DSSSB NMDC PRT 30 March 2022 shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

The figure which is common in all three figures is shown by coloured portion,

Here, 5 is common among all three figures.

Hence, the correct answer is 5.

41, 29 and 23 all are prime number whereas 35 is a composite number.

So, the option which is different from the rest is 35.

Hence, the correct answer is 35.

Additional InformationA prime number is a number which has exactly two factors i.e. '1' and the number itself. 

A composite number has more than two factors, which means apart from getting divided by 1 and the number itself, it can also be divided by at least one positive integer.

1 is not a prime or composite number.

The positional value of given alphabets are:-

Logic - Add 3 to get alphabets of other side.

In PAPER : SDSHU

Similarly, in MOTHER -

Hence, the correct answer is PRWKHU.

**Step 1:-**Rashmi is to the right of Sunita.

Step 2:-  Mona is to the left of Sakshi.

Mona - Sunita and Rashmi - Sakshi are sitting opposite to each other.

Hence, the correct answer is Rashmi - Sakshi.

Cow give us milk. Similarly, we got wool from sheep.

Hence, the correct answer is wool.

Assumption I: People generally prefer to buy products from sole agents.❌

According to the advertisement persuades the people have to meet the sole agent Y to buy AC's. This does not mean that the people prefer to buy AC's through the sole agent or that the AC companies only sell their products through the sole agents.

Hence, the given assumption does not implicit.

Assumption II: Company MNO has given monopoly agency rights to X to sell A.Cs in Jaipur city.✅

As per statement X is the sole agent of AC's of company MNO for Jaipur city.

Hence, the given assumption implicit.

Hence, the correct answer is only II is implicit

If a mirror is placed on the line XY, then the answer figures of the given figure is -

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

In the morning, the Sunrise is in the east so the shadow will fall towards west.

When the person faces towards north the shadow fall exactly towards his left side.

Hence, the correct answer is North.

Order in which they appear in the dictionary are;

1.Talent

2.Tales

3.Tall

4.Tangent

5.Tangle

Hence, the correct answer is 1, 2, 3, 5, 4.

Additional Information1. First of all, check the common letter in all.

2. Arrange them according to the alphabet which come first.
3. When common letters are arranged, then go for the rest.

Total number of people sitting in a row is 200.

Asha is in the 20th place from the left.

Asha place from the right side -

Total number of person = Position of Asha from left side + Position of  Asha from right side - 1

200 = 20 + Position of  Asha from right side - 1

Position of  Asha from right side = 181

And the position of Anna from right side is 31st.

Number of people sitting between them are -

Number of person = Position of  Asha from right side - Position of Anna from right side - 1

Number of person = 181 - 31 - 1

Number of person = 149

Hence, the correct answer is 149.

At Sunset the Sun is in west and the shadow will fall in east.

The shadow of the tree falls towards his right.

Here, Aman facing in North.

Hence, the correct answer is North.

The positional value of alphabets are given below :-

Logic - The positional value of letter - 1.

Option 1:- RAT : QZS

Option 2:- SJC : RIB

Option 3:-RIA : QHZ

Option 4:-WFC : VGB

In option 4 we have to add 1 instead of - 1 in F to get G.

Hence, one option is NOT like the other three are WFC : VGB.

Hence, the correct answer is WFC : VGB.

The positional value of alphabets are given below :-

The pattern follow here is :-

Hence, the correct answer is YB.

The diagrammatic representation of the coded statements is as follows:

Therefore, the word and code combination is -

Hence, the correct answer is 6.

The water image of the given figure is -

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The pattern follow in this question is -

Hence, the correct answer is 225.

The option which satisfies the same condition of placement of dots as in the question figure is :

1- One dot lie between rectangle and circle.

2- Other dot lie between triangle and circle.

In the figure given below the coloured portion show the position of dots.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The venn diagram representation of the given statements are-

Conclusion I: All bracelets are bangles.✅

All bracelets are perfumes and all perfumes are bangles.

Hence, the above conclusion follows the statements.

Conclusion II: Some perfumes are watches.✅

All watches are bracelets and all bracelets are perfumes.

So, some perfumes are watches.

Hence, the given conclusion follows the statements.

Hence, the correct answer is both I and II follows.

The answer figure that completes the question figure is -

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Step I:-  Sam is to the immediate right of Pratik and immediate left of Nitin.

Step II:- Manoj and Pratik have one player between them. 

Step III:- Manoj is on the immediate right of Osama.

Step IV:-  Nitin and Qazi have two players between them.

Step V:-  Pratik and Rahul have two players between them.

Here, Pratik is in middle.

Hence, the correct answer is Pratik.

The correct answer is 1784.

Key Points

• Pitt's India Act of 1784:​​
• It was named after the British prime minister William Pitt the Younger.
• The Pitt’s India Act, 1784 also called the East India Company Act, 1784.
• Pitt’s India Act, 1784 was passed to rectify the defects of the Regulating Act of 1773.
• It distinguished between the commercial and political functions of the company.
• It allowed the Court of Directors to manage the commercial affairs but created a new body called the Board of Control to manage the political affairs.
• It empowered the Board of Control to supervise and direct all operations of the civil and military government or revenues of the British possessions in India.
• The company's territories in India were for the first time called the 'British possessions in India'.
• The British Government was given supreme control over Company's affairs and its administration in India.

The correct answer is angle of reflection

• Reflection: The phenomena in which light ray is sent back into the same medium from which it is coming, on interaction with boundary, is called reflection.
• Laws of reflection:

1. it states that, if a light ray is reflected from a plane flat polished surface its angle of the incident will always be equal the angle of reflection  i.e., The angle of incidence (θ i ) = Angle of reflection (θ r )
2. Incident ray, reflected ray, normal all lies on the same plane.

 

Explanation:

• The angle of incidence is the angle between incident ray and the normal.
• So, if the ray of light is falling on the normal, it is making 0 ° with normal.
• We know that, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, So we can say that the angle of reflection is also 0 °

So, the correct option is 0 °

Important Points

This means, when a ray of light is falling perpendicular to the surface, it reflects back in same direction.

The correct answer is Kundt’s tube

Key Points

• Using a Kundt'd tube which is an apparatus consisting of a glass tube supported on a metal base, longitudinal sound waves can be produced. Using the properties of wave motion, the frequency of the sound and the speed of sound in the rod can be determined.

The correct answer is Kailash Satyarthi

Key Points

• Kailash Satyarthi along with Malala Yusuf-Zai received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 for their struggle against the suppression of children.
• Born as Kailash Sharma in Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh.
• He gave up his surname after being stricken by the deep-rooted casteism in our society.
• And took the surname of 'Satyarthi-the seeker of the truth'.
• Satyarthi founded the organization Bachpan Bachao Andolan, in 1980 which has freed thousands of children from slave-like conditions.
• He conceived and led the Global March Against Child Labor and its international advocacy body, the ICCLE.
• He has also contributed to the development of international conventions on the children's rights.
• He started a magazine, Sangharsh Jaari Rahega where he doubled up as owner cum a photo-journalist.
• ICCLE: International Center on Child Labor and Education.

The correct answer is Jawaharlal Nehru.

Key Points

• Jawaharlal Nehru was India’s longest-serving prime minister.
• He was independent India’s first Prime Minister, he assumed office in 1947.
• His birth anniversary is celebrated as 'Children's Day' in India because of his advocacy for the cause of children's education.
• He was popularly called Chacha Nehru by children.

Additional Information

• Facts About Indian Prime Minister:

The correct answer is Adam’s Bridge

• Adam's Bridge is also known as Ram Setu in India.
• It starts as a chain of shoals from Dhanushkodi which is located at the tip of Pamban Island.
• This bridge ends at Mannar Island of Sri Lanka.
• It separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Strait.
• It is mainly made up of limestone.

Additional Information

• Other important Bridges of India-
• Bhupen Hazarika Bridge on Lohit River
• Bandra Worli Sea Link on Mahim Bay
• Bogibeel on Brahmaputra River
• Mahatma Gandhi Setu on Ganga River
• Vembanad Rail Bridge on Vembanad Lake

The correct answer is License and Permits

Key Points

Capital receipt:

• These receipts create liabilities.
• It reduces financial assets.
• It can be both debt and non-debt receipts.
• Non-debt capital receipts are such as the recovery of loans and advances, disinvestment, and issue of bonus shares.
• It refers to the incoming cash flows.
• Examples of capital receipts are loans from the public, foreign governments, and central banks.

Hence, borrowings of the government from the public is a capital receipt in the Government budget.

Additional Information Revenue Receipts:

• Revenue receipts are those that neither increase a government's liabilities nor decrease its assets.
• They are routine and ongoing in nature, and the government receives them as part of daily operations.

Examples:

• Interest receipts on loans given by the Government to other parties.
• Dividend and profit of public enterprises.
• Property tax receipts

The correct answer is Konark Sun Temple.

Key Points 

• Konark Sun temple is a 13th-century CE (the year 1250) Sun temple at Konark about 35 kilometers (22 mi) northeast from Puri on the coastline of Odisha, India.
• The temple is attributed to king Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty about 1250 CE.
• Also called the Surya Devalaya, it is a classic illustration of the Odisha style of Architecture or Kalinga architecture.

Important Points 

• Konark temple was called the "Black Pagoda" in European sailor accounts as early as 1676 because it looked like a great tiered tower that appeared black.
• Similarly, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the "White Pagoda".
• Both temples served as important landmarks for sailors in the Bay of Bengal.
• Declared a UNESCO world heritage site in 1984, it remains a major pilgrimage site for Hindus, who gather here every year for the Chandrabhaga Mela around the month of February.

The correct answer is Neeraj Chopra

Key Points

• Olympic Gold medalist Neeraj Chopra has gifted his historic Tokyo Olympics gold medal winning javelin to the Olympic Museum in Lausanne.
• The museum has a rich collection of 120 years, which includes the rifle of Abhinav Bindra, who became the first Indian to win an individual Olympic gold at Beijing 2008.
• The museum is managed by the International Olympic Committee’s Heritage team.

Additional Information

• The International Olympic Committee is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland.
• It is constituted in the form of an association under the Swiss Civil Code (articles 60–79).
• It was founded by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894.
• It is the authority responsible for organising the modern (Summer, Winter, and Youth) Olympic Games.

The correct answer is Razia Sultana.

Key Points

• Radhiyah bint Itutmish or popularly known as Razia Sultana was the ruler of Delhi from 1236 to 1240.
• She was the first Muslim female ruler and succeeded her father Itutmish and became the Sultanate of Delhi in 1236.
• She refused to be addressed as a Sultana but claimed herself the title "Sultan".
• Born to - Sultan Iltutmish and Qutub Begum.
• Dynasty - Slave dynasty.
• Kingdom - Delhi Sultanate.

Additional Information

• There were 5 dynasties in the Delhi Sultanate.
• The Mamluk dynasty was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
• It reigned from 1206-1290.
• The Khilji dynasty was the second dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
• It reigned from 1290-1320.
• The Tughlaq dynasty was the third dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
• It reigned from 1320-1414.
• The Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
• It reigned from 1414-1451.
• The Lodhi dynasty was the fifth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
• It reigned from 1451-1526.

The correct answer is Hepatitis

Key Points

• Hepatitis
• It is a disease caused by viruses hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.
• Hepatitis A and E - spread by contaminated food and water.
• Hepatitis B - it is passed from mother to child during pregnancy or during childbirth, transmitted through infected blood, and sexually transmitted.
• Hepatitis C - transmitted by infected blood.
• Hepatitis D - occurs in people already infected with Hepatitis B.
• It is inflammation of the liver tissue and is of two types - acute (resolves within six months) and chronic (lasts longer than six months).
• Viral disease​ - Important viral diseases include - Mumps, Pox, Herpes, AIDS, Rabies, Common cold, Burkitt's lymphoma, Influenza, Polio
• Fungal disease - Important fungal diseases include - Athlete's foot, Ringworm, Aspergillosis, Jock itch
• Bacterial disease - Important bacterial diseases include - Pneumonia, Tetanus (lockjaw), Typhoid, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Gonorrhea, Whooping, cough, Cholera, Plague, Syphilis, Leprosy, Rheumatic fever.

The correct answer is Barren Island

Key Points

• Barren Island is located in the Andaman Sea.
• It is the only active volcano in the Indian subcontinent.
• After lying dormant for 150 years, Barren Island volcano had erupted in 1991 and since then it is showing sporadic activity. Now it is erupting in small episodes of five to ten minutes.
• This volcanic island stands in the midst of a volcanic belt on the edge of the Indian and Burmese tectonic plates.
• The volcanic island is part of Andaman Islands. Its northern part is barren and is uninhabited. It is also devoid of vegetation

Important Points

Other Important Island of the world.

The correct answer is Parwez Shah.

Key Points

• Pathar Ki Masjid, also known as Saif Khan's Mosque, Chimni Ghat mosque, and Sangi Masjid, is a mosque in Patna, Bihar, India.
• It was built in 1621 by Parvez Shah, the son of Mughal emperor Jahangir.
• The mosque is built of stone, hence the name "Pathar ki Masjid".
• It is located on Ashok Rajpath between Sultanganj and Alamganj.
• The mosque is a single-domed structure with four minarets.
• The central dome is supported by four arches.
• The mosque is a fine example of Mughal architecture.
• Pathar Ki Masjid is a beautiful and historic mosque that is an important part of the cultural heritage of Patna.
• It is a popular tourist destination and a place of worship for the Muslim community.

The correct answer is Bhilangna

Key Points

• Bhilangna River is in the Garhwal region. The length of the river is 80 Km.
• Khatling glacier is located in district Tehri Garhwal of Uttarakhand.
• Bhilangana is a tributary of river Bhagirathi.
• Around the glacier, there is a thick snow-capped of Himalayan peaks which are known as the Jogin group (Altitude:6466m), Sphetic Pristwar (6905m), Barte Kauter (6579m) Kirti Stambh (6902m) and Meru.
• The trek for Khatling glacier starts from Ghuttu, a place about 62 km from Tehri.  The total distance of this route is about 45 Km.

The correct answer is Harappa

Key Point

• The Indus Valley Civilization extended from present-day north-east Afghanistan to Pakistan and north-west India.
• The Indus Valley Civilization is an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indian subcontinent between 3,000 BC and 1,500 BC.
• Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) is situated on the banks of the river Indus. Discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerjee in the Larkana district of Sindh. Mohenjodaro means "Mound of the Dead". The most important structure is the huge bathhouse and the huge granary.
• Daya Ram Sahni discovered the Harappan Civilization in 1921. It is situated on the banks of the Ravi river in the Montgomery district of Punjab (Pakistan). Important findings are sandstone sculptures of human anatomy, granary, and bullock cart.

The correct answer is Service tax

Key Points 

The Service Tax:

• Service tax is a tax levied by the government on service providers on certain service transactions, but is actually borne by the customers.
• It is categorized under Indirect Tax and came into existence under the Finance Act, 1994

Hence, service tax in India is an indirect tax.

Important Points

The correct answer is Dhyan Chand

• Dhyan Chand (29 August 1905 – 3 December 1979) was an Indian field hockey player.
• He is considered one of the greatest field hockey players of all time.
• He is known for his extraordinary goal-scoring feats, in addition to earning three Olympic gold medals (1928, 1932, and 1936) in field hockey, during an era when India was the most dominant team in Hockey.

The correct answer is 1955

Key Points

• The Citizenship Act was passed in the year 1955.
• According to it, the President of India is the first citizen of India.
• The Act was amended several times by the amendment acts in the years 1986, 1992, 2003, 2005, 2015, and 2019.
• Part II of the Indian Constitution deals with citizenship.
• It is covered under articles 5-11.

The correct answer is Freedom of armed assembly

Key Points

• Right to Freedom
• The objective of the Indian Constitution is to ensure freedom of thought, expression, belief, religion, and worship. Therefore, the Right to Freedom has been mentioned in the Indian Constitution from Articles 19 to 22.
• In these, provisions have been given keeping in mind all the sections of the people of the country, so that any person can do any work of his mind, but that work should not be illegal and unconstitutional, nor should that work be done by any other person such that the fundamental rights should be violated.
• Article 19 of the Indian Constitution is most important in this regard. Article 19 of the Indian Constitution at present describes only 6 freedoms for the citizens of the country, which are as follows
• Freedom of thought and expression
• Freedom of arms and peaceful assembly.
• Community and freedom of association
• Freedom of travel
• Freedom of residence
• Freedom of trade (Hence option 1 is correct)
• Article 20 offers protection in respect of conviction for offences. (Hence option 4 is correct)
• Article 21 offers protection of life and personal liberty. (Hence option 2 is correct)
• Article 22 offers protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

The correct answer is Unmukt Chand.

Key Points

• Delhi batsman Unmukt Chand, who shot to prominence by being the 2012 U-19 World Cup-winning captain, has announced his retirement from cricket in India.
• Chand had made an unbeaten 111, leading a victory over Australia in the 2012 U-19 World Cup final in Townsville, Australia.
• He had represented Mumbai Indians, Delhi Capitals and Rajasthan Royals in the IPL.

Given:

Simple interest for sum of Rs. 2460 for two years = 68 + Simple interest for Rs. 2290 for two years

Concept used:

Simple interest = P × R  ×  T/100

Where:- 

P :- Principal

R :- Rate

T :- Time 

Calculation:

Here,

P₁ = Rs. 2460

P₂ = Rs. 2290

R = Rate of interest

Time = 2 years

According to question,

⇒ 2460  ×  R  × 2/100 = (2290  ×  R  ×  2/100) + 68

⇒ R  ×  2/100  × [2460 - 2290] = 68

⇒ 2R = 68  ×  100/170

⇒ 20%

∴ Option 4 is correct.

Given:

Suresh present age = 2/5^th of His father's present age

After some years, 

Suresh age = 75% of his father's age

Calculation:

Suresh's present age is 2/5 of his father's present age.

S = 2/5F

After x years, Suresh's age will become 75% of his father's age at that time.

S + x = 0.75 (F + x)

We need to find by what percent the father's age will increase during this period.

Express x in terms of F

We already know S= (2/5)F

Substituting this in the second equation:

⇒ (2/5)F + x = 0.75 (F + x)

⇒ (2/5)F + x = 0.75F + 0.75x

⇒ (x − 0.75x) = 0.75F − (2/5)F

⇒ 0.25x = (15F - 8F)/20

⇒ 0.25x = (7/20)F

⇒ x = [(7/20)F] / 0.25

⇒ x = (7/5)F

The father's age increases from F to (F+x), so:

Father's age increased by = F + x = F + (7/5)F = (12/5)F

The percentage increase in the father's age is:

Percentage Increase = {[(12/5)F - F] / F} * 100

Percentage Increase = {[(7/5)F] / F} * 100 = (7/5) * 100 = 140%

∴ The correct answer is Option 3).

Given:

Product of two numbers = 3645

H.C.F = 27

Concept used:

Product of two numbers = LCM  ×  HCF

Calculation:

Let greatest number = y

Product of two numbers = 3645

H.C.F = 27

⇒ 3645 = 27 × y

⇒ y = 135

∴ Option 1 is correct.

Given:

Length of rectangular box = 3.2 m

Breadth of rectangular box = 2 m

Height of rectangular box = 1.2 m

Side of cube = 40 cm 

Concept used:

Volume of cube = a³

Volume of cuboid = LBH

Calculation:

Let the number of cubes fit inside the rectangular box = n

Length of rectangular box = 3.2 m

Breadth of rectangular box = 2 m

Height of rectangular box = 1.2 m

Side of cube = 40 cm = 0.4 m

According to question,

⇒ 3.2 × 2 × 1.2 = n × (0.4)³

⇒ n = 120

∴ Option 1 is correct.

Given:

Speed of man from A to B = 8 km/h

Speed of man from B to A = 20 km/h

Time taken to cover the whole journey = 63/8 hour

Concept used:

Average speed = 2xy/(x + y)

Speed = distance/time

Calculation:

Speed of man from A to B = 8 km/h

Speed of man from B to A = 20 km/h

Time taken to cover the whole journey = 63/8 hour

Let total distance covered in whole journey (A to B and B to A) = D

Average speed = 2 × 8 × 20/(20 + 8)

Average speed = 320/28

Speed = Distance/time 

320/28 = D × 8/63

D = 90 km

Thus, Distance between A to B = 90/2 = 45 km.

∴ Option 1 is correct.

Given:

14(3/5) + 17(5/6) + 7(1/3) = ?/6 + 20

Calculation:

⇒ 14(3/5) + 17(5/6) + 7(1/3) = ?/6 + 20

⇒ 42/5 + 85/6 + 7/3 = ?/6 + 20

⇒ (252 + 425 + 70)/30 =?/6 + 20

⇒ 747/30 - 20 = ?/6

⇒ 4.9 = ?/6

⇒ ? = 29.4

∴ Option 1 is correct.

Given:

Pure milk = Rs.60 per litre

Mixture with 80 litre of water = Rs.40 per litre

Calculation:

According to the rule,

Water       Milk

(0 litre)       Rs.60

 

       Mean price

         Rs.40

 

(60 - 40)        (40 - 0)

  20                    40

   1          :           2

∴ Water : milk = : 20 : 40 = 1 : 2

∴ Quantity of milk in mixture = 2 × 80 = 160 litre

∴ Option 4 is correct.

Given:

Three numbers ratio = 3 : 4 : 5

LCM = 1800

Calculation:

Let the three numbers are = 3x, 4x, 5x

⇒ 60x  = 1800

x = 30

The greatest number = 30 × 5 = 150

∴ Option 1 is correct.

Given:

A man drive a car first 160 km at the speed 120 km/hr.

Next 70 km at the speed of 56 km/hr.

Next 240 km at the speed of 180 km/hr.

Concept used:

Total time taken = Distance/speed

Calculation:

Total distance = 160km + 70 km + 240 km = 470 km

Total time taken = (160/120 + 70/56 + 240/180) = 47/12 hrs

Average speed = 470 × 12/47 = 120 km/hr

∴ Option 4 is correct.

Given:

Ram's income is successively increased = 30%, 20%

Concept used:

Successive rate = x + y + xy/100

Calculation:

Ram's  income is successively increased = 30%, 20%

∴ Successive rate = 30 + 20 + 30 × 20/100

⇒ 56%

∴ Option 4 is correct.

Given:

Total number of visitors visited Rajasthan in 2020 is 4500 = 25% more than the number of visitors visited Punjab in 2021

Calculation:

Let the total number of visitors = x

Number of visitor in Punjab = n

According to question,

the number of visitors visited Rajasthan in 2020 is 4500 that is 25% more than the number of visitors visited Punjab in 2021.

⇒ 125% of n = 4500

n = 4500 × 100/125 = 3600

Number of visitors in Punjab = 24%

⇒ 24% x = 3600

x =  3600 × 100/24 = 15000

∴ Option 4 is correct.

Given:

Present age of Sukhe and Diljit are ratio = 6 : 7

After 2 years, 

Ratio of Diljit and guru = 11 : 8

Present age average age of Sukhe and Diljit = 36

Calculation:

Sum of their ages = 36 × 3= 108

Present age of Sukhe = 6x

Let present age of Diljit = 7x

Guru present age = 108 - (6x + 7x) = 108 - 13x

After two years Diljit age = 7x + 2 

After two years Guru age = (108 - 13x) + 2 = 110 - 13x

Ratio of Diljit and Guru age = 11 : 8

⇒ 7x + 2/110 - 13x = 11/8

⇒ 56x + 16 = 1210 - 143x

⇒ 199x = 1194

x = 6

Guru present age = 108 - 13x = 108 - 13 × 6 = 108 - 78 = 30

∴ Option 3 is correct.

Shortcut Trick

Total Surface Area of a cuboid = 2 × (lb + bh + hl)

Given: l = 12 cm, w = 16 cm, h = 18 cm

Area = 2 × (12 × 16 + 16 × 18 + 18 × 12)

Area = 2 × (192 + 288 + 216) = 2 × 696

Area = 1392 sq. cm

∴ The correct answer is 1392 sq. cm.

Alternate Method

Given:

Length (l) = 12 cm

Width (w) = 16 cm

Height (h) = 18 cm

Formula Used:

Total Surface Area (TSA) = 2(lw + wh + hl)

Calculations:

⇒ TSA = 2 × (12 × 16 + 16 × 18 + 18 × 12)

⇒ TSA = 2 × (192 + 288 + 216)

⇒ TSA = 2 × 696

⇒ TSA = 1392 sq. cm

∴ The correct answer is 1392 sq. cm.

Additional Information

Volume of Cuboid

The space occupied by the cuboid is calculated as Volume = Length × Width × Height (l × w × h).

Lateral Surface Area

The area of the four vertical faces (excluding top and bottom) is LSA = 2h(l + w).

Diagonal of Cuboid

The longest rod that can be placed inside a cuboid has length d = √(l² + w² + h²).

Calculation:

Total profit = Rs. 6388

Ravindra's investment = Rs. 8400

Nusrat's investment = Rs. 6500

After 6 months,

Investment of Ravindra = 8400 + 110% of 8400 = 17640

Investment of Nusrat = 6500 + 120% 0f 6500 = 14300 

Ratio of their investment = 882 : 715

⇒ 1597 unit = 6388

1 unit = 4

Ravindra's profit = 4 × 882 = Rs. 3528 

∴ Option 2 is correct.

Given:

Pipe A filled at the rate of 20 litres per minutes.

Pipe B alone filled a tank in 10 hours.

Both pipes are opened together then tank is filled in 6 hours. 

Calculation:

Pipe B alone filled the tank = 10 hours

Both pipe can filled the tank = 6 hours

Here,

B              A + B

10              6

         30

3                 5

Efficiency of A = 5 - 3 = 2 unit

A alone can filled the tank = 30/2 = 15 hours = 15 × 60 = 900 min

But A filled in 1 min = 20 litre

In 900 min. filled by A = 900 × 20 = 18000 litre

∴ The capacity of tank is 18000 litre.

∴ Option 1 is correct.

Here,

If in June, the number of boys and number of girls increased by 21.5% and 16(2/3)% respectively as compared to that in April.

Number of boys in April = 200

Number of girls in April = 300

Number of boys in June = 200 × 21.5/100 + 200 = 243

Number of girls in June = 300 × 50/300 + 300 = 350

Total number of boys and girls in June = 243 + 350 = 593

∴ Option 1 is correct.

Given:

There are three friends Mina, Sheena and Rita and their ages are (a + 4), (a - 4) and (a - 8) years respectively.

The average age of Mina and Sheena together is 24 years.

Calculation:

 The average age of Mina and Sheena together is 24 years.

Sum of age of Mina and Sheena = 24 × 2 = 48 years

⇒ (a + 4 ) + (a - 4) = 48 years

2a = 48 years 

a = 24 years

Present age of Rita = (a - 8) = (24 - 8) = 16 years

∴ Option 4 is correct.

Given:

The H.C.F. of 0.42, 0.14 and 0.35.

Concept used:

HCF of a/b, c/d = HCF of (a,b)/LCM of (c,d)

Calculation:

Here, The numbers are 0.42, 0.14 and 0.35.

⇒ 42/100, 14/100, 35/100

⇒ 7/100 = 0.07

∴ Option 3 is correct.

Here, 

The production of the items A on Wednesday = 70

The production of items C on Monday = 75

The ratio between the production of the items A on Wednesday to the production of items C on Monday = 70 : 75 = 14 :15

∴ Option 2 is correct.

Given: 

⇒ 3599.98 ÷ 8.92 + 74.98% of 799.92 = ?

Concept used:

Follow VBODMAS rule to solve this question, as per the order given below.

Step - 1: Parts of an equation enclosed in 'Vinculum Bar' must be solved first.

Step - 2: Parts of an equation enclosed in 'Brackets' must be solved second, and following BODMAS rule in the bracket

Step - 3: Any mathematical 'Of' or 'Exponent' must be solved next.

Step - 4: Next, the parts of the equation that contain 'Division' and 'Multiplication' are calculated.

Step - 5: Last but not the least, the parts of the equation that contain 'Addition' and 'Subtraction' should be calculated.

Calculation: 

3599.98 ÷ 8.92 + 74.98/100 × 799.92 = ?

3599.98 ÷ 8.92 + 74.98% of 799.92 = ?

⇒ 3599.98 ÷ 8.92 + 599.78 = ?

⇒ 403.56 + 599.78 = 1003. 34 ≈ 1000

∴ Option 1 is correct.

मुझे यह अच्छा नहीं लगता कि आहिस्ता बोला जाए वाक्य शुद्ध वाक्य का सही विकल्प है। 

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

• मेरे को यह अच्छा नहीं लगता कि आहिस्ता बोलू जाए - वाक्य मे मेरे को का प्रयोग अनुचित है।
• मेको यह अच्छा नहीं लगता कि आहिस्ता बोला जाए - वाक्य मे मेको का प्रयोग अनुचित है।
• मुझे यह अच्छा नहीं लगता की आहिस्ता बोला जाए - वाक्य मे की का प्रयोग अनुचित है।

Additional Information अशुद्ध वाक्यों के प्रकार -

सेना शब्द के अर्थ का सही विकल्प वाहिनी होगा।

सेना के अन्य अर्थ - ऊनी, कटक, दल, चमू, अनीक, अनीकिनी आदि है।  

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

सोहम तुमसे (चौगुना) काम करता है वाक्य के कोष्ठक में दिए गए शब्द के अनुसार विशेषण के भेद वाला विकल्प संख्यावाचक विशेषण होगा ।

• संख्यावाचक विशेषण - ऐसे शब्द जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की संख्या के बारे में बोध कराते हैं वे शब्द संख्यावाचक विशेषण कहलाते है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Informationविशेषण - वे शब्द होते हैं जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताते है। ये शब्द वाक्य में संज्ञा के साथ लगकर संज्ञा की विशेषता बताते है।

बड़ा, काला, लम्बा, दयालु, भारी, सुंदर, कायर, टेढ़ा–मेढ़ा, एक, दो, वीर पुरुष, गोरा, अच्छा, बुरा, मीठा, खट्टा आदि विशेषण शब्दों के कुछ उदाहरण है।

विशेषण के मुख्यतः आठ भेद होते हैं -

1. गुणवाचक विशेषण।
2. संख्यावाचक विशेषण।
3. परिमाणवाचक विशेषण।
4. सार्वनामिक विशेषण।
5. व्यक्तिवाचक विशेषण।
6. प्रश्नवाचक विशेषण।
7. तुलनबोधक विशेषण।
8. सम्बन्धवाचक विशेषण।

उलटी गंगा बहाना मुहावरे का सही अर्थ वाला विकल्प प्रचलन के विपरीत काम करना है।

• वाक्य प्रयोग - जब पिताजी ने आलसी रमेश को पढ़ाई करते हुए देखा तब वह बोले अरे आज उल्टी गंगा कैसे बह रही है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Information

• मुहावरा - मुहावरा मूलत: अरबी भाषा का शब्द है, जिसका अर्थ है बातचीत करना या ‘अभ्यास होना।
• कोई भी ऐसा वाक्यांश जिस का शब्दार्थ ग्रहण करके विलक्षण अर्थ ग्रहण किया जाता है उसे मुहावरा कहा जाता है।

उसके मौन से प्रमाणित होता है कि वह अपराधी है वाक्य मे सही वाक्य भेद का विकल्प मिश्र वाक्य होगा। 

• मिश्र वाक्य - जिन वाक्यों में एक मुख्य उपवाक्य हो और अन्य गौण उपवाक्य हों तथा जो आपस में कि, जो, क्योंकि, जितना, उतना, जैसा, वैसा, जब, तब, जहाँ, वहाँ, जिधर, उधर, अगर/यदि, तो, यद्यपि, तथापि, आदि से मिश्रित (मिले-जुले) हों उन्हें मिश्रित वाक्य कहते है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

रचना के आधार पर वाक्य तीन प्रकार के होते है -

Additional Informationअर्थ के आधार पर 8 प्रकार के वाक्य होते हैं –

1. विधान वाचक वाक्य।
2. निषेधवाचक वाक्य।
3. प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य।
4. विस्म्यादिवाचक वाक्य।
5. आज्ञावाचक वाक्य।
6. इच्छावाचक वाक्य।
7. संकेतवाचक वाक्य।
8. संदेहवाचक वाक्य।

विधान वाचक वाक्य - वह वाक्य जिससे किसी प्रकार की जानकारी प्राप्त होती है, वह वि‌‌धानवाचक वाक्य कहलाता है।

उदाहरण - भारत एक देश है।

घर बैठे गंगा आना लोकोक्ति का सही अर्थ वाला विकल्प बिना प्रयत्न के लाभ मिलना है।

• वाक्य प्रयोग - सूरज को लाटरी के रूपए मिल जाने से घर बैठे ही गंगा आ गयी।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Informationलोकोक्ति - लोक व्यवहार में प्रचलित वह उक्ति, जो वर्षों के अनुभव के द्वारा एक वाक्य में प्रयोग की जाती है, लोकोक्ति या कहावत कहलाती है।

संत ने कहा, "विद्या पूर्ण करने के बाद तुमने गुरुदक्षिणा देनी चाही थी, तब मैंने कहा था, फिर कभी ले लूँगा।" सही विराम चिह्न युक्त वाक्य का विकल्प होगा। 

• विराम चिह्न - विराम शब्द का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है ठहराव।
• अपनी बात कहने के लिए उसे समझाने के लिए, किसी कथन पर बल देने के लिए आश्चर्य आदि भावों की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए, कहीं कम समय के लिए तो कहीं अधिक समय के लिए ठहरना पड़ता है।
• भाषा के लिखित रूप मे उक्त ठहरने के स्थान पर जो निश्चित संकेत चिह्न लगाए जाते हैं उन्हें विराम चिह्न कहते है।

Key Pointsअन्य सभी विकल्पों मे उचित विराम चिह्न का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ है।  

कुछ महत्व पूर्ण विराम चिह्न -

एक आँख से देखना मुहावरे का सही अर्थ वाला विकल्प भेदभाव न करना है।

• वाक्य प्रयोग - एक अच्छे अध्यापक की विशेषता होती है कि वह कक्षा मे सभी छात्रों को एक आँख से देखता है।

Key Points

Additional Informationमुहावरा - मुहावरा’ ‘अरबी भाषा का शब्द है, जिसका अर्थ- ‘अभ्यास /बातचीत होता है।

जो वाक्यांश अपने मूल अर्थ को छोड़कर किसी विशिष्ट अर्थ में प्रयुक्त हो जाते हैं, मुहावरे कहलाते है।

प्रवाल-प्रवार के शब्द-युग्म के सही अर्थ का उचित विकल्प मूँगा-वस्त्र होगा।

• प्रवाल का अन्य अर्थ मोती भी है।
• प्रवार का अन्य अर्थ पट भी है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण - 

कृपया पुस्तकालय जाने का रास्ता बताइए वाक्य के लिए वृत्ति के भेद का सबसे अच्छा विकल्प विध्यर्थ है।

• विध्यर्थ का अर्थ है – विधि सम्बन्धी तात्पर्य अथवा क्रिया करने की  देने का भाव।
• बताइए क्रिया रूप से विध्यर्थ का बोध होता है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Information

• वृत्ति - वृत्ति का अर्थ है मन:स्थिति।
• इसे क्रियार्थ भी कहते है। वक्ता जो कुछ भी कहता है, वह मन:स्थिति अर्थात मन में उत्पन्न भाव-विचार के अनुसार कहता है।
• अत: क्रिया के जिस रूप से वक्ता की वृत्ति अथवा मन:स्थिति का बोध होता है उसे वृत्ति या क्रियार्थ कहते है।

धन (के बिना) व्यवसाय चलाना कठिन है वाक्य मे कोष्ठक में दिए गए शब्द के अनुसार अव्यय के भेद का सही विकल्प संबंधबोधक अव्यय होगा।

• संबंधबोधक अव्यय - वे अव्यय शब्द जो किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के साथ मिलकर उसका सम्बन्ध वाक्य के दूसरे शब्दों से बताते हैं, उन्हें सम्बन्ध बोधक अव्यय कहते है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Informationअव्यय -  अविकारी या अव्यय शब्द वे शब्द होते हैं, जिनके रूप में लिंग, वचन, कारक, काल के अनुसार कोई विकार उत्पन्न नहीं होता।  

अव्यय के प्रकार -

• क्रियाविशेषण।
• संबंधबोधक।
• समुच्चयबोधक।
• विस्मयादिबोधक।

अभीष्ट शब्द शुद्ध शब्द का सही विकल्प है।

• अभीष्ट का अर्थ है वांछित।
• जिस वस्तु की हमें जरूरत है अथवा हम जिस चीज की इच्छा या कामना रखते हैं उसे अभीष्ट कहते है।

Key Pointsअन्य सभी विकल्प शुद्ध शब्द के लिए अनुचित होंगे।

शब्द - दो या दो से अधिक वर्णों के सार्थक मेल को शब्द कहते है।

शब्द के दो भेद है-

• सार्थक शब्द - जिन शब्दों के अर्थ ग्रहण किए जाते हैं, उन्हें सार्थक शब्द कहते है।
• जैसे - सब्जी, दूध, रोटी, पानी, सामने, पता इत्यादि।
• निरर्थक शब्द - जिन शब्दों के अर्थ ग्रहण नहीं किए जाते, उन्हें निरर्थक शब्द कहते है।
• जैसे - अभीष्ठ,आभीष्ट, अभिष्ठ आदि।

भाववाचक संज्ञा का सही विकल्प 'चालाक' नहीं है।

• चालाक का सही भाववाचक चालाकी होगा।
• भाववाचक संज्ञा - किसी भाव, गुण, दशा या अवस्था का बोध करवाने वाले संज्ञा शब्दों को भाववाचक संज्ञा कहते है।
• भाववाचक संज्ञा शब्द सदैव एक वचन में ही प्रयुक्त होते है।

Key Points

• अन्य सभी विकल्प मिठास, सरलता तथा प्रेम भाववाचक संज्ञा के उदाहरण है।
• संज्ञा - जिससे किसी विशेष वस्तु, भाव और जीव के नाम का बोध हो, उसे संज्ञा कहते है।

संज्ञा के पाँच भेद होते है-

झंझट शब्द देशज शब्द का सही विकल्प का उत्तर होगा। 

• ‘देशज’ (देश + ज) शब्द का अर्थ है – ‘देश में जन्मा’।
• अतः ऐसे शब्द जो क्षेत्रीय प्रभाव के कारण परिस्थिति व आवश्यकतानुसार बनकर प्रचलित हो गए हैं देशज या देशी शब्द कहलाते है।

Key Pointsअन्य सभी विकल्प विदेशज शब्दों के उदाहरण है।

विदेशज शब्द - विदेशज’ (विदेश + ज) शब्द का अर्थ है- ‘विदेश में जन्मा’।

हिन्दी में अनेक शब्द ऐसे हैं जो हैं तो विदेशी मूल के, पर परस्पर संपर्क के कारण यहाँ प्रचलित हो गए है। अतः अन्य देश की भाषा से आए हुए शब्द विदेशज शब्द कहलाते है।

Additional Informationउत्पत्ति के आधार पर शब्द के निम्न भेद है - 

• तत���सम शब्द।
• तद्भव शब्द।
• देशज/देशी शब्द।
• विदेशज/विदेशी/आगत शब्द।
• संकर शब्द।

पवन गेंद से खेल रहा है।वाक्य के काल का सही विकल्प अपूर्ण वर्तमान काल होगा।

• अपूर्ण वर्तमान काल - जिन शब्दों से यह पता चले कि काम भूतकाल में शुरू हो चुका था और अभी समाप्त नहीं हुआ है, उसे अपूर्ण भूतकाल कहते है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Informationकाल - समय, क्रिया के जिस रूप से कार्य करने या होने के समय का ज्ञान होता है उसे ‘काल’ कहते है।

1. वर्तमानकाल।
2. भूतकाल।
3. भविष्यतकाल।

सही उत्तर: 'समय पर किया गया काम सफल होता है।'

Key Points

• अनुच्छेद के अनुसार, समय का महत्त्व यह है कि उस पर किया गए काम का असली मूल्य होता है।
• यदि काम समय पर नहीं किया जाता, तो उसका परिणाम निष्फल हो सकता है, चाहे वह कितना ही अच्छा क्यों न हो। इस तरह, जब काम समय पर किया जाता है, वह सफलता और असरदार परिणाम लाता है।

Additional Information

अन्य विकल्पों की व्याख्या:

• समय का जीवन में महत्त्व कम है: यह विकल्प अनुच्छेद के विचारों के विरुद्ध है क्योंकि वह समय के महत्त्व को महसूस कराता है।
• समय पर किया गया काम सफल नहीं होता है : यह विकल्प भी गलत है क्योंकि अनुच्छेद समय पर किया गया काम की प्रशंसा करता है।
• लोग समय की परवाह नहीं करते : यह विकल्प अनुच्छेद के विषय में कुछ भी नहीं कहता है, इसलिए इसे नकारा जा सकता है।

सही उत्तर: 'समय पर खेत की रखवाली नहीं करता'

Key Points

• अनुच्छेद के अनुसार, खेत का रखवाला इसलिए उपहास का पात्र बनता है क्योंकि वह समय पर खेत की रखवाली नहीं करता।
• जब काम समय पर नहीं किया जाता, तो उसका परिणाम निष्फल हो सकता है, उसकी सुरक्षा की व्यवस्था कितनी ही अच्छी क्यों न हो।

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्पों की व्याख्या:

• सदैव अपना काम दूसरों को सौंप देता है: यह विकल्प अनुच्छेद में कहीं भी स्पष्ट तौर पर वर्णित नहीं है।
• चिड़ियों का इंतजार करता है: अनुच्छेद में तो चिड़ियों की चर्चा होती है, लेकिन वहां यह नहीं कहा जाता है कि रखवाला उनका इंतजार करता है।
• खेत में पानी नहीं देता: खेत में पानी देने के बारे में अनुच्छेद में कहीं भी उल्लेख नहीं है।

सही उत्तर: 'फ़सल को लाभ न पहुँचे'

Key Points

• अनुच्छेद के अनुसार, बादलों द्वारा बरसाया गया जल यदि फ़सल को फलने-फूलने में मदद नहीं कर सकता, तो उसका बरसना व्यर्थ माना जाता है।
• इसका अर्थ है कि यदि किसी कार्य का परिणाम नहीं मिलता, तो उसका करना व्यर्थ होता है, चाहे वह कितना भी अच्छा हो।

Additional Informationबाकी विकल्पों की व्याख्या:

• गरमी शांत हो जाए: यह विकल्प अनुच्छेद के विचारों से संबंधित नहीं है।
• नदी-तालाब भर जाए: अनुच्छेद में नदी या तालाब के बारे में कहीं भी बात नहीं हुई है।
• चिड़ियों को पानी मिल जाए: अनुच्छेद चिड़ियों के पानी पाने के बारे में कहीं नहीं बताता है।

सही उत्तर: 'समय का सदुपयोग'

Key Points

• इस अनुच्छेद में समय के सदुपयोग पर बल दिया गया है। यदि कार्य सही समय पर किया जाता है, तो वह सफल और उपयुक्त होता है।
• अतः, "समय का सदुपयोग" इसे उपयुक्त शीर्षक देने की अवधारणा को स्पष्टता से प्रकट करता है।

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्पों की व्याख्या:

• किसान का पछतावा: अनुच्छेद में किसान के पछतावे के बारे में स्पष्ट उल्लेख नहीं है।
• चिड़ियों का खेत खाना: खेत की चिड़ियों द्वारा बर्बादी एक उदाहरण के रूप में दी गई है, लेकिन यह अनुच्छेद का मुख्य विषय नहीं है।
• बादल का बरसना: बादलों का बरसना भी एक उदाहरण है जो समय के सही उपयोग के महत्त्व को बताने के लिए दिया गया है। इसलिए, यह शीर्षक पूरे अनुच्छेद को कवर नहीं करता है।

सही उत्तर: 'अनवसर'

Key Points

• अवसर का समानार्थी शब्द "अनवसर" नहीं है। "अनवसर" अवसर का विलोम शब्द है और इसका मतलब होता है "अनुपयुक्त समय"।

Additional Information

बाकी विकल्पों की व्याख्या:

• स्थिति: हालांकि यह शब्द व्यापक है, लेकिन किसी खास स्थिति में, यदि उसे एक अवसर के रूप में देखा जाए, तो यह अवसर का समानार्थी हो सकता है।
• मौका: "मौका" अवसर का समानार्थी शब्द है, जिसका अर्थ होता है किसी विशेष समयावधि या स्थिति।
• संभावना: "संभावना" भी अवसर का समानार्थी हो सकता है, यदि इसे एक मौके या सुविधा की संभावना के रूप में देखा जाए।

The correct answer is "Something good that isn’t recognized at first".

Key Points 

• Let's look at the meaning of the given word.
• A blessing in disguise means "something that seems bad or unlucky at first, but results in something good happening later (ऐसा कुछ जो पहले बुरा या अशुभ लगता है, लेकिन बाद में कुछ अच्छा होता है)".
• ​Example: Being laid off was a blessing in disguise but within a month I got a much better job.
• From the above lines, we can say that "Something good that isn’t recognized at first" is the correct idiom/phrase for the given word.
• All the options are eliminated because of this reason.

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "Mum’s the word".

Key Points 

• Let's look at the meaning of the given word.
• To keep quiet, To say nothing means "keep something secret; say nothing about something (कुछ गुप्त रखना; किसी चीज के बारे में कुछ नहीं कहना)".
• ​Example: Sheena managed to keep the school’s problems quiet to say nothing for a while.
• Mum’s the word means "when one tells someone or agrees with someone, to keep something a secret (जब कोई किसी को कुछ गुप्त रखने के लिए कहता है या किसी के साथ सहमत होता है)".
• ​Example: We want her birthday party to be a surprise, so please mum's the word.
• From the above lines, we can say that "Mum’s the word" is the correct idiom/phrase for the given word.
• All the options are eliminated because of this reason.

Hence, ​option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct option is "option 1".

Key Points 

• The error lies in option 1 of the sentence.
• Here, we can use "has" in place of "have" to make the sentence grammatically correct.
• If two or more subjects are joined with pronouns each, every, either, neither + of the + Noun then the noun will be plural, and the verb will be singular.
• Example: Either of the students is expected to come to the school.
• In the given sentence, "neither of" is given so we need a plural noun with a singular verb which is in not in option 1.
• All the options are eliminated because they all are correct.

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

Complete Sentence: Neither of them has/ any idea how long the/ body has been entombed.

Additional Information

• If two subjects joined with Not only...... but also, Neither...... nor, Either...... or then the verb will be according to the second subject.
• Example: Neither Dinesh nor his friends are doing well in the examination.
• Two or more Singular Subjects connected by or, nor, either ….. or, neither …. nor take a verb and noun both are the singular.
• Example: I don't like either Steve or Andre.

The correct answer is "asked us, "Where were all of you last night?"

Key Points 

• If the reported speech is in the form of an interrogative sentence, it can be constructed in two ways according to the structure of the Interrogative sentence it may begin with -Wh words (where, who, what, etc.) or using an auxiliary verb (is, am, are, was, were) and inverted comma is to enclose the exact words used by a speaker just after the question mark.
• Direct Speech: It is the speech in which the actual words of the speaker are reported within inverted commas.
• Example: Anusha said, "I am going."
• Indirect Speech: It is speech in which the substance or idea of the speaker's words is reported without using his actual words without inverted commas.
• ​Example: Sushil said that he was going.​
• Here, the sentence should be in an inverted comma as the actual words of the speaker are reported, and also there is a need for a question mark with the verb "asked". As per the given thing, two options show such a thing but the one which has "that" is also eliminated as we can't use "that" with direct speech.
• All the options are eliminated because of this reason.

Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Complete Sentence: Grandma asked us, "Where were all of you last night?"

Additional Information 

• Punctuation mark: A mark, such as a full stop, comma, or question mark, is used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning.
• Question mark:  It is used to indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a sentence. Normally starts with -Wh words like (When, who, which, etc).
• Example: When did Graeme leave for the market?
• Inverted comma: It is used to enclose the exact words used by a speaker.
• Example: He said, "The scheme will be announced tomorrow."
• Comma: The comma (,) is a punctuation mark that indicates a pause in a sentence, sets off words, phrases, or clauses, separates items in a list, and performs many other functions. The comma is one of the most versatile and commonly misused punctuation marks in English.
• Full stop: The full stop (.) also called period is used to mark the end of a declarative sentence or an imperative sentence.
• Example: Shweta speaks slowly.

The correct answer is "Array".

Key Points 

Let's look at the meanings of the given words:

• Array means "a large collection of things, especially one that is impressive and is seen by other people (वस्‍तुओं का बड़ा संग्रह, विशेषतः प्रभावशाली प्रदर्शन लिए लिए)".
• ​Example: The organization owns a diverse array of companies.
• From the above explanation, it can be concluded that 'Array' is the correct word to substitute for the given description.

Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Flotilla means a small fleet of ships or boats (जहाजों या नावों का एक छोटा बेड़ा).
• Heretic means a person whose religious beliefs are believed to be wrong or evil (ऐसा व्‍यक्ति जिसके धार्मिक विश्‍वास अस्‍वीकार्य या सदोष माने गए हों; विधर्मी, अधर्मी).
• Frivolous means not serious; silly (अगंभीर; मूर्खतापूर्ण).

The correct answer is "expatia".

Key Points 

• Let's explore the options:
• ​​​​​'Partisan' means showing too much support for one person, group or idea, especially without considering it carefully (किसी व्‍यक्ति, समूह या विचार अत् अत्‍यधिक कट्टर रूप से समर्थन देते हुए, विशेषतः बिना ध्यानपूर्वक के; अंधभक्त).
• Example: The audience was very partisan, and refused to listen to the points Sheela was making in her speech.
• ​​​​​'Notoriety' means the state of being well known for something bad (बदनाम, कुख्‍याति).
• Example: Suresh achieved instant fame and notoriety with the release of his film.
• ​​​​​'Paucity' means less than enough of something; too little (संख्या या गुणवत्ता पर्याप्त से कम; थोड़ा, कुछ, कम).
• Example: The authorities had to cope with the paucity of information about the effects of the storm.
• 'Expatia': ​There is no such word in English or we can say that there is some spelling mistake in this word.
• The correct spelling is 'Expatiate' which means to speak or write about something in great detail or for a long time (किसी वस्तु के बारे में विस्तार से लंबे समय तक बोलना लिखना लिखना).

​Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information 

• The synonyms of the word 'Expatiate' are expound, amplify, and dilate.
• Example of 'Expatiate' in a sentence.
• ​Example: *Shweta expatiated on her work for the duration of the meal.*​

The correct answer is "Simultaneous".

Key Points 

• Simultaneous is the correctly spelt word.
• Simultaneous means 'happening or done at exactly the same time as something else (दो या अधिक वस्‍तुओं का ठीक एक ही समय घटित होने या किया वाला वाला; सहकालिक, समक्षणिक)'.
• ​Example: *A simultaneous translation was available through these headphones.*​
• The spelling of other options is incorrect.

Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• The synonyms of the word 'Simultaneous' are together, concurrent, and coexist.
• The antonyms of the word 'Simultaneous' are asynchronous, different, and separate.

The correct answer is "Satisfied".

Key Points 

• Voracious means ​'very eager for something, especially a lot of food (किसी वस्तु के लिए बहुत उत्सुक, विशेषकर बहुत खाने के इच्‍छुक)'.
• ​Example: Himesh is a voracious reader of historical novels.
• Marked option 'Satisfied' means ​**'pleased because one has had or done what one wanted (अभीष्‍ट काम को संपन्‍न करने या वस्‍तु को प्राप्‍त करने पर प्रसन्‍न; संतुष्‍ट)'.**​
• ​Example: The judge was satisfied that Dinesh was telling the truth.
• The word 'Satisfied' best expresses the opposite meaning as the given word 'Voracious'.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information 

• Avid means wanting to get something very much (कुछ पाने को अति-उत्‍सुक, अत्‍युत्साही).
• Prodigious means very large or powerful and surprising (बहुत बड़ा या शक्तिशाली और आश्‍चर्यजनक).
• Insatiable means something that cannot be satisfied; very great (जिसे तृप्‍त न किया जा सके, अतृप्‍त; अपरितोष्‍य, अत्‍यधिक).

The correct answer is "PQRS".

Key Points 

• P will be the first sentence to start as it is contextually and meaningfully correct for the sentence after "Novelists have proved**"** which means that novelists have proved easy to influence quick studies.
• Q will be after P as it continues the further information about novelists through the pronoun "their" which says that novelists change something.
• R will be after Q as it continues the information about changes that novelists change their principle objectives to reflect those people.
• S will be after R and is the last one as it concludes the sentence and says that those people i.e. novelists change their principle objectives to reflect those critical theorists they think or admire should be better than them.

 

Hence, the correct arrangement is "PQRS".

Correct Order

Novelists have proved

P. impressionable, quick studies,

Q. recalibrating their aesthetic

R. objectives to reflect those of

S. the critical theorists they emulate.

Complete Sentence: Novelists have proved impressionable, quick studies, recalibrating their aesthetic objectives to reflect those of the critical theorists they emulate.

The correct answer is "malicious".

Key Points 

• Malicious means ​'characterized by malice; intending or intended to do harm (द्वेष द्वारा विशेषता; नुकसान करने का इरादा)'.
• ​Example: Ritesh was charged with malicious wounding.
• All the other options are contextually and meaningfully incorrect and are positive words but we need a negative word that is only shown as malicious.
• So, all the other options are eliminated because of this reason.

​​​​​​Hence, option 3 is the correct answer. 

Complete Sentence: Outside the court, they both said they would consider mounting a case against the police for malicious prosecution.

Additional Information 

• Modest means not talking too much about one's own abilities, good qualities, etc. (विनम्र, विनीत अपनी क्षमताओं आदि का बखान न करने वाला).
• Munificent means extremely generous (अत्यधिक उदार).
• Mundane means normal; not interesting or exciting (साधारण, मामूली; रोचक या उत्तेजक नहीं).

The correct answer is "archaic".

Key Points 

• Archaic means ​'very old-fashioned; no longer used (पुरातनपंथी; वर्तमान में अप्रचलित)'.
• ​Example: The system is archaic and unfair and needs changing.
• All the other options are contextually and meaningfully incorrect.
• So, all the other options are eliminated because of this reason.

​​​​​​Hence, option 3 is the correct answer. 

Complete Sentence: In his hand, he produced a worn scroll depicting several pictograms and archaic passages.

Additional Information 

• Amenable means happy to accept something; willing to be influenced by somebody/something (खुशी से स्‍वीकार करने वाला; स्‍वेच्‍छा से प्रभावित होने वाला).
• Ambiguous means having more than one possible meaning (जिसके एक से अधिक अर्थ निकाले जा सकें; अनेकार्थता).
• Ambivalent means having or showing a mixture of feelings or opinions about something or somebody (मिश्रित या मिली-जुली भावनाओं से युक्त; उभयमुख).

The correct option is "option 3".

Key Points 

• The error lies in option 3 of the sentence.
• Here, we remove "the" article to make the sentence grammatically correct.
• Article: An article is used to modify a noun, which is a person, place, object, or idea.
• Example: A man, a car, a girl.
• Definite articles (The): The definite article "the" is used before the singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular.
• Example: Gurmeet gets on the bus.
• According to article usage, articles before proper nouns such as person names, individual continent names, individual country names, individual city names, individual mountain names, island names, a single specified hill or peak, etc are omitted.
• In the given sentence, "Mount Everest" is a single specified peak and a proper noun and we can't use any article with a single specified peak.
• We have to omit "the" to make the sentence grammatically correct.
• All the options are eliminated because they all are correct.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Complete Sentence: The Indian expedition/ to Mount Everest is/ leaving next month.

Additional Information 

• Indefinite articles (A and An):
• A article: When the indefinite article comes before a word beginning with a consonant sound.
• Example: A book, a car.
• An article: When the indefinite article comes before a word beginning with a vowel sound.
• ​Example: An idea, an apple.

The correct answer is "as the magic-bullet solution to disposing of otherwise".

Key Points 

• The correct option lies in option 3 of the sentence.
• Here, we can use the preposition "of" with "disposing".
• "Dispose of" is a phrasal verb so we have to use it in this sentence.
• Dispose of somebody/something means 'to get rid of somebody/something that one do es not want or cannot keep (किसी से छुटकारा पाने के लिए/ कुछ ऐसा जो कोई नहीं चाहता या नहीं रखना चाहता)'.
• Example: Radioactive waste must be disposed of safely.
• Here, the only preposition used with "disposing" is "of" and without a preposition and with a bracket is also wrong as "disposing of" is a phrasal verb.
• All the options are eliminated because of this reason.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Complete Sentence: Incineration has been used for decades as the magic-bullet solution to disposing of otherwise persistent waste materials.

The correct answer is "PSQR".

Key Points 

• P will be the first sentence to start as it is contextually and meaningfully correct for the sentence after "The first ruler of the gods was Uranus, the personification of the sky" which adds more about the ruler through the pronoun "he" that he was married to Gaia.

• S will be after P as it continues the further information about the ruler whose name is Uranus and his wife Gaia that they have twelve children.

• Q will be after S as it continues the information about the children as described in S that the ruler's children will overthrow him as per future prediction so the ruler hid his children inside the earth to protect himself from being overthrown by his children.

• R will be after Q and is the last point as it adds more by saying that Gaia hated the ruler because of this reason and by adding "The children of the sky and the earth were known in the ancient sources as the Titans" makes the concluding statement of the paragraph.

Hence, the correct arrangement is "PSQR".

Correct Order

The first ruler of the gods was Uranus, the personification of the sky.

P. He was married to Gaia, the goddess of the earth.

S. Uranus had twelve children with Gaia.

Q. After a prophecy that his children would overthrow him, the original ruler of the world hid his children inside their mother (earth).

R. Gaia hated him for this.

The children of the sky and the earth were known in ancient sources as the Titans.

Complete Paragraph: The first ruler of the gods was Uranus, the personification of the sky. He was married to Gaia, the goddess of the earth. Uranus had twelve children with Gaia. After a prophecy that his children would overthrow him, the original ruler of the world hid his children inside their mother (earth). Gaia hated him for this. The children of the sky and the earth were known in ancient sources as the Titans.

The correct answer is "corrupted".

Key Points 

• Debased means ​'lower the moral character of someone (किसी के नैतिक चरित्र को कमजोर करना)'.
• ​Example: Ritesh would not debase himself by entering such a popularity contest.
• Corrupted means ​'to cause somebody/something to start behaving in a dishonest or immoral way (अनुचित  अथवा अनैतिक व्यवहार के लिए प्रेरित करना; भ्रष्‍ट करना)'.
• ​Example: The whole system was corrupt. Every official Zeesha approached wanted money before helping her.
• The word 'Corrupted' best expresses the same meaning as the given word 'Debased'.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information 

• Unamenable means not responsive to something; not capable of being treated or dealt with in a particular way (किसी वस्तु के प्रति उत्तरदायी नहीं; नाही किसी विशेष तरीके से इलाज या व्यवहार करने के प्रति उत्तरदायी).
• Aggrandize means to increase the power, rank or wealth of a person or country (व्यक्ति अथवा देश की स्थिति, सम्पत्ति, सत्ता या पद में वृद्धि करना; ख्याति बढ़ाना).
• Amenable means happy to accept something; willing to be influenced by somebody/something (खुशी से स्‍वीकार करने वाला; स्‍वेच्‍छा से प्रभावित होने वाला).

The correct answer is "Positive state of mind".

Key Points 

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:
• ​'A group of researchers has demonstrated that pleasure and positive states of mind are better for our health. This new intellectual approach to health is not only more powerful but also has no side effects.'
• Upon the perusal of the above lines, it is clear that a group of researchers has demonstrated that pleasure and positive states of mind are better for our health. These two are considered a new intellectual approach to health.
• All other options are eliminated because they are not mentioned in the passage and also are not considered as a new intellectual approach.

Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "can learn creative skills just quick a young adult".

Key Points 

• Let's refer to the following line from the passage:
• **​'According to a study of retired people, adults over 65 can learn a creative skill, like oil painting, **as readily as younger students.'
• Upon the perusal of the above line, it is clear that retired people aged more than 65 can learn creative skills, as quickly as younger adults. Retiring from a job means retiring from life unless it is not completed by some other new activities.
• All other options are eliminated because they are wrong as said for "retired people".

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

Complete Sentence: It is stated in the passage that retired people can learn creative skills just quick as young adults.

Additional Information 

• Option 2 is false as the incredible machine is a book and is not meant for retired people. Hence, it is wrong.
• Option 3 is false as it is related to health and not related to retired people. Hence, it is wrong.
• Option 4 is false as it is not shown like this in the passage. The correct sentence is retiring from a job means retiring from life unless it is not completed by some other new activities. Hence, it is wrong.

The correct answer is "Old Age".

Key Points

• Let's refer to the following line from the passage:
• **​'That is why National Geographic featured John de Rosen in its **book The Incredible Machine, which discussed old age.'
• Upon the perusal of the above line, it is clear that National Geographic featured by John de Rosen in his book "The Incredible Machine" mentioned or has the primary subject as old age.
• All other options are eliminated because of this reason.

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct option is "Option 3".

Key Points 

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:
• 'The book notes: "Some scientists believe that retirement to a sedentary lifestyle initiates or aggravates medical problems, thus shortening life. According to a study of retired people, adults over 65 can learn a creative skill, like oil painting, as readily as younger students." So retiring from a job in a sense means retiring from life unless supplemented by some other, preferably new activity.'
• ​'De Rosen, an artist, continued to paint until the week he **died at age 91.'**
• **'Central to this claim are **recent findings that even getting an education may add as much as 10 years to your health.'
• **'A group of researchers has demonstrated that pleasure and **positive states of mind are better for our health. This new intellectual approach to health is not only more powerful but also has no side effects.'
• Upon the perusal of the above line, it is clear that in the passage it is written that a positive state of mind is better for our health and is not only a powerful tool but also has no side effects in option it is shown it has side effects so it is incorrect according to passage.
• All other options are eliminated because of this reason.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct option is "Artist".

Key Points 

• Let's refer to the following lines from the passage:
• ​'De Rosen, an artist, continued to paint until the week he died at age 91.'
• Upon the perusal of the above line, it is clear that in the passage it is clearly written that John de Rosen is an artist by profession who continued to paint until the week he died at age of 91.
• All other options are eliminated because of this reason.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Psychosexual Theory of Development:

• Freud believed that personality gets well established during childhood, largely before the age of five years.
• He proposed five stages of psychosexual development which include oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage.

Key Points

 

Hence, it could be concluded that the Psychosexual analysis theory was presented by Sigmund Freud.

'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learner's cognitive ability. 

Key Points 

Vygotsky has proposed the concept of 'Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)' in his theory which refers to the:

• difference between what a learner can do on his/her own and what he/she can do with someone's help.
• distance between the learner's actual development level and his/her level of development under someone's guidance.
• range of task too difficult for the child to do alone, but possible with the help of adults and more skilled peers.

Hence it could be concluded that according to the range of abilities, the individual can perform with the guidance of an expert, but cannot yet perform on their own is known as 'zone of Proximal Development'.

Additional Information 

• The Cephalocaudal Development: It exhibits that the development proceeds in the longitudinal direction i.e. from head to toe. That is the reason why a child first gains control over the head before s/he starts walking.
• The Proximodistal Development: It proceeds from near to the distant and from parts of the body near the center develop first then the extremities. Therefore, the child in the earlier stages of development starts developing the fundamental muscles rather than the smaller muscles or fine motor skills.
• Gross motor skills are involved in the movement and coordination of the arms, legs, and other large body parts. They involve actions such as running, jumping, crawling, and swimming.

Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives. In the taxonomy, Bloom identified three aspects/domains of learning which include cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.

Key Points

These three aspects/domains have been divided in a way that proceeds from the simplest process to the complex.

• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, etc.
• Psychomotor domains: It is concerned with acquiring skills that require the integration of mental and physical movements.
• Affective domains: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasm, motivations, and attitudes.

Hence, it is clear that 3 aspects of Bloom's taxonomy do not include the Proximodistal aspect.

B.S. Bloom has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Bloom's Taxonomy identified three domains of learning:

1. Cognitive Domain: It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills.
2. Affective Domain: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, etc.
3. Psychomotor Domain:  It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.

Key Points The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition of power. 

The correct order of the revised Bloom Taxonomy of the cognitive process:-

• Remembering: Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long-term memory.
• Understanding: Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining.
• Applying: Carrying out or using a procedure through executing, or implementing.
• Analyzing: Breaking material into constituent parts, and determining how these parts relate to one another and to an overall structure, or purpose through differentiating, organizing, and attributing.
• Evaluating: Presenting and defending opinions for making judgments about information*, validating ideas or quality of work based on a set of criteria, and looking at the problems in a critical way.*
• Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; recognizing elements into a new pattern of structure through generating, planning, or producing.

Thus, it is concluded that in revised bloom's taxonomy 2001, to present and defend opinions for making judgments about information, validating of ideas or quality of work based on a set of criteria, and looking at the problems in a critical way comes under the category of evaluating.

Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist and a contemporary of Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development known as the ‘Socio-Cultural Theory’.

Key Points

• Piaget emphasized that a child constructs his/her knowledge by his/her own actions. Piaget was criticized for ignoring the significance of sociocultural factors in cognitive development.
• Lev Vygotsky gave an alternative view to Piaget's approach to the construction of knowledge. He proposed that the stages of development as described by Piaget may not be true for all children. Vygotsky argued that learning is rooted in the sociocultural setup of the child where the child is not alone.
• According to the "Social-cultural theory" of Lev Vygotsky-
• Society and culture of the children play a vital role in the development of their cognition.
• Sign system or the language of society works as a tool in gaining knowledge.
• Inputs from others and especially from more knowledgeable people and adults have the capacity to affect the development of cognition.
• This Vygotskian notion of social learning contrasts with some of Piaget's well-known theories of cognitive development**,** which contend that the progression through specific stages is biologically determined, begins in the individual, and occurs before cognitive complexity.

Hence, we conclude that the Vygotskian notion of social learning stands in contrast to the more popular Piaget's idea of cognitive development.

Additional Information

• Lawrence Kohlberg- Theory of moral development
• Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalytic theory
• Erik Erikson- Psychosocial theory

Inhibition refers to a feeling of embarrassment or worry that prevents you from saying or doing what you want. 

Key Points

• Inhibition prevents someone from doing something by making them feel nervous or embarrassed.
• It occurs when a behavior is punished, i.e. the inclination to do something may be there but it is overlaid by the anticipation of punishment.
• An inhibition is a force that prevents something from happening and often comes from you yourself. Shy people are often said to suffer from inhibitions.

Hence, it is clear that inhibition occurs when a behavior is punished, i.e. the inclination to do something may be there but it is overlaid by the anticipation of punishment.

Additional Information

• Assimilation is one of the factors that influence how children learn and grow as assimilation means the process of taking in information into our previously existing schemas.

A group is defined as a number of persons or things regarded as forming a unit, on account of any kind of mutual or common relation, or classified together on account of a common degree of similarity.

Key Points

• Heterogeneous groups consist of members of varying ages, academic levels, interests, needs, etc.
• Heterogeneous groups are formed to promote interaction among students. Students help one another and rectify their errors without embarrassment.
• It can prevent students from labeling other students as slow or advanced. It can be accomplished by having students count off, pair up, or any other method of class division.
• The disadvantage is that sometimes the brighter students might affect the progress of slower ones. The more able students will tend to speed up, leaving the weaker ones far behind.

Hence, we conclude that "heterogeneous group" is the correct answer in the context of the question.

Additional Information

• Homogenous groups have members who have similar academic, social, and emotional levels.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Key Points 

Sensorimotor Stage:

• In this stage, infants progressively construct an understanding of the world by using their senses (vision and hearing) along with physical interactions with objects (grasping, sucking, and stepping).
• Infants explore the world through sensory and motor activity. They experience, perceive, recognize, feel, and understand the environment through their senses.
• The development of object permanence is one of the most important accomplishments of this stage. Object permanence is the concept that things do not vanish from existence if they are no longer in plain sight.

Additional Information

The Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

 

Hence, it could be concluded that at the sensorimotor stage, the senses work as the teacher for a child to perceive knowledge about surroundings.

Socialization is the process by which a new individual is accepted as a member of the family, community, and society at large. It is a continuous and comprehensive process.

Key Points

• Primary socialization occurs in infancy and childhood during which a child acquires the most intense form of cultural learning.
• This stage marks the acquisition of basic knowledge of language and behavior patterns laying the foundation for all the learning which happens later. Primary socializing agents include family and neighborhood.
• The family is an institution most closely associated with the process of socialization. Obviously, one of its primary functions is the care and rearing of children. Family inculcates attitudes relating to proper behavior, decision-making and obedience to authority, etc.
• Neighborhood can be said to be a local social unit where there is constant interaction among people living near one another or people of the same locality. In such spatial units, face-to-face interactions frequently take place. In this sense, they are local social units where children grow up.

Hence, we conclude that the correct answer is family and neighbors.

<br>

Hint

• Secondary socialization maps the period in later childhood and adolescence when the child receives training in institutional or formal settings such as school. This level runs parallel to primary socialization. Secondary socializing agents include schools, peer groups, and mass media.

Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives. In the taxonomy, Bloom identified three domains of learning which include cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.

Key Points 

Affective domains:

• In the above situation, Abhinav needs help in the affective domain which comes into play when we grow in emotional areas such as feelings, attitudes, etc.
• It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as aggression, feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasm, motivation, and attitudes.

Important Points

Let's Understand the Levels of Affective Domain Sequentially in Brief:

• Receiving: When a learner shows sensitivity to certain stimuli.
• Responding:  It is defined as the tendency to respond to an object or stimuli.
• Valuing: It refers to the acceptance of behavior and commitment to it. One values certain behaviors not by desires but by commitment.
• Organizing: It refers to organizing the value system which is attained when one develops one’s code of conduct or standard of public life.
• Characterizing: It deals with behavior as per values or attitudes a child has imbibed; children show teamwork.

Hence, it is clear that in the above situation, Abhinav needs help in the affective domain.

Benjamin Bloom identified three domains of learning depending on the way individuals act, think or feel as a result of participating in some instructional activities. 

• These domains are cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains and instructional objectives should be formulated for each of these three domains.

Key Points

• The psychomotor domain - Simpson is mainly responsible for the development of this domain. Training of physical activities is the main purpose of these objectives. It is associated with manipulative skills such as bodily movements and physical activities.
• It is subdivided into seven levels by Simpson. They include: 
• Perception is the process of becoming aware of objects, qualities, or relations by way of a sense of organs.
• Set is a preparatory adjustment of readiness for a particular kind of action.
• Guided response is the early step in the development of skills. It is the overt behavioral act of a learner under the guidance of a teacher. Readiness is a prerequisite for this kind of response.
• Mechanism means that learned response has become habitual. At this level, the learner has achieved certain confidence and the degree of skill to perform an act which is part of his repertoire of possible responses to stimuli.
• Complex overt response will show that the learner can perform a complex motor act, as he has attained a higher skill.
• Adaptation - Movements can be modified for special situations.
• Origination - New movements can be created for special situations.

Hence, we conclude that attention is incorrect in the context of the question.

Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the 'Theory of Moral Development'. He has made a systematic study of moral development in his theory that is categorized in 3 levels and 6 stages.  

• He created moral development theory by posing moral dilemmas to groups of children as well as adolescents and adults.
• According to Kohlberg, we face a specific psychological dilemma at each stage of life. The moral dilemma is the thinking process involved in judgments about questions of right & wrong.
• Kohlberg's dilemmas revolve around a person named Heinz. He is in a dilemma to choose between stealing medicine or letting his wife die.

Key Points 

Let's Understand the Dilemma in Brief: 

• The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which is half of what it cost.
• He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.”
• So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that?
• Kohlberg is not really interested in whether the subject says “yes” or “no” to this dilemma but in the reasoning behind the answer.
• Kohlberg’s point of view, what the participant thinks Heinz should do is not important. The important thing is the justification of the action.

Hence, it becomes clear that Heinz's dilemma which discusses the idea of obeying the law vs saving a life was given by Kohlberg

Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives. In the taxonomy, Bloom identified three domains of learning which include cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.

Key Points

These three domains have been divided in a way that proceeds from the simplest process to the complex.​

• Affective domains: This domain comes into play when we grow in emotional areas such as feelings, attitudes, etc. It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasm, motivations, and attitudes.
• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, etc.
• Psychomotor domains: It is concerned with acquiring skills that require the integration of mental and physical movements.

Additional Information 

Let's Understand the Levels of Affective Domain Sequentially in Brief:

• Receiving: When a learner shows sensitivity to certain stimuli.
• Responding:  It is defined as the tendency to respond to an object or stimuli.
• Valuing: It refers to the acceptance of behavior and commitment to it. One values certain behaviors not by desires but by commitment.
• Organizing: It refers to organizing the value system which is attained when one develops one’s code of conduct or standard of public life.
• Characterizing: It deals with behavior as per values or attitudes a child has imbibed; children show teamwork.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Key Points

• Object permanence developed in the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's theory.
• Object permanence is the concept that things do not vanish from existence if they are no longer in plain sight.
• By understanding the concept of object permanence, children develop the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen and touched.
• In the sensorimotor stage, infants explore the world through sensory and motor activity. They experience, perceive, recognize, feel, and understand the environment through their senses.

Additional Information 

• Intuition enhances an individual's ability to perceive and understand something or someone instinctively.
• Attachment means an affectional bond or tie between an individual child and an attachment figure (usually a caregiver).

Hence, it could be concluded that the understanding typically develops during early infancy that an object still exists even when it disappears from sight or other senses is known as object permanence.

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist and a social constructivist. He has propounded 'Socio-cultural Theory' which emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

Key Points 

Vygotsky's view on 'Language and Thought':

• Private speech gives direction to children.
• Language is essential for cognitive development.
• Language plays a powerful role in shaping individuals' thoughts.
• By acquiring language, the child modifies his higher mental functions.
• In the initial stage, thought & language are independent but merge at around three years of age.

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Vygotsky, thoughts and language are initially separate(runs parallel) from the origin of life, becoming interdependent at the age of 3.

'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learners' cognitive abilities. 

Key Points 

• Scaffolding is a technique to provide the right kind of support in the right amount at the right time to increase a child’s competence.
• When a teacher starts supporting the learner initially for learning, and gradually reduces the support till the learner reaches a situation, where she/he can develop his/ her own meaning and understanding independently. The teacher is scaffolding the learner.
• For examples:
• The teacher explicitly describes how the new lesson builds on the knowledge and skills students were taught in a previous lesson.
• A teacher gives a half-done example to a child while teaching a particular concept so that they can understand the concept well.

​Thus, it is concluded that when hints, cues, or any sort of temporary help provided by the more knowledgeable others in children is called Scaffolding.

The learning theories help us to know how emotional, social, and cognitive aspects of a child affect his learning and the influence of his environment on his knowledge, understanding, and learning.​​

Key Points 

Classical conditioning:

• This theory of learning is given by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist. His theory is also known as S-type conditioning as it gives importance to the stimuli.
• The behavioristic approach states that all behaviors are learned through the interaction with the environment through a process named “conditioning”.
• Pavlov did an experiment on a dog. He kept a dog hungry and tied him to the experimental table which can be mechanically controlled.
• The arrangements was made to give food to the dog through automatic devices. With this act of offering food to the dog, a bell was rung simultaneously. 
• It was natural for the dog to salivate while seeing food in front of him. The saliva went into the tube and it was measured.
• The experiment went on for some more days and one day, the bell was rung but no food was given. But the dog secreted saliva even then.
• It was found that the saliva secreted was of the same quantity even when no food was given and just the bell was rung for some days.
• Here, food was a "natural stimulus" as it motivated the dog to respond. The ringing of the bell was an artificial stimulus also called a "conditioned stimulus".
• The response of the dog when the bell was rung or salivation that occurred in response to the bell, even in the absence of food, is called a "conditioned response".

Hence, it could be concluded that Pavlov developed a Classical Conditioning Theory which dictated that the bell used to rung just before the food was presented to the dog, the ringing becomes the conditioning stimulus since the dog salivated to the sound of the bell.

B.S. Bloom has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Bloom's Taxonomy Identified Three Domains of Learning:

1. Cognitive Domain: It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills.
2. Affective Domain: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, etc.
3. Psychomotor Domain:  It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.

Key Points 

The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition power. 

Subdomains of Cognitive Domain:

• Knowledge: It refers to the process of recognizing and recalling information.
• Understanding: It refers to the process of interpreting, comprehending, and assimilating information.
• Application: It refers to the process of utilizing information in new and different situations.
• Analysis: It refers to the process of identifying the pattern and connection among the given information
• Synthesis: It refers to the process of combining information and making connections among them to generate a new idea.
• Evaluation: It refers to the process of making judgments and Justifying decisions about the value of information and materials

Hence, it could be concluded that the 'Comprehend' cognitive verb is used to understand the given information.

Adolescence marks an important time in the process of human development, the passage between childhood and adulthood. It is a time of tremendous opportunity and promises when adolescents begin to explore their growing individuality and independence and begin to think critically about themselves and the world around them.

Key Points 

• 'Adolescence' comes from the Latin word 'Adolescere' which means 'to grow to become mature'. It is a stage that lies between the age of '12/13 to 19 years'.
• Adolescence is characterized by rapid physical, social, mental, and emotional changes. It is also a time of opportunity and risk. In the view of Stanley Hall (the father of adolescent psychology), it’s a time of “storm and stress.”
• Adolescence is a period of rapid growth when young people acquire new abilities and face new challenges, in this stage, children are in conflict with their families, are moody, and tend to spend more time with their friends.
• They develop the attitude of sibling rivalry and treat friends as their family.
• It is the transitional stage of childhood and adulthood when a child develops physically and psychologically into an adult.
• It is also known as the problem age because the rapid physical growth leaves teenagers often feel awkward, self-conscious, uncoordinated, embarrassed, and even confused.

Thus, it is concluded that at the Adolescence stage, the child starts developing the attitude that his opinion conflicts with the family, friends are family, sibling rivalry, and various mood swings start developing.

Development can be defined as a broad term that includes a series of qualitative and progressive changes.

• The development of human beings is divided into different stages such as Infancy, Childhood (Early & Late Childhood), Adolescence, and Adulthood.

Key Points

• Infancy refers to the first year or the early period of a child's development in which the child grows rapidly after birth.
• This is the time when the fetus comes into the world from the mother’s womb where he lives for almost nine critical months.
• It is a crucial period of development in which the child learns to sit, crawl, stand, etc.

Characteristics of Infancy Period:

• Bilateral to unilateral trends: ​According to this trend, bilateral movements give way to unilateral ones in the progressive growth of motor development.
• General to Specific trend in motor organs: Initially, infants can grossly hold a toy with both hands at about four months of age but after practice and time, twelve-month-old infants can hold smaller toys or food in each hand using a pincher grasp.
• Mental Development: The newborn child is ready for the basic sensations of our species. They are sensitive to pain, touch, and changes in bodily position.

Hence, it could be concluded that after 9 months when the baby is thrust into the environment from the mother's womb, the stage is known as infancy.

Additional Information

• Pre-natal Period(before birth): The period from conception to birth is known as the prenatal period. Typically, it lasts for about 40 weeks. Prenatal development is affected by maternal characteristics, which include the mother’s age, nutrition, and emotional state.
• Concrete Operational Perod: The concrete operational stage starts from seven years of age and continues till 11 years. Children develop logical thinking but they still find difficulty in applying logic to hypothetical situations.
• Formal Operational Period: The formal operational stage begins around 11 years of age and continues till 15 years. Here, children are able to perform higher-order mental operations. Their thought is flexible and they can deal effectively with complex problems involving reasoning.

One can only wonder how Albert Einstein might have wrestled with the still-open question of how inanimate atoms produce life. He freely acknowledged the limitations of human understanding, including his own, and in July 1945, he wrote, "We have to admire in humility the beautiful harmony of the structure of this world -- as far as we can grasp it. And that is all.

• " Science alone can take us only so far in our efforts to grasp the world, but sometimes teaming it with the arts can carry us the rest of the way forward on that journey. As a musician, Einstein understood this, and perhaps his love of music offered him insights into how life arises from atoms in ways that are now described in terms of "emergence."

Key Points

• Like the sound of a  sonata , like Mozart, Einstein, and Whitman, you too will be gone someday. But like the abstract structure of a musical composition, the space-time coordinates and emergent patterns of your life are immortal, and your atomic and subatomic components will continue to exist in many and varied forms for trillions of years until even they must melt into the silence of a dying universe. As Whitman concluded:
• I depart as air, I shake my white locks at the runaway sun,
• I effuse my flesh in eddies, and drift it in lacy jags.
• I bequeath myself to the dirt to grow from the grass I love,
• If you want me again look for me under your boot-soles.
• In the meantime, welcome to your atomic self. Hydrogen has become you after billions of years of stellar fusion and countless dances of atoms in air, water, earth, and fire on this planetary vessel of ours. As you finish the rest of the story of your life, may you share your matter and energy ever more wisely and well with the universe.

Hence, it is clear that "Like the sound of sonata, like Mozart, Einstein and Whitman you too will be gone someday. But like the abstract structure of musical composition the space time coordinates is Atom and self.

The Education Commission, 1964-66, popularly known as Kothari Commission, was appointed by the Government of India by a resolution, dated 14 July 1964, with the aim to advise the Government on the national pattern of education and on the general principles and policies for the development of education at all stages and in all aspects. There were 17 members in the commission. Chairman of the Commission was Prof. D. S. Kothari, the then Chairman, of the University Grant Commission.

Key Points

• The Commission was most comprehensive in nature, it reviewed almost all aspects of the education system without limiting itself to any one particular aspect, unlike the Commissions that came before and after it.
• According to the Commission, education was intended to increase productivity, develop social and national unity, consolidate democracy, modernize the country and develop social, moral, and spiritual values.
• The crucial role of education in national development appears in all its vividness throughout in the report, appropriately titled “Education and National Development”.
• On June 29, 1966, the Kothari Commission submitted its Report to M.C. Chagla, the then-minister of education.
• The report of the Education Commission has focused on:
• i) internal transformation of the education system with the objective to relate education to the need and aspirations of the nation;
• ii) qualitative improvement of education; and
• iii) expansion of educational facilities to ensure equality of educational opportunity for all.

Hence, we conclude that on June 29, 1966, the D.S. Kothari report was handed to the education minister who was MC Chagla.

The Despatch of 1854, popularly known as the Wood’s Despatch, observed the situation and gave a directive for the promotion of mass education. Wood’s Despatch derives its name from Sir Charles Wood who was the President of the Board of Control for India.

Key Points 

• The aim of education was stated as the diffusion of Western Knowledge, European Arts, Science, Philosophy, and Literature through English.
• “Creation of a class of public servants”, was the important objective. For this purpose, the expansion of mass education was given priority.
• The Dispatch made important recommendations on most of the aspects of education like-
• Establishing a network of graded schools all over the country such as elementary schools, high schools, intermediate, colleges, universities, etc.
• Grant-in aid system for financial support to schools, provision for women's education, training and professional development of teachers, the establishment of medical, engineering law, and other institutes of professional education to develop vocational efficiency of people.
• For higher education, a scheme to establish universities was formulated along with a total organizational setup. They were to conduct examinations and offer degrees in various subjects and languages.

Hence, we conclude that Wood's commission does not include to pursue a University education passing out of intermediate became mandatory.

The term “giftedness” is the broadest and most comprehensive in nature. Generally, gifted students are defined as those students who are having an intelligence score above 130 or the top 2.5%.

• There is no one agreed definition of giftedness. Most of the definitions have been derived from a psychological and educational background. During the early twentieth century, the criterion of being gifted was high intellectual ability.

Key Points

Renzulli’s Three-Ring Model of Giftedness:

• According to Renzulli (1986), Giftedness is an interaction among three basic clusters of human traits: above-average ability, high level of task commitment, and high level of creativity.
• Renzulli (1978) introduced the three-ring conception of Giftedness. In this Renzulli explains that a gifted person can be recognized by three interlocking clusters of psychological traits such as:
• above-average ability,
• Creativity, and
• Task commitment.
• Above-average ability: Renzulli(1986) further defined the clusters of above-average ability as a general ability that refers to “Capacity to process information, to integrate experiences that result in appropriate and adaptive responses in new situations, and the capacity to engage in abstract thinking”.
• Task Commitment: The other cluster of task commitment refers to the ability to motivate oneself to determine what is necessary for task completion, using “ preserve, endurance, hard work, dedicated practices, self-confidence and a belief in one’s ability to carry out important work”.
• Creativity: The last cluster is creativity which is identified as an important factor for being gifted.

Hence, we can conclude that the Renzulli 3-ring model of giftedness does not include credibility.

Integration is the process of accommodating children and young people with disabilities into mainstream schools. The emphasis within integration is to ‘fit’ the child into the system.

• Integrated education refers to a set-up where children with mental retardation study along with non-disabled children in regular schools.

 Key PointsCharacteristics of integrated education-

• It provides an equal opportunity for education. The children with disabilities get an opportunity to interact with non-disabled children. They acquire many skills and behaviors just by observing other children.
• The responsibility of participation was on the child*. Classrooms and schools were not prepared to adjust to the needs* and requirements of the child with regard to material or method of teaching-learning.
• It promoted admission of special children in a regular school without modifying the existing system. Students are expected to suit the existing education system.
• The emphasis was on preparing the child to adjust to the expectations of the classroom. For additional support the child is placed in a resource room.
• It promoted the setting up of schools government or private for those in need where special children can have access. The placement was more spatial (being in the same classroom) and temporal (at the same time).

Hence, we conclude that catering to diverse students learning side by side in the same classroom is not a part of integrated education.

There are many theories in psychology that are related to intelligence and different schools of psychology. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

Key PointsMultiple intelligence- Howard gardener:

• Howard Gardner, an American psychologist, proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In his book ‘Frames of Mind’, he pointed out that he did not believe there was "one form of cognition which cuts across all human thinking." There are multiple intelligences with autonomous intelligence capacities. " So, intelligence cannot be viewed as a single entity.

Social constructivism- Vygotsky:

• 'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, gave more stress to the philosophy of social constructivism and derived sociocultural theory which emphasizes that children learn when they collaborate with others. Vygotsky is known as the father of social constructivism. He advocated that the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves, influence thinking and knowledge construction.

Cognitive development stages- Piaget:

• 'Jean Piaget', a swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium are the ways through which children integrate new experiences into already existing cognition structures (schema).

Hint

• Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer coined the term 'Emotional Intelligence' in 1990  describing it as “a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and other's feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action”. In the early 1990s, Daniel Goleman became aware of Salovey and Mayer’s work and eventually led into the study in his book “Emotional Intelligence”.

Hence, it is clear that 'Emotional intelligence- Felder and Silverman' is a wrong match.

Gender Mainstreaming is a concept that crystallized in the mid-1990s as a strategy to achieve gender equality. It followed the preceding concepts of equal treatment and later women‘s empowerment.

Key Points

• Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies, or programs, in any area, and at all levels.
• It is a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of women as well as of men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic, and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated.
• The ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality.
• Mainstreaming involves taking up gender equality perspectives as relevant in analysis, data collection, and other activities to ensure that all processes take into account the contributions, priorities, and needs of all the stakeholders, women as well as men.

Hence, we conclude that the correct answer is gender mainstreaming.

Additional Information

• Patriarchy is a social structure is one in which men predominately hold authority and privileged positions.
• Gender inequality refers to sex or gender discrimination that regularly favors or prioritizes one sex or gender over the other.

The National Policy on Education (NPE) was adopted by the parliament in May 1986. The policy considered that “education is a unique investment in the present and future". 

Key PointsThe main features of NPE 1986:

• Early childhood care and Education.
• Child-Centered Approach & Equal opportunity for all.
• National System of Education: 10 + 2 + 3 structure of Education.
• Universal enrolment and universal retention of children up to 14 years of age.
• National curriculum framework which contains a common core along with other components.
• Education of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and backward Sections: Regarding the education of scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes and backward Sections NPE recommended opening primary schools in tribal areas, scheduled caste areas, and backward areas on a priority basis and setting a goal for cent percent enrolment of SC/ST children in the age group of 6-11 by 1990.
• Technical and Management Education: Criticized separate functioning of technical and management functions and emphasized the need for integration of these two.

Hence, we conclude that the major step towards the spread of tribal education in India was the enactment of recommendation from the NPE 1986 is priorities will be accorded to the opening of primary schools in tribal areas.

Kothari Commission (1964-66) is also known as National Education Commission.

• It was set up under the chairmanship of 'Daulat Singh Kothari' to examine all aspects of educational sectors in India and to produce appropriate strategies and guidelines for the upliftment of education.

Key Points

Major recommendations of Kothari Commission(1964-66)

• 10+2+3 structure of education: (10years of General Education + 2years of Higher Education + 3 years of degree).
• Common schools system to ensure the equalization of educational opportunities for all children.
• Neighborhood school (Every school has to admit each and every child within its prescribed locality irrespective of their caste, religion, and community)

Hence, it could be concluded that Kothari Commission gave the concept of 10+2+3.

Additional Information

• Hunter Commission has an important place in the field of education in India. This commission offered important suggestions in the context of primary education.
• NCF-2000 had recommended that Environmental Studies be taught as an integrated course for the entire primary stage, instead of in two distinct parts devoted to science and social studies from classes II to V.
• The concept of primary health care was recommended by the ''Bhore committee''. This committee was set up in 1943 with Sir Joseph Bhore as its Chairman. It is also known by the name Health Survey & Development Committee.

The teaching method is a way to put theory in practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. 

Key Points

• There are various kinds of teaching methods in fashion to facilitate learning and the 'Kindergarten​ Method' is one of them. The Kindergarten system of teaching is propounded by ‘Friedrich Frobel’, a German pedagogue.
• The word kindergarten is originated in Germany. Kindergarten means children's garden because Kinder and Garten are synonymous with the words children and garden respectively in the German language.
• In this method, Frobel characterized children as 'plants' and the teachers as the 'gardeners' because they are the optimistic ones who could foster the potential of young seedlings to grow and bloom.
• The purpose of this method is to provide children with rich, meaningful, and balanced learning through appropriate activities at their own pace in a collaborative environment.
• It is based on the physiological principle of development and growth to keep the child fit and enables the overall development of the child and understanding of the subject to make learning more effective.

Hence, it could be concluded that the concept of kindergarten basing that children should be taken care of and nourished in "children's garden" like plants in the garden was given by Froebel.

Hint 

• Rousseau: A French philosopher who has proposed 'Theory of Education' in which he emphasized that if children are allowed to develop naturally they will develop towards their fullest potential.

In 1917, the Government of India appointed the Calcutta University Commission/ Sadler commission for enquiring into the working and needs of that university. Dr. Michael Sadler, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds was appointed its Chairman. The Commission included two Indian members, namely Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee and Dr. Zia-ud-din Ahmad. The Commission took into consideration the working of other Universities and submitted a comprehensive report in 1919.

Key Points

• Sadler Commission suggested bifurcation of higher education at the intermediate examination rather than at the matriculation examination, and suggested the creation of Intermediate colleges which would provide instruction in Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Teaching, etc; to be run as an independent institution or to be attached to selected high schools.
• The commission held that reform at the stage of secondary education was essential for the improvement of university education. In this regards it made the following recommendations:
• Separations of intermediate classes from the universities
• Establishment of intermediate colleges
• Formation of separate high school and intermediate Boards
• Use of mother tongue as a medium of instruction
• Implementation of the Recommendations: There were important political developments in the country in the wake of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) under which universities were transferred to the provincial government. Besides several problems arising out of the consequences of the First World War had to be given priority. Hence, the recommendations could not be put to immediate implementation. However, after the policy resolution of 1920, recommendations received attention. Several universities came into being.

Hence, it is clear that Sadler commission recommended removing the secondary level of education from the university in order to improve the standards of University Education.

Additional Information

• Mudaliar Commission is known as the Secondary Education Commission. It recommended introducing a three-year secondary and a four-year higher education system.
• Education Commission, 1964-66, popularly known as Kothari Commission, was appointed by the Government of India by a Resolution, dated 14 July 1964, to advise the Government on the national pattern of education. The Kothari Commission was set up under the Chairmanship of Dr D. S. Kothari to formulate a coherent education policy for India.
• Hunter commission-  In 1882, the Government appointed this commission under the Chairmanship of W.W. Hunter to review the progress of education in the country and to review the policy laid by the Wood's Despatch in 1854.