DSSSB NDMC PRT 26 March 2022 shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

All the number except 97 are composite number having more than two factors whereas 97 is a prime number having factor 1 and itself only.

Hence, the correct answer is 97.

The answer figures which when placed in the blank space, will complete the pattern in the question figure is-

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The positional value of alphabets are-

Logic - (Multiply the positional value of given letters)/2

In DE : 10

The positional value of D is 4.

The positional value of E is 5.

As per logic (4 x 5)/2 = 20/2 = 10

Similarly in HI 

The positional value of H is 8.

The positional value of I is 9.

As per logic (8 x 9)/2 = 72/2 = 36.

Hence, the correct answer is 36.

The capital of Rajasthan is Jaipur. Similarly the capital of Bihar is Patna.

Hence, the correct answer is Patna.

The rotation figure take place as shown in figure-

Now, if we change the position of figure as shown in above diagram, we get-

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct water image of the given figure is -

Hence, the correct answer is Option4.

Assumption I : The name of the account was not easy to pronounce.❌

When a report is published then name of author is printed and the name got misspelled during printing. So, it is not the matter of pronunciation.

Hence, this assumption does not implicit.

Assumption II: Publishing the correct names of authors is not as important as the quality of the article.❌

Here, the magazine editor regret for misspelled not for the quality of the article as well as quality and author's name of the article both are important.

Hence, this assumption does not implicit.

Assumption III: It is desirable to publish the correct names of the authors.✅

Definitely, the name of author is important to mention and it is desirable to publish the correct names of the authors.

Hence, this assumption implicit.

Hence, the correct answer is only assumption III is implicit.

If we mix all the colour then we got white colour. Whereas blue, green and purple are primary and secondary colour.

Hence, the correct answer is White.

Logic - In all of the given option (except 2) the face of two C is toward the figure while two C are faces outside. But in option 2 three C are faces towards the figure while one faces outwards.

Hence, the correct answer is option2.

The venn diagram represent is -

Conclusion I : No book is blue.❌

There is no direct relation is given between book and blue. So, we cannot say 100% about the relation between book and blue.

Hence, the given conclusion does not follow.

Conclusion II : Some books are not blue.✅

The part of book which is covered by stick is definitely not be a part of blue.

Hence, the given conclusion follows the statement.

Hence, the correct answer is only conclusion II follows.

In figure i and ii 2-dotted face is common. By taking 2-dotted face as a common and move in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction we get,

5-dotted face is opposite to 1-dotted face.

3-dotted face is opposite to 6-dotted face.

Hence, the correct answer is 3.

Logic - Number : Number x (Number + 2)

In 5 : 35

5 : 5 x (5+2)

5 : 35

Similarly,

8 : 8 x (8 + 2)

8 : 80

Hence, the correct answer is 80.

Given:

K 2 8 % P # B 3 H $ G T I A Y E & £ 4 9 L U @ C N

If we drop all the symbols from the given arrangement, we get-

K 2 8 P B 3 H G T I A Y E 4 9 L U C N

Now, the tenth from the right end is -

K 2 8 P B 3 H G T I A Y E 4 9 L U C N ← right

I will be the tenth from the right end.

Hence, the correct answer is I.

As we know, the sun rises in the morning but according to the given question morning is called light.

Hence, the correct answer is light.

Option1:- baaca ❌

After filling the blanks by the letter given in the option, we get-

aba aba aaa cda 

Here, we see that no particular pattern formed.

Hence, the given option is incorrect.

Option2:- abcab❌

aaa abb aca adb 

Here, we see that no particular pattern formed.

Hence, the given option is incorrect.

Option3:- cabcb ❌

aca aba aba cdb

Here, we see that no particular pattern formed.

Hence, the given option is incorrect.

Option4:- aacaa ✅

After filling the blanks by the letter given in the option, we get-

aaa aba aca ada 

Here, we see that a particular pattern formed.

Hence, the given option is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is aacaa.

Sparrow and Crow are birds.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

From the given open Dice:

P and T is the opposite sides.

Q and S is the opposite sides.

R and U is the opposite sides.

And, two opposite sides can not be the adjacent surfaces, so it can't be shows in a dice.

Now,

Option 1) 

→ Can be made, because no opposite sides in the given Dice.

Option 2) 

→ Can be made, because no opposite sides in the given Dice.

Option 3) 

→ Can not be made, because Q and S are the opposite sides.

Option 4) 

→ Can be made, because no opposite sides in the given Dice.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The symbol used to draw family tree is given below-

The family tree is-

Here we see that Sujata is sister of Sahil.

Hence, the correct answer is sister.

Step1:- Rani is taller than Neena but not as tall as Bina.

Bina > Rani > Neena

Step2:-  Lata is shorter than Rani but taller than Geeta

Bina > Rani > Lata > Geeta

Here, the tallest among them is Bina.

Hence, the correct answer is Bina.

Logic - All of the given letter is consonant except I.

So, the one option is not like the other three is I.

Hence, the correct answer is I.

The correct answer is Shillong.

Key Points

• Capital of Meghalaya is Shillong and during British-era Britishers nicknamed Shillong as Scotland of the East.
• Before 21st January 1972, Meghalaya was a part of Assam and then the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state Meghalaya.
• Mawsynram, in Meghalaya, receives the highest rainfall in the world.
• The Chief Minister of the state is Conrad Sangma and the governor is Tathagata Roy. (May 2020).

Additional Information Aizawl 

• Aizawl is the capital of Mizoram.
• Mizoram was granted statehood on 20 February 1987.
• Aizawl lies just north of Tropic of cancer and is a religious and cultural center of the Mizos.
• It is situated at an elevation of about 2,950 feet (900m).
• Mizoram Governor: Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati.
• Mizoram Chief minister: Zoramthanga.

Imphal

• Imphal is the capital of Manipur.
• It is situated 786 m above sea level.
• Imphal is known for its scenic landscapes and greenery.

Agartala

• The capital of Tripura is Agartala.
• The state of Tripura was formed in the year 1972 as the 9th state.
• It was a union territory before 1972.
• It is surrounded by Bangladesh on 3 sides.

The correct answer is Naomi Osaka.

Key Points

• Naomi Osaka defeated Jennifer Brady in the final, 6–4, 6–3 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2021 Australian Open.
• It was her second Australian Open title and fourth major title overall.
• Osaka became the first woman since Monica Seles – and first player since Roger Federer – to win her first four Grand Slam finals, and the seventh player in the Open era to save a match point en route to the Australian Open women’s singles title after battling back from the brink against Garbine Muguruza in the fourth round.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

Key Points

• The headquarter of Indian Olympic Association located in New Delhi.
• The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) or Indian Olympic Committee (IOC) is the body responsible for selecting athletes to represent India at the Olympic Games, Asian Games and other international athletic meets and for managing the Indian teams at these events.
• It plays with the name of Team India.
• It also acts as the Indian Commonwealth Games Association, responsible for selecting athletes to represent India at the Commonwealth Games.
• The current President of IOA is P. T. Usha.

The correct answer is Kaivalya.

Key Points

• Kaivalya is not the son of King Ashoka.
• Ashoka sent missionaries to neighbouring states and even to foreign lands to carry out duties of Buddhism missionaries.
• He is a Buddhist monk and he is regarded as the one who brought Buddhism to Sri Lanka.
• Kunala: He was the son of Emperor Ashoka and Queen Padmavat. During the reign of Emperor Ashoka, he also served as Viceroy of Taxila.
• Tivala: He was the son of Emperor Ashoka and Karuvaki. He is the only son of Ashoka whose name is mentioned in the Queen's edict, along with his mother, Karuvaki.
• Jalauka: He was one of Emperor Ashoka 's sons. He was mentioned in the Rajtarangini of Kalhana.

Additional Information 

• Ashoka, the great 
• The empire that Ashoka ruled was founded by his grandfather, Chandragupta Maurya, more than 2300 years ago.
• Chandragupta was supported by a wise man named Chanakya or Kautilya. Many of Chanakya’s ideas were written down in a book called the Arthashastra.
• He was the first ruler who tried to take his message to the people through inscriptions.
• Most of Ashoka’s inscriptions were in Prakrit and were written in the Brahmi script.
• Kalinga is the ancient name of coastal Orissa.
• Ashoka fought a war to conquer Kalinga. However, he was so horrified when he saw the violence and bloodshed that he decided not to fight any more wars.
• He is the only king in the history of the world who gave up conquest after winning a war.
• Ashoka’s dhamma did not involve the worship of a god or the performance of a sacrifice.
• He felt that just as a father tries to teach his children, he had a duty to instruct his subjects.
• He was also inspired by the teachings of the Buddha.
• He appointed officials, known as the dhamma mahamatta who went from place to place teaching people about dhamma.
• Ashoka got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his officials to read his message to those who could not read it themselves.
• Ashoka also sent messengers to spread ideas about dhamma to other lands, such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka.
• He built roads, dug wells, and built rest houses. Besides, he arranged for medical treatment for both human beings and animals.

The correct answer is 3.35%.

Key Points

• Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of I India**) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds.**
• Repo rate is used by monetary authorities to control inflation.
• The RBI has kept the repo rate, the rate at which the RBI lends funds to banks that is unchanged at four percent, and the reverse repo rate - the rate at which RBI borrows from banks – at 3.35 percent.
• Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank gives loans to commercial banks against government securities.

Additional Information

• Bank Rate:
• It is also called the rediscount rate. It is the rate, at which the RBI gives finance to commercial banks.
• Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR):
• The RBI (Amendment) Bill, 2006, empowers RBI to prescribe CRR–Cash that banks deposit with the RBI without any floor rate or ceiling rate.
• Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR):
• It is the ratio of a liquid asset, which all commercial banks have to keep in the form of cash, gold, and unencumbered approved securities equal to not more than 40% of their total demand and time deposit liabilities (ranges is 25‑40%).
• Repo Rate:
• It is the rate, at which RBI lends short-term money to the bank against securities.
• Reverse Repo Rate:
• It is the rate, at which banks park short-term excess liquidity with the RBI.
• Open Market Operations (OMOs):
• Under OMOs, the RBI sells G-securities in the market.

The correct answer is Monetary Policy Committee.

Key Points

• MPC is the statutory and institutional framework under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 to maintain price stability. The full form of MPC is Monetary Policy Committee.
• The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is constituted by the Central Government under Section 45ZB of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• It determines the policy interest rate with regard to the use of monetary instruments under its control to achieve the goals specified in the RBI Act, 1934.
• The Monetary Policy rates are fixed by a 6 member committee called The Monetary Policy Committee. Out of the 6 members, 3 are from RBI and the other 3 are appointed by GOI.
• The MPC is required to meet at least four times a year. Each member of the MPC has one vote, and in the event of an equality of votes, the Governor has a second or casting vote.
• Instruments of  RBI monetary policy are Repo Rate, Reverse Repo Rate, Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF), Marginal Standing Facility (MSF), Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Open Market Operations (OMOs), and Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS).​

Additional Information

• Basic Information about other important sections of the RBI Act:
• ​Section 22: It deals with the right of RBI to issue banknotes.
• Section 24: It deals with the Denominations of notes issued by RBI.
• Section 40: It deals with the Transactions in foreign exchange (ForEx)
• Section 45B: It deals with the power of RBI to collect credit information.
• Basic Information about Reserve Bank of India (RBI):
• It is the regulator of the entire banking system in India.
• Governor: Shaktikanta Das (25th governor).
• Founded: 1 April 1935 in Kolkata.
• Headquarter: Mumbai.

The correct answer is 20 Medicinal Plants for 2021 for COVID-19 Care.

Key Points

• National Medicinal Plants Board has prepared the e-book 20 Medicinal Plants for 2021 for COVID-19 Care.
• National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), has prepared an e-book “20 Medicinal Plants for 2021 for Covid-19 care” to highlight important medicinal plants and their therapeutic properties.
• These medicinal plants are useful in the prevention & management of Covid-19 along with standard of care. The herbs described in e-book can be used in conditions leading to fever, cough, cold, weakness, pain etc.
• The botanical names, vernacular names, chemical constituents, therapeutic values, pharmacological principles and important formulations are also recorded in this e-book.
• This will provide awareness and knowledge to the public on the importance and diversity of medicinal plants that are useful in the prevention & management of Covid-19 along with standard of care.

Additional Information

• About NMPB:
• NMPB was established in the year 2000 under the Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy).
• NMPB has been established to coordinate with all matters relating to Medicinal Plants and Support Policies and Programs for the growth of trade, export, conservation, and cultivation.

The correct answer is Lok Sabha only.

Key Points

• Article 110 of the Indian constitution deals with the money bill.
• A bill dealing with the imposition, abolition remission alteration, or regulation of any tax, regulating the borrowing power of the state or matters related to the consolidated fund and contingency fund is a money bill
• A money bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha.
• The speaker has the power to certify a money bill.
• Lok Sabha has the all exclusive authority over a money bill.
• President can not return the money bill for the reconsideration of the parliament.
• To introduce a money bill in Lok Sabha prior recommendation of the president is required.

Additional Information

• Lok Sabha is constituted under Article 81 of the Indian constitution.
• Lok Sabha was constituted on 17^th April 1952.
• Also called the house of people.
• Rajya Sabha is constituted under article 80 of the Indian constitution.
• Rajya Sabha was constituted on 3^rd April 1952.
• Also called the house elders.

The correct answer is Andhra Pradesh.

Key Points

• The state of Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of uranium in India.
• Tummalapalle village located in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh is considered one of the largest uranium reserves in the world.
• These reserves were officially commissioned in 2012 as they were equipped in catering to 25 percent of the requirement of uranium in the nuclear power plants in India.

Additional Information

• About Andhra Pradesh:
• State Animal - Blackbuck.
• State Bird - Indian roller.
• Districts - 12.
• Largest District - Anantapur.

The correct answer is Leprosy.

Key Points

• Neem plant is very useful for Leprosy.
• The scientific name of Neem is Azadirachta Indica.
• Neem tree leaves are used for leprosy, diabetes, fever, eye disorders.
• Some part of the tree is used in making cosmetics and Medicines.

Additional Information Properties of Neem Trees

• Azadirachta indica is commonly known as neem tree.
• It is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae.
• Neem Tree can grow up to 30 m tall and 2.5 m in girth.
• The roots penetrate the soil deeply, at least where the site permits, and, particularly when injured, they produce suckers.
• The tree is easily propagated - both sexually and vegetatively. It can be planted using seeds, seedlings, saplings, root suckers, or tissue culture.
• Neem leaf has various properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and immune upregulation. It is used in the pharmaceutical industry.
• Neem oil can be used as a pesticide to control the proliferation of some species of insects and mites.
• It is also used for skin diseases and digestive system disorders.
• Neem Oil can also be obtained from solvent extraction of the neem seed and this solvent-extracted oil is mostly used for soap manufacturing.

The correct answer is Bronze.

Key Points

• The Indus Valley Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilization that existed in the northwestern part of South Asia from 2500–1700 BCE.
• The Bronze Age is characterized by the use of tools made from bronze, an alloy of copper and tin.
• The civilization is known for its development of techniques in metallurgy and the use of bronze, copper, lead and tin for utensils, sculptures, vessels, and jewellery.

Additional Information 

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. This civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.
• Name of the major cities are given below:
• Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
• Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river
• Chanhudaro-It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
• Lothal- It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
• Surkotada (Gujarat)-It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
• Banawali (Haryana)-It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati
• Dholavira (Gujarat)-It excavated is in the Kutch district

The correct answer is Holy basil.

Key Points

• Holy basil is called the queen of medicine.
• Ocimum tenuiflorum, also known as Ocimum sanctum, Tulsi, or Holy Basil from the family Lamiaceae has been described as the “Queen of plants” and the “mother medicine of nature” due to its perceived medicinal qualities.
• Tulsi is well known for its myriad medicinal properties antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, antioxidant, antiseptic and anticancer.
• Tulsi plant has medicinal values due to the presence of Phenols and Flavonoids.

Confusion Points

• Penicillin is an antibiotic widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections.
• Penicillin is called the ''Queen of medicines''.

Additional Information

• Tulsi leaves are rich in vitamins A, C and K and minerals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron and potassium.
• It also has a good amount of protein and fibre.
• Benefits of Tulsi are 
• Natural Immunity Booster
• Reduces Fever (antipyretic) & Pain(analgesic)
• Reduces Cold, Cough & Other Respiratory Disorders
• Reduces Stress & Blood Pressure
• Anti-cancer properties
• Good for Heart Health
• Good for Diabetes Patients
• Useful in Kidney stones & Gouty Arthritis
• Good for Skin & Hair

The correct answer is 20° F and 140° F.

Key Points

• The “Danger Zone” for food is 40°F – 140°F (≈ 4°C – 60°C).
• Within this range, bacteria like Salmonella, E. coli, Staphylococcus multiply fastest.
• Below 40°F (refrigeration) = bacterial growth slows.
• At 0°F (freezing) = growth stops (but bacteria are not killed).
• Above 140°F = most bacteria are destroyed.
• Because 20°F is within the unsafe zone; 0°F and 10°F are too cold for growth; 30°F is also in the zone, but official food-safety danger zone starts at ~40°F, so the closest correct option is 20°F–140°F.

Additional Information

• There are 2 kinds of bacteria i.e., aerobic and anaerobic.
• Aerobic bacteria need oxygen to grow, therefore won't multiply in an oxygen-free environment like a vacuum-packaged container.
• Anaerobic bacteria can solely grow in oxygen-free environments.
• Food that has been improperly processed then kept at room temperature will be in danger from anaerobic bacteria.
• An example may be a product containing harmful Clostridium bacteria that has been improperly processed throughout canning, then is consumed with no more preparation or reheating.

The correct answer is Aurangabad.

Key Points

• Ellora Caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are located in Charanadri Hills, Aurangabad district of Maharastra.
• There are over 100 caves at the site, all excavated from the basalt cliffs in the Charanandri Hills, 34 of which are open to the public.
• It is one of the largest rock-cut Hindu temple cave complexes in the world, with artwork dating from the period 600–1000 CE.
• Cave 16 features the largest single monolithic rock excavation in the world, the Kailash temple, a chariot-shaped monument dedicated to the god Shiva.
• All of the Ellora monuments were built during the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
• These consist of 17 Hindu, 12 Buddhist, and 5 Jain caves.

Additional Information 

• UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India:

The correct answer is Brahmaputra.

Key Points

• The Brahmaputra is known as the Red River in India.
• Brahmaputra river turns blood-red for 3 days in June every year and this event is followed by a grand Ambubachi Mela celebration for the goddess Shakti.

Additional Information 

• The Brahmaputra is one of the major rivers in the Himalayan river system.
• It originates from the Chemayundung glacier near Manasarover lake in Tibet.
• The Brahmaputra is the Indian river that occupies the maximum volume of water.
• In Bangladesh, Brahmaputra is known by the name Jamuna.
• The Yarlung Tsangpo is the Tibetan name for the upper course of Brahmaputra.
• In Arunachal Pradesh, Brahmaputra is known by the name Dihang.

The correct answer is Article 61.

Key Points

• Article 61 of the Indian Constitution provides the Procedure for impeachment of the President Of India.
• The President may be removed from office before the completion of this term through impeachment for violating the Constitution of India by the Parliament of India.
• The process of impeachment of the President of India can be initiated in either house of the parliament and such resolution has to be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House.
• President is elected for a term of five years.

Additional Information

• President of India:
• The Indian President is the head of the state and he is also called the first citizen of India.
• He is a part of the Union Executive, provisions of which are dealt with Article 52-78 including articles related to President (Article 52-62).
• He is the first citizen of India and is a symbol of solidarity, unity, and integrity of the nation.
• He is a part of the Union Executive along with the Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and Attorney-General of India.
• Qualifications of the President:
• He should be an Indian Citizen.
• His age should be a minimum of 35 years.
• He should qualify the conditions to be elected as a member of the Lok Sabha.
• He should not hold any office of profit under the central government, state government, or any public authority.

The correct answer is Nilmani Phookan.

Key Points

• Nilmani Phookan Jr. was awarded the 56th Jnanpith Award for 2020.
• Nilmani Phookan Jr’s contribution to Indian literature:
• Phookan is based out of Guwahati.
• He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1990 and received the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship in 2002.
• Written poems such as Surya Henu Nami Ahe Ei Nodiyedi, Gulapi Jamur Lagna, and Kobita.

Additional Information 

• Damodar Mauzo has won the 57th Jnanpith Award for 2021.
• He is notable for his novels, such as Karmelin, and Tsunami Simon, and short stories, such as Teresa’s Man and Other Stories from Goa.

The correct answer is Yajurveda.

Key Points

• The Shvetashvatara Upanishad is an ancient Sanskrit text embedded in the Yajurveda.
• It is listed as number 14 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads. The Upanishad contains 113 mantras or verses in six chapters.

Additional Information

• Rigveda:
• The oldest Veda is the Rigveda. It has 1028 hymns called ‘Suktas’ and is a collection of 10 books called ‘Mandalas.’
• It is the oldest form of Veda and the oldest known Vedic Sanskrit text(1800 – 1100 BCE)
• The meaning of the word ‘Rigveda’ is Praise Knowledge
• It has 10600 verses
• Samaveda:
• Known as the Veda of melodies and chants, Samaveda dates back to 1200-800 BCE. This Veda is related to public worship.
• There are 1549 verses (except 75 verses, all have been taken from Rigveda)
• There are two Upanishads embedded in Samaveda – Chandogya Upanishad and Kena Upanishad
• The Samaveda is considered the root of Indian classical music and dance
• It is considered as the storehouse of the melodious chants.
• Atharvaveda:
• Stands to mean a tatpurusha compound of Atharvan, an ancient sage, and knowledge (atharvan+knowledge), it dates back to 1000-800 BCE.
• The daily procedures of life are very well enumerated in this Veda
• It has 730 hymns/suktas, 6000 mantras, and 20 books
• Paippalada and the Saunakiya are two surviving recensions of Atharvaveda
• Called a Veda of magical formulas, it includes three primary Upanishads – Mundaka Upanishad, the Mandukya Upanishad, and the Prashna Upanishad.
• Yajurveda:
• Stands to mean ‘Worship Knowledge’, Yajurveda dates back to 1100-800 BCE; corresponding with Samaveda.
• It compiles ritual-offering mantras/chants. These chants were offered by the priest alongside a person who used to perform a ritual (in most cases yajna fire.)
• It has two types – Krishna (Black/Dark) & Shukla (White/Bright)
• Krishna Yajurveda has an un-arranged, unclear, motley collection of verses
• Shukla Yajurveda has arranged and clear verses.

The correct answer is Lakshana Devi Temple.

Key Points

• Lakshana Devi Temple is the largest temple in Bharmour that is a post-Gupta era Hindu temple in Himachal Pradesh.
• It is dedicated to Durga in her Mahishasura-mardini form.
• It is dated to the second half of the 7th-century, and is in part one of the oldest surviving wooden temples in India.

Additional Information

• Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple is a Hindu temple in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• Vashisht Temple, located in Vashisht village near Manali, is famous for sulphurous hot water springs, whose water is believed to have great healing powers.
• The Baba Balak Nath Temple is situated at the village of "Chakmoh" in the district of Hamirpur on the hilltop.

The correct answer is Amitabh Ghosh.

Key Points

• The author of The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis is Amitabh Ghosh.
• Amitav Ghosh is a famous Indian writer who has won the Jnanpith Award for his contribution in the field of literature.
• Sea of Poppies, The Hungry Tide and River of Smoke are all written by Amitav Ghosh.

Additional Information

• Ajay Goyal is a global entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist and writer.
• Amit Gupta is an Indian playback singer and Bollywood performer.
• He is known for the song "Radhe Radhe" from the 2019 film Dream Girl.
• Amrita Rao, is an Indian actress who is known primarily for her work in Hindi films.

Explanation:

13(3x + 2y) = 17(3x - 2y)

⇒ 39x + 26y = 51x - 34y

⇒ 34y + 26y = 51x - 39x

⇒ 60y = 12x

⇒ x = 5y

Now, (x2 + y2) : (x2 - y2) = ?

(25y² + y²) : (25y² - y²) = 26y² : 24y² = 13 : 12

Hence, The Correct Option is 4.

Given:

A watch is sold at a loss of 10%. Had it been sold for Rs.140 more, there would have been a profit of 4%.

Formula Used:

Profit% = Profit/Cost Price × 100%

Loss% = Loss/Cost Price × 100%

Selling Price = CP × (100 + Profit%)/100 or CP × (100 - loss%)/100

Calculation:

Let cost price of watch = Rs. x

Selling Price = CP × (100 + Profit%)/100 or CP × (100 - loss%)/100

⇒ 104x/100 - 90x/100 = 140

⇒ 104x - 90x = 140 × 100

⇒ 14x = 1400 

x = Rs 1000

∴ Cost Price is Rs. 1000

Given:

Number of electric poles = 31

Distance between the poles = 50 m

Time = 1 minute

Formula Used:

Speed = Distance/time

m/sec = 18/5 kmph

Calculation:

Distance covered in passing 31 poles = (31 - 1) ×  50 = 1500

Time = 1 min = 60 sec

Speed = distance/time = 1500/60 = 25m/sec 

⇒ 25 ×  18/5 kmph = 5 ×  18 kmph = 90kmph

∴ The speed of train is 90 kmph

Given:

A + B can do a piece of work in 36 days,

B + C can do in 45 days

C + A can do in 60 days.

Formula Used:

If A complete a work in D days than per day work of A = 1/D

Calculation:

Per day work of ( A + B) = 1/36

Per day work of (B + C) = 1/45

Per day work of (C + A) = 1/60

Add all equation,

⇒ 2(A + B + C) = 1/36 + 1/45 + 1/60 = (15 + 12 + 9)/540 = 36/540

A + B + C = 36 /540 × 2 = 1/30

Per day work of A + B + C = 1/30

Per day work of B = Per day work of (A + B + C) - Per day work of (C + A) = 1/30 - 1/60 = (2 -1)/60 = 1/60

∴ B alone can complete work in 60 days.

Given:

⇒ 5% of 3 ÷ 5

Concept Used:

We have to follow the BODMAS rule→

 

Calculation:

⇒ 5% of 3 ÷ 5 = 5/100 × 3 ÷ 5

⇒ 5 × 3/100 × 1/5 = 3/100 = 0.03

∴ 5% of 3 ÷ 5 is equal to 0.03.

Given:

Given numbers are5872Y.

Concept Used:

Divisibility rule of 9:-

A number is divisible by 9 only when sum of all its digits is also divisible by 9.

Calculation: 

⇒ 389207, Sum of digits = 3 + 8 + 9 + 2 + 0 + 7 = 29, which is not divisible by 9.

⇒ 873423, Sum of digits = 8 + 7 + 3 + 4 + 2 + 3 = 27, which is divisible by 9.

⇒ 120458 , Sum of digits = 1 + 2 = 0 + 4 + 5 + 8 = 20, which is nor divisible by 9.

⇒ 450453, Sum of digits = 4 + 5 + 0 + 4 + 5 + 3 = 29, which is not divisible by 9

∴ The number 873423 is divisible by 9.

Given:

Discount1 (D1) = 40%

Discount1 (D2) = 20%

Formula Used:

If two successive discounts are given as D1 and D2,

their equivalent single discount = D1 + D2 - D1D2/100%

Calculation:

If two successive discounts are given as D1 and D2,

their equivalent single discount = D1 + D2 - D1D2/100%

⇒ 40% + 20% = 40 × 20/100% = 60% - 800/100% = 60% - 8% = 52%

∴ Two successive discounts of 40% and 20% are equivalent to a single discount of 52%.

Shortcut Trick

Apply Alligation on Speeds to find the Time Ratio: Foot (5) vs Cycle (12) with average (45/7).

Time ratio = (12 − 45/7) : (45/7 − 5) ⇒ (84 − 45)/7 : (45 − 35)/7 = 39 : 10.

Total time units = 39 + 10 = 49 units, which corresponds to 7 hours.

Time on foot = (39 ÷ 49) × 7 = 39/7 hours.

Distance on foot = Speed × Time = 5 × (39/7) = 195/7 ≈ 27.86 km.

∴ The correct answer is approx.28km.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total Distance = 45 km

Total Time = 7 hours

Speed on Foot (v₁) = 5 km/hr

Speed on Cycle (v₂) = 12 km/hr

Calculations:

Let the time spent traveling on foot be 't' hours.

Then, the time spent traveling on cycle = (7 − t) hours.

⇒ Total Distance = (Speed_foot × Time_foot) + (Speed_cycle × Time_cycle)

⇒ 45 = 5 × t + 12 × (7 − t)

⇒ 45 = 5t + 84 − 12t

⇒ 45 − 84 = −7t

⇒ −39 = −7t

⇒ t = 39/7 hours

⇒ Distance covered on foot = Speed_foot × t

⇒ Distance = 5 × (39/7) = 195/7

⇒ Distance ≈ 27.857 km

∴ The correct answer is approx.28km.

Additional Information

Average Speed

Average speed is defined as the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken: Average Speed = Total Distance ÷ Total Time.

Alligation Method for Time and Distance

When alligation is applied to speeds, the resulting ratio is the ratio of time taken for each part of the journey.

Relationship between Speed and Time

For a constant distance, speed is inversely proportional to time (S ∝ 1/T). For constant time, distance is directly proportional to speed (D ∝ S).

Given:

Principal= 24000 Rs.

Rate of interest = 10% per annum

Time = 2 years

Formula Used:

Compound Interest = P[(1 + r/100)ⁿ - 1]

Calculation:

Compound Interest = P[(1 + r/100)n - 1]

⇒ 24000[(1 + 10/100)² - 1]

⇒ 24000[(1 + 1/10)² - 1]

⇒ 24000[(11/10)² - 1]

⇒ 24000[(121/100) - 1]

⇒ 24000 × 21/100 = 240 × 21 = Rs 5040

∴ Compound Interest is Rs. 5040.

Explanation:

 51 is a multiple of 17, namely 51 = 17 × 3. 

(51)³ = (17 × 3)3 = 17³ × 3³ = 4913 × 27 = 132651.

When you divide 132651 by 17,

since the original number (51) is a multiple of 17,

the entire cube will also be a multiple of 17,

hence, the remainder will be 0.

Hence, The Correct Option is 3.

Given:

Number of men = 150

Displacement of water by each person = 4 m³

Length of Pond = 60 m

Width of Pond = 48 m

Formula Used:

Volume of water in pond = Total volume of water displaced

Volume of pond = lbh

Calculation:

Volume of water in pond = Total volume of water displaced

lbh = number of men × water displaced by 1 man

⇒ 60 × 48 × h = 150 × 4

⇒ (5 × 4)/(2 × 48) = 5/24 = 0.2083m ≈ 0.2 m

∴ Rise in the water level of the pond is 0.2 m

Given:

x% of 9 = y% of 21

Formula Used:

Componendo-Dividendo Rule :-

$If: \frac{a}{b}=\frac{c}{d};\Rightarrow ;\frac{a+b}{a-b}=\frac{c+d}{c-d}$

Calculation:

x% of 9 = y% of 21

⇒ x%/y% = 21/9

⇒ x/y = 7/3

(x + y)/y = (7 + 3)/3 = 10/3

∴ (x + y) : y = 10 : 3

Given:

Dimensions of room = 10 m × 10 m × 10 m

Formula Used:

The length of the longest stick = Diagonal of room

Diagonal of Cube =  a√3

Calculation:

As all sides of room are equal, so it forms a cube.

Diagonal of Cube = a√3

⇒ 10√3 

⇒ 10 × 1.732

⇒ 17.32 m

$\therefore$ The length of the longest stick that we can keep in a room whose dimensions are 10 m × 10 m × 10 m is 17.32 .

Given:

11449 - 8649 + 449 = x²

Calculation:

11449 - 8649 + 449 = x2

⇒ x² = 11,898 - 8649 = 3249 

x² = 57 × 57 

x = 57

∴ x = 57 is correct answer.

Explanation:

[(3/5)(1 - 2x)]1/3 = 243/3125

⇒  (3/5)^{(1 - 2x)/3} = (3/5)⁵

Comparing the Powers 

⇒ (1 - 2x)/3 = 5 

⇒ 1 - 2x = 15

⇒ 1 - 15 = 2x 

⇒ -14 = 2x, x = -7

Hence, The Correct option is 3.

Given:

 

Formula Used:

If R% is increased in a number, then

Increased number = N × (100 + R)/100

Calculation:

Increased sale of P = 800  × 120/100 = 8 × 120 = 960

Increased sale of Q = 650 × 120/100 = 780

Ratio of increased sales of P and Q,

P : Q = 960 : 780 = 16 : 13

The ratio of P & Q 's sales next year is 16 : 13 .

Given:

Formula Used:

Average = sum of all observations/total number of observations

Calculation:

 

J1 = Average production of tea per year by S2 = 240/6 = 40

J2 = Sum of production of tea by S1 in all the years = 215

J2 - J1 = 215 - 40 = 175

∴ The value of J2 - J1 = 175

Given:

Student failed in quant = 44%

Student failed in oral = 38%

Student failed in both subjects = 32%

Number of students that passed in both = 350

Formula Used:

Students failed in either in quant or in oral or in both = 

(% of Students failed in quant)+(% of Students failed in oral) - (% of Students failed in both)

Calculation:

Student failed in either in quant or in oral or in both 

⇒ 44% + 38% - 32% = 50%

Passed students = 100% - 50% = 50%

⇒ 50% = 350

⇒ 100% = 350 × 2 = 700

∴ Total number of students appeared in exam = 700

Calculations:

{(29³ - 17³ - 12³) / 36} + 7 

This can be simplified in the following way:

29³ = 24389

17³ = 4913

12³ = 1728

⇒ (24389 - 4913 - 1728) / 36 + 7

⇒ 17748 / 36 + 7

⇒ 493.5555... + 7

⇒ 493 + 7 = 500

Hence, The Correct Answer is 4.

Given:

No of the students who obtained marks between 200 and 300

⇒ 45 + 60 = 105 

No of students who obtained marks between 350 or more marks

⇒ 40 + 35 = 75

Calculation:

⇒ The required percent = (105 - 75)/75 × 100

⇒ 30/75 × 100 

⇒ 40%

∴ The answer is 40%.

सही उत्तर सर्वाहारी है।

Key Points

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से ‘फल-फूल और मांस सब कुछ खाने वाले’ के लिए एक शब्द सर्वाहारी है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है। अतः सही विकल्प सर्वाहारी है।
• अन्य विकल्प

'दाता' का विलोम 'याचक' है। 

Key Points 

• 'दाता' का अर्थ 'देने वाला' है।
• 'याचक' का अर्थ 'माँगने वाला' है।

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों में से विकल्प 2 'भारत भूमि हमारी माता है और हम उसके पुत्र हैं।' सही है। अन्य विकल्प इसके लिए उचित नही हैं।

Key Points 

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से शुद्ध वाक्य का सबसे अच्छा विकल्प है  'भारत भूमि हमारी माता है और हम उसके पुत्र हैं।'
• अन्य विकल्पों में शब्द क्रम एवं व्याकरणिक दोष है।

Additional Information 

वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है। अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है। वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ  हो सकती हैं।

'मालिक नौकर से सफाई करवाता है। ’ वाक्य में प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया है। अतः विकल्प 2 इसका सही उत्तर है।

Key Points 

• उपर्युक्त वाक्य में दो कर्ता हैं। पहला कर्ता 'मालिक’ है तो दूसरा कर्ता उसका ‘नौकर’
• देखा जाए तो काम नौकर ही कर रहा है लेकिन फिर भी मालिक को कर्ता माना जा रहा है क्योंकि वह नौकर को काम करने के लिए प्रेरित कर रहा है।
• जैसा कि हम जानते हैं कि जब एक ही वाक्य में दो कर्ता होते हैं एवं एक कर्ता दूसरे कर्ता को कोई काम करने के लिए प्रेरित करता है तब यह प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया के उदाहरण के अंतर्गत आता है।

अन्य विकल्प -

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 ‘अंतिम निर्णय के लिए तैयार होना’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

मुहावरा-  ‘दो-दो हाथ करना’ अर्थ – अंतिम निर्णय के लिए तैयार होना।

वाक्य- कक्षा में दो विद्यार्थियों ने अध्यापक के ज���ते ही दो-दो हाथ कर लिए जिसके कारण आज उन्हें दण्ड मिला।

नोट- शाब्दिक रूप से मुहावरा शब्द का अर्थ अभ्यास होता है।

अन्य विकल्प:

दिए गए विकल्पों के अनुसार विकल्प 3 ‘अभ्यासद्योतक पक्ष’ वाक्य का सही उत्तर है अन्य विकल्प असंगत है l 

Key Points 

• इस क्रिया पक्ष में क्रिया के स्वभाववश होने का बोध होता है। अभ्यासद्योतक पक्ष कहलाता हैं।

Additional Information 

जिस रूप से क्रिया प्रक्रिया अर्थात क्रिया व्यापार का पता चलता है,उसे क्रिया का पक्ष कहते हैं।

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "अंकित" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points 

• अंकित शब्द विशेषण शब्द है।
• अंकित 
• लिखा हुआ।
• चिह्नित।
• अंकित की भाववाचक संज्ञा अंकन होती है।

Important Points 

• भाववाचक संज्ञा
• जो शब्द पदार्थों की अवस्था , गुण , दोष , धर्म , दशा , स्वभाव आदि का बोध कराते हैं उन्हें भाववाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं।
• जैसे :- बुढ़ापा, मिठास, कड़वाहट, बचपन, चढाई, थकावट, मोटापा, मानवता, चतुराई, जवानी, लम्बाई, मित्रता, मुस्कुराहट, आनंद, अपनापन, परायापन, भूख, प्यास, चोरी, क्रोध, सुन्दरता, आवश्यकता आदि।

बच्चे घर के बाहर पौधे लगा रहे थे। वाक्य में ‘संबंधबोधक अव्यय’ है। अतः विकल्प 4 सही होगा।

Key Points 

संबंधबोधक अव्यय:- वे अव्यय जो संख्या के बाद आकर संज्ञा का संबंध अन्य शब्दों से करते हैं। संबंध बोधक अव्यय कहलाते हैं।

जहाँ पर बाद, भर, के ऊपर, की और, कारण, ऊपर, नीचे, बाहर, भीतर, बिना, सहित, पीछे, से पहले, से लेकर, तक, के अनुसार, की खातिर, के लिए आते हैं वहाँ पर संबंधबोधक अव्यय होता है।

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों में से ‘कोमल’, ‘श्याम’ का समानार्थी शब्द नहीं है। ‘कोमल’ शब्द मुलायम का समानार्थी शब्द है। अत: विकल्प 2 ‘श्याम’ इस प्रश्न का सही उत्तर है।

• कोमल का सही अर्थ मुलायम होता है। जो श्याम का समानार्थी नही है।
• कोमल के पर्यायवाची शब्द: नाजुक, नरम, मुलायम, नरम, मृदु, सुकुमार।

Hint 

• श्याम का अर्थ : काला, साँवला होता है।
• श्याम के पर्यायवाची शब्द:  काला, कृष्ण, कलूटा, साँवला, स्याह।

'गुरू कीजै जान, पानी पीवै छान' कहावत का अर्थ हैः कोई भी चीज़ अच्छी तरह जाँच कर लेनी चाहिए।

Key Points

• कहावत - 'गुरू कीजै जान, पानी पीवै छान'
• अर्थ - कोई भी चीज़ अच्छी तरह जाँच कर लेनी चाहिए।
• वाक्य - देखो, जल्दबाजी में कोई काम न कर बैठना, बुजुर्गों ने ठीक ही कहा है– गुरु कीजै जान, पानी पीवै छान।

Additional Information 

• जिस पद समूह में अनुभव की कोई बात सुंदर, प्रभावशाली और चमत्कारिक ढंग से कही जाती है, उसे कहावत कहते हैं।

‘तोते उड़ना’ मुहावरे का सही अर्थ है – घबरा जाना। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प ‘घबरा जाना’ है।

स्पष्टीकरण:-

 

अन्य विकल्प:-

'राम ऑफिस से सीधे घर पहुँचा; हाथ धोकर खाना खाया; फिर खेल खेलकर सो गया।' - इस वाक्य में शुद्ध और सही रूप में विराम चिन्हों का प्रयोग हुआ है।

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्प:

राम ऑफिस से सीधे घर पहुँचा-हाथ धोकर खाना खाया-फिर खेल खेलकर सो गया। - इस वाक्य में योजक चिन्ह का सही रूप में प्रयोग नही हुआ है।

राम ऑफिस से सीधे घर पहुँचा हाथ धोकर खाना खाया फिर खेल खेलकर सो गया। - इस वाक्य में पदों को विराम चिन्हों से अलग नहीं किया गया है। 

राम ऑफिस से सीधे घर पहुँचा; हाथ धोकर खाना खाया; फिर खेल खेलकर सो गया;  - इस वाक्य में अर्द्ध विराम चिन्ह का सही रूप में प्रयोग नही हुआ है।

Additional Information

विराम चिन्ह – भाषा के लिखित रूप में विशेष स्थानों पर रुकने का संकेत करने वाले चिन्हों को विराम चिन्ह कहते हैं।

दिए गए विकल्पों में से 'संभव है आज मौसा जी घर पर आए। ' यह सम्भावनार्थ वृत्ति का उदाहरण है। 

क्रिया का वह रूप जिससे कार्य के संभव होने का बोध हो वहाँ सम्भावनार्थ वृत्ति होती है  

अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं। ​

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्प: 

• संकेतार्थ - जिस क्रिया रुप में एक काम का होना दूसरे कार्य पर निर्भर हो, उसे ‘संकेतार्थ’ कहते है । यहाँ कार्य-कारण एक-दूसरे की ओर संकेत करते है।
• संदेहार्थ - क्रिया के जिस रुप से कार्य के होने में संदेह हो, वहाँ संदेहार्थ वृत्ति होती है।
• निश्चयार्थ से तात्पर्य है 'वह कथन जिसका होना निश्चय है, जिसके न होने की कोई सम्भावना ही नहीं हैI

Additional Information 

• वृत्ति को ‘क्रियार्थ’ भी कहते है, क्रियार्थ का अर्थ है – क्रिया का अर्थ या प्रयोजन।
• इसका अर्थ यह है कि ‘क्रिया रुप’ कहने वाले अथवा करने वाले के किस प्रयोजन या वृत्ति की और संकेत करता है ।

उसे पूरा विश्वास है कि वह अपने काम में सफल होगा। - यह वाक्य मिश्र वाक्य का उदाहरण है, अन्य तीनो विकल्प असंगत है। 

• वाक्य में आने  कि शब्द मिश्र वाक्य होने की पुष्टि करता है।

Important Points

‘ऐतिहासिक’ सही उत्तर है।

Key Points 

• शुद्ध शब्द ‘ऐतिहासिक’ है जिसका अर्थ है इतिहास से संबंध रखनेवाला।

'भ्रम' का विलोम शब्द है - 'अभ्रम'

• भ्रम का अर्थ - संदेह, शक, भूल, धोखा, गलतफ़हमी।
• अभ्रम का अर्थ - जिसमें कोई भ्रम या संदेह न हो।

Key Points

• जो शब्द किसी दूसरे शब्द का उल्टा अर्थ बताते हैं, उन्हें विलोम शब्द कहते है।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द:-

• शब्द - विलोम
• स्वाधीन - पराधीन
• खेद - प्रसन्नता
• प्रत्यक्ष - परोक्ष
• सजीव - निर्जीव
• सुगंध - दुर्गन्ध
• घात - प्रतिघात
• सरस - नीरस
• सौभाग्य - दुर्भाग्य
• कृतज्ञ - कृतघ्न
• दुर्लभ - सुलभ

अनुशासन का दूसरों पर प्रभाव होता है - उनके स्वतंत्रता की रक्षा होती है 

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​अनुशासन के द्वारा स्वतंत्रता छीन नहीं जाती, बल्कि दूसरों की स्वतंत्रता की रक्षा होती है।

Key Points

• स्वतंत्रता - स्वतंत्र होने का भाव, आज़ादी स्वाधीनता।
• विलोम शब्द - 'परतंत्रता'

Additional Informationछीन:-

• अर्थ: दूसरे से कोई वस्तु ज़बरदस्ती ले लेना।

ख़त्म:-

• अर्थ: समाप्त, पूर्ण, ��स्तित्वहीन, नष्ट, मृत।

अनुच्छेद के अनुसार लोगों को बात का भ्रम है - कि अनुशासन और स्वतंत्रता भिन्न है 

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• कई लोग समझते हैं कि अनुशासन और स्वतंत्रता में विरोध है, किन्तु वास्तव में यह भ्रम है। ​

Key Pointsअनुशासन:-

• अर्थ: स्वयं को समाज के मान्य तरीकों के अनुकूल ढालना।

स्वतंत्रता:-

• अर्थ: स्वतंत्र होने का भाव, आज़ादी स्वाधीनता।
• विलोम शब्द - 'परतंत्रता'

विरोध:-

• अर्थ: अवरोध, रुकावट, बाधा, प्रतिकूलता, विपरीतता।

समान:-

• अर्थ: सभी प्रकार या दृष्टि से किसी के तुल्य या बराबर। 
• विलोम शब्द - 'असमान'

इस अनुच्छेद का कोई उपयुक्त शीर्षक- 'अनुशासन और स्वतंत्रता'

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• अनुशासन और स्वतंत्रता के बीच के सम्बन्ध का उल्लेख किया गया है।

Key Points

• अनुशासन - स्वयं को समाज के मान्य तरीकों के अनुकूल ढालना।
• स्वतंत्रता- स्वतंत्र होने का भाव, आज़ादी स्वाधीनता।
• विलोम शब्द - 'परतंत्रता'

Additional Informationभ्रम:-

• अर्थ: संदेह, शक, भूल, धोखा, गलतफ़हमी।

भावी:-

• अर्थ: भविष्य में होने वाली बात।

निर्माता:-

• अर्थ: निर्माण करने वाला, उत्पन्न करने वाला, सृजक, स्रष्टा।

अभ्यास:-

• अर्थ: किसी काम को बार-बार करना, आदत।

भारत के सच्चे सपूत बनने के लिए विद्यार्थियों को अभ्यास करना चाहिए - अनुशासन के गुणों 

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​विद्यार्थी भारत के भावी निर्माता हैं। उन्हें अनुशासन के गुणों का अभ्यास अभी से करना चाहिए, जिससे वे भारत के सच्चे सपूत कहला सकें।

Key Points

• अनुशासन - स्वयं को समाज के मान्य तरीकों के अनुकूल ढालना।

Additional Informationभावी:-

• अर्थ: भविष्य में होने वाली बात।

निर्माता:-

• अर्थ: निर्माण करने वाला, उत्पन्न करने वाला, सृजक, स्रष्टा।

सपूत:-

• अर्थ: गुणवान और योग्य पुत्र, अच्छा पुत्र, लायक बेटा, होनहार बेटा।

The correct solution is 'infer'.

Key Points

• In the given sentence above, we must fill in the blank with the most appropriate word from the options given.
• The most appropriate word would be Option 3 'infer' as it means 'deduce or conclude (something) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements'.
• The sentence would then mean, 'We must conclude from evidence and reasoning that god does not know of the existence of our sublunary world.
• Looking at the other options :
• Option 1*, 'refer'* ,means 'pass a matter to (a higher body) for a decision' and it cannot fit into the sentence.
• Option 2, 'spoofer' is taken from the word spoof which means ' A deception or ruse' and since the word spoofer indicates that there is a person participating in spoofing, it cannot fit in to bthe sentence given in the question.
• Option 4, 'chauffer' is also an incorrect option as it means 'a portable stove usually with a grate at the bottom and an open top'.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'demise'. 

Key Points

• The most appropriate one word expression for the expression 'End or failure of an institution, an idea, a company, etc.; death of a person' would be demise.
• Demise can be used in a sentence such as:
• We were shocked by the sudden demise of our neighbor.
• There was no one who could stop the demise of the draconian Dictatorship.
• The other options means:
• Option 1, 'demagogue' means 'a political leader who seeks support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument'.
• Option 3, 'Dwadle' means 'waste time; be slow.'
• Option 4, 'destitute' means 'extremely poor and lacking the means to provide for oneself.'.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is: Option 1 i.e. To be enraged and show it.

Key Points

• The idiom "Foam at the mouth" means to be extremely angry, often to the point of showing physical signs of anger. (गुस्से में बुरी तरह बौखलाना)
• Example: He was foaming at the mouth when he found out that someone had scratched his car.

Therefore, the correct answer is: To be enraged and show it.

Additional Information

Here are the other options with their meanings:

• With all enthusiasm (पूरा जोश के साथ): To do something with great excitement and energy.
• Example: They started the project with all enthusiasm.
• To get someone drunk (किसी को नशे में करना): To provide someone with enough alcohol to make them intoxicated.
• Example: They tried to get him drunk at the party.
• Not willing to accept the ideas of others (दूसरों के विचार नहीं मानना): Unwilling to consider or accept other people's opinions or suggestions.
• Example: He's so stubborn; he's not willing to accept the ideas of others.

The correct solution is 'irascible'. 

Key Points

• In the given sentence above, it tries to show the contrast of the subject's personality.
• So, the contrasting personality from honey-sweet would be 'irascible' which means 'having or showing a tendency to be easily angered'.
• Option 2, 'immiscible' means 'not forming a homogeneous mixture when mixed.' and does not define a personality.
• Option 3, 'miscible' means 'forming a homogeneous mixture when added together' and also does not define a personality. 
  
• Option 4, 'concupiscible' means 'Greatly to be desired or lusted after' and does not highlight the opposite word for 'honey sweet'.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'PSQR'. 

Key Points

• While arranging a jumbled sentence, we must analyze all our options and arrange them in a way it makes the most sense.
• In the given question, the sentence begins with the static phrase 'He spent'.
• This is followed by Option P, 'the night in' as it describes what time the subject was taking action.
• Next comes Option S, 'torment, trying' as this phrase describes the state of emotion the subject is in.
• This is followed by Option Q, 'to decide what' as it further explains why the subject was in that emotional state.
• Then comes Option R, 'was the best' which finally concludes why the subject wanted to do.
• The sentence ends with another static phrase given in the question 'thing to do'.
• The sentence would thus become 'He spent the night in torment, trying to decide what was the best thing to do'.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'no error'. 

Key Points

• The sentence given in the question is in the form of a past tense and contains no error.
• The first section 'Many an evening' is a literary expression for 'many evening' and is the object of the sentence.
• The second section 'was spoilt' is a description of the action done by the subject.
• The third part of the sentence, 'their intrusion' shows us who the object of the sentence is.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'We don't grow either better or worse'. 

Key Points

• In the sentence given above, the bracketed part 'We don't grow neither better or worse as' is incorrect as we cannot use neither with the word 'don't'.
• The word  neither means "not one or the other of two people or things" or "not either." So using two negative within the same sentence would be wrong.
• The word  either means "the one or the other.". So in the given question above, we have to use 'either' in place of neither'.
• By doing so, the sentence would become 'We don't grow either better or worse as we grow old but more like ourselves.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'PSRQ'. 

Key Points

• While rearranging sentences, we need to find a common theme and arrange the sentence in such a way that it conveys that theme.
• In the given question above, we have the static sentence to begin the passage , 'Before Richard Owen introduced the term Dinosauria in 1842, there was no concept of anything even like a dinosaur. '
• This is followed by Option P, 'Large fossilized bones quite probably had been observed long before that time, but there is little record-and no existing specimens-of such findings much before 1818.' as this sentence explained the non existence of specimens of dinosaur as mentioned in the first sentence.
• Next comes Option S, 'In any case, people could not have been expected to understand what dinosaurs were even if they found their remains' which is also a continued  explanation of the little man knows about dinosaur.
• Option R, 'In 1676 Robert Plot of the University of Oxford included, in a work of natural history, a drawing of what was apparently the knee-end of the thighbone of a dinosaur, which he thought might have come from an elephant taken to Britain in Roman times.' comes next as it shows the efforts made by men  before the actual discovery of dinosaur fossil.
• The Next sentence would be Option Q, ' Fossil bones of what were undoubtedly dinosaurs were discovered in New Jersey in the late 1700s and were probably discussed at the meetings of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. ' as it mentions the first discoveries made.
• The passage end with the another static sentence given, 'Soon thereafter, Lewis and Clark of Philadelphia began their expedition to encounter dinosaur fossils in the western United States.'
• Hence the Correct answer is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'properiety'. 

Key Points

• From the given options above, the incorrectly spelt word is 'properiety'.
• The correct spelling would be 'propriety' which means 'conformity to conventionally accepted standards of behaviour or moral'.
• All the other options are correctly spelt word which meant the following:
• Option 2, 'synthesize' means 'made by synthesis, especially chemically'.
• Option 3, 'timorous' means 'showing or suffering from nervousness or a lack of confidence'
• Option 4, 'supplant' means 'supersede and replace'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'a lost cause'. 

Key Points

• An idiom is a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual word.
• The given expression ' A hopeless case, a person or situation having no hope of positive change' is for the idiom 'a lost cause'. 
• Option 1, 'Flash in the pan' is an idiom for 'a situation that is unlikely to be repeated or to last.'
• Option 2, 'Flesh and blood' is an idiom to express 'someone from your family:'
• Option 3, 'Barking up the wrong tree' is an idiom for 'pursuing a mistaken or misguided line of thought or course of action.'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'Cosmopolitan'

Key Points

• From the given options, the correctly spelt word is Option 2, 'cosmopolitan' which means 'having wide international sophistication' 
• Option 1, 'cosomopolition', Option 3, 'cosomopoliton' and Option 4, 'cosmopolitian' are incorrect spellings of the word cosmopolitan.
• The word cosmopolitan can be used in a sentence in the following way:
• Delhi is a cosmopolitan city.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct solution is 'fortune'

Key Points

• The word given in the question 'infelicity' means 'the quality or state of being unhappy; unhappiness, misfortune; bad luck. '
• So the word which is opposite to 'infelicity' would be Option 2, 'fortune' which means 'prosperity attained partly through luck or success'. 
• Option 1, 'burden' means 'a duty or responsibility that is hard to bear' and is a synonym of the word infelicity.
• Option 3, 'calamity' means 'an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster.' and is also a synonym rather than an antonym.
• Option 4, 'affliction ' means 'a cause of pain or harm' and is not an antonym of the word infelicity.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct solution is 'No Error'

Key Points

• The provided sentence follows the correct grammar rules.
• The sentence correctly uses the preposition "besides" to suggest other sightseeing options in addition to Mount Rainier.
• It maintains the correct subject-verb agreement with "there are."
• The sentence correctly uses the conjunction "and" to connect 'Osborne Mountain' and 'the Sawtooth Ridge Peaks.'
• Therefore, the sentence does not contain any grammatical errors.

So, the correct answer is Option 4 i.e. No Error.

The correct solution is 'it shows that the disposing of sand wick can avoid the'. 

Key Points

• In the given sentence in the question, the bracketed portion 'It shows that the disposing sand wick can avoid the' is incorrect.
• In this section, the words 'disposing' and 'sand wick' are used after one another which is incorrect as it is not clear what the relationship between the two is.
• The correct phrase would be 'It show that the disposing of sand wick can avoid the' . Here the relationship between 'disposing' and 'sand wick' is defined by the word 'of'.
• 'Of' is a preposition which is used for expressing the relationship between a part and a whole.
• By, adding the word 'of', the grammatical arrangement of the sentence becomes correct.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct solution is 'connoisseur'. 

Key Points

• The given word in the question, 'gourmand' means 'one who is heartily interested in good food and drink'.
• The word which is similar in meaning from the given options would be 'connoisseur' which means 'one who understands the details, technique, or principles of an art and is competent to act as a critical judge'
• Option 1, 'quotidian' cannot be the correct answer as it means 'of or occurring every day; daily.'.
• Option 3. 'propagate' is a wrong option as it means, 'spread and promote (an idea, theory, etc.) widely.'
• Option 4, 'temperance' is also an incorrect option as it means 'the quality of moderation or self-restraint'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Hinglish

• Here are the Hindi translations of the words you have mentioned:
• Gourmand: भोजन प्रेमी (literally means a lover of food)
• Quotidian: प्रतिदिन का (pertaining to every day)
• Connoisseur: विशेषज्ञ or पारखी (an expert judge in matters of taste)
• Propagate: प्रसारित करना (spread, distribute)
• Temperance: संयम (self-control, moderation)

The correct solution is 'developing economies'. 

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be inferred from the third sentence of the passage, 'Yet, despite the more than 50 years spent promoting tractorization in developing countries, the development gap between industrialized-countries and those with weak, highly dependent economies has increased'.
• In this sentence, although it is not explicitly mentioned that developing countries still make use of working animals, we can know from the sentence that although tractorization is promoted on developing countries, they are not yet fully industrialized which means that they still makes use of working animals.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'The efficiency of work animal's energy inputs into crop production is lower than that of machines'.

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be found from the second last sentence of the passage, 'Moreover, the efficiency of their energy inputs into crop production is higher than that of machines'.
• This sentence talks about the efficiency of animal's energy into crop production and that it is higher than that of machines.
• So the sentence, 'The efficiency of work animal's energy inputs into crop production is lower than that of machines' is incorrect
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is, 'The author portrays an opinion which strongly supports the argument for usage of work animals over machines'. 

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be found from the last sentence of the passage, ' The rational use of work animals has the potential to contribute, specifically, to the living conditions and security of small-scale subsistence farmers'.
• This passage shows that machines are dependent on fossils which are causing pollution. ,
• So the author portrays an opinion which strongly supports the use of animals over machines as they are more ecological and socially sustainable.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct solution is' The usage of work animals is old fashioned'. 

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be inferred from the second sentence of the passage, 'The use of animal power is now considered by many people to be archaic and inefficient'.
• Here, the word archaic means 'very old or old-fashioned'.
• The sentence thus means 'the usage of work animals is old fashioned.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'began before human kind started to practice agriculture'

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be directly found from the first sentence of the paragraph*, 'The use of work animals began long before humankind started to practice agriculture.'*
• From this sentence, we can directly derive the phrase to fill in the blanks.
• Hence, the correct solution is Option 3.

Learning new language skills, gaining information about the language, and developing language abilities in all areas are called language domain

Key Points

There are four language domains:

• ​Listening: Students learn many things from listening. They learn how to respond to a question, and how to respond to a command or request. Some listening activities that can be conducted in the classroom are listening to a poem and listening to a story. This is the first and most important domain in language development.
• Speaking: This is the second step in language learning. Speaking is the ability to speak effectively and fluently. The speaking domain develops the ability to pronounce the sounds of language correctly.
• Reading: This is the third step of language learning. It develops reading comprehension. Reading skills develop sentence construction.
• Writing: This is the final step of the language domain. Writing is also a medium of communication and it develops the ability of neat and legible handwriting, correct formation of letters, and good communicational skills through pen and paper.

​Hence, we can conclude that listening, speaking, reading and writing are language domains.

The field of child development is concerned with the changes in the behavior of children over time and explains why and how it occurs. Growth refers to organic changes and is usually quantitative in nature. Development refers to functional or non-organic changes and usually qualitative in nature.

Key Points

• The development of the child is primarily determined by two factors: Nature and Nurture.
• Nature and nurture play an important role in the development of the child.
• Nature refers to what people inherit-biological groundwork that prepares a person to develop in certain ways but nurture refers to environmental factors- what a person is exposed to in life.
• The development of fetus depends upon the availability of a nutritious diet to the mother.
• After birth, the family particularly the socialization practices and parent-child-relationship has great impact on cognitive, language, social and personality development.

Hence, we can conclude that Nature & Nurture are the two main effects on child development.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. It is primarily known as a developmental stage theory. Piaget claims the idea that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism and language is contingent on cognitive development.

Key Points

In the theory of cognitive development, Piaget discusses the four distinct, universal stages, each characterized by an increasingly sophisticated and abstract level of thoughts. These stages always occur in the same order, and each builds on what has been learned in the previous stage. The stages are:

• Sensorimotor stage (Infancy): In this stage, Knowledge of the word is limited, but developing because it is based on physical interactions and experiences. Children acquire object permanence at about seven months of age. Some symbolic abilities are developed at the end of this stage.
• Pre-operational stage (Toddlerhood and Early childhood): In this stage, intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols, language use matures, memory and imagination are developed, but thinking is done in a non-logical, non-reversible manner. Egocentric thinking predominates.
• Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence): This stage is characterized by seven types of conservation (number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, and volume), intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulations of symbols related to concrete objects. Operational thinking develops. Egocentric thought diminishes.
• Formal operational stage (Adolescence and adulthood): This stage is also known as the abstract operational stage. In this stage, intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. This stage is the child's thought development and beginning of principles.

Hence, we can conclude that the abstract operational stage is the stage of the child's thought development and the beginning of principles.

Physical activity is related to the bodily movements that are produced by skeletal muscles resulting in energy expenditure whereas physical fitness is a set of attributes that someone has or achieves.

Key Points

Characteristics of efficient movement:

• The nature of the efficient movement is objective.
• Efficient movement is the ability to understand and manipulate body position.
• Efficient movement is the coordination of sensory-motor information.
• Efficient movement is the ability to maintain balance, and execute the intentional movement.
• Efficient is the ability to maintain the coordination between mind and body.
• Efficient movement helps in achieving collective goals.
• Efficient movement is an ongoing dynamic process.

Hence, we can conclude that two characteristics of efficient movement are Objective nature and coordination of sensory-motor information.

Linguistics has determined the sequence of language development by recording children's speech in natural settings and analyzing their verbal output.

Key Points

All children pass through stages of language development no matter in what culture they live. Brown identified the following stages: cooing, babbling, one-word speech, telegraphic stage, and whole sentences. Language development can be understood through four sections- Infancy, Early childhood, Middle and late childhood, and adolescence.

Early childhood: In this period, most children start using sentences with more than 2 or 3 words**. At this stage, children begin to pronounce some common words that are not spoken in the way they sound (often called sight words).**

• Middle and late childhood: In this stage, children start reading and writing.
• Adolescence: Adolescents start sounding more like adults. Their sentences are longer than earlier and the grammar usage also becomes more sophisticated.

Hence, we can conclude that at younger grade-school students (5-7 years old) most children begin to pronounce some common words that are not spoken in the way they sound (often called sight words).

The word moral has been taken from the word mores which means manners and customs. Moral development is a sense of right and wrong. It includes moral behavior, moral reasoning, and judgment.

Key Points

• Factors that influence moral development:
• ​Family
• Community
• Culture
• Neighbourhood
• Peers
• School
• Religious Institute
• Playmates
• Religion
• Obedience
• Selfishness
• Gender
• Age

Hence, we can conclude that family, peers, and culture are the factors that influence moral development

Cognition is the activity of knowing: the acquisition, organization and use of knowledge.

Key Points

• Indirect cognition: Indirect cognition refers to the knowledge which is not in front of the student's eyes, students learn it through inference or reasoning. For example, Knowledge gained through the story, free association, dreams, or reverence.

Additional Information

• ​Directed cognition: Directed cognition refers to the knowledge which is learned by students through seeing. For example, knowledge learned in the laboratory.
• Multidimensional cognition: Multidimensional means having many dimensions or having many aspects. This type of knowledge is gained from many levels through many aspects.
• Similarity cognition: Similarity cognition underlies our ability to interact with unknown entities by predicting how they will behave based on similarity to entities we are familiar with.

​Hence, we can conclude that indirect cognition refers to free association, dreams, or reverence.

The field of child development is concerned with the changes in the behavior of children over time and explains why and how it occurs. Growth refers to organic changes and is usually quantitative. Development refers to the functional or non-organic changes and is usually qualitative.

Key Points

• Beginning from the third year of life, the period of early childhood extends till the child is of 5-6 years of age.
• This period is also known as the pre-school stage.
• By the age of three years, the child has mastered sitting up, walking, and adequate hand-eye coordination.
• The brain continues to grow rapidly, achieving 90% of its full weight by the time the child reaches age 5.
• Hand preference (whether left or right-handed) is established by the age of 4.
• Children 2 to 6 years need about 12 hours of sleep a day to function efficiently.

Hence, we can conclude that by the age of three years, the child has mastered sitting up, walking, and adequate hand-eye coordination.

Human behavior has a dynamic quality, it keeps changing in response to various stimuli it receives from the environment. From infancy, we are continually learning new skills, gaining information about the environment around us, and developing certain beliefs and attitudes. These are the area or  domain of learning.

Key Points

Affective domain: Affective domains deal with attitudes, interests, and values, it is very difficult to work on these principles. The main organizing principle in the affective domain is the degree of internalization, i.e., the extent to which the feelings or emotions are incorporated by the student as a part of his personality. The main organizing principles in the affective domain are:

• Receiving: This means the sensitivity of a student to certain stimulus patterns stimuli and his willingness to receive or attend to them.
• Responding: This level of learning goes beyond the receiving level. After giving attention to or perceiving the stimulus or object, the students actively respond to the object.
• Valuing: This level of the affective domain implies perceiving a concept having worth and consequently revealing a consistent preference or commitment in behavior towards it.
• Organization: For situations where more than one value is relevant, the student organizes the values into a system and also determines the inter-relationships among them.
• Characteristics: After the values have been organized in the individual's mind, they control his behavior to some extent. This stage of internalization depends upon the consistency of the internal organization of the student.

Hence, we can conclude that motivational skills are not included in an affective domain.

Growth is physical change and increase in size. It can be measured quantitatively. Teeth,, muscles, bones and fat also the part of growth and development.

Key Points

• The baby teeth are marked between 6 and 8 months.
• At the age of 3 years, the child has 20 teeth and these are the milk teeth.
• By the time, the child is in middle childhood , he has 28 teeth and these teeth are permanent teeth.
• Permanent teeth are also known as secondary teeth.
• An adult has 32 teeth.
• The development of permanent teeth:
• First molars: between 6 and 7 years.
• Central incisors: between 6 and 8 years.
• Lateral incisors: between 7 and 8 years.
• Canine teeth: between 9 and 13 years.
• Premolars: between 9 and 13 years.
• Second molars: between 11 and 13 years.
• Wisdom teeth: Between 17 and 21 years.

Hence, we can conclude that the baby teeth are marked between 6 and 8 months.

Value may be defined as the criteria and moral judgment or certain subjective standards through which an individual or group distinguish between good or bad, true or false and between ought to be or not to be.

Key Points

Good family values are expressed through:

• Honesty
• Teamwork
• Empathy and kindness
• Integrity
• Perseverance
• Compassion
• Forgive and forget
• Respect each other
• Laugh together
• Freedom
• Reliability
• Pride
• Responsibility

Hence, we can conclude that good family values are expressed through teamwork, integrity, and compassion.

Additional Information

• Lesson plan:  lesson plan outlines in detail the various steps which the teacher proposes to undertake in his class. A lesson plan concerns itself with the teaching of one period. Planning for a lesson means identification of the sequence and style of presentation and evaluation procedure to be adopted for classroom teaching of a lesson.

The field of child development is concerned with the changes in the behavior of children over time and explains why and how it occurs.

Key Points

There are mainly four areas of child development:

• Physical development: Physical development refers to the changes in size, structure, and proportion of the body that take place from the time of conception. Bodily growth occurs through approximately the first 20 years of life in humans. Growth is more rapid and more likely to show a spurt during infancy, early childhood, and adolescence than during middle childhood.
• Mental development: Mental development refers to the growth and change in mental capacity. It involves many abilities such as attention, perception, memory, thinking, problem-solving,, and intelligence.
• Social development: Social development refers to the ability of the child to establish relationships with persons in his environment.
• Emotional development: Emotional development means a state of being "moved" from one stage to another. It involves feelings such as love, anger, depression, fear, etc.

Hence, we can conclude that financial development is not part of child development.

Triple antigen vaccine is also known as DPT. DPT vaccine is a combine vaccine which protects against three disease: Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus.

Key Points

• DPT vaccine usually comes in a 5ml vial, with 10 doses of 0.5ml each.
• The protective efficacy for diphtheria,, and tetanus is more than 95% and for pertussis is almost 80%.
• DPT three doses are given at: At 6 weeks, 10 weeks and 14 weeks.
• All the children immunised with DPT should be observed for minimum 30 minutes for any immediate adverse reaction.
• DPT 1^st booster is given at 16-24 months.
• DPT 2^nd booster is given at 5 years.

Hence, we can conclude that triple antigen vaccine is administered to the child to prevent from diphtheria, polio, whooping cough and tetanus.

Development refers to functional or non-organic changes and is usually qualitative. The development of the brain plays the most important role in human life. The brain of a child is almost completely developed by the first five years.

Key Points

• The early years of a child's life are a foundation for their development.
• The early development of a child's brain determines how a child thinks, learns, and behaves.
• The environment around the child shapes the development of his brain.
• Caring and responsive relationships have a huge impact on the development of the child's brain.
• Children who get good care and responsive relationships have better brain development as well as cognitive, affective, and social skills development.

Hence, we can conclude that caring, responsive relationships are the most important effects on the development of the child's brain.

The development of child takes place through various place. Although each stage has an encompassing relationship to other stages, yet its has own unique characteristic needs and demands.

Key Points

Prenatal Period:

• The period from the day of conception to the birth of the baby.
• Life begins with the formation of zygote.
• The fertilized egg begins to divide within an hour or two after conception, into two cells.
• Ten hours later these two cells divide to make four cells, then four to make eight cells, then sixteen cells and so on.
• The cells continue to divide till eight weeks after conception ad this period is called Embryonic period.
• This is followed by fetal period of development which is from about 8 weeks when the embryo becomes a recognizable human beings, to the time of birth.
• The proper development of fetus depends upon many factors, such as health of mother, use of drugs and alcohol, smoking, nutritional status of mother, stress and emotional factors.

Hence, we can conclude that the period from the day of conception to the birth of the baby.

Additional Information

• Stages of Child Development:
• Prenatal Period
• Embryonic period: Conception to eight weeks
• Period of fetus: 8 weeks to birth
• Infancy period
• Neonatal period: Birth to 15 days
• Infancy period: 15 days to 2 years
• Early Childhood (Preschool years): 2 to 5-6 years
• Middle Childhood (School age): 5-6 to 12 years
• Adolescence
• Puberty: 12 to 14 years
• Adolescence: 14 to 18 years
• Adulthood:
• Early adulthood: 18 to 35/40 years
• Middle adulthood: 40 to 60 years
• Late adulthood: Early 60 and above

Socio-cultural factors affect development by providing a social context in which individuals learn and grow. This includes the family, the community, the school, and the media. The values, beliefs, and norms of these social groups shape how individuals think, feel, and behave.

Key PointsHere are some examples of how sociocultural factors can affect development:

• Children who grow up in a family that values education are more likely to do well in school.
• Children who live in a community with a strong sense of community are more likely to be involved in positive activities.
• Children who attend a school that has high expectations for its students are more likely to achieve their goals.
• Children who are exposed to the media's portrayal of different cultures are more likely to be tolerant of people from different backgrounds.
• Socio-cultural factors play a significant role in development. By understanding these factors, we can better understand how individuals learn and grow.

Hint

• Option 1 is incorrect because family is a specific type of social group.
• Option 3 is incorrect because the physical reference is not a socio-cultural factor.
• Option 4 is incorrect because the cultural context is a subset of the social context.

Hence, we can conclude that by providing social context the socio-cultural factors affect the development.

Toddlers are typically between the ages of 1 and 3 years old. During this period, they are still developing their motor skills, but they are starting to walk more confidently. They may also start to look more chubby, as they are still growing and developing.

Key Points

Here are some of the developmental milestones that toddlers typically reach: 

• Walking independently
• Talking in simple sentences
• Understanding simple instructions
• Playing with toys
• Exploring their environment
• Developing their social skills
• Toddlerhood is a fun and exciting time for children. They are learning and growing at a rapid pace, and they are starting to develop their own personalities.

Hint

• Option 1 is incorrect because pre-school childhood is a broader term that encompasses all children from the age of 3 to 5 years old.
• Option 2 is incorrect because childhood is a broader term that encompasses all children from the age of 6 to 12 years old.
• Option 3 is incorrect because the infancy period is typically from birth to 1 year old.

Hence, we can conclude that the answer is toddlerhood.

The correct option would be 3) Problem solving and creativity.

Key Points

• The development of a high level of coordination typically involves the ability to effectively solve problems and think creatively.
• This includes the capacity to analyze complex situations, identify patterns, generate innovative ideas, and find solutions to challenging problems.
• Problem solving and creativity are closely linked, as creative thinking often plays a significant role in finding unique and effective solutions.
• While social awareness, soft skills, intellectual abilities, and creativity can contribute to overall coordination development, problem solving is a key aspect that specifically addresses the ability to handle complex situations and challenges.

Hence, we can conclude that option 3 is correct.

Development describes the growth of humans throughout the lifespan, from conception to death. It refers to development as patterns of change over time. It does not just involve the biological and physical aspects of growth, but also the cognitive and social aspects related to the development.

Key PointsInfancy:

• The infancy period is a plateau in development.
• The rate of growth and development from infancy to the age of six years is remarkably fast.
• Babies use their senses to learn to interact with the environment around them and their bodies grow stronger and mature.
• Lifting of the head and pushing up on his arms develop during months 2 to 3 of a baby’s life.
• Rolling over occurs around month 4, and by month 6, most babies can sit up unassisted.
• Crawling occurs between months 7 and 10, and sometime after 10 months, a baby will learn to stand and take his first steps.
• By 24 months, they can jump in place and balance they can jump in place and balance on one foot for a short period and may begin peddling their first tricycle.

Hence, we can conclude that the rate of growth and development from infancy to the age of six years is remarkably fast.

Growth and development are active dynamic process involving ceaseless change. The present experience, which children have, determines the nature and course of subsequent experiences.

Key Points

• The average sleep duration 1 month old baby is 8-9 hours nap at night and 6-7 hours nap during the day.
• The average sleep duration 3 month old baby is 11-12 hours nap at night and 4-5 hours nap during the day.
• The average sleep duration 6 month old baby is 10-11 hours nap at night and 3-4 hours nap during the day.
• The average sleep duration 9 month old baby is 11 hour nap at night and 2-3 hours nap during the day.
• The average sleep duration 2 year old baby is 10-12 hours nap at night and 1-2 hours nap during the day.

Hence, we can conclude that the average sleep duration 2 year old baby is 10-12 hours nap at night and 1-2 hours nap during the day.

Social stratification is a process through which groups and social categories in societies are ranked as higher or lower to one another in terms of their relative position on the - scales of prestige, privileges, wealth and power.

Key Point

• Stratification on the basis of economic class: Stratification on the basis of economic class is divided into affluent and disadvantaged, but vertical mobility is least unrestricted.

Additional Information

• ​Stratification on the basis of caste: According to Williams 'Caste Stratification is a system in which an individual's rank and its accompanying rights and obligations is ascribed on the basis of birth into a particular group'.
• Stratification on the basis of gender: Gender is one of the fundamental forms of social stratification in all societies. Stratification on the basis of gender refers to unequal distribution of wealth, privilege, and power between men and women.
• Stratification on the basis of breed: Breed refers to a group of humans having similar character like general appearance, size, features and configurations etc. Stratification on the basis of breed refers to unequal distribution of wealth, privilege, and power to a specific breed.

​Hence, we can conclude that Stratification on the basis of economic class. is divided into affluent and disadvantaged, but vertical mobility is least unrestricted.

The word culture is often used in common everyday language interchangeably with race, nationality, ethnicity, etc. The word culture is also used to indicate music, dance, art, food, clothing, rituals, traditions, and larger heritage of a particular geographical area.

Key Points

A collectivist culture prioritizes and rewards all generous, kind behavior, cooperative behavior, and prioritizing the needs of the community, which is valued by individualistic cultures.

Outcomes for collectivist culture:

• ​Perceive selves in context of their social relations.
• Achievement orientation related to affiliation orientation, having social goals - others’ expectations and obligations.
• Socially engaged emotions: positive affection and respect, negative-indebtedness and culture.
• Certain unique, indigenous emotions related social and public facets of emotions are observed.
• Happiness is associated majorly with socially engaged emotion.

Outcomes for individualistic cultures:

• ​Perceive selves in terms of internal characteristics: skills and personality traits.
• Assume the individualism of others and attribute behaviors to dispositional factors, largely ignoring situational control.
• The desire to achieve is connected to personal goals of striving for success. Achievement orientation is unrelated to affiliation orientation.

Hence, we can conclude that a collectivist culture prioritizes and rewards all of the following except assertiveness and independent action, which are valued by individualistic cultures.

Education is the most important means of human resource development in a country. Investment in education helps a country in realizing its long-term goals. hence, a welfare state naturally has the responsibility to provide education to citizens, especially children who are the future citizens of the country.

Key Points

• The government gives a proportion, say one-half or one-third, of the approved expenditure of the school, and the institution arranges the rest from different sources of income for the school.
• Providing grants is based upon grading institutions in terms of their excellence.
• Private schools will have to take 25% of their class strength from the weaker sections and disadvantaged groups of society through the random selection process. The government will give money for the education of these children.
• Capital Grants are given to meet the expenses that are to be incurred for a particular purpose. It is not meant for general purposes. For example for organizing a teachers' training program or camps for students, grants may be given to the schools.
• The private schools are not under the administration of the government but of private bodies. The condition for providing such schools with grants is that they fulfill social obligations as well as ensure that proper standards of education are maintained.

Hence, we can conclude that Private schools will have to take 25% of their class strength from the weaker section and disadvantaged group of the society through the random selection process. The government will give money for the education of these children.

A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a society interact in terms of their local culture.

Key Points

Consequences of linguistics:

• Negative political exploitation based on language.
• Responsible for tensions and conflicts between different regions
• Linguistics is divided within the country.
• The emergence of self-centered leadership and organizations.
• The challenge to national unity
• Deformation of Centre and State Relations

​Hence, we can conclude that negative political exploitation based on language is the consequence of linguistics.

Fundamental rights are the political and civil rights meant for all the citizens. Kept in Part III of the constitution, Fundamental Rights are borrowed mainly from the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948).

Key Points

Right to Equality: 

• Articles 14 to 18 deal with different aspects of right to equality.
• Article 14 states that the state shall not deny to any person equality before the law and equal protection of law within the territory of India.
• Article 14 provides equality before the law to every person without discriminating on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• Article 15 prohibits the state from discriminating against any person on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them.
• Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens in public employment and prohibits ineligibility of or discrimination against, a citizen in respect of employment or office under the state on grounds of religion, race, caste, descent, place of birth, residence, or any of them.
• Article 17 abolishes untouchability and prohibits its practice in any form.
• According to Article 18, no title other than military and academic distinction shall be conferred by the state. No citizen of India shall accept any title from a foreign state.

Hence, we can conclude that the Elimination of discrimination based on caste, race, sex, or religion is a right to equality.

The formulation of educational objectives is needed to provide the desired direction to educational activities and give unity and coherence to an educational programme.

Key PointsThe main factors for formulating the objectives of education:

• Society: Society is an important factorinr formulating the objectives of education. It helps in the inculcation of principles, values, and symbols of a social system. It enables a person to enact certain roles.
• Knowledge: Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, and expert insight that provides an environment and framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. Knowledge is also the main factor in formulating the objectives of education. It helps to formulate the objectives according to the student's level.
• Learner: Learners are the most important factor for formulating the objectives of education. All the objectives of education are made keeping the learner in mind.
• Learning process: Learning' means a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience with the environment. The learning process makes learning easy. A teacher should use the learning process according to the need of students.

Hence, we can conclude that the main factors for formulating the objectives of education are society, knowledge, learner, and the learning process.

Evaluation is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing to determine whether, and to what degree, objectives have been, or are being, achieved.

Key Points

• Evaluation is used to determine the relative effectiveness of the program in terms of students’ behavioral output.
• Evaluation is a dynamic process used to make decisions about the value and effectiveness of the curriculum.
• Evaluation helps teachers to determine the effectiveness of their teaching techniques and learning materials.
• Evaluation motivates students to learn more as they discover their progress or lack of progress in given tasks.
• Evaluation encourages students to develop a sense of discipline and systematic study habits.
• Evaluation provides educational administrators with adequate information about teachers’ effectiveness and school need.
• Evaluation is used to predict the general trend in the development of the teaching-learning process.
• Evaluation is used to identify problems that might hinder or prevent the achievement of set goals.

Hence, we can conclude that evaluation is a dynamic process used to make decisions about the value and effectiveness of the curriculum.

The passing of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 marks a historic moment for the children of India. For the first time in India’s history, children have been guaranteed their right to quality elementary education by the State with the help of families and communities.

Key Points

• RTE came into force on 1st April 2010.
• The Constitution (Eighty-sixth) Amendment Act, 2002 has inserted Article 21 A.
• Article 21(A) provides “The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years”.
• Through a subsequent Amendment (Aug-2009), the Indian Constitution recognized it as a fundamental right of children.
• According to RTE Act ', Every child between the age of six to fourteen years shall have a right to free and compulsory education in a neighborhood school till the completion of elementary education.

Hence, we can conclude that the Right to free and compulsory education for all children of India belongs to the age group of 6 to 14.

A curriculum is a system of learning experiences deliberately designed and transacted for realizing certain goals. As for evaluation, it is a systematic process of determining and appraising the proficiency level of a system or practice.

Key Points

• Curriculum evaluation is the process of measuring and identifying the extent to which the planned courses, programmes, learning activities and opportunities expressed in the formal curriculum actually deliver the expected results.
• There are four types of curriculum evaluation with reference to processes, products and programmes. They are student evaluation, institutional evaluation, programme evaluation and personnel evaluation.
• Student evaluation: The process of obtaining and providing information for making decisions and judgments about a pupil’s performance.
• Institutional evaluation: The process of delineating and obtaining information useful for making decisions about the instructional programmes of an institution
• Programme evaluation: The process of the collection and use of information to make decisions about an educational programme.
• Evaluation of personnel: Evaluation of all persons responsible, either directly or indirectly, for educational administration (counsellors, teachers and so on).

Hence, we can conclude that Curriculum evaluation is the process of measuring and identifying the extent to which the planned courses, programmes, learning activities and opportunities expressed in the formal curriculum actually deliver the expected results.

Communal dispute signifies inter-communal rivalries and social tension, and economic, political, or cultural differences between the rulers and the ruled.

Key Points

• The communal dispute takes place between two communities.
• The term community and commune stand for two different concepts and should not be used in common parlance as the same.
• Community is used to express the fellowship of relations or feelings, common character, agreement, and sharing of a common culture and space.
• Communal dispute means an expression of a heightened sense of community feeling.
• The communal dispute is a collective manifestation of religious feelings and sentiments against others.
• Communal dispute refers to a collective violent manifestation of one’s identity, ideas, beliefs, etc. about other religious communities for the realization of certain interests.

Hence, we can conclude that communal dispute takes place between two communities.

Assessment is a process by which information is obtained relative to some known objective or goal.

Key PointsSummative assessment:

• Summative assessment refers to the assessment of the learning that ‘sums’ or ‘summarizes’ the development of students at a particular time.
• In Summative assessment, the final effects of the curriculum are assessed on the basis of its stated objectives.
• It is a process of assessing (and grading or ranking) the learning of students at a point in time.
• It is used to determine a student’s overall performance in a certain prescribed course.
• It allows teachers to change their teaching methods for the next school year if students did not perform well.

Hence, we can conclude that in Summative assessment the final effects of the curriculum are assessed on the basis of its stated objectives.

Additional Information

• Formative evaluation: Formative assessment is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures employed by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.
• Diagnostic evaluation: The diagnostic evaluation takes place at the end of a unit/term as a test. The causes of poor performance and the areas of poor performance are diagnosed using diagnostic tests.
• Cognitive appraisal: The cognitive appraisal model states that as the individual faces a stressful situation, they carry out an appraisal of the situation in terms of primary appraisal and secondary appraisal.