the correct answer to increase the chance of getting reinforced next time.
• Teaching machines did not allow students to proceed with their tasks unless they understood the materials.
• The machines helped students to give the correct answer by "a logical presentation of material" (Skinner on Programmed Instruction) and by "hinting, prompting, suggesting, and so on, derived from an analysis of verbal behavior" (Skinner, 1958) ."A teaching machine or auto instructional device is a piece of apparatus designed to be operated by an individual student."

Important Points

• This apparatus has the following features:
• There is a device for displaying the question or problem on the machine.
• The student in response must do something overtly about the problem such as writing an answer or pushing a button to indicate the answer.
• The student is informed by the machines through some device whether his answer is correct or incorrect and sometimes, why he is right or wrong.
• The whole idea behind this was to teach classroom subjects such as maths, spelling, etc. using a mechanical device that would also surpass the usual classroom experience.

Therefore, teaching machines were popularized by Skinner on the  idea of creating a system of teaching based on individual needs and behavioral psychology principles.

Effective teaching can be defined in many ways including teacher behavior (warmth, civility, clarity), teacher knowledge (of subject matter, of students), teacher beliefs, and so forth. Effective teaching is the ability to improve student achievement as shown by research.

Key Points

Thus, from the explanation, it is clear that pedagogy is the art and science of effective teaching.

Confusion Points As per the DSSSB official answer key, the correct answer is option 1. However, according to the authentic resources, the correct answer should be option 2, cognitive, emotional, and social.

Key Points Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a product of the interaction of hereditary and environment.

The major domains of development such as physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional are developed in an integrated and holistic process.

Let's understand in Brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that human development is divided into domains such as physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial. Therefore, option 1 is correct.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

• Cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development.
• Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.
• Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

Important Points

Stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory:

Hence, we can conclude that According to Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, a child is capable of logical thinking in concrete operational period.

The word “personality” has been derived from the Latin word “persona” which means a mask worn by an actor while performing a character on the stage. 

• According to Allport (1961) personality is the “dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment” It means that personality “resides” within the individual and these systems are woven into an organization.

Key Points

Characteristics of Personality: These are some features that reflect the personality of an individual.

• Psychophysical systems: Personality is a system that has both psychological and physical aspects. This system is composed of interacting elements and the main elements of the system are traits, emotions, intellect, temperament, character, and motives.
• Dynamic organization: It signifies that different elements of the psychological system are independent but function in an interlocking manner and are subject to change. However, this change can take place over a period of time in a gradual manner.
• Unique adjustment to the environment: Every person is characterized by a dynamic organization of psychological traits that makes his adjustment. The reason for this is that experiences of every person are unique therefore their reaction to the environment is also unique.
• Development of personality structure: Personality development is the natural quality of a growing organism. The path is from simple to increasingly complex factors and situations an individual has to pass by.
• Consciousness: Personality is conscious in that it develops out of our interaction with the environment. This interaction results in the formation of the concept of self.

Hence, we can conclude that the Personality of an individual includes all aspects of a person.

An argument has one or more premises but only one conclusion. Each premise and the conclusions are truth-bearers or truth candidates, each capable of being either true or false (but not both).

Key Points

Thus, If all animals have 4 legs and if a table also has 4 legs, then the table is also an animal, is a deductive argument.

Development, which is continuous change is a phenomenon that is observed both in terms of quality and quantity. Principles of Human Development defines in what way a person will develop. 

Important Points

There are many principles of development, one of which is the Principle of Sequentiality as described below:

Principle of Sequentiality: It states that every individual although exhibiting the difference in change, follows the same sequence of change.

• The Cephalocaudal tendency exhibits that the development proceeds in the longitudinal direction i.e. from head to foot. That is the reason why the child first gains control overhead before s/he starts walking.
• Proximodistal tendency proceeds from near to the distant and from parts of the body near the center develop first then the extremities. Therefore the child in the earlier stage of development exercises on the fundamental muscles rather than the smaller muscles or fine motor skills.

Hence, from the above-given options, Cephalo to caudal is most appropriate. Thus, option 3 is correct.