DSSSB NDMC PRT 25 March 2022 shift 3 (Previous Year Paper)

The positional value of alphabets is:-

Logic - The positional value of letter is written.

In MAT-

So, here MAT : 13120

Now, in BIT-

Hence, here BIT : 2920

Hence, the correct answer is 2920.

Family chart is given below -

The family tree of given question is -

Here, Sunidhi is Mahesh's wife.

Hence, the correct answer is wife.

In the given question, first figure is connected with second figure as

1 The circle inside the first figure got blank in second figure.

2 The figure got rotated in clockwise direction.

3 The diagram mounted at first image get folded inward the image.

By observing above figure, the correct answer is:

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Similarity, between figures are-

1. Two same image are drawn inside each other.

2 The vertices of both figure are connected with each other.

Here, In option 2 the vertices are not connected with each other.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The number  represents the educated males who do not live in urban area are shown by coloured portion which is equal to 11.

Hence, the correct answer is 11.

The mirror image of the given diagram is -

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The total number of triangle of the given diagram are -

Hence, the correct answer is 30.

According to the given information,

Step 1:- Sanjay is shorter than Kumar but taller than Ratan.

Kumar>Sanjay>Ratan

Step 2:-  Arjun is a little shorter than Kumar but a little taller than Sanjay.

Kumar>Arjun>Sanjay>Ratan

Step 3:- Mohan is the tallest.

Mohan>Kumar>Arjun>Sanjay>Ratan

Hence, Arjun is among the five has two persons shorter and taller than him.

Hence, the correct answer is Arjun.

The venn diagram representation is -

Conclusion I: Some copies are plays❌

Here, no direct relation between copies and plays are given.

Hence, the given conclusion does not follows.

Conclusion II: Some plays are novels.✅

Some novels are plays.

Hence, Some plays are also novels.

Hence, the correct answer is only conclusion II follows.

When we compare dice 1 and dice 2, we find 2, 5 and 1 as common. Now moving in clockwise direction by taking 5 and 2 as common. We find that -

4 is opposite to 2 .

Hence, the correct answer is 4.

Option1:- Quadrilateral- A quadrilateral is a closed shape and a type of polygon that has four sides, four vertices and four angles.

Option2:-  Quartile- A quartile the values that divide a list of numerical data into three quarters.

Option3:-  Qualitative - connected with how good something is, rather than with how much of it there is.

Option 4:-  Quantitative - connected with the amount or number of something rather than with how good it is.

Here, all the given option except option 1 is used to compare or divide, whereas Option 1 is a closed figure.

Hence, the correct answer is Quadrilateral.

Conclusion I: Ajay should be allowed to keep the gold medal - Do not follow.

Using drug is a punishable offence and no player should be allowed to keep the medal after committing the offence.

Hence, the given conclusion does not follow.

Conclusion II: The gold medal should be taken back and given to the next person in the ranking - follow.

After committing this offence Ajay not allowed to keep the medal and the medal given to the next person.

Hence, the correct answer is Only conclusion II follows.

Logic - Both the number are prime number

Option 1. 11-13✅

Here, 11 and 13 are prime number.

Option 2. 31-35❌

Here, 35 is not a prime number.

Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option 3.  11-17 ✅

Here, 11 and 17 are prime number.

Option 4.  23-29✅

Here, 23 and 29 are prime number.

Hence, the correct answer is 31-35.

Logic - Number : Number x (Number/2)

8 : 8 x (8/2)

8:32

Similarly,

16 : 16 x (16/2)

16 : 128.

Hence, the correct answer is 128.

The positional value of alphabets are -

Logic - Write the positional value of the alphabet on the opposite side.

Option 1:- 11KP16

Here, the positional value of K  and P are written on the same side.

Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option 2:-15LO12

Here, the positional value of L is written on other side whereas the positional value of O is written on other side.

Hence, this option is correct.

Option 3:-17JQ10

The positional value of alphabets are written at opposite side.

Hence, the given option is correct.

Option 4:-14MN13

The positional value of alphabets are written at opposite side.

Hence, the given option is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is 11KP16.

Use following symbol to prepare the family tree-

Let draw the family tree-

The total number of family chart-

1 Grandfather + 1 Grandmother =2

3 Sons + 3 daughter-in-law = 6

2 daughter + 1 Son-in-law = 3

Grandchildren = 6

1 uncle 

=2+6+3+6+1

=18

Hence, the correct answer is 18.

The duty of postman is to deliver letter, in the same way teacher's duty is to deliver knowledge. 

Hence, the correct answer is Knowledge.

There are 5 columns with 2 cubes each and 4 columns with one each.

Therefore, total number of cubes 5 x 2 + 4 = 14

Hence, the correct answer is 14.

Option1 :-  cdeef ❌

After filling the blanks with the letter given in the option above, we get:

abacdd / bcbded / ceceef

By divide the letter in three equal parts, we observe that no particular pattern repeat itself.

Hence, the given option is incorrect.

Option2 :- bdcef ❌

After filling the blanks with the letter given in the option above, we get:

ababdd / bcbded / ccceef

By divide the letter in three equal parts, we observe that no particular pattern repeat itself.

Hence, the given option is incorrect.

Option3 :- cedff ✅

After filling the blanks with the letter given in the option above, we get:

abacdd / bcbdee / cdceff

By divide the letter in three equal parts, we observe that a particular pattern repeat itself.

ab ac dd / bc bd ee / cd ce ff

Hence, the given option is correct. 

Hence, the correct answer is cedff.

Let's decode last line to get the code of 'pay' 

Here, in last line only 'pay' left.

Hence, the number left is the code of 'pay'.

Hence, the code of 'pay' is 10.

Hence, the correct answer is 10.

The correct answer is Bhupendra Yadav.

Key Points

• Presently (as of August 2021), who is the Minister of Labor and Employment and the Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of India  Bhupendra Yadav.
• He is belong from Rajay Sabha, Member of Parliament - Rajasthan.
• The Union Minister of Environment and Climate change was formed in 1947 and its headquarters is located in New Delhi.
• The ministry is responsible for planning, promoting, coordinating, and overseeing the implementation of environmental and forestry programs in the country.

Additional Information Shri Hardeep Singh Puri

• Hardeep Singh Puri is an Indian Politician, Former Diplomat and Author. He was inducted into the Council of Ministers as Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Housing and Urban Affairs in Sep 2017.
• He was given additional charge of Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Civil Aviation and the Minister of State for Commerce and Industry in May 2019.
• He was sworn in as Union Minister in July 2021 and currently, he is the Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs & Petroleum and Natural Gas.

Ravi Shankar Prasad

• Ravi Shankar Prasad is the Union Cabinet Minister for Law and Justice & Information Technology in the Government of India, headed by Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi.
• He is an eminent Lawyer and a Senior Advocate in the Supreme Court of India.
• He is a Member of Parliament since the year 2000 and has been the member of important Parliamentary Committees in the Parliament like Finance, Communication & IT, Petroleum & Chemicals.

Pashupati Kumar Paras

• Pashupati Kumar Paras is an Indian politician who is currently serving as the Minister of Food Processing Industries in the Government of India.
• He is currently serving as a member of Lok Sabha from Hajipur.
• He also held the post of the Minister of Animal and Fisheries Resources in the Government of Bihar.

The correct answer is Akshardham Temple.

Key Points

• Akshardham Temple  holds a place in the Guinness World Records for the largest comprehensive Hindu temple in the world.
• The largest Hindu temple is the BAPS Swaminarayan Akshardham with a total area of 8,021.43 m² (86, 342 ft²) built by BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha in New Delhi, India and inaugurated on 6 November 2005.
• BAPS Swaminarayan Akshardham in New Delhi, India, is the world’s largest Hindu temple.
• It measures 356 ft long, 316 ft wide and 141 ft high.
• The grand, ancient-style temple built within 5 years by 11,000 artisans without structural steel was consecrated on 6 November 2005 by its creator His Holiness Pramukh Swami Maharaj, spiritual leader of BAPS.
• The temple showcases the essence of India’s ancient art, traditions and wisdom.

Additional Information Brihadeeswarar Temple

• Brihadeshwara Temple, also known as Raja Rajeswara Temple, is dedicated to Shiva and is located in Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu).
• It is one of the best examples of the Dravidian style of temple architecture built by Chola emperor Raja Raja Chola I ( 985-1014 AD) between 1003 AD and 1010 AD.
• The temple entered the UNESCO World Heritage Site list in 1987 and is also a part of "Great Living Chola Temples".

Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple

• Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, also known as Thiruvaranga Tirupati, is one of the most illustrious Vaishnav  temples in the country, dedicated to Ranganatha, a reclining form of Hindu deity, Bhagwan (God or Lord) Vishnu.
• Situated in an ethereal setting on the island of Srirangam that is bounded by the two rivers of Cauvery and Kollidam (a tributary of Cauvery).
• Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the Temple Complex is massive in scale and spread over 156 acres .

Chhatarpur Temple

• Chhatarpur Temple (Officially: Shri Aadya Katyayani Shakti Peetham) is located in a down town area in Chhatarpur, Delhi, India. This temple is dedicated to Goddess, Katyayani.
• The temple was established in 1974, by Baba Sant Nagpal ji.
• This temple was considered as the biggest temple in India and second largest in the world, before the Akshardham Temple was created in 2005 in Delhi.

The correct answer is 1600.

Key Points

• The 'East India Company' was formed in 1600.
• The Governor and company of merchants of London trading into the East Indies, popularly known as the English East India Company, were formed in 1600 AD.
• Captain William Hawkins arrived at Jahangir’s court in 1609 AD to seek permission to open a factory in Surat.
• A Farman was issued by Jahangir, permitting the English to build a factory in Surat.
• In 1613, a permanent factory of East India Company was established at Surat.
• In 1616, the company established its first factory in the south in Masulipattanam.

The correct answer is Novak Djokovic.

Key Points

• Novak Djokovic won the men's singles tennis title at the 2021 French Open by defeating Stefanos Tsitsipas in the final.
• It was his second French Open title and 19th major title overall. With the win, he became the first man to achieve the double Career Grand Slam in the Open Era.
• The French Open is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris, France, beginning in late May each year.
• The French Open is the premier clay court championship in the world and the only Grand Slam tournament currently held on this surface.

Important Points

• Novak Djokovic (born May 22, 1987) is a Serbian tennis player who was one of the premier performers in the early 21st century.
• He won a record 9 Australian Open championships, and he was the third player (after Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal) to win 20 Grand Slam men’s singles titles.
• Djokovic entered the top 100 of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) at age 18, and in July 2006 he won his first ATP event.

Additional Information

• Rafael Nadal Parera is a Spanish professional tennis player. He is ranked world No. 3 in singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals.
• Barbora Krejcikova and Katerina Siniakova of the Czech Republic clinched the doubles title at the WTA Finals in Guadalajara on 17 November 2021.
• Iga Świąte  is a Polish professional tennis player. She is currently ranked world No. 1 by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA).

The correct answer is New Zealand.

Key Points

• The winner of the inaugural world test championship was New Zealand.
• New Zealand managed to beat India by eight wickets to be crowned as the winners of the inaugural ICC World Test Championship.
• It started on 1 August 2019 with the first Test of the 2019 Ashes series and finished with the Final at the Rose Bowl, Southampton in June 2021.
• New Zealand won the match by eight wickets to be crowned as the winners of the inaugural ICC World Test Championship.
• New Zealand won the ICC Test Championship mace for the first time and was also awarded the cash prize of US$1.6 million, while India won US$800,0.
• It was New Zealand's second major ICC trophy win after emerging victorious at the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, and Kane Williamson became the second New Zealand captain after Stephen Fleming to win an ICC event.

The correct answer is Cash Reserve Ratio.

Key Points

• Cash Reserve Ratio - Commercial banks have to hold a certain minimum amount of deposit as reserves with the central bank.
• The percentage of cash required to be kept in reserves as against the bank's total deposits is called the Cash Reserve Ratio.
• The cash reserve is either stored in the bank’s vault or is sent to the RBI.
• Banks can’t lend the CRR money to corporates or individual borrowers, banks can’t use that money for investment purposes.

Additional Information

Some important banking terms:

• SLR - It is a minimum percentage of deposits that a commercial bank has to maintain in the form of liquid cash, gold, or other securities.
• Bankrate - It is the interest rate at which a nation's central bank lends money to domestic banks, often in the form of very short-term loans.
• Repo Rate - It is the rate at which the central bank of a country lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds.

The correct answer is Post-metaphysics.

Key Points

• Post-metaphysics is written by Badarayan.
• Badarayana was an Indian philosopher and sage who was the reputed author of Brahma Sutras, the source text for the Hindu philosophical school of Vedānta.
• Estimates of his lifetime vary very widely from around fifth century BCE to third or fourth century CE.
• His work Brahma Sutras is variously dated from 500 BCE to 450 CE.

Additional Information Meta-Physics

• Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility.

The correct answer is Taka.

Key Points

• Taka  is the currency of Bangladesh.
• Issuing of banknotes of denomination of 10 or higher is under Bangladesh Bank while the issuance of banknotes of denominations 2 and 5 is the responsibility of the Ministry of Finance which works under the Government of finance.
• The Security Printing Corporation Bangladesh Limited is responsible for printing and minting the banknotes.
• The word taka is a Bangla word that means currency, money, or note.
• In short form, it is written as Tk.
• This word is common in Tripura and West Bengal where the other name of Indian rupees is known as Taka as well.

Additional Information

• Renminbi (RMB) is the official currency of China and it means people's currency.
• Ngultrum is a currency of Bhutan.
• The currency of Abu Dhabi is Dirham

The correct answer is Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the liquid phase.

Key Points

• To cut the supply of oxygen, carbon dioxide gas is used in fire extinguishers.
• Carbon dioxide is incombustible gas and does not support combustion. As a result, it is used in fire extinguishers.
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is stored in liquid form in extinguishers.
• When Carbon dioxide is sprayed on a burning object, it cuts off the oxygen supply and extinguishes the fire.
• It displaces oxygen, preventing oxygen from coming into contact with fire.
• Hence, carbon dioxide gas cuts off the supply of oxygen, removing oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide gas is stored under extremely high pressure in fire extinguishers.
• When carbon dioxide gas escapes from fire extinguishers, it is extremely cold. As a result, it cools the fire.

The correct answer is Naftali Bennett.

Key Points

• Naftali Bennett was on 13 June 2021 sworn-in as the new Prime Minister of Israel.
• His victory ended the 12 years of power of former PM Benjamin Netanyahu, the country's longest-serving leader.
• Israel:
• Capital - Jerusalem.
• Currency - Israeli Shekel.
• President - Reuven Rivlin.
• Prime Minister - Naftali Bennett.
• National Sport - Association football.

Additional Information

• Yair Lapid is an Israeli politician and former journalist who has been serving as the 14th prime minister of Israel since 1 July 2022.
• Mohammad Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai is the president of Afghanistan from September 2014 until August 2021, when his government was overthrown by the Taliban.
• Sheikh Hasinais a Bangladeshi politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh since January 2009.

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh.

Key Points

• Khajuraho temples are located in Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh.
• Khajuraho Temples are among the most beautiful medieval monuments in the country.
• Built between 950-1050 AD by the Chandela Dynasty.
• The monuments include Hindu and Jain temples.
• The temple site is situated within the Vindhya Mountain range.
• These Temples got the status of UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites in 1986.
• The temples are famous for their Nagara-style architectural symbolism.
• The temples at Khajuraho are all made of Sandstone.

Additional Information

Three sites in Madhya Pradesh have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO

• The Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
• Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)
• The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)
• The city of Gwalior and Orccha(2020) (Not included as a world heritage site, pilot cities for the Historic Urban Landscape program and survey).

The correct answer is Water Intoxication.

Key Points

• Overhydration can lead to Water Intoxication.
• When you drink too much water, you may experience water poisoning, intoxication, or a disruption of brain function.
• This happens when there's too much water in the cells (including brain cells), causing them to swell.
• When the cells in the brain swell they cause pressure in the brain.
• You may start experiencing things like confusion, drowsiness, and headaches.
• If this pressure increases it could cause conditions like hypertension (High Blood Pressure) and bradycardia (Low Heart Rate).
• Sodium is the electrolyte most affected by overhydration, leading to a condition called hyponatremia.
• Sodium is a crucial element that helps keep the balance of fluids in and out of cells.
• When its levels drop due to a high amount of water in the body, fluids get inside the cells.
• Then the cells swell, putting you at risk of having seizures, going into a coma, or even dying.

The correct answer is Tsitsi Dangrembga.

Key Points

• Zimbabwean writer and filmmaker Tsitsi Dangarembga has won the prestigious PEN Pinter Award in 2021
• She is the first Black woman to win the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade, which is endowed with $29,100 and has been awarded since 1950.
• Dangarembga is known for her works including the bestselling novel, “Nervous Conditions” and its sequel, “This Mournable Body.”
• In 1988, her debut novel Nervous Conditions was the first to be published in English by a Black woman from Zimbabwe.
• In 2020, her novel This Mournable Body was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.
• In addition to the Peace Prize, Dangarembga has also been awarded the PEN Pinter Prize and the PEN International Award for Freedom of Expression in 2021.

Additional Information

Pen Pinter Award 

• The PEN Pinter Prize was established in 2009 in memory of Nobel-laureate playwright Harold Pinter.
• The PEN Pinter Prize is awarded annually to a writer from Britain, the Republic of Ireland, or the Commonwealth who, in the words of Harold Pinter’s Nobel speech, casts an ‘unflinching, unswerving’ gaze upon the world, and shows a ‘fierce intellectual determination, to define the real truth of our lives and our societies’.
• The winner must the author of a significant body of plays, poetry, or fiction of outstanding literary merit, written in English.
• The prize is shared with an international writer of courage selected by English PEN’s Writers at Risk Committee in association with the winner. This half of the prize is awarded to someone who has been persecuted for speaking out about their beliefs.

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The correct answer is Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana.

Key Points

• With the help of PKVY, the Government aims to support and promote organic farming, reduction in dependence on fertilizers and agricultural chemicals, etc. PKVY stands for Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana.

​ PKVY Full-Form

• Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana

Date of Launch

• 2015

Concern Ministry

• Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Implementation By

• Organic Farming cell of the Integrated Nutrient Management (Division) of the Department of Agriculture; Cooperation and Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW)

Components of the scheme

• Modern Organic Cluster
• Demonstration Model
• Organic Farm PKVY-Induced Cluster Formation Scheme

Objective PKVY

• Primary objective is encourage climate-resilient, natural resource-based farming methods that improves soil fertility and thereby reducing farmers’ reliance on outside inputs.
• To increase farmer net income per unit of land by lowering the cost of agriculture for farmers through sustainable integrated organic farming systems.
• To Protect the environment from dangerous inorganic compounds by the adoption of traditional, low-tech eco-friendly farming methods.

The correct answer is Padma Vibhushan.

Key Points

• Recently, former President and Prime Minister of Mauritius Anirudh Jugnauth passed away. He was awarded Padma Vibhushan.
• Anerood Jugnauth, the former President and Prime Minister of Mauritius, passed away in June 2021.
• Jugnauth was Mauritius' longest-serving PM and held the post for more than 18 years.
• He served as the PM between 1982 and 1995, then again between 2000 and 2003, and later between 2014 and 2017.
• Jugnauth also served as the President of Mauritius from 2003-2012.
• Mauritius: 
• Capital - Port Louis.
• Currency - Mauritian rupee.

Additional Information

Padma Bhushan:

• The award is given for distinguished service of a high order in any field, including service rendered by government servants.
• It is the third-highest civilian honour in India.
• It was first awarded in 1954.

Bharat Ratna:

• Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India.
• Bharat Ratna was introduced on 2^nd January 1954.
• The first three recipients of Bharat Ratna - C. Rajagopalachari, S. Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman
• The first person to receive Bharat Ratna - C. Rajagopalachari
• The first scientist to receive Bharat Ratna - C. V. Raman (1954)
• The first Prime Minister to receive Bharat Ratna - Jawaharlal Nehru (1955).

**Noble Prize :**​

• Noble Prize gave to those who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind in the above fields.
• A sixth prize was also established in the field of Economic Sciences, it is not a Nobel Prize but 'The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel'.
• Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist and known for the invention of dynamite.

The correct answer is Bombay.

Key Points

• The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded by Allan Octavian Hume on 28th December 1885.
• The first session of INC was held in Bombay at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Collegeram.
• The first President of the INC session held in Bombay was Womesh Chandra Banerjee.
• 72 delegates attended the session.
• The important leaders during the foundation of INC were Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyyabji, Anand Mohan Bose, R.C Dutt, Pherozshah Mehta, G.K Gokhale, G. Subramaniyam Aiyyar, Dinshaw Vacha, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahadev Govind Ranade, Madan Mohan Malviya, etc.
• Formerly Indian National Congress was known as Indian National Union.
• The INC was formed during the tenure of Lord Dufferin (Viceroy of India from 1884-1888).

Additional Information

The correct answer is 100,000 Shlokas.

Key Points

• Mahabharata, the world's longest epic poem, consists of more than 100,000 Shlokas.
• Mahabharata is the largest epic in the world.
• Mahabharata was written by Ved Vyasa in the Sanskrit Language.
• The origin of the Mahabharata dates back to the Vedic period.
• The epic of Mahabharat has:
• More than 74000 verses,
• Long proses,
• About 1.8 million words in total.
• The epic is a story about the Bharat Dynasty and includes
• Aspects of Hindu mythology,
• Stories of the gods and goddesses, and
• Explanations of Hindu philosophy.

The correct answer is Italy.

Key Points

• The Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the most remarkable architectural structures from medieval Europe.
• It is located in the Italian town of Pisa, one of the most visited European cities.
• The Tower of Pisa stands at 60 meters and until 1990 was leaning at about a 10-degree angle.
• The tower has eight stories, including the chamber for the bells.
• With 207 columns ranged around eight stories, the Tower of Pisa looks like a massive wedding cake knocked precariously askew by a clumsy.

The correct answer is Seafood.

Key Points

• Iodine, an essential mineral, is commonly found in Seafood.
• Seaweed, kelp, shrimp, oysters, mussels and fish are naturally rich in iodine.
• Tuna and cod are particularly iodine-abundant.
• Iodine is an essential mineral found in some foods and is needed for the production of thyroid hormone.
• Deficiency of Iodine causes enlargement of thyroid gland (Goitre), hypothyroidism and mental retardation in infants whose mother is deficient of Iodine during pregnancy.
• It is an external nutrient and is not prepared by human body.

The correct answer is Two moons of Mars.

Key Points

• Phobos and Deimos is two moons of Mars.
• Both moons were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall.
• Phobos and Deimos are the two moons of MARS that are irregular in shape.
• The moons of Mars are some of the tiniest in the solar system.
• Phobos and Deimos, like Earth's Moon, show the same face as mars. Both are lumpy and heavily cratered, with dust and loose rocks covering them.
• They both are irregular in shape.
• They are among the solar system's darker objects.
• The moons tend to be captured asteroids made of carbon-rich rock mixed with ice.

Additional Information

   1.Phobos : 

• Phobos is marginally bigger than Deimos and orbits Mars at a distance of just 6,000 kilometers.
• There is no known moon that orbits its planet closer. It orbits Mars three times a day,
• Phobos is spiraling inward, drawing closer to the earth by around six feet (1.8 meters) per century. It would either collide with Mars or break up and form a ring around the earth in 50 million years.       2. Deimos : 
• Takes 30 hours to complete each orbit.
• Outermost moon of Mars
• It is 23,460 kilometers away from mars

Given:

35% of 750 =?

Formula Used:

a% of b = a × b/100

Calculation:

35% of 750

⇒ 35 × 750/100 = 26250/100 = 262.50

Hence, 35% of 750 equals to 262.50.

Given:

49% of (50% of 400) =?

Formula Used:

a% of b = a × b/100

Calculation:

⇒ 49% of (50% of 400) 

⇒ 49% of (50 × 400)/100  

⇒ 49% of 50 × 4 

⇒ 49% of 200 

⇒ 49 × 200/100 

⇒ 49 × 2 

⇒ 98

Hence, 49% of (50% of 400) = 98.

Given:

Distance = 576 km

Quantity of petrol used = 45 liters

Concept Used:

If A km is travelled in B litre petrol then,

Distance covered using 1 ltr petrol = A/B

Calculation:

Distance covered using 1 ltr petrol = 576/45

Distance covered using 1 ltr petrol = 576/45 × 65

⇒ 64/5  × 65 

⇒ 64 × 13 

⇒ 832 km

Hence, car will travel 832 km distance using 65 liters of petrol.

Given:

Areas of three adjacent faces of cuboid = 216, 150, 576

Formula Used:

The volume of cuboid = √xyz

Where x, y, and z are areas of three adjacent faces

Calculation:

The volume of cuboid = √xyz

⇒ √216 × 150 × 576

⇒ √(36 × 6 × 150 × 576)

⇒ √(36 × 900 × 576) = 6 × 30 × 24 = 4,320 cu. units

Hence, The volume of the cuboid is 4,320 cu. units.

Given:

33 - [{(3 × 2) - (45 ÷ 9)} + (3 ÷ 10)] =?

Formula Used:

We have to follow the BODMAS rule

Calculation:

⇒ 33 - [{(3 × 2) - (45 ÷ 9)} + (3 ÷ 10)] =?

⇒ 33 - [{6 - 5 + 0.3}]

⇒ 33 - [{-5 + 6.3}]

⇒ 33 - [1.3]

⇒ 33 - 1.3 = 31.7 

Hence, 33 - [{(3 × 2) - (45 ÷ 9)} + (3 ÷ 10)] = 31.7

Formula Used:

Divisibility rule of 5 : If last digit of a number is either 0 or 5 then it is divisible by 5.

Calculation:

102 = Here last digit is 2

202 = Here last digit is 2

122 = Here last digit is 2

120 = Here last digit is 0,

∴ 120 is divisible by 5.

Given:

(19.8 ×  20.2) + 0.04 = ?

Formula Used:

We have to follow the BODMAS rule

and 

( a - b)(a + b) = a² - b²

Calculation:

⇒ (19.8 ×  20.2) + 0.04 = ?

⇒ (20 - 0.2)(20 + 0.2) + 0.04

⇒ (20)² - (0.2)² + 0.04 

⇒ 400 - 0/04 + 0.04 = 400

Hence, (19.8 ×  20.2) + 0.04 = 400.

Given:

X and Y can finish a work in 32 days and 40 days respectively.

Formula Used:

If A finish a work in D days then →

per day work of A = 1/D

Calculation:

Per day work of X = 1/32

Per day work of Y = 1/40

12 days work of X is = 12 × 1/32 = 3/8

Remaining work = 1 - 3/8 = 5/8

When X and Y work together then,

Per day work of both = 1/32 + 1/40 = (5 + 4)/160 = 9/160

Number of days required for finishing the remaining work = (5/8)/(9/160) = 5/8 ×  160/9 

⇒ (5 × 20)/9 = 100/9 = 11.11

∴ Total number of days = 12 + 11.11 = 23.11

Hence, total number of days to finish the work are 23.11 days.

Given:

Marked Price = 900 Rs.

Discount % = 30%

Formula Used:

Discount = Marked price × discount/100

Calculation:

Discount = Marked price × discount/100

⇒ 900 × 30/100 = 9 × 30 = 270

Selling price = 900 - 270 = Rs 630.

Hence, Price of the after discount is Rs. 630

Given:

Car X is 25% faster than car Y.

Distance = 125 km. 

Concept Used:

We know that,

Speed = Distance/time

If distance is constant, then speed is inversely proportional to time

Calculation:

Speed of X : Speed of Y = 5 : 4

Time of X : Time of Y = 4 : 5

Difference in time = 5 - 4 = 1

∴ 1 unit = 10.5 min (break taken by X)

⇒ 5 unit = 10.5 × 5 = 52.5 min 

∴ Total time taken by car Y to complete the journey is 52.5 min

Speed of car Y = 125/(525/60) = 125 × 60/52.5

⇒ 125 × 600/525 = 5 × 600/21 = 5 × 200/7 = 1000/7 kmph

Hence, Speed of car Y is 1000/7 kmph.

Given:

Cost Price = Rs. 4,45,000

Discount % = 20%

Profit % = 12%

Formula Used:

Profit = CP × profit%/100

Calculation:

Profit = CP × profit%/100

⇒ 4,45,000 × 12/100 = 4,450 × 12 = 53,400

Selling price = 4,45,00 + 53,400 = 4,98,400

Marked price = 4,98,400 × 100/80 

⇒ 6230 × 100 = 623,000

Given:

Ratio of the total salary of all men to that of all women in a call center = 7 ∶ 5.

Ratio of the salary of each man to that of each woman = 5 ∶ 3

Calculation: 

Let, Number of men = M and Number of women = W

Total salary of all men = 5M = 7

M = 7/5

Total salary of all women = 3W = 5

W = 5/3

M : W = 7/5 : 5/3

⇒ 7 × 3 : 5 × 5

⇒ 21 : 25

Given:

Principal = Rs. 12,000

Time = 2 years

Rate of interest = 5%

Formula Used:

Amount = P(1 + R/100)ⁿ

Calculation:

Amount = P(1 + R/100)n

⇒ 12,000 (1 + 5/100)²

⇒ 12,000(21/20)²

⇒ 12,000 × 21/20 × 21/20

⇒ 30 × 21 × 21 = Rs. 13, 230

Compound interest = 13,230 - 12,000 = Rs. 1230

Hence, Compound interest = Rs. 1,230

Given:

10% of 250 + 15% of 700 + 231 of (2 ÷ 3) – 21% of X = 200

Concept Used:

We have to follow the BODMAS rule

Calculation:

10% of 250 + 15% of 700 + 231 of (2 ÷ 3) – 21% of X = 200

⇒ 25 + 105 + 231 × 2/3 - 21% of X = 200

⇒ 130 + 154 - 21% of X = 200

⇒ 284 - 21% of X = 200

⇒ -21%X = 200 - 284 = -84

X = 84 × 100/21 = 400

Given:

Ratio of surface areas of two spheres = 48 : 27

Formula Used:

Surface area of sphere = 4πr²

Volume of sphere = 4/3πr³

Calculation:

Ratio of surface area = 4πr₁² : 4πr₂²  = r₁² : r₂²

⇒ r₁²/r₂² = 48/27 = 4/3

Ratio of volume = 4/3πr₁³ : 4/3πr₂³ = r13 : r23 = 4³ : 3³ = 64 : 27

Given:

Expenditure of Q in 5 years = 120 + 95 + 120 + 45 + 120

Expenditure Of R in 5 years = 70 + 70 + 120 + 20 + 120 

Formula Used:

Greatness% of Q = (Exp. of Q - Exp. of R)/Exp. of R × 100

Calculation:

Total expenditure of Q in 5 years =  120 + 95 + 120 + 45 + 120 = 500

Expenditure Of R in 5 years = 70 + 70 + 120 + 20 + 120 = 400

Greatness% of Q = (Exp. of Q - Exp. of R)/Exp. of R × 100

⇒ 100/400 × 100% = 100%/4 = 25%

So, The advertisement expenditure on product Q in the given 5 years is that of product R 25% more than the advertising expenditure.

Given:

Two numbers = 121, 91

Concept Used:

LCM of the numbers is least common multiple of all given numbers.

Calculation:

1101 = Not a multiple of 121

1001 = Also not a multiple of 121

11011 = Multiple of both 121 & 91

11001 = Not a multiple of 121

Hence, 11,011 is LCM of 121 & 91

Given:

A graph of data sets, median of which to be found.

Concept used:

• To find the median of grouped data, make a table of cumulative frequency table.
• After this, we find the class in which half of the sum of frequencies is located. It is called the median class.

Calculation:

Table for class interval, frequency and cumulative frequency is given below - 

Here, N = 60 

N/2 = 60/2 = 30

And, cumulative frequency 30 lies in frequency class 25-30.

So  frequency class 25-30 is correct answer.

Given:

Initial speed of aeroplane = 320 kmph 

Initial time = 8 hours

Formula Used:

speed = distance/time

Calculation:

Distance = speed × time

⇒ 320 × 8 = 2560 km

Speed to cover the same distance in 32/5 hours = distance/time = 2560/(32/5) = 2560 × 5/32 = 80 × 5 = 400kmph

∴ To cover the same distance in (32/5) hours, it should travel at a speed of 400 kmph.

Given:

A graph of class intervals and their respective frequencies is given, class interval for lowest frequency of which to be found.

Concept used:

• To find the median of grouped data, make a table of cumulative frequency table.

Calculation:

Table for class interval and frequency is given below - 

 

With the above table, We can see that lowest frequency is 5 that lies in class interval 40-50.

∴ The frequency class 40-50 is correct answer.

अन्य पुरुष वाचक सर्वनाम का सही विकल्प उन्हें​ है I

Key Points अन्य पुरुष:-

• जिन शब्दों का प्रयोग किसी तीसरे व्यक्ति के बारे में बात करने के लिए होता है।
• इसके अंतर्गत यह, वह, ये, वे, उन्हें​ आदि आते हैं।

उदाहरण- ​​

• वह तुम्हारी गाय है।
• वे तुम्हारी बकरियाँ है।
• राम मनोहर जी उन्हें​ हिन्दी पढ़ाते है।

Important Points 

Additional Information

इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 'पवित्र' है। अन्य विकल्प उपसर्ग से बने शब्द हैं।

Key Points 

• 'पवित्र' शब्द में उपसर्ग नहीं है।
• पो + इत्र = पवित्र (अयादि संधि)

अन्य विकल्प:

• अन्य विकल्पों में क्रमशः 'अव','प्र' और ''सम्"  उपसर्ग  लगा है।

Additional Information 

विद्या के बिना सार्थक जीवन नहीं जिया जा सकताI अतः सही विकल्प सार्थक है।

शब्दार्थ

दिए गये विकल्पों में व्रण-वर्ण का सही शब्द युग्म 'घाव और रंग' होगा।

• व्रण का अर्थ : घाव।
• वर्ण का अर्थ : रंग।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्प:

• व्रत और वृत्त : उपवास और घेरा।
• पर्ण और प्रण : पत्ता और प्रतिज्ञा।

Additional Information 

इत्यादि - के लिए सही संधि विच्छेद - इति+आदि

Key Points 

इति + आदि = इत्यादि में 'यण' संधि है। 

• यण स्वर संधि -  इ, ई, उ, ऊ या ऋ का मेल यदि असमान स्वर से हो तो इ, ई का 'य'; उ, ऊ का 'व' और ऋ का 'र' हो जाता है,
• जैसे - यदि + अपि (इ + अ) = यद्यपि, अनु + एषण = अन्वेषण।

Additional Information

सही उत्तर वाचाल है। 

Key Points 

• 'मूक' का विलोम शब्द वाचाल है।
• मूक का अर्थ- गूँगा, मूक वाणी।
• वाचाल का अर्थ- वाक्पटु।

अन्य विकल्प - 

• बड़ा - छोटा
• घृणा - प्रेम
• अचर - चर

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 ‘गुरुजन’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प इसके असंगत उत्तर हैं।

Key Points 

• ‘गुरु’ का बहुवचन शब्द भी ‘गुरुजन’ होगा।
• कुछ शब्दों के बहुवचन, शब्दों के अंत में नए शब्द जोड़कर बनाए जाते हैं।
• जैसे –

Additional Information 

डाली,फूल का पर्यायवाची नहीं है। अन्य सभी फूल का पर्यायवाची है। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 2) डाली होगा ।

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Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों में उचित उत्तर ‘लोहे के समान कठोर एवं शक्तिशाली पुरुष’ है। इसके अन्य विकल्प अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

Key Points

स्पष्टीकरण:

‘लौहपुरुष’ शब्द का समास-विग्रह ‘लोहे के समान कठोर एवं शक्तिशाली पुरुष’ है। इसमें उपमानवाचक कर्मधारय समास है।

Additional Informationविशेष:  

‘चलती का नाम गाड़ी’ लोकोक्ति का सही विकल्प 4 ‘काम का चलते रहना', अन्य विकल्प सही उत्तर नहीं हैं।

स्पष्टीकरण:

 

अन्यविकल्प:

‘एक व्यक्ति द्वारा चलाई जानेवाली शासन प्रणाली ’ वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द तानाशाही​ होगा। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अन्य विकल्प :

Additional Information 

वाक्यांश को संक्षेप में सामासिक पद का भी रूप दिया जाता है। कुछ ऐसे लाक्षणिक पद या शब्द भी हैं, जो अपने में पूरे एक वाक्य या वाक्यांश का अर्थ रखते हैं।

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 'आह! यह पीड़ा अब और सहन नहीं होती।’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points 

• 'आह! यह पीड़ा अब और सहन नहीं होतीI' यह विराम चिह्न का उपयुक्त उदाहरण है।
• विराम चिह्न का अर्थ है  ठहराव, विश्राम, रुकना। अर्थात वाक्य लिखते समय विराम को प्रकट करने के लिए लगाए जाने वाले चिह्न को विराम चिह्न कहते हैं।
• अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

Additional Information 

उपरोक्त विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 ‘मालकिन’ होगा। दिये गए अन्य विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

Key Points 

• ‘मालिक’ पुल्लिंग शब्द है जिसका स्त्रीलिंग शब्द ‘मालकिन’ होगा।
• मालिक के पर्यायवाची शब्द है - भर्तार, पति, वल्लभ, प्राणाधार, प्राणप्रिय , प्राणेश, स्वामी, आर्यपुत्र।
• मालकिन के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं – गृहिणी, स्वामिनी, सन्यासिनी।

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 ‘अत्यंत गुस्से से देखना’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

• मुहावरा-  ‘अंगारे बरसना’ अर्थ – अत्यंत गुस्से से देखना।
• वाक्य- लगता है आज सूर्य देव सुबह से अंगारे बरसा रहे हैं।
• नोट- शाब्दिक रूप से मुहावरा शब्द का अर्थ अभ्यास होता है।

अन्य विकल्प:

• 'टका सा जवाब देना' मुहावरे का अर्थ 'कोरा उत्तर देना' होता है।
• अतः 'कोरा उत्तर देना' सही विकल्प है,अन्य सभी विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• टका सा जवाब देना - कोरा उत्तर देना।
• धोनी ने भारतीय टीम में खेलने के लिए टका सा जवाब दिया।

Additional Information 

• जब कोई वाक्यांश अपने सामान्य अर्थ को छोडकर विशेष अर्थ में रूढ़ हो जाता है,तो उसे 'मुहावरे' के नाम से हम जानते है।
• जैसे: श्री गणेश करना - शुरू करना।
• ईद का चाँद होना - बहुत दिनों बाद दिखाई देना।

अनुच्छेद के अनुसार भीड़ कहते हैं - 'जहाँ लोग तो होते है लेकिन भावनाएँ न'

• अनुच्छेद के अनुसार:-
• ​भीड़ उसे कहते हैं जहां लोगों का जमघट होता है। लोग तो होते हैं, उनकी छाती में हृदय नहीं होता। सिर होते हैं लेकिन उनमें बुद्धि या विचार नहीं होता।

Key Pointsभावना:-

• अर्थ: विचार, ख़याल, मनोभाव, मन की कल्पना, ध्यान, चिंतन, कामना, इच्छा, चाह।

लोग:-

• अर्थ: लोक, जन, प्रजा, सामान्य व्यक्ति, आदमी, सर्वसाधारण।

फ्रिज आने से हानि हुई है - 'संबंध समाप्त हो गए'

• अनुच्छेद के अनुसार:-
• पुराने जमाने में दही जमाने के लिए लोग जामन मांगने लोगों के घर जाते थे, फ्लैट में फ्रीज है इसलिए जामन मांगने की जरूरत नहीं रही।
• सारा पड़ोस, सारे संबंध इस फ्रिज में फ्रीज हो गए हैं। अर्थात संबंध समाप्त हो गए ​

Key Points

• समाप्त - अंत, समाप्ति, अवसान, इति, इतिश्री, समापन।
• विलोम शब्द - 'आरंभ'

Additional Informationतबीयत:-

• अर्थ: शरीर या मन की स्थिति, स्वास्थ्य, सेहत, मनोवृत्ति, भावना, प्रवृत्ति।
• 'तबियत' विदेशी भाषा (अरबी) का शब्द है।

ख़राब:-

• अर्थ: बुरा, हीन, नष्ट, बरबाद।
• विलोम शब्द  - 'अच्छा'

इस अनुच्छेद का कोई उपुयक्त शीर्षक- 'महानगरों की संस्कृति'

• अनुच्छेद के अनुसार:-
• महानगर में लोगों के रहन-सहन एवं उनकी संस्कृति वर्णन किया गया है जो उनकी मानसिकता दर्शाते है। ​

Key Points

• महानगर:-
• जो एक ओर तो विशाल भूमि तथा जनसंख्या को अपने में समेटे हुए होते हैं,
• वहीं दूसरी ओर ये बड़े व्यावसायिक एवं वाणिज्यिक केंद्र भी होते हैं।
• इन स्थानों पर राष्ट्रीय एवं अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर के कार्यों का जमाव होता हैं।
• संस्कृति - संस्कृत रूप देने की क्रिया, परिष्कृति संस्कार।
• विलोम शब्द - 'विकृत���'

Additional Informationगाँव:-

• अर्थ: ग्राम, देहात, खेड़ा, पुरवा, टोला।

समाज:-

• अर्थ: समूह, सभा, संघ, गरोह, दल।

महानगरों में पर लोग एक ही स्थान पर पड़ोसी की तरह रहते हैं। 

• अनुच्छेद के अनुसार:-
• ​महानगरों में लोग एक ही बिल्डिंग में पड़ोसी के तौर पर रहते हैं, लेकिन यह पड़ोस संबंध रहित होता है।

Key Points

• महानगर:-
• जो एक ओर तो विशाल भूमि तथा जनसंख्या को अपने में समेटे हुए होते हैं,
• वहीं दूसरी ओर ये बड़े व्यावसायिक एवं वाणिज्यिक केंद्र भी होते हैं।
• इन स्थानों पर राष्ट्रीय एवं अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर के कार्यों का जमाव होता हैं।

Additional Informationघर:- 

• अर्थ: घर, निकेतन, भवन, आलय, निवास, गेह, सदन, आवास, निलय, धाम।

गाँव:-

• अर्थ: ग्राम, देहात, खेड़ा, पुरवा, टोला।

'जमघट' का समानार्थी शब्द नहीं है - 'एकाकी'

• 'जमघट' का समानार्थी शब्द है - सभा, मण्डली, जनसमूह, जमाव, भीड़, मेला, भीड़-भाड़, झुंड।
• विलोम शब्द - 'एकाकी'
• अर्थ: ​अकेला, जिसके साथ और कोई न हो।

Key Points

• वे शब्द जिनका अर्थ एक समान होता हैं समानार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण समानार्थी शब्द:-

• अरण्य - जंगल, वन, कानन, अटवी, कान्तार, विपिन।
• इच्छा - अभिलाषा, अभिप्राय, चाह, कामना, लालसा, मनोरथ, आकांक्षा, अभीष्ट।
• उत्कृष्ट - उत्तम, उन्नत, श्रेष्ठ, अच्छा, बढ़िया, उम्दा।
• ओझल - अदृश्य, अंतर्धान, तिरोहित, लुप्त, छिपा हुआ, गायब, विलुप्त।
• कृपा - प्रसाद, करुणा, अनुकम्पा, दया, अनुग्रह।
• क्रोध - रोष, कोप, अमर्ष, गुस्सा, आक्रोश, कोह, प्रतिघात।

The correct answer is 'tenacious'.

 

Key Points

• The word "tenacious" means holding fast or being persistent. (दृढ़)
• Copper casting results in a weak and porous structure, which is described as cavernulous.
• The other options: "ferocious," "pugnacious," and "unmalicious" do not fit the context as appropriately.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Complete Sentence: Copper will not cast either solid or tenacious, but is cavernulous and weak.

Additional Information

• Ferocious (क्रूर): means savagely fierce, cruel, or violent.
• Pugnacious (झगड़ालू): means eager or quick to argue, quarrel, or fight.
• Unmalicious (अहिंसक): means not having a desire to cause harm or pain.

The correct answer is 'solidarity'.

Key Points 

• The sentence tells everybody in the locality to raise a flag (relating to their organisation) over homes and magic circles as a sign of your unity.
• Solidarity (एकजुटता) means unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; mutual support within a group.
• Synonyms:-  unanimity, unity, like-mindedness, agreement, accord, etc.
• Example:- "Factory workers voiced solidarity with the striking students"
• Hence, the grammatically and contextually correct word for the blank is 'solidarity '.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information  

• disparity (असमानता): a difference in level or treatment, especially one that is seen as unfair.
• unclarity(अस्पष्टता): a difference in level or treatment, especially one that is seen as unfair.
• nonparetic(अप्रामाणिक): a person who is not afflicted with paresis (partial paralysis)

The correct answer is 'RPSQ'.

Key Points 

• The first given sentence talks about a nondescript man who bought a $20 ticket for Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305.
• Hence, the next sentence will be 'R' as it says that his name was 'Dan Cooper' which was fake.
• The next sentence will be 'P' as it is telling us about the situation after take off, he claimed to have a bomb in his briefcase.
• The next sentence will be 'S' as it mentions that the briefcase was opened by officials.
• The next sentence will be 'Q' as it mentions the further demands by Mr Cooper

​Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is 'She replied with a slight break in her voice, “No, I haven’t seen him since​'.

Key Points 

• The bracketed word segment is grammatically incorrect.
• "from" should be replaced with 'since' to make the sentence grammatically correct.
• The preposition “since” is used to refer to a point of time.
• “Since” can refer to a point after a specific time or event in the past or, it can refer to a particular point beginning sometime in the past and continuing until the present time. The particular point in time could be anything – last Tuesday, 2008 or midnight.
• Example:- I've only known her since the beginning of last week.
• Hence, the word segment given in Option 4 will substitute (replace) the bracketed word segment.
• The correct sentence:- She replied with a slight break in her voice, “No, I haven’t seen him since lunchtime.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is 'To make someone laugh​'.

Key Points  

• The idiom 'Crack someone up​ ' means to suddenly laugh a lot, or to make someone suddenly laugh a lot.
• Example: I took one look at her and cracked up.
• Hence, the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom is 'To make someone laugh​'.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is 'Chronology'.

Key Points 

• The word 'Chronology' refers to the arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.
• Example: "the novel abandons the conventions of normal chronology"
• Hence, the most appropriate 'one word' for the expression 'The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence' is 'Chronology'.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information 

• Opprobrium: harsh criticism or censure.
• Nuance: a subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound.
• Mendacity: untruthfulness; lying.

The correct answer is 'surviving specie.​'.

Key Points  

• The words “One of the, either of, neither of, and each of” are always followed by plural nouns.
• Example:- One of the students was selected to visit NASA.
• 'specie' should be replaced by 'species'.
• The correct sentence is The rhinoceros is one of the world's oldest surviving species.
• Hence, the word segment given in Option 4 is an incorrect part.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is 'A chip on your shoulder​'.

Key Points 

• A chip on your shoulder refers to an ingrained feeling of resentment deriving from a sense of inferiority and sometimes marked by aggressive behaviour.
• Example:- "I had a dirty great chip on my shoulder—I thought everybody was against me"
• Therefore, 'A chip on your shoulder ' is the most appropriate idiom of the given meaning- Being upset for something that happened in the past​.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information 

• Great minds think alike: aid to someone just after you have discovered that they have had the same idea as you. Ideas, concepts and theories.
• Good Samaritan: a charitable or helpful person
• Gird up the loin: prepare oneself for something difficult or challenging.

The correct answer is 'must not act dream​'.

Key Points 

• The word structure "not only....." is always followed by "....but also".
• Example:- Not only dogs but also cats are available at the animal shelter.
• The correct sentence is- To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also dream; not only plan, but also believe.
• Hence, the word segment given in Option 3 is an incorrect part.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is 'disunion'.

Key Points 

• 'coalition' means a temporary alliance for combined action, especially of political parties forming a government.
• Synonyms are alliance, union, partnership, affiliation etc.
• For example:- "a coalition between Liberals and Conservatives"
• ​The marked option ''disunion'' means the breaking up of something such as a federation.​
• Hence, ''disunion'' is the antonym of the given word.

Therefore, the answer is Option 1.

Additional Information 

• federation: a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs.
• amalgam: a mixture or blend.
• consolidation: the action or process of making something stronger or more solid.

The correct answer is 'alliviate'.

Key Points 

• The incorrectly spelt word is 'alliviate'.
• The correct spelling is 'alleviate' which means to make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe.
• Example: "he couldn't prevent her pain, only alleviate it"
• Synonyms are reduce, ease, relieve, take the edge off etc.
• The remaining words are spelt correctly.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is 'the chicken was so obsessed with that road.​'.

Key Points 

• The bracketed word segment is grammatically incorrect.
• The given statement is not an interrogatory sentence.
• An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question.
• The given sentence is an indirect sentence hence, the question mark should be omitted.
• Hence, the word segment given in Option 3 will substitute (replace) the bracketed word segment.
• The correct sentence:- We all wondered why the chicken was so obsessed with that road.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is 'attrition'.

Key Points 

• The word 'compunction' refers to a feeling of guilt or moral scruple that prevents or follows the doing of something bad.. (अपराधबोध या नैतिक जांच की भावना जो कुछ बुरा करने से रोकती है या उसका पालन करती है।)
• Example: "they used their tanks without compunction"
• Synonyms are scruples, misgivings, qualms, worries etc.
• attrition means the process of reducing something's strength or effectiveness through sustained attack or pressure. (निरंतर हमले या दबाव के माध्यम से किसी चीज की ताकत या प्रभावशीलता को कम करने की प्रक्रिया।)
• Hence, the word that is similar in meaning (SYNONYM)  to the word compunction is 'attrition'.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Additional Information 

• defiance: the act or an instance of defying (अवहेलना करने की क्रिया या उदाहरण)
• disdain: the feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect. (यह भावना कि कोई व्यक्ति या वस्तु किसी के विचार या सम्मान के योग्य नहीं है।)
• happiness: an emotional state characterized by feelings of joy, satisfaction, contentment, and fulfillment. (आनंद, संतुष्टि, संतोष और तृप्ति की भावनाओं की विशेषता एक भावनात्मक स्थिति।)

The correct answer is 'vacillate'.

Key Points 

• The word 'vacillate' means waver between different opinions or actions; be indecisive. (विभिन्न विचारों या कार्यों के बीच डगमगाना; अनिर्णय होना)
• Example: "I vacillated between teaching and journalism"
• Synonyms are dither, be indecisive, be irresolute etc.
• The word given in option 3 is correctly spelt.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is 'PQRS'.

Key Points 

• The first given sentence is not clearly giving any information.
• After linking it with part 'P' it states that "it is something of a wrong name or designation.
• The next sentence will be 'Q' and 'R' as it is telling us "it is something of a wrong name or designation to refer to these inexperienced".
• The next sentence will be 'S' as it completes the sentence contextually.
• The complete sentence is - It's something of a misnomer to refer to these inexperienced boys as soldiers.

​Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is 'The gestation period of a Brazil nut tree's seed is less than a year.​'.

Key Points

• The passage is about the information on the Brazil nut tree. How it spreads in the forest area is mentioned and the "what are the threats the tree faces" is mentioned in the passage.
• Read the line of the passage- 
• "Once pollinated, a coconut-sized seed containing some tiny 20 seeds, develops for over 15 months before falling to the forest floor. "
• After reading the above lines we can conclude that the gestation period of a Brazil nut tree's seed is more than a year.
• The gestation period means the development period of something over a period of time.
• Other sentences are correct as per the passage.

​Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is 'Human deforestation activities​'.

Key Points

• The passage is about the information on the Brazil nut tree. How it spreads in the forest area is mentioned and the "what are the threats the tree faces" is mentioned in the passage.
• Read the line of the passage- 
• "The major threat to the trees is forest clearing"
• After reading the above lines we can conclude that Human deforestation activities causes the process of forest clearing.
• Forest Clearing is defined as removing and disposing of all unwanted surface material, such as trees, brush, grass, weeds, downed trees, and other material by humans.

​Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is '15 months​'.

Key Points

• The passage is about the information on the Brazil nut tree. How it spreads in the forest area is mentioned and the "what are the threats the tree faces" is mentioned in the passage.
• Read the line of the passage- 
• "Once pollinated, a coconut-sized seed containing some tiny 20 seeds, develops for over 15 months before falling to the forest floor. "
• After reading the above lines we can conclude that the gestation period of a Brazil nut tree's seed is 15 months.
• The gestation period means the development period of something over a period of time.

​Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct answer is '1000 years​'.

Key Points

• The passage is about the information on the Brazil nut tree. How it spreads in the forest area is mentioned and the "what are the threats the tree faces" is mentioned in the passage.
• Read the line of the passage- 
• "The Brazil nut tree is one of the Amazon's longest-living trees, of an age of 1,000 years. "
• After reading the above lines we can conclude the average lifespan of a Brazil nut tree is 1,000 years

​Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is 'are native to the Amazon forest​​'.

Key Points

• The passage is about the information on the Brazil nut tree. How it spreads in the forest area is mentioned and the "what are the threats the tree faces" is mentioned in the passage.
• Read the line of the passage- 
• "Once pollinated, a coconut-sized seed containing some tiny 20 seeds, develops for over 15 months before falling to the forest floor. They are found exclusively in Amazon forests and harvesting is exhausting, even for the strong."
• After reading the above lines we can conclude that "It is stated in the passage that the Brazil nut's tree are native to the Amazon forest."

​Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

"Raymond Cattell" is a British psychologist.  Cattell (1971) on the basis of factor analysis, has divided the general factor of intelligence (G) into two parts- fluid intelligence (GF) and crystallized intelligence (GC). The former is innate, biologically, or genetically determined and the latter is acquired based on cultural educational experience.

Key Points"Fluid intelligence" refers to the ability for abstract and logical thinking and does not require any previous knowledge. It is the ability to think and reason abstractly, as well as solve any new problem or task without any prior knowledge or experience.

• It helps one to examine a novel problem, perceive the relationships and patterns that underlie the problem and solve it using logic.
• The fluid intelligence of an individual increases rapidly during childhood, but declines in later adulthood.
• It can be measured by tests of puzzle-solving, and spatial visualization. and block designs.
• The measures of fluid intelligence(Gf) are- The Cattell Culture Fair IQ tests and The Raven’s Progressive Matrices.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, we can conclude that fluid intelligence depends on neurological development. 

Additional Information"Crystallized intelligence" refers to an individual's ability to use acquired knowledge comes a combination of previous learning, past experiences, and the ability to apply that knowledge. 

• An individual's intellectual achievement over the course of their life becomes better with age.
• Crystallized intelligence can be measured through tests of general knowledge, use of language (vocabulary), and a wide variety of acquired skills (Horn & Cattell,1967).
• Crystallized intelligence grows throughout the life span.

A mental illness is a health condition that involves changes in either emotion, thinking, or behavior (or a combination of these). Mental illnesses are a result of disturbance of psychological functioning due to several reasons. There are various types of mental illness. "Schizophrenia" is one of them. 

Key PointsThe term "Schizophrenia" was introduced by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugene Bleuler at the beginning of the last century. "Schizophrenia" is a chronic, severe, debilitating mental illness that affects about two per cent of the population. It is one of the psychotic mental disorders and is characterized by behavioural and social abnormalities.

• "Schizophrenia" is defined as any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact.
• In schizophrenia, there are characteristic disturbances of thinking, perceptions, and emotions that affect the most basic functions in persons with schizophrenia.
• In ICD-10, schizophrenia is classified under F20.

The following are four types of schizophrenia:- 

1. Paranoid schizophrenia: In this, the patients may have persecutory, referential, or grandiose delusions with relatively less effect on speech, behaviour, and affect.
2. Disorganized schizophrenia (Hebephrenic): In this, the patients may show shallow and inappropriate emotions and ill-organized, fleeting delusions or hallucinations.
3. Catatonic schizophrenia: In this, the patients show predominantly catatonic signs.
4. Undifferentiated schizophrenia: In this, the patients may have all the above-mentioned symptoms and signs with no specific features

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, we can conclude that schizophrenia involves psychosis, a type of mental illness in which a person can't tell what's real from what's imagined.

Additional Information

Behaviour refers to the response made by an individual. on the other hand, Empathetic behaviour is defined as the ability to understand another person's feelings and thoughts from their perspective. 

Key PointsAnti Social:

• Anti-social behaviours are characterized by truancy, delinquency, theft, vandalism, and other forms of violation of the accepted social rules and conventions.
• In simple words, antisocial behaviours are actions that are harmful to others or show a lack of regard for the welfare of others.
• People with anti-social behaviour have no moral or ethical development, no sense of guilt, and no commitment to anyone.
• Psychological management of antisocial behaviour would include counselling and guidance for learning socially constructive behaviours, assertiveness training, or social skills training which will enable them to shed aggressive behaviour or channel the aggressive behaviour into something constructive.

Hence, we can conclude that the behaviour of a person when he/she is deficit in empathetic behaviour will be anti-social.

Intelligence has been defined as the total of everything you know. There are various theories of intelligence given by great psychologists. Psychologists have developed these theories to explain various aspects of human intelligence.

Key Points

"L .L. Thurstone" (1935) proposed a new factor model in the nineteen-thirties. Using improvised statistical methods, he came to vastly different conclusions from Spearman about the nature of intelligence. The methods and formulas of spearman were generalized by Thurstone and translated into matrix algebra, which he employed in large-scale studies, where 67 tests were conducted on a single group of students. Based on these studies he concluded that instead of Spearmen’s “g” factor, seven primary abilities fitted the data much better. 

• "Thurstone" has proposed the theory of Primary mental abilities/Group factor theory.
• Thurstone stated that intelligence consists of seven primary abilities. These primary abilities are verbal comprehension, word fluency, number factor, space factor, memory, perceptual speed, and inductive reasoning.
• He developed a test of perceptual speed and induction (or general reasoning). He developed a test of Primary Mental Abilities (PMA) to measure these factors.

Hence, we can conclude that Spearman's two-factor theory was extended into the multi-factor theory by Thurstone. 

Important PointsThe following are the seven primary factor abilities given by Thurstone:

1. Verbal Comprehension: The ability of reading comprehension, understanding words, concepts, ideas, and verbal reasoning.
2. Word Fluency: The ability to produce and use words rapidly and fluently, such as naming words, rhyming, and solving crossword puzzles.
3. Number Factor: Having the ability to solve arithmetic problems. It involves the ability to solve mathematical problems quickly and accurately with numbers.
4. Space Factor: The ability to visualize and manipulate different geometric patterns, forms, and imaginary objects in space.
5. Memory: The ability to memorize and recall rapidly.
6. Perceptual Speed: It is the ability to perceive or grasp perceptual details quickly and accurately, to see differences and similarities among things.
7. Inductive Reasoning: The ability to discover rules or the logical reasoning ability.

It is a fact that an individual's behaviour is led by the norms of society. People like to do the things which they think and believe that other people will approve of. Norms refer to accepted and required behaviour for a person or a group in a particular setting. In other words, norms require people to do certain things and forbid them from doing certain other things.

Key Points"Social norms" is defined as the socially shared definitions of the way people do behave or should behave. According to Critto (1999), “social norms are shared ways of thinking, feeling, desiring, deciding and acting which are observable in regularly repeated behaviours and are adopted because they are assumed to solve problems”.

• Some social norms are universal and dynamic.
• Social norms are standards of behaviour shared by the members of a social group, which they are expected to follow.
• Social norms can determine an individual's perception, evaluation and behaviour.
• A person conforms to the social norms of his or her society through the process of internalization of these norms. This internalization takes place through the process of socialization of a person from early childhood to adulthood status.

Thus, from the above-mentioned points, we can conclude that social norms are evaluative.

Family is universal and typically consists of a married man and woman and their children. Family means a group of related people who share a common home. Members belong to a family through birth, marriage, or adoption.

Key Points There are two types of families seen in India-  1) Joint Family and 2) Nuclear Family. 

Hence, we can conclude that Robert and Tanya are married and live with their three children. This is an example of a Nuclear Family.

Piaget proposed the "Theory of cognitive development". 

• According to Piaget, there are four stages of cognitive development.
• According to his theory, a child develops Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning in stage 4 which is known as the "Formal operational stage". ​

Key PointsFormal Operational Stage: (12-18 Years)

• At this stage, the child develops the ability to think about abstract concepts.
• At this stage, children can solve problems using hypothetico-deductive reasoning rather than trial and error.
• Piaget believed that deductive logic becomes important during the formal operational stage and requires the ability to use a general principle to determine a particular consequence. This type of thinking involves hypothetical situations and is often required in science and mathematics.

Hence, we can conclude that in Piagetian terms, the cognitive ability to solve problems that develop in adolescence is Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning.

Additional Information

"Imaginary spectators" are those that are unrelated to the physical world. They are things you cannot touch but can still feel.

Key PointsPiaget proposed the theory of cognitive development in which he has given four stages of cognitive development. He stated that children can think abstractly at the formal operational stage. 

• According to Piaget, the formal/abstract operational stage is the fourth stage in Piaget's cognitive development classification which begins at approximately age twelve and lasts into adulthood.
• In this stage, Piaget stated that during this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning.
• The word "Abstract" refers to something existing only in one's mind or as an idea, without any physical or obvious manifestation.
• ​During this phase, the ability to understand abstract ideas begins to develop.
• Children start to think about potential outcomes and consequences of actions rather than merely depending on prior experiences.

Hence, we can conclude that at the formal operational stage is the term 'imaginary spectator' belong. 

Additional Information

Development can be defined as a ‘progressive series of orderly, coherent changes. Development can be both Quantitative and Qualitative. The development process goes through various stages. Each stage has its characteristics.

Key Points

• Middle childhood is the period from about the age of 5 or 6 to about the age of 11 and 12. The middle years of childhood between the ages of 6 and 12 are often referred to as the school years.
• Parents regard this stage as the ‘smart’ age, which is the time when the child thinks he knows everything and does not hesitate to inform others of his/her superior knowledge.
• To the psychologist, it is the ‘gang-age’. The major concern of every normal boy or girl is to be accepted as a member of a ‘gang’.
• This period is also characterized by new social expectations that the child faces. In order to achieve a place in the social group, the older child must master the developmental tasks society expects of him/her

Hence, we can conclude that the development period which is related to Gang-age is "Middle Age". 

Additional Information Following are the stages of development: 

Many terms are used to describe emotional, behavioral, or mental disorders. Currently, children with such disorders are categorized as having an emotional disturbance. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defined emotional disturbance as "a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child's educational performance". 

Key PointsCharacteristics of children with emotional disturbances are Hyperactivity, Aggression, Social Withdrawal, Immaturity, and Learning difficulties. 

Social Withdrawal:

• "Social Withdrawal" is defined as failure to initiate interaction with others, retreat from exchanges of social interaction, and excessive fear or anxiety.
• Children showing symptoms of social withdrawal tend to behave inappropriately and are not able to show appropriate feelings under general instructions.
• Children having symptoms of social withdrawal actively avoid being with others.
• They usually do not respond to initiations of other children and may show behavioral deficits in many social situations, specifically in making and maintaining friendships.
• Inability to create or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers.

Hence, we can conclude that an example of severe emotional disturbance would be social withdrawal.

"Jean Piaget" (1896 to 1980) focused on how children and adolescents think and acquire knowledge. His theory is referred to as genetic epistemology, which means to study of acquisition, modification, and growth of abstract ideas and abilities on the basis of an inhibitive or biological substrate. 

Key Points

• The purpose of genetic epistemology is to link the validity of knowledge to the pattern of its construction i.e., the context in which knowledge is acquired has an impact on its perception, quality, and level of retention.
• Further, Piaget's concept of genetic epistemology seeks to explain the cognitive-developmental process in four primary stages: Sensory-motor stage, Pre-operational stage, Concrete operation stage, and Formal operational stage.
• "Piaget" believed that knowledge is a biological function that derives from a person's actions by change.
• The fundamental assumption of genetic epistemology is that there is a parallelism between the advances made in the logical and rational organization and the associative formative psychological processes.,

Hence, we can conclude that father of Genetic Epistemology is "Jean Piaget".

Development of values cannot be a short-term affair but requires education over a long period of time, which should begin as early as possible because childhood is when the foundation for future life is laid.

Key Points

• Values are the standards that group members share, by which they judge whether an action or even an object is good, right, and lawful.
• In simple words, values are defined as an understanding of what is right and wrong. We have societal norms and values, which work hand in hand with personal norms and values.
• Family is the foundation upon which values are built. Ultimately, the family will be responsible for developing values in a child.
• The family shapes the child's attitude toward people and society, helps in mental development and develops the child's ambitions and values. A happy and positive family environment nurtures love, kindness, tolerance, and generosity.
• Parents/families are the child's first teachers. Children watch, imitate, and listen to their parents. As a result, it is the family's responsibility to guide and teach your children about values.

​​Hence, we can conclude that success in developing values is mainly dependent upon the family.

"Creativity" is defined as something unique or different from intelligence and as a parallel construct to intelligence, but unlike intelligence, it is not limited to cognitive or intellectual behavior or functioning. Creativity is goal-directed thinking which is uncommon, new, and practical. Guilford (1986) considered creative thinking as involving divergent thinking, which emphasizes fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. 

Key PointsDivergent Thinking: 

• Divergent thinking refers to thinking out of the box.
• Divergent thinking is considered to be an essential part of any creative thinking.
• The process of divergent thinking encourages creativity to crop into the mind of the learners.
• Divergent thinking often happens in an unplanned, unstructured way that results in the thoughts being formed at random.
• One of the key aspects of creativity is divergent thinking. It consists of four processes/aspects such as fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration.

​Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that divergent thinking is an important feature of creative thinking. 

Additional InformationFollowing are the four aspects/processes of divergent thinking: 

The term "memory" refers to the conscious retrieval of previously experienced information. Memory is the capacity to store and recall knowledge over time when it is required to carry out a cognitive task. It has been conceptualized as a process consisting of three stages:

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval. All information received by our senses goes through these stages.

Key PointsThe first person to study memory in a scientific manner was Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909). He was a German psychologist.

• Ebbinghaus conducted memory experiments on himself and the findings were found to be valid.
• He developed and learned nonsense syllables on his own (consonant-vowel-consonant trigrams, like TOB, etc.). They are utterly meaningless but can be pronounced.
• As part of his experiment, Ebbinghaus produced 20,000 such trigrams.
• He assumed that important stimuli would stick in people's minds longer than meaningless ones.
• According to the results of the experiment, Ebbinghaus also came to the conclusion that distributed practice- distributed learning efforts over time- is frequently preferable to mass practice (the attempt to memorize the material at once).

Hence, it is clear that the experiment on memory was at the first conducted by Ebbinghaus. 

Additional InformationProcess of memory: 

Development involves the processes that are genetically programmed as well as those that are influenced by the environment. Development takes place in all aspects such as physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional, and others. "Piaget" proposed a theory of cognitive development. In his theory, he has given four stages of a child's cognitive development. Following are the four stages of cognitive development: 

1. Sensory Motor (Birth-2 years)
2. Pre-Operational (2-6 Years)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11 Years)
4. Formal Operational (12-18 years)

Key Points

According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, a child begins logical thinking in the concrete operational stage which is the third stage in his theory.  

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 Years): 

• At this stage, children can understand that if we modify something by the same amount whether we add to it or withdraw from it, there is no change or compensation for the change.
• Children get the ability to apply a logic that demands seriation.
• Children acquire the capacity for reversibility-based thought.
• Children begin logical thinking but their logic is limited to concrete observable characteristics of the objects and situations.

Hence, we can conclude that the Concrete operational stage is the developmental stage in which the child begins to think logically. 

Additional Information

According to Vygotsky, language and thought first evolve independently after which they combine to form one. According to Vygotsky, a language is a tool for learning and development. Language provides the child with a tool and opens up new opportunities for things, organizing information through words and symbols. Vygotsky has given the concept of private speech. 

Key PointsPrivate speech: 

• Vygotsky (1962) believed that children use private speech for self-guidance and self-direction.
• Private speech refers to children’s use of language for self-regulation and self-guidance.
• Children between the ages of two to seven are often the ones that engage in private speech. However, as people age, private speech transformed into verbal thought or silent inner speech.
• It is used by children to manage, keep track of, and control their own conduct or behavior.
• According to Vygotsky, children must talk externally and utilize language for a considerable amount of time before switching to internal speech. Thus, gradually the self-directed or private speech becomes inner, unvocalized, and finally, it becomes a thought.
• He further said that private speech has its roots in social interactions between young children and more experienced members of society.

Hence, we can conclude that according to Vygotsky, young children use private speech mechanism to turn shared knowledge into their personal knowledge.

"Socialization"  is the process through which a person learns to fit in with a group or society and behave in a way that is acceptable to the group or society. The process of socialization is a lifelong process that starts at birth and concludes with death.

The process of socialization is described as taking place in two stages, primary and secondary. 

• The primary stage refers to a child's socialization between infancy and childhood when they are exposed to the most intense cultural learning.
• The secondary stage of socialization refers to the time in late childhood and adolescence when the child receives instruction in official or institutional settings, such as school.

Key PointsAdolescence: 

• Adolescence is a stage of transition. Adolescence is a period of development that lasts from ages 12 to 19 and is characterized by rapid socialization, emotional, mental, and behavioral changes, as well as rapid physical growth.
• Adolescents need to establish a sense of belonging in society and identify their position within it.
• The socialization process involves integrating the adolescent into society.
• This socialization process strengthens the feeling of personal identity, and the emergence of personal identity aids the teenager in navigating expectations, norms, and standards.

Hence, we can conclude that the most rapid and significant socialization occurs in adolescence. 

Additional Information

"Abstract ideas" are those that are unrelated to the physical world. They are things you cannot touch but can still feel.

Piaget proposed the theory of cognitive development in which he has given four stages of cognitive development. He stated that children can think abstractly at the formal operational stage which is the fourth stage in his theory. 

Key PointsAbstract Ideas: 

• According to Piaget, the formal operational stage is the fourth stage in Piaget's cognitive development classification which begins at approximately age twelve and lasts into adulthood
• In the formal operational stage Piaget stated that during this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning.
• ​During this phase, the ability to understand abstract ideas begins to develop. Children start to think about potential outcomes and consequences of actions rather than merely depending on prior experiences.

Hence, we can conclude that at the formal operational stage the child begins to think about abstract ideas. 

Additional Information

Intelligence involves a number of abilities together. It is the potential to learn new skills and apply knowledge already possessed to finish a task or deal with a circumstance. There are several theories of intelligence put out by outstanding psychologists that define and explain intelligence from various angles.

Key Points"Robert Jeffery Sternberg" is an American psychologist from Yale University who was born on December 8, 1949. He is a cognitive psychologist who works to comprehend the mental processes involved in problem-solving. According to Sternberg, human intelligence is the capacity to think clearly, learn from experience, retain key information, and meet the demands of daily life.

The "triarchic theory of intelligence" or "tripart theory of intelligence" was proposed by Sternberg in 1988, and theorizes that there are three different types of intelligence: 

1. Componential or analytical intelligence
2. Experiential or creative intelligence
3. Contextual or practical intelligence

Hence, we can conclude that Robert Sternberg has developed the "tripart theory of intelligence".

The term "cognitive development" describes how a child develops in terms of processing information, conceptual resources, perceptual ability, language acquisition, etc. Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist proposed a theory of cognitive development known as ‘Socio-Cultural Theory’. He stresses how language and culture affect cognitive development.

Key PointsSocial Constructive Approach:

• According to Vygotsky, without culture, our ability to think intellectually is restricted to apelike, primitive mental processes.
• According to the sociocultural theory of cognitive development, a child's cognitive growth took place in the context of social interactions, making it a social process.
• Vygotsky criticized Piaget's theory on cognitive development for ignoring the sociocultural contributing factors. He proposed that the stages of development as described by Piaget may not be true for all children.
• Vygotsky's social-cultural approach proposes learning to be situated in the cultural context and situated cognition can be seen as the extension of these theories.

Hence, we can conclude that Vygotsky's Theory of cognitive development best reflects a "Social Constructivist Approach".

Additional Information

NPE 1986,92 proposed a national framework for curriculum as a means of evolving a national system of education. National Curriculum Framework was envisioned as a means of modernizing the system of education. 

Key Points

• National Curriculum Framework, 2005 was released by NCERT, and is quite significant for bringing contemporary changes in school and teacher education curriculam.
• National Curriculum Framework 2005 reviews and refers to the recommendations of the Mudaliar Commission and Kothari Commission and reviews the development of the Curriculum Framework of 1975, 1988, and 2000.
• The major features of NCF, 2005 have been articulated in five different areas of the School Curriculum, are ‘Perspectives of Education’; ‘Learning and Knowledge’; ‘Curricular Areas, School Stages and Assessment’; ‘School and Classroom Environment’; and ‘Systemic Reforms’.
• To order to make learning enjoyable, NCF 2005 places a strong emphasis on learning without burden.
• The NCF is based on four guiding principles for curriculum development:

1. Connecting knowledge to life outside the school.
2. Ensuring that learning shifts away from rote methods.
3. Enriching the curriculum so that it goes beyond textbooks.
4. Making examinations more flexible.

Hence, it is clear that NCF- 2005 was framed by NCERT. 

Additional Information

Key PointsThe Parliament enacted "the Right of Children to Free and compulsory education Act, 2009" on 4 August 2009. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the Act came into force on 1" April 2010. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or popularly called the Right to Education (RTE) Act, describes the modalities of the provision of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 years of age in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. 

Major provisions of the RTE act are as follows:

• Every child, from the age of six to fourteen, is entitled to free, compulsory education in a nearby school until they have completed their elementary education.
• It includes provisions for the admission of an unadmitted child to a class that is suitable for their age.
• It specifies the obligations and liabilities of relevant Governments, local governments, and parents in delivering free and mandatory education as well as the division of financial and other liabilities between the Central and State Governments.
• It lays out the rules and requirements for things like Pupil Teacher Ratios (PTRs), facilities and infrastructure, school days, and teacher work schedules.
• It provides for the appointment of appropriately trained teachers, i.e. teachers with the requisite training and academic qualifications.
• This act prohibits mental harassment, physical punishments, private tuition by the teachers, and running of schools without recognition.
• It provides for the development of a curriculum in consonance with the values enshrined in the Constitution.

In addition to the provisions above, the Act also guarantees the following quality norms:

• Pupil-Teacher Ratio of 30:1; for primary class (I-V) and 35:1 for elementary class (VI-VIII) with minimum instructional hours of 4 hours per day and minimum working days of 200 per annum.
• Building (all-weather, barrier-free access, boundary wall; one classroom for every teacher; separate room for Headteacher; separate toilets; for boys and girls safe drinking water, kitchen for mid-day-meal; and playground)
• Teaching learning materials, libraries, and sports equipment.

Hence, it is clear that the expansion of RTE is the Right (of children) to (free and compulsory) education.

Play is an important element of a child's growth and development. Playing ensures a child's overall development, including their social, physical, and cognitive growth. 

Key PointsStudents should play games in school because it ensures: 

• Through playing games, children can develop communication skills, teamwork skills, and self-discipline skills.
• Playing games is an excellent way to develop cooperation and physical balance in children.
• Play provides students with an opportunity to develop their social skills.
• Playing aids in the physical and motor development of students.
• Games improve cognitive skills, boost self-esteem, strengthen leadership abilities, and reduce the risk of depression.
• The time limit and rules of sports events teach students to time management skills.
• Games offer students to nurture their creativity while also developing their imagination, and physical, cognitive, emotional, and skill proficiency.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that students should play games at school as it develops co-operation and physical balance.

On 24 October 1945 at a conference in San Francisco, the United Nations Charter was adopted by the members of 50 nations, and the United Nations Organization (UNO) was formed. The UNO is based on the principle of sovereignty and equality of all nations.

Key Points

• The UN General Assembly passed the Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1959, outlining children’s rights to protection, education, health care, shelter, and good nutrition.
• Considering that the Geneva Declaration on the Rights of the Child of 1924 stressed the necessity to provide children with more attention. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child was unanimously approved by all 78 members of the United Nations General Assembly on November 20, 1959.
• ​The Declaration of the Rights of the Child states that "the child, by reason of his bodily and mental immaturity, needs special protection and care, including adequate legal protection, before as well as after birth."

Hence, we can conclude that UNO's statement ''It is our duty to ensure best for children'' was given on 20-Nov-1959.

The child is viewed as an evolving organism constituted of the same elements as nature around him and that man is not everywhere and at all times the same, but is in a state of continuous change and development.

• Based on this, education was viewed as a continuous process that results in emotional development, social adjustment, physical well-being, and vocational competence.
• Some philosophers like Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Basedow, and other contemporaries were the prime movers of this view

Key Points

• The quote "It is a life that educates'' is given by Pestalozzi.
• Pestalozzi believed that education should develop the powers of 'Head', 'Heart', and 'Hands'.
• According to him "Education is a natural, harmonious and progressive development of man's innate powers".
• It is believed that education consists in the development from within of potentialities rather than ‘molding’ externally.
• It is also asserted that curriculum should arise from the needs and interests of the child rather than from the demands of the teacher.

Thus, it is concluded that "It is life that educates'' is a quote by Pestalozzi.

Additional Information

• Froebel was a German pedagogue, a student of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, who laid the foundation for modern education and believed that play is the principal means of learning in early childhood.
• Mahatma Gandhi gave the concept of basic education, a principle that states that knowledge and work are not separate.
• Montessori's educational philosophy fosters rigorous, self-motivated growth for children and adolescents in all areas of their development, with a goal of nurturing each child's natural desire for knowledge, understanding, and respect.​

Bloom’s Taxonomy developed in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom. It is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives. 

This framework became taxonomy and was found in three domains.

• The cognitive–knowledge-based domain, consists of six levels
• The affective – attitudinal based domain, consists of five levels,
• The psychomotor–skill-based domain, consists of six levels.

Key Points

• Within each domain, learning can take place at a number of levels ranging from simple to complex.
• The cognitive domain consists of different sub-domains :
• Remembering: recalling information or knowledge is the foundation of the pyramid and a precondition for all future levels. It involves understanding
• Understanding: making sense out of information. It is defined as the ability to grasp the meaning of the material. It is the behavior that represents new responses in relation to and in addition to those previously practiced and learned.
• Application: using knowledge in a new but similar form.
• Analysis: taking knowledge apart and exploring relationships.
• Synthesis: using the information to create something new.
• Evaluation: critically examining relevant and available information to make judgments.

Thus, it is concluded that The cognitive domain includes: Remembering, Understanding, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.

Effective teaching is a process in which the teacher teaches and realizes the objectives of the lesson on the one hand, and children learn in a spirit of joy creatively, on the other hand. It totally depends on the teacher's interest in teaching work.

• It is a term used to describe the knowledge, and strategies to make a positive impact on a student's life. It impacts students' academic, physical, social-emotional, and behavioral well-being

Key PointsInstructional variety

• Use various different types of teaching tools to make lessons and teaching processes engaging.
• Use humor, variation in tone and voices, and gestures to tech.
• Use various types of questions to access learning.
• It entails different techniques teachers use to maintain student interest through eye contact, gestures, and alternate learning modes.
• It is one of the key behavior in effective teaching.

​Thus, it is concluded that Instructional variety is the key behavior in effective teaching.

Additional Information

• Dictating Answers: It refers to verbally telling the answers to the students. It is not an effective way of teaching.
• Questioning: It can be used in the teaching-learning situation.
• Using student ideas and contribution: It is also one of the instructional methods in the classroom but not the only one responsible for effective teaching.​

Indian Universities Commission was appointed to conduct a deep study on the conditions of Indian Universities. 

Key Points

• The commission was appointed in 1902.
• To enquire into the conditions and prospects of the Universities established in British India.
• To consider and report upon any proposals which have been or may be made for improving their constitution and working,
• To recommend the Governor General in Council such measures as may tend to elevate the standard of University teaching and to promote the advancement of learning.

 Hence, it is concluded that in 1902 Indian Universities Commission was Appointed.

Gender refers to the socially and culturally constructed system that attributes meaning to what it means to be a male or a female in a particular society.

Key Points

• The statement ''Men are generally more intelligent than women'' shows gender bias as gender has no relation to the intelligence of an individual.
• Gender bias occurs when we make assumptions regarding the behaviors, abilities, or preferences of students based upon their gender.
• It is the belief that someone prioritizes one gender more than the other one.
• It is a preference or prejudice toward one gender over the other for example preferring boys over girls during an activity.
• Gender bias has been observed in most parts of society as it is believed that males are superior to females.
• Female is considered to be an inferior gender and considered physically and emotionally weak.

Hence, it is concluded that option 1 is the correct answer.