DSSSB NDMC PRT 25 March 2022 shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Step 1.  B3 has P6. And B6 has P1.

Step 2.  B4 does not have P2, P3 or P5 and P6 and P1 is already taken by B3 and B6 respectively. So, B4 has P4. 

Step 3.  B5 does not have P3 or P5. Then B5 has P2

Step 4.  B1 does not have P3 or P4. Then B1 has P5 and B2 has P3.

Hence, the correct answer is P3.

Direction chart-

Step 1:- Tarun walks 10 meters from point A towards north and reaches at point B. He takes a left turn and walks 15m and reaches point C. 

 

Step 2:-  He again takes a left turn and walks 20 meters and reaches at point D.

 

Step 3:-  He takes a right turn and walks 15m and reaches point E. 

 

Step 4:- He again takes a right turn and walks 25 meters and reaches at point F.

 

 

I. Point B is to the south-east of point F.✅

It is clear from the above diagram that Point B is to the south-east of point F.

Hence, the given statement is correct.

II. Point F is to the north-west of point A.✅

It is clear from the above diagram that Point F is to the north-west of point A.

Hence, the given statement is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

The positional value of alphabets are :-

Logic - (Letter + 4)(Middle letter - 4)

In VIOLENT -

Similarly,

Hence, the correct answer is GSVZMEP.

The positional value of alphabets are :-

Logic -  (First letter - 1) (Second letter - 1)

Option 1:- JZ - KY❌

J + 1 = K

Z  - 1 = Y

Here 1 is added instead of -1.

Hence, the given option is incorrect. 

Option 2:- CF - BE✅

C - 1 = B

F - 1 = E

this option follow the logic.

Hence, the given option is correct.

Option 3:- NP - MO✅

N - 1 = M

P - 1 = O

this option follow the logic.

Hence, the given option is correct.

Option 4:- XQ - WP✅

X - 1 = W

Q - 1 = P

this option follow the logic.

Hence, the given option is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is JZ - KY.

I. The number of apples which are mangoes is 81.❌

The number of apples which are mangoes is shown by colored portion -

= 81 + 36 = 117

Which is not equal to 81.

Hence, the given statement is incorrect. 

II. The number of bananas which are apples is 100.✅

The number of bananas which are apples are shown by coloured portion -

= 36 + 64 = 100

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Hence, the given statement is correct. 

Hence, the correct answer is Only II.

The direction chart is -

Step 1:- P is facing south. He rotates 135 degrees in anti-clockwise direction.

 

Step 2:- Then, it rotates 120 degrees in the clockwise direction.

 

Here, P is facing in south-east direction.

Hence, the correct answer is south-east.

The positional value of alphabets are

Logic - (First letter + 3)(Second letter + 4)(Third letter + 5)

In  M  A  V : P  E  A  :-

M + 3 = P

A + 4 = E

V + 5 = A

The same logic followed on option 3,

P + 3 = S

F + 4 = J

E + 5 = J

Hence, the correct answer is  PFE : SJJ.

The logic followed here is:- Double the image and remove the circle between them.

The missing figure based on the same logic is -

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

Step 1:- A sits to the immediate left of D.

Step2:-  H is not the neighbor of D and three persons sit between G and H

Step3:- Two persons sit between B and G and E sits fourth to the right of B.

Step4:-  Two persons sit between C and E

I. G sits immediate left of F. ✅

Here, by diagram it is clear that G sits immediate left of F.

II. Two persons sit between D and F. ✅

E and G sit between D and F. Hence this statement is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

The venn diagram representation is -

Conclusion:

I. Some N is C.✅

Some C are D and  all D are N.

Hence, some N is C.

II. Some P are N.❌

There is no direct relation between P and N.

Hence, this conclusion does not follow.

III. Some D are P.❌

There is no direct relation between D and P.

Hence, this conclusion does not follow.

Hence, the correct answer is Only conclusion I follows.

The positional value of alphabets are -

Logic - (First letter - 2)(Second letter + 4)

Hence, the correct answer is QF.

The relation is between  profession and the place where the profession is practiced.

A teacher imparts education in school.

Similarly, Doctor treated patient in hospital.

Hence, the correct answer is Doctor.

The correct mirror image of the given image:-

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct venn diagram representation is:-

Conclusion:

I. Some P is R.❌

Here, no relation between P and R is given.

Hence, this conclusion does not follow the statement.

II. Some R are not P.❌

Here, no relation between P and R is given.

Hence, this conclusion does not follow the statement.

Hence, the correct answer is None of the conclusions follow.

Mistake Points

Conclusion with "Some" and "some not" relation do not make complimentary pairs. That's why the given conclusions do not follow Either -  Or case.

Step 1:- D's off is on Friday and two persons have a holiday between D and F.

Step 2:-  C's off is immediately after A's off.

Step 3:- Two persons have a holiday between A and E.

I. A's off day is on Wednesday.✅

With the help of above table A having off on Wednesday.

II. One person has a holiday between A and B.✅

F having a holiday between A and B.

Hence, the given statement is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

Order in which they appear in the dictionary are;

1.Vacationing

2.Vaccillating

3.Vaccination

4.Vacillatory

5.Vacuumising

Hence, the correct answer is 21354.

Additional Information1. First of all, check the common letter in all.

2. Arrange them according to the alphabet which come first.
3. When common letters are arranged, then go for the rest.

The red which are neither blue nor green are shown by coloured portion which is equal to 41

 

Hence, the correct answer is 41.

Logic - I^st number +  (Ist number + 1) = Second number

Third number = 2nd number + (2nd number + 1)

Option 1:- (47, 95, 191)✅

47 + 48 = 95

95 + 96 = 191

Option 2:- (31, 63, 127)✅

31 + 32 = 63

63 + 64 = 127

Option 3:- (67, 135, 272)❌

67 + 68 = 135

135 + 136 = 271

but here 272 is given instead of 271.

Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option 4:- (54, 109, 219)✅

54 + 55 = 109

109 + 110 = 219

Hence, the correct answer is (67, 135, 272).

By open the figure step by step:-

Step 1:-

Step 2:-

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The wrong term from the given alternatives is -

 

Here, we have to add 37 in 327 instead of 39.

Hence, the wrong term is 366.

The correct answer is Action and reaction forces always act on the same object.

Key Points

• Action and reaction forces does not always act on the same object.
• ​The Third Law of Motion states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A.

Additional Information

• The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia.
• Law of inertia states that an object will continue to be either in a state of motion or in a state of rest unless an external force acts on it.
• ​The more an object's inertia, the greater its mass.
• The greater force would be required to change its position.
• Force is any action that tends to maintain or alter the motion of a body or to distort it.
• It is equal to the product of the mass and its acceleration.
• The S.I. unit is kg m/s2.
• kg m/s2 is also known as Newton.
• The total momentum is conserved in an isolated system.
• The conservation of momentum states that the amount of momentum remains constant.
• Momentum is neither created nor destroyed, but only changed through the action of forces as described by Newton's laws of motion.
• The momentum of an isolated system remains conserved when the external force on the system is zero.

The correct answer is Himachal Pradesh.

Key Points

• 'Gochi' festival is celebrated in Himachal Pradesh.
• ​It is also called Gotsi.
• Gochi is celebrated in the Chandra and Bhaga valleys by families which have had a boy child in the preceding year.
• The festival is usually celebrated during the month of February every year.
• In this festival, token marriages of children below the age of six are also performed.
• A special cake is prepared and placed on a large plate and carried by four men to the village shrine.
• The priest makes a prayer to the God with a bow and arrow.
• The cake is then broken down to appease the deity.
• The entire festival is accompanied by the beats of drums known as Lohar.

The correct answer is 2.

Key Points

• On the basis of the number of cotyledons in the seed, the class Angiosperms is divided into two parts. 
• ​If the seed has one cotyledon they are called monocots and if the seed has two cotyledons they are called dicots.
• Angiosperms
• **Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits.**​
• These are vascular plants with stems, roots, and leaves.
• These make up the majority of all plants on earth.
• They can grow in various habitats as trees, herbs, shrubs, and bushes.
• Cotyledon
• ​It is a seed leaf within the embryo of a seed.
• It is the first and the tender leaf that emerges when the seed germinates.

The correct answer is Chess.

Key Points

• Magnus Carlsen is related to Chess.
• Magnus Carlsen
• He is a Norwegian chess grandmaster.
• He is also a three-time World Rapid Chess Champion and five-time World Blitz Chess Champion.
• He has held the No. 1 position in the FIDE world chess rankings since 1 July 2011.
• He became World Chess Champion in 2013 by defeating Viswanathan Anand.
• In 2010, at 19, he reached No. 1 in the FIDE world rankings, the youngest person ever to do so.

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• Bara Imambara is located in Uttar Pradesh.
• Bara means big, and an Imambara is a shrine built by Shia Muslims for the purpose of Azadari.
• ​It was built by Asaf-ud-Daula, Nawab of Lucknow, in 1784.
• Construction of the Imambara was completed in 1791
• It is also called the Asafi Imambara.
• The complex also includes the large Asfi mosque, the Bhulbhulayah (the labyrinth), and Bowli, a step well with running water.
• The central hall of Bara Imambara is said to be the largest arched hall in the world.
• Two imposing gateways lead to the main hall.
• The architecture of the complex reflects the maturation of ornamented Mughal design, namely the Badshahi Mosque.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Ocean currents are divided on the basis of temperature into warm currents and cold currents.
• Those currents that flow from the Equator towards the poles are warmer than the surrounding water and so they are called warm currents.
• When the warm and the cold currents meet, dense fog is created. This is because the air above the warm currents is warm which contains water vapor.
• When this warm current meets the cold current, the air above the cold current, causes the water vapor of the warm current to condense into tiny particles which form fog.
• Example - Gulf Stream, Kuroshio current, Norwegian current, Equatorial currents, North Atlantic Drift, East Australian current, etc.
• The ocean currents that flow from the polar areas towards the Equator are cooler compared to the surrounding water, so they are called cold currents.
• Example - West Wind Drift, Humboldt (Peru) current, Labrador current, East Greenland current, West Australian current, Oyashio current, etc.
• Labrador current
• The Labrador Current is a cold current in the North Atlantic Ocean which flows from the Arctic Ocean south along the coast of Labrador and passes around Newfoundland, continuing south along the east coast of Nova Scotia.

The correct answer is 2004.

Key Points

• The Market Stabilization Scheme was launched by the RBI in 2004.
• Market Stabilization Scheme 
• ​It is a monetary policy intervention by the RBI to withdraw excess liquidity (or money supply) by selling government securities in the economy.
• It is used to withdraw excess liquidity or money from the system by selling government bonds.
• The issued securities are government bonds and they are called Market Stabilisation Bonds (MSBs).
• To carry out the MSS, the government lends its bonds or securities (MSBs) to the RBI.
• The money obtained under MSS should be kept with the RBI. It should not be transferred to the government.
• For the issue of MSS, there is a MoU between the government and the RBI about the total limit of MSBs to be issued by the RBI during a year.

The correct answer is Voltage.

Key Points

• The SI unit of electric potential difference is Voltage.
• The electric potential difference is the work done per unit charge to move a unit charge from one point to another in an electric field.
• In simpler terms, the electric potential difference or voltage of a battery is the potential energy difference across its terminals for every Coulomb of charge.
• Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light.

Additional Information

• Ampere is defined as the unit of electric current that is equal to the flow of one Coulomb per second.
• It is the SI unit of electric current.
• A coulomb (C) is the amount of electricity that a 1-ampere (A) current carries in one second (s).
• It is the SI unit of electric charge.
• Ohm is used to measure the electrical resistance of a material or an electrical device.
• ​It is the SI unit of electrical resistance.

The correct answer is 9 December 1946.

Key Points

• The first session of the Constituent Assembly was held on 9 December 1946.
• The Constituent Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946 in the Constitution Hall which is now known as the Central Hall of Parliament House.
• The Constituent Assembly took two years, eleven months, and seventeen days to complete the drafting of the Constitution.
• As to its composition, members were chosen by indirect election by the members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies, according to the scheme recommended by the Cabinet Mission.

Additional Information

• The Constituent Assembly was formed on the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission which visited India in 1946.
• Mr. Sachchidanand Sinha was elected provisional Chairman of the Assembly.
• Later, Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Assembly.
• On 13 December 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution.
• One of the important committees of the Constituent assembly was Drafting Committee.
• Members of drafting committee- ​
• Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar
• N. Gopalaswami
• B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman)
• K.M Munshi
• Mohammad Saadulla
• B.L. Mitter
• D.P. Khaitan

The correct answer is Jute.

Key Points

• Jute is also known as 'Golden Fibre'.
• ​It is known so because of its shiny brown colour.
• It is soft, shiny and long fibre with a silky texture.
• Jute fibre ​
• Jute fibre is obtained only from the stem of the jute plants.
• It is mainly grown in the rainy season.
• It primarily grows in regions having alluvial soil which is found in the delta regions of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers.
• In India, jute is basically grown in the states of Bihar, West Bengal and Assam.
• The jute plant is about 3 meters in height and bears yellow flowers in a few months.
• During this time, the liquid skin moves out to separate the fibre and this process is known as retting.
• It is often used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yams, carpets, and other artifacts.
• National Jute Board, Ministry of Textiles, acts as the apex body for the promotion of the products in India and abroad.

The correct answer is Kalidas.

Key Points

• The book Meghdoot was written by Kalidas.
• Meghdoot is a lyric love poem in some 115 verses.
• It describes how a yakṣa (or nature spirit), who had been banished by his master to a remote region for a year, asked a cloud to take a message of love to his wife.
• The work is divided into two parts, Purva-megha and Uttara-megha.
• It is written in Sanskrit literature.
• In 1813, the poem was first translated into English by Horace Hayman Wilson.

Important Points

• Kalidasa was a classical Sanskrit author.
• His plays and poetry are primarily based on the Vedas, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas.
• He is known as ‘Prince of Indian Poets’ and ‘Indian Shakespeare’.
• He was one of the Nine Jewels or Navaratnas in the court of Chandragupta II.
• The three Sanskrit Plays of Kalidas are Vikramorvasiyam, Malavikagnimitram, and Abhijnanashakuntalam.
• Ashtadhyayi is written by Panini.
• Rajatarangini is written by Kalhana.
• Surdas compositions glorified and captured his devotion towards lord Krishna.
• His literary works comprise Sur Saravali, Sahitya Lahari, and Sur Sagar.

The correct answer is 1498.

Key Points

• In 1498, Vasco Da Gama came to India.
• ​He was the first European (from Portugal) to sail Africa and discover a new sea route from Europe to India.
• He arrived at Calicut on 27 May 1498.
• He reached India by sea via the "Cape of Good Hope".
• He was received by the local ruler Zamorin and was given him special order to establish trade links.
• He stayed for three months and he returned with a vessel laden with a huge amount of precious goods which was sold in the European market at 60 times the total cost of his trip.

The correct answer is Article 24.

Key Points

• Article 24
• N​o child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Important Points

• Article 21
• No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
• Article 20
• ​No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
• No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.
• No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.​​
• Article 17
• ​"Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden.
• The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.

The correct answer is Mahendragiri.

Key Points

• The highest peak of the Eastern Ghats is Mahendragiri.
• ​The Eastern Ghats run from northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south passing some parts of Karnataka.
• Mahedragiri Mountain stands at a height of 1501 meters.
• It is a prime geographical landmark in the Gajapati district of Odisha.
• Javadi Hills, Palconda range, Nallamala hills, Mahendragiri hills are some of the important hills of Eastern Ghats.

Additional Information

• Doddabetta is the highest mountain in the Nilgiri Mountains with a height of approximately 2637 m.
• Kanchenjunga is the highest peak in India and it is situated in Sikkim. Its height is about 8,586 meters.
• Anamudi Peak is the highest mountain peak in the Western Ghats. Its 2695 m in height.

The correct answer is I only.

Key Points

• Prarthana Samaj was established in 1867.
• It was established on 31 March 1867 in Bombay.
• It was founded by Atmaram Pandurang.
• This Samaj was greatly influenced by the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj.
• The main aim of the society-
• promulgation of theistic worship and social reform
• opposition to the caste system
• the introduction of widow remarriage
• the encouragement of female education
• the abolition of child marriage
• Important members of the Samaj - Mahadev Govind Ranade, Sanskrit scholar Sir Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, and political leader Sir Narayan Chandavarkar, etc.

Additional Information

• Atmaram Pandurang
• He was an Indian physician and social reformer.
• He was a theistic reformer who opposed many Hindu traditions including child marriage.
• He believed and openly supported the idea that the minimum age for marriage of girls should be 20.
• He was one of the two Indian co-founders (the other being Sakharam Arjun) of the Bombay Natural History Society.
• Syed Ahmad Khan established Aligarh Muslim University
• Aligarh Muslim University was established in 1875 by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College.
• It was renamed in 1920 as the Aligarh Muslim University.
• It is located in the city of Aligarh and offers more than 300 courses in both modern and traditional branches of education.

The correct answer is Chola.

Key Points

• Rajaraja I was the ruler of the Chola dynasty.
• ​​The Chola Empire of the South emerged in the ​9th century AD (850-1279 AD).
• The founder of Chola Dynasty - Vijayalaya. Vijayalaya captured Tanjore in 850 AD.
• The greatest Chola ruler was Rajaraja (985-1014 AD) and Rajendra I (1014-1044 AD).
• Rajaraja built Brihadeshwara temple / Rajarajeshwara temple (attributed to Shiva) at Tanjore.
• During his reign, the texts of the Tamil poets Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar were collected and edited into one compilation called Thirumurai.
• He was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I.

Additional Information

• Chandela Dynasty was established by "Nannuk" in 831 AD and its capital was Khajuraho.
• The Chandela dynasty ruled the Jejakabhukti region (Bundelkhand in present-day Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh).
• The Chandela ruler Vidyadhar (1017-1029 AD) built the famous "Kandariya Mahadev Temple".
• ​Pulakeshin I established the Chalukya dynasty in 543.
• Pulakeshin I took Vatapi (modern Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital.
• They ruled over an empire that comprised the entire state of Karnataka and most of Andhra Pradesh in the Deccan.
• Simhavishnu was the founder of the Pallava Dynasty.
• The Pallava kings were great patrons of art and architecture and this society was based on Aryan culture.
• Some of the best examples of Pallava art and architecture are the Kailasanathar Temple at Kanchipuram, the Shore Temple, and the Pancha Rathasof Mahabalipuram.

The correct answer is I only.

Key Points

• The relationship between the quantity of a commodity chosen by a consumer and the price of that commodity is called the demand curve.
• Demand curve is a graphic presentation of various quantities of a commodity that a consumer is willing to buy at different prices of the same commodity, while holding constant prices of other related commodities and income of the consumer.
• The downward sloping demand curve shows that at lower prices, the individual is willing to buy more of commodity.
• However at higher prices, the indivdual is willing to buy less of commodity x.
• Therefore, there is a negative relationship between price of a commodity and quantity demanded which is referred to as the Law of Demand.
• The law of diminishing marginal utility states that each successive unit of a commodity provides lower marginal utility.
• If a consumer's demand for a good moves in the same direction as the consumer's income, the consumer's demand for that good must be inversely related to the price of the good.
• It is called Law of demand.
• The law of demand is a fundamental principle in macroeconomics. It is used together with the law of supply to determine the efficient allocation of resources in an economy and find the optimal price and quantity of goods.
• The law of demand states that other factors being constant (cetris peribus), price and quantity demand of any good and service are inversely related to each other. When the price of a product increases, the demand for the same product will fall.

The correct answer is 6.

Key Points

• The number of players in each volleyball team is six. 
• ​Before the start of the game 3 players from each team stand in their court just behind the attack line and the remaining three at the back.
• Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.
• It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964.

Additional Information

• The India men's national volleyball team represents India in international volleyball competitions.
• It is managed by the Volleyball Federation of India and is currently sponsored by Sahara India Pariwar and Asics.
• List of other games and number of players-
• Badminton – 2 in Singles & 4 in Doubles
• Football – 2 teams of 11 players each
• Kho-Kho – 2 teams of 9 players each
• Netball – 2 teams of 7 players each
• Rugby/Football – 2 teams of 15 each
• Table Tennis – 2 in Singles & 4 in Doubles
• Water Polo – 2 teams of 7 players each

The correct answer is Jennifer A. Dodna.

Key Points

• Jennifer A. Dodna has not been awarded the Nobel Prize 2020 for Physics.
• ​She received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020.
• She received it “for the development of a method for genome editing”.
• The life processes of organisms are controlled by genes made up of sections of DNA.
• In 2012, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier developed a method for high-precision genome editing.
• They used the immune system of a bacterium, which disables viruses by cutting their DNA up with a type of genetic scissors.

Additional Information

• The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided, one half awarded to Roger Penrose "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity", the other half jointly to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"

The correct answer is India, Russia.

Key Points

• 'INDRA NAVY' is a naval exercise between India and Russia.
• It is a biennial bilateral maritime exercise.
• The exercies was initiated in 2003.
• INDRA NAVY epitomises the long-term strategic relationship between the two navies.
• The 12th edition of exercise INDRA NAVY was held in the Baltic Sea from 28 to 29 July 2021.
• This exercise was undertaken as part of the visit of INS Tabar to St Petersburg, Russia to participate in the 325th Navy Day celebrations of the Russian Navy.
• The primary aim was to further consolidate inter-operability built up by the two Navies over the years and also to enhance understanding and procedures for multi-faceted maritime operations.
• It included wide-ranging and diverse activities across the spectrum of maritime operations.

Given:

Cast Price of A1 = 200

Cast Price of A2 = 400

Cast Price of A3 = 150

Cast Price of A4 = 350

Cast Price of A5 = 450

Formula Used:

Average = sum of all observations/total number of observations

Calculation:

Average = sum of all observations/total number of observations

⇒ (200 + 400 + 150 + 350 + 450)/5 = 1550/5 = 310

∴ Average price of articles is 310

Given:

⇒ 5578 × 2535 × 3372

Formula Used:

Any Power of 5 always returns unit digit 5.

Unit digit of 3 is cyclic after four times, So Divide the power of three by 4 if remainder   $\begin{matrix} &Remainder &Power & &Unit Digit\ &1 &3^1 &= &3 \ &2 &3^2 &= &9 \ &3 &3^3 &= &7 \ &0 &3^4 &= &1 \ & &3^5 &= &3 \rightarrow Repeated \end{matrix}$

Calculation:

⇒ 5578 × 2535 × 3372

When a odd number is multiplied by 5 then unit digit always be 5

So, Unit Digit of 5578 × 2535 × 3372 is 5.

Given:

Diagonal of a square = 26√2 cm

Formula Used:

Diagonal of square = a√2

Area of square = a²

Calculation:

Diagonal of square = a√2 = 26√2

a = 26

∴ Area of square = a² = 26² = 676 cm²

Given:

The price of first type of tea = 90 Rs/kg

The price of first type of tea = 120 Rs/kg 

Formula Used:

CP = SP/(100 + profit) × 100

Calculation:

Selling price of tea = Rs.132 

Cost price of mixture = SP/(100 + profit) × 100

⇒ 132/(100 + 20) × 100 = 11/10 × 100 = 11 × 10 = 110

Hence, both types of teas should be mixed in the ratio of 1 : 2.

r³Given:

Increase in radius = 30%

Formula Used:

Volume of sphere = 4/3πr³

So $V\propto r^3$

Calculation:

Fraction value of 30% = 30/100 = 3/10

r → 10 : 13

V → 10³ : 13³ = 1000 : 2197

Increment in volume = (2197 - 1000)/1000 × 100%

⇒ 1197/1000 × 100% = 1197/10% = 119.7%

 

So, the volume of sphere will increase 119.7%.

Given:

P = Rs 2400 

T = 2 years

SI = Rs. 288 

Formula Used:

SI = PRT/100

Calculation:

SI = PRT/100

⇒ 288 = 2400 × R% × 2/100 

⇒ 288 = 2400 × R% × 2/100

⇒ R% = 288/*(24 × 2) = 6%

So, Annual rate of interest is 6%.

r²Given:

Radius of cylinder(R) = 2 × radius of cone(r)

Height of cylinder(H) = 5 × height of cone(h)

Formula Used:

Volume of cylinder = n × volume of cone

πR²H = n × 1/3πr²h

Calculation:

We know that,

πR2H = n × 1/3πr2h

According to question,

R = 2r

H = 5h

π × (2r)² × 5h = n × 1/3πr²h

n = 3 × (π × 4r² × 5h)/(πr²h)

⇒ 3 × 4 × 5 = 60

Given:

M is 25% more than N.

Concept Used:

If A is R% more than b,

Then B is [R/(100 + R) × 100]% less than A less than A.

Calculation:

N = [R/(100 + R) × 100]% 

⇒ [25/(100 + 25) × 100]% 

⇒ [25/125  × 100]% 

⇒ 1/5  × 100]%  = 20%

$\therefore \mathbf{ N ;is ;20\%; less ;than; M}.$

Given:

 

• J1 = Average Selling Price (P, Q, R, S),
• J2 = The total difference between the price of the quantity and the selling price of all the 7 articles.

Formula Used:

Average = sum of all observation/total number of observations

Calculation:

J1 = (P + Q + R + S)/4 = (500 + 200 + 500 + 600)/4 = 1800/4 = 450

J2 = The total difference between the price of the quantity and the selling price of all the 7 articles

⇒ 100 + 200 + 300 + 400 + 200 + 300 + 100 = 1600

J2 - J1 = 1600 - 450 = 1150

 

So, the value of J2 - J1 = 1150.

Given:

• The number of car C1 sold by P is 160 percent of the number of cars C1 sold by Q.
• The average number of cars C3, C4 and C5 sold by R is 65.
• The sum of the number of all cars sold by Q is 380.

Formula Used:

Average = sum of all observations/total number of observations

Calculation:

1)The number of car C1 sold by P is 160 percent of the number of cars C1 sold by Q

Number of cars C1 sold by P = 40

Number of cars C1 sold by Q = 25

% of C1 cars sold by P with respect to Q = 40/25 × 100 = 160

So, case 1 is absolutely correct.

2)The average number of cars C3, C4 and C5 sold by R is 65

Average = sum of all observations/total number of observations

⇒ (C3 + C4 + C5)/3 = (45 + 70 + 80)/3 = 195/3 = 65

So, case 2 is also absolutely correct.

3. ​The sum of the number of all cars sold by Q is 380

The sum of the numbers of all cars sold by Q = 25 + 15 + 60 + 120 + 160 = 380​

So, case 3 is also correct.

Hence, all three cases are correct.

Given:

Diameter of cycle wheel = 4.2 cm

Speed = 23.1 kmph

Time = 90 minutes

Formula Used:

Speed = distance/Time

Circumference of circle = 2πr

Number of rounds = total distance covered by wheel/distance covered in a single round

Calculation:

Total distance covered by wheel = speed × time

⇒ 23.1 × 90/60 = 23.1 × 1.5 = 34.65 km

Distance covered in a single round = 2πr = 2 × 22/7 × 2.1

⇒ 13.2

Number of rounds = Total distance covered by wheel/distance covered in a single round = (34.65 × 1000 × 100 cm)/13.2 cm

⇒ 262500

So, 262500 revolutions will the wheel make during the journey.

Given:

Initial Profit = 20%

Reduce in CP and SP = Rs 20 

Final Profit = 30%

Formula Used:

Profit% = profit/CP × 100

Calculation:

Let Initial CP = Rs. x

Initial SP = x × 120/100 = Rs. 6x/5

Initial Profit = 6x/5 - x = x/5

Final CP = Rs (x - 20)

Final SP = 6x/5 - 20

Final profit = x/5 

Final Profit % = (x/5)/(x - 20) × 100%

⇒ 30% = x/5(x - 20) × 100%

⇒ 30 = x/(x - 20) × 20

⇒ 3/2 = x/(x - 20)

⇒ 3x - 60 = 2x

x = 60

So, Initial Cast Price is  Rs. 60

Given:

a = $\sqrt {6 - \sqrt {11 } }$ 

b = $\sqrt {6 +\sqrt {11 } }$ 

Formula Used:

(a - b)² = a² + b² - 2ab

Calculation:

a² = 6 - √11

b² = 6 + √11

⇒ 2ab = 2 × √(6 -√11) × √(6 + √11) = 2 × √(36 - 11) = 2 × √25 = 2 × 5 = 10

⇒ (b - a)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab = 6 + √11 + 6 - √11 - 10 = 12 - 10 = 2

(b - a) = √2

So, $√2$ is the correct answer.

Given:

Speed of bike = 39.6 kmph

Distance = 330 m =0.33 km

Formula Used:

Speed = distance/ time

Calculation:

Time = distance/ speed = 0.33/39.6 hours = 33/3960 hours = 1/120 hours = 1/120 × 60 × 60 seconds = 30 sec

∴ The bike take 30 sec to cover a distance of 330 metres.

Given:

$\frac{6}{{5 + 4√ 3 }}$

Solution:

$\frac{6}{{5 + 4√ 3 }}$ = 6/(5 + 4√3) × (5 - 4√3)/(5 - 4√3) 

⇒ 6(5 - 4√3)/(25 - 16 × 3) = (30 - 24√3)/-23 = (24√3 - 30)/23

∴ $\frac{6}{{5 + 4√ 3 }}$ = (24√3 - 30)/23

Given:

(24 ÷ 8 × 5) – (8 × 3 ÷ 2)

Concept Used:

We have to follow the BODMAS rule→

Calculation:

(24 ÷ 8 × 5) – (8 × 3 ÷ 2)

⇒ (3 × 5) - (8 × 3/2)

⇒ 15 - (4 × 3) = 15 - 12 = 3

So, (24 ÷ 8 × 5) – (8 × 3 ÷ 2) = 3 is correct answer.

Given:

Investment of Amar = 10000 Rs. for 2 months

Investment of Ritesh = 24000 Rs. for 6 months

Investment of Karan = 16000 Rs. for 8 months

Formula Used:

If any amount M is divided in a:b:c then,

I part = M × a/(a + b + c)

II part = M × b/(a + b + c)

III part = M × c/(a + b + c)

Calculation:

Ratio of share of Amar, Ritesh and Karan 

⇒ 10000 × 2 : 24000 × 6 : 16000 × 8

⇒ 10 : 12 × 6 : 8 × 8

⇒ 5 : 36 : 32

∴Combined share of Aman and Karan = 146000 × (32 + 5)/73 = 2000 × 37 = 74000

Shortcut Trick

If each number in a given set is multiplied by a certain constant, the new average is simply the old average multiplied by the same constant.

New Average = Old Average × Constant

New Average = 22 × 3 = 66

∴ The correct answer is 66.

Alternate Method

Given:

Average of 13 numbers = 22

Constant multiplier for each number = 3

Formula Used:

Average = Sum of all observations ÷ Total number of observations

Property of Averages

Original Average:

22

Each number × 3

New Average:

66 (i.e. 22 × 3)

Calculations:

⇒ Sum of the original 13 numbers = Average × Total numbers

⇒ Original Sum = 22 × 13 = 286

⇒ When each individual number is multiplied by 3, the total sum is also multiplied by 3.

⇒ New Sum = Original Sum × 3

⇒ New Sum = 286 × 3 = 858

⇒ New Average = New Sum ÷ Total numbers

⇒ New Average = 858 ÷ 13 = 66

∴ The correct answer is 66.

Additional Information

Addition and Subtraction Property

If a constant value 'k' is added to or subtracted from each observation in a dataset, the new average becomes (Old Average + k) or (Old Average − k).

Multiplication and Division Property

If each observation is multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant 'k', the new average becomes (Old Average × k) or (Old Average ÷ k).

Combined Average

If group 1 has n₁ items with average A₁ and group 2 has n₂ items with average A₂, the Combined Average = (n₁A₁ + n₂A₂) ÷ (n₁ + n₂).

Given:

P + Q can complete a work in 10 days 

Q + R can complete same work in 15 days

P + Q + R can complete it in 7.5 days

Formula Used:

If A finish a work in D days then 

per day work of A = 1/D

Calculation:

Per day work of P + Q = 1/10

Per day work of Q + R = 1/15

Per day work of P + Q + R = 2/15

Per day work of P = (P + Q + R) - (Q + R) = 2/15 - 1/15 = 1/15

Per day work of R = (P + Q + R) - (P + Q) = 2/15 - 1/10 = (4 -3)/30 = 1/30

Per day work of P + R = 1/15 + 1/30 = 230 + /30 = 1/10

So, P and R can complete the same work in 10 days.

Given:

Given number is 5872Y.

Concept Used:

Divisibility rule of 9→

A number is divisible by 9 only when sum of all its digits is also divisible by 9.

Calculation:

Sum of digits of 5872Y = 5 + 8 + 7 + 2 + Y = 22 + Y

Now check the options,

4 → It returns 26 that is not divisible by 9.

8 → It returns 30 that is not divisible by 9.

9 → It returns 31 that is not divisible by 9.

5 → It returns 27 that is absolutely divisible by 9.

∴ Y = 5 is correct answer.

'इतस्ततः' का सही संधि विच्छेद इतः + ततः है।

• सन्धि विच्छेद - इतः + ततः
• नियम - ' ः' + 'प्रथम/द्वितीय वर्गीय व्यंजन' अथवा 'उष्म व्यंजन' = स् + 'प्रथम/द्वितीय वर्गीय व्यंजन' अथवा 'उष्म व्यंजन'
• इस संधि में विसर्ग का स् में परिवर्तन हो जाता है।
• उदाहरण -  इतः + ततः = इतस्ततः
• 'इतस्ततः' का सन्धिविच्छेद 'इतः + ततः' होता है। जिससे स्पष्ट होता है कि 'इतः' के पश्चात् आये विसर्ग में परिवर्तन हुआ है। जो विसर्ग सन्धि के लक्षण से युक्त है।

'कंधा लगाना’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'मुसीबत को दूर करना' है। अतः विकल्प 4 सही है।

Key Points 

• 'कंधा लगाना’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'मुसीबत को दूर करना' है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग -  चार आदमी कंधा लगा दें तो किसी भी व्यक्ति की बड़ी से बड़ी मुसीबत को दूर किया जा सकता है।

Additional Information

• इज्जत मिट्टी में मिलाना 
• अर्थ – प्रतिष्ठा खत्म करना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग – रामू की शराब की आदत ने उसके परिवार की इज्जत मिट्टी में मिला दी हैं।
• आ बैल मुझे मार 
• अर्थ – मुसीबत मोल लेना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग – आपको अच्छी तरह पता था इस काम में केवल धन की हानि ही होनी थी फिर भी बात न मानकर आ बैल मुझे मार वाली बात कर ली। अब भरो हरजाना उसका।
• पहाड़ टूट पड़ना  
• अर्थ - बहुत बड़ी आपत्ति आना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - पिता के देहांत का दुखद समाचार सुनकर रमेश पर मानो पहाड़ टूट पड़ा हो।

अभिमीत खेल रहा है क्योंकि उसके साथ अभिषेक भी है।​ शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 4 है।

Key Points 

• 'अभिमीत खेल रहा है क्योंकि उसके साथ अभिषेक भी है।' मिश्र वाक्‍य है क्योंकि इसमें एक प्रधान और एक आश्रित वाक्य है।
• मिश्र वाक्य में एक से अधिक वाक्य मिले हों, किन्तु एक प्रधान उपवाक्य तथा शेष आश्रित उपवाक्य होते हैं।
• उपरोक्त वाक्य 'क्योंकि' की उपस्थिती मिश्र वाक्य होने की पुष्टि करती है।

<br>

अन्य विकल्प–

1. अभिमीत और अभिषेक खेल रहे हैं। - सरल वाक्य
2. अभिमीत, अभिषेक दोनो खेल रहे हैं।- सरल वाक्य
3. अभिमीत के साथ अभिषेक खेल रहा है। - सरल वाक्य

Additional Information 

दिए गये विकल्पों में मनुज : मनोज का सही शब्द युग्म 'मनुष्य : कामदेव' होगा।

• मनुज का अर्थ मनुष्य होता है।
• मनोज का अर्थ कामदेव होता है।

Key Points अन्य विकल्प:

• मणि - मणी : रत्न - साँप
• मेघ - मेध : बादल - यज्ञ
• मूल - मूल्य : जड़ - कीमत

Additional Information

अन्य शब्द युग्म

• अंस-अंश:- कंधा-हिस्सा
• अँगना-अंगना:- घर का आँगन-स्त्री
• अन्न-अन्य:- अनाज-दूसरा
• अनिल-अनल:- हवा-आग
• अम्बु-अम्ब:- जल- माता, आम

उपरोक्त विकल्पों में 'विष ' का पर्यायवाची शब्द गरल है। अत: विकल्प गरल इसका सही उत्तर है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अन्य विकल्प:

• अनिल, पवन, हवा पर्यायवाची शब्द युग्म है।
• हवा के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - समीर, वात, मारुत, पवमान, प्रभंजन, प्रवात, समीरण, मातरिश्वा, बयार।

विशेष:

'दीवार' शब्द स्त्रीलिंग है।  हम व्यवहार में अक्सर कहते है कि 'दीवार गिर गयी है।' - इस वाक्य के प्रयोग से भी लिंग का बोध हो जाता है। 

• गैंडा, दरवाजा, परदा यह तीनो शब्द पुल्लिंग में प्रयोग किये जाते है।
• गैंडा बड़ा जानवर है।
• दरवाजा टूट गया है।
• परदा फट गया है।

Key Points

‘अधोमुखी’ शब्द ‘अध:’ उपसर्ग से बना है। अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 ‘अध:’ है।

Key Points 

• ‘अध:’ उपसर्ग से बनने वाले अन्य शब्द - अधोमुखी, अधोलिखित, अधःपतन आदि।
• ‘अध’ का अर्थ – नीचे
• अधः उपसर्ग के समान प्रयुक्त होने वाला संस्कृत का अव्यय (उपसर्गवत्) है।

Additional Information

सही उत्तर अल्प विराम चिह्न ( , ) है। रुको रुको, वह क्या कह रही है।

विराम चिह्न: विराम चिह्न का अर्थ है  ठहराव, विश्राम, रुकना। अर्थात वाक्य लिखते समय विराम को प्रकट करने के लिए लगाए जाने वाले चिह्न को विराम चिह्न कहते हैं।

• अल्प विराम चिह्न ( , )-
• वाक्य में जहाँ थोड़ा रुकना हो या अधिक वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों आदि को अलग करना हो वहाँ अल्प विराम (,) चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण-
• सुनील, जरा इधर आना।
• सवेरा हुआ, चिड़िया चहचहाने लगी।
• रुको रुको, वह क्या कह रही है।

Key Points

 अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• विवरण चिह्न/आदेश/सूचना चिह्न ( :- ) - इसे विवरण चिन्ह के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। इसे (:-) से प्रदर्शित करते है। इस चिन्ह का प्रयोग तब करते है जब वाक्यांशों के विषयों में कोई निर्देश देना हो। उदाहरण-
• वचन के दो भेद होते है:-
• पुनरुक्ति सूचक चिह्न ( ,, ) - पुनरुक्ति सूचक चिह्न का प्रयोग ऊपर लिखे किसी वाक्य या वाक्यांश को दोबारा लिखने के श्रम से बचने के लिए करते हैं। उदाहरण-

राम के पास आम की संख्या = 5

रेखा ,,    ,,     ,,    ,,    ,,     = 3

• अर्द्ध विराम (;) - अर्द्ध विराम को (;) चिह्न से प्रदर्शित करते है। जिस स्थान पर अल्प विराम की अपेक्षा थोड़े अधिक समय के लिए ठहराव की स्थिति उत्पन्न हो जाये, वहां अर्द्ध विराम का प्रयोग करते है। उदाहरण-
• सूर्यास्त हो चुका है; चारो तरफ घना अँधेरा छा जायेगा

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि रुको रुको, वह क्या कह रही है। के लिए उपयुक्त विराम चिह्न अल्प विराम चिह्न ( , ) है।

Additional Information  

हिंदी में प्रचलित प्रमुख विराम चिह्न निम्नलिखित है:–

(1) अल्प विराम ( , )

(2) अर्द्ध विराम ( ; )

(3) पूर्ण विराम ( । )

(4) उप विराम  [ : ]

(5) विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न ( ! )

(6) प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न  ( ? )

(7) कोष्ठक ( () )

(8) योजक चिह्न  ( - )

(9) अवतरण चिह्न या उद्धरणचिह्न  ( ''... '' )

(10) लाघव चिह्न) ( o )

(11) आदेश चिह्न/सूचना ( :- )

(12) रेखांकन चिह्न (_)

(13) लोप चिह्न (...)

दिए गये विकल्पों में बान : बाण का सही शब्द युग्म 'आदत : तीर' होगा।

• बान का अर्थ आदत होता है।
• बाण का अर्थ तीर होता है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्प:

• बदन - वदन : शरीर - मुख
• अंस - अंश : कंधा - हिस्सा
• पथ - पथ्य : रास्ता - रोगी का भोजन

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 ‘आज्ञार्थक’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points 

• 'एक गिलास पानी देना।' यह आज्ञार्थक वाक्य है।
• वह वाक्य जिसके द्वारा किसी प्रकार की आज्ञा दी जाती है या प्रार्थना किया जाता है, वह आज्ञार्थक वाक्य है।
• शब्दों के सार्थक समूह को वाक्य अर्थात् वाक्य शब्द–समूह का वह सार्थक विन्यास होता है, जिससे उसके अर्थ एवं भाव की पूर्ण एवं सुस्पष्ट अभिव्यक्ति होती है।

Additional Information 

वाक्य के भेद: क्रिया, अर्थ तथा रचना के आधार पर वाक्यों के निम्न भेद प्रभेद किये जाते हैं-  

1. क्रिया की दृष्टि से: क्रिया के आधार पर वाक्य तीन प्रकार के होते हैं।
2. अर्थ के आधार पर: अर्थ के आधार पर वाक्य 8 प्रकार के होते हैं।
3. रचना के आधार पर: रचना के आधार पर वाक्य तीन प्रकार के होते हैं।

अर्थ के आधार पर आठ प्रकार के वाक्य होते हैं-

• 1. विधानवाचक वाक्य - वह वाक्य जिससे किसी प्रकार की जानकारी प्राप्त होती है, वह विधानवाचक वाक्य कहलाता है।
• उदाहरण -भारत एक देश है।
• 2. निषेधवाचक वाक्य : जिन वाक्यों से कार्य न होने का भाव प्रकट होता है, उन्हें निषेधवाचक वाक्य कहते हैं।
• उदाहरण - मैंने दूध नहीं पिया।
• 3. प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य - वह वाक्य जिसके द्वारा किसी प्रकार प्रश्न किया जाता है, वह प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य कहलाता है।
• उदाहरण - भारत क्या है?
• 4. आज्ञावाचक/आज्ञार्थक वाक्य - वह वाक्य जिसके द्वारा किसी प्रकार की आज्ञा दी जाती है या प्रार्थना किया जाता है, वह आज्ञावाचक वाक्य कहलाता हैं।
• उदाहरण - बैठो।
• 5. विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य - वह वाक्य जिससे किसी प्रकार की गहरी अनुभूति का प्रदर्शन किया जाता है, वह विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य कहलाता हैं।
• उदाहरण - अहा! कितना सुन्दर उपवन है।
• 6. इच्छावाचक वाक्य - जिन वाक्यों में किसी इच्छा, आकांक्षा या आशीर्वाद का बोध होता है, उन्हें इच्छावाचक वाक्य कहते हैं। उदाहरण- भगवान तुम्हे दीर्घायु करे।
• 7. संकेतवाचक वाक्य- जिन वाक्यों में किसी संकेत का बोध होता है, उन्हें संकेतवाचक वाक्य कहते हैं।
• उदाहरण- राम का मकान उधर है।
• 8. संदेहवाचक वाक्य - जिन वाक्यों में संदेह का बोध होता है, उन्हें संदेहवाचक वाक्य कहते हैं।
• उदाहरण- क्या वह यहाँ आ गया ?

सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है- 'नेहा रात-भर परीक्षा में सफल होने के लिए पढ़ती है।​​​' 

• '**नेहा रात-भर परीक्षा में सफल होने के लिए पढ़ती है।**​' वाक्य सरल वाक्य है।
• सरल वाक्य: ऐसा वाक्य जिसमे एक ही क्रिया एवं एक ही कर्ता होता है या जिस वाक्य में एक ही उद्देश्य एवं एक ही विधेय होता है, वे वाक्य सरल वाक्य कहलाते हैं। सरल वाक्य को साधारण वाक्य भी कहा जाता है।
• जैसे- नेहा रात-भर परीक्षा में सफल होने के लिए पढ़ती है। वर्षा होते ही मोर नाचने लगे। इन वाक्यों में एक-एक उद्देश्य अर्थात कर्ता और विधेय अर्थात क्रिया है। अतः ये साधारण या सरल वाक्य हैं।

Key Points अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण: 

Additional Information 

• वाक्य: शब्दों का ऐसा समूह जिसका जिसका कोई भाव/अर्थ प्रकट होता है, वाक्य कहलाता है।
• जैसे - राम खाना खाता है।
• ​रचना की दृष्टि से वाक्य के तीन प्रमुख भेद किये जाते हैं:

'पत्थर में दूब जमना’ मुहावरे का सही अर्थ है, 'असम्भव बात होना'। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points 

स्पष्टीकरण:-

अन्य विकल्प:-

Additional Information 

 मुहावरा का शाब्दिक अर्थ ‘अभ्यास’ है। मुहावरा शब्द अरबी भाषा का शब्द है। हिन्दी में ऐसे वाक्यांशों को मुहावरा कहा जाता है, जो अपने साधारण अर्थ को छोड़कर  विशेष अर्थ को व्यक्त करते हैं।

सही उत्तर 'विशेषज्ञ' है।

'जो किसी विषय की विशेष जानकारी रखता हो' - वाक्यांश के लिए सार्थक शब्द 'विशेषज्ञ' है।

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्प:

Additional Information 

वाक्यांश- भाषा को सुंदर, आकर्षक और प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए अनेक शब्दों के स्थान पर एक शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो वह वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से 'रेडियो' एक विदेशज शब्द हैं। रेडियो एक अंग्रेजी शब्द है। 

स्पष्टीकरण

• विदेशी शब्द :- विदेशी भाषाओं से हिंदी भाषा में आये शब्दों को 'विदेशी' शब्द' कहते है। जैसे- अदालत, ऑफिसर, बुखार, हज़म, रेडियो आदि।
• देशज शब्द :- ऐसे शब्द जो देश की अन्य या क्षेत्रीय भाषा से हिंदी में सम्मिलित हुए । जैसे- थैला, लोटा, टाँग, पगड़ी आदि।

सही उत्तर अल्प विराम चिह्न (;) है।

विराम चिह्न: विराम चिह्न का अर्थ है  ठहराव, विश्राम, रुकना। अर्थात वाक्य लिखते समय विराम को प्रकट करने के लिए लगाए जाने वाले चिह्न को विराम चिह्न कहते हैं।

• अर्द्ध विराम (;) - अर्द्ध विराम को (;) चिह्न से प्रदर्शित करते है। जिस स्थान पर अल्प विराम की अपेक्षा थोड़े अधिक समय के लिए ठहराव की स्थिति उत्पन्न हो जाये, वहां अर्द्ध विराम का प्रयोग करते है। उदाहरण-
• कई सप्ताह से वर्षा होती ही जारी है; अर्थात् फसल नष्ट होकर रहेगी।
• सूर्यास्त हो चुका है; चारो तरफ घना अँधेरा छा जायेगा।
• मोहन बैंगलोर चला गया; आप बेफिक्र रहें।

Key Points अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• लोप चिह्न (...) - जिस वाक्य को लिखते समय किसी शब्द या वाक्य का लोप हो जाता है या करना पड़ता है वहाँ इस चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाता है। उदाहरण-
• ​गाँधीजी ने कहा, ''परीक्षा की घड़ी आ गई है .... हम करेंगे या मरेंगे'' ।
• लाघव चिह्न (o) - किसी शब्द जो बड़ा हो या प्रसिद्ध हो या फिर किसी कंपनी, संस्थान, किसी प्रद्ध व्यक्ति का नाम आदि को संक्षेप में लिखने के लिए उसका पहला अक्षर लिखकर उसके बाद लाघव चिन्ह (o या .) का प्रयोग किया जाता है। आजकल (.) का इस्तेमाल प्रमुखता से किया जाता है। उदाहरण-
• एम. एम. फरुखी, डॉ. रोहित, प्रो. नीलम सिंह
• योजक चिह्न ( - ) - दो शब्दों में परस्पर संबंध स्पष्ट करने के लिए तथा उन्हें जोड़कर लिखने के लिए योजक-चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया जाता है।  उदाहरण-
• मैं दिन–रात यही सोचता रहा।
• एक दुबला-पतला व्यक्ति द्वार पर खड़ा है।

Additional Information 

हिंदी में प्रचलित प्रमुख विराम चिह्न निम्नलिखित है:–

(1) अल्प विराम ( , )

(2) अर्द्ध विराम ( ; )

(3) पूर्ण विराम ( । )

(4) उप विराम  [ : ]

(5) विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न ( ! )

(6) प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न  ( ? )

(7) कोष्ठक ( () )

(8) योजक चिह्न  ( - )

(9) अवतरण चिह्न या उद्धरणचिह्न  ( ''... '' )

(10) लाघव चिह्न ( o )

(11) आदेश चिह्न/सूचना ( :- )

(12) रेखांकन चिह्न (_)

(13) लोप चिह्न (...)

संविधान के अनुसार यह कानून समान संरक्षण सुनिश्चित करता है।

• गद्याश के अनुसार:-
• यह धर्म, नस्ल, जाति, लिंग या जन्म स्थान के आधार पर किसी भेदभाव पर रोक लगाता है।
• संविधान यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि सभी नागरिक कानून के समक्ष समान होंगे।
• इसका तात्पर्य यह है कि देश के कानूनों द्वारा सभी को समान संरक्षण मिलेगा।  ​

Key Points

• संरक्षण -  बचाव, रक्षा, सुरक्षा, प्रतिरक्षा, हिफाजत, रखवाली
• विलोम शब्द - 'अरक्षण'

Additional Informationविमर्श:-

• अर्थ: परामर्श, राय, सलाह, विचार, जाँच, परख।

दण्ड:-

• अर्थ: डंडा, सोंटा, लाठी, छड़ी, जुर्माना, सजा। 
• विलोम शब्द - 'क्षमा'

योग्यता आधार पर रोजगार उपलब्ध होते है।

• गद्याश के अनुसार:-
• ​सार्वजनिक रोजगार के मामलों में राज्य के द्वारा किसी के साथ कोई भेदभाव नही किया जायेगा।
• सभी नागरिक आवेदन कर सकते हैं तथा राज्य के कर्मचारी बन सकते हैं।
• वरीयता तथा योग्यता के आधार पर रोजगार उपलब्ध होंगे।

Key Points

• योग्यता - क्षमता, औकात, बुद्धिमानी, शिक्षा।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अयोग्यता'

Additional Informationआवेदन:- 

• अर्थ: प्रार्थना, याचना, निवेदन।

राज्यों द्वारा महिलाओं व बच्चों को विशेष प्रावधान व छूट व्यवस्था प्रदान की जाती है।

• गद्याश के अनुसार:-
• ​हालांकि राज्य द्वारा महिलाओं और बच्चों के लिए विशेष प्रावधान व छूट की व्यवस्था की जा सकती है।
• सार्वजनिक रोजगार के मामलों में राज्य के द्वारा किसी के साथ कोई भेदभाव नही किया जायेगा।

Key Points

• प्रावधान - किसी कानून के साथ कोई शर्त रख देने का कार्य, उपबंध, (प्रॉविज़न)।

Additional Informationग्रह:- 

• अर्थ: घर, सदन, गेह, भवन, धाम, निकेतन, नक्षत्र, तारक, सितारा, पिंड।

नागरिकता:-

• अर्थ: नागरिक होने पर प्राप्त अधिकार।

उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उपयुक्त शीर्षक होगा - 'समानता का अधिकार'

• गद्याश के अनुसार:-
• हर व्यक्ति के समानता के अधिकार का वर्णन किया गया है, चाहे किसी भी ​राज्य धर्म, नस्ल, जाति, लिंग या जन्म स्थान का हो, उसके आधार पर किसी के साथ भेदभाव नही होगा।

Key Points

• समानता - समान होने का भाव, समरूप, सादृश्य।
• विलोम शब्द - 'असमानता'

Additional Informationनारी:- 

• अर्थ: महिला, रमणी, कामिनी, कान्ता, सुंदरी, औरत, वनिता, स्त्री, अबला।

पुरुष:-

• अर्थ: मनुज, मनुष्य, मानव, नर, मर्त्य, जन,आदमी।

विरोधी:-

• अर्थ: विपक्षी, शत्रु, वैरी, विरुद्ध, विपरीत, प्रतिस्पर्धी।
• विलोम शब्द - 'समर्थक'

समाज के लिये समानता अधिकार महत्त्वपूर्ण माना गया है। 

• गद्याश के अनुसार:-
• यदि दो व्यक्ति एक प्रकार का अपराध करते हैं तो उन्हें बिना किसी भेदभाव के समान दण्ड मिलेगा।
• राज्य धर्म, नस्ल, जाति, लिंग या जन्म स्थान के आधार पर किसी के साथ भेदभाव नही करेगा। यह सामाजिक समानता के लिए आवश्यक है।

Key Pointsसमानता - 

• अर्थ: समान होने का भाव, समरूप, सादृश्य।
• विलोम शब्द - 'असमानता'

The correct answer is option (1) very thankful.

Key Points

• The word very much thankful superfluously exaggerate the feeling of expressing gratitude.
• The sentence may be corrected simply by removing 'much' from the sentence.

Thus, the underlines segment may be substituted with the option (1) very thankful.

Hence the correct sentence would be: -

• He is very thankful.

The correct answer is option (3) “Forfeit”

Key Points

• The word ‘Forfeit’ means ‘something to which the ownership is lost as for commission of a crime / misdeed / defeat or breach of contract.'
• All spellings in other given options do not constitute any word.

Thus, the correctly spelt word is option (3) “Forfeit”

 Additional Information

• The synonyms of the word 'Forfeit' are fine, penalty, damage and relinquishment.
• Example of 'Forfeit' in a sentence: -

Those who came late, forfeited their chance to compete.

The correct answer is option (4) 'Namesake'.

 Key Points

• Let us explore all options: -
• Pseudonym means a fictitious name used by an author to conceal his/her identity.
• Sculptor means one who practice the art of sculpture.
• Posthumous means arising, occurring or continuing after one's death.
• Namesake means a person having same name as another.

*Therefore, the correct answer is '*Namesake.'

The correct answer is part-1 "The accelerated flow of goods, services and skills are"

Key Points

• In the first part of the sentence, let's identify the subject.
• "Goods, services and skills" are not the subject here whereas, "The accelerated flow" is the subject, which is singular.
• Hence, 'is' the singular of the Present Tense of the verb 'be' is qualified to be used with this subject**.**

Thus, the error part of the sentence is option (4) part 1, i.e., "The accelerated flow of goods, services and skills are."

The errorless sentence will be: -

• The accelerated flow of goods, services and skills is one of the principal reasons for the most rapid reduction of global poverty in history.

The correct answer is option (4) 'Obstinate'.

Key Points

• Stubborn means ‘fixed or set in terms of opinion, difficult to manage or shape to work (सख्त, जिद्दी, हठी, अड़ियल).
• Example: 'Robin is very stubborn, you can't persuade him move even an inch.'
• Marked option Obstinate means ‘firmly adhered to purpose or opinion (हठीला, जिद्दी, दुःसाध्य).
• Example: 'While some people may face legitimate obstacles, others are just obstinate.'
• The word 'Obstinate' means the same as the given word 'Stubborn'.

Therefore, the correct answer is Obstinate.

 Additional Information

• The meanings of other options are: -
• Obese – Very fat, overweight (स्थूलकाय, मोटा)
• Observant – Quick to notice, perceive, watching at (चौकस, सावधान, ध्यान रखने वाला)
• Obtrusive – Protuding, projecting, showing disposition to obtrude (बाधक, तंग करने वाला)

The correct answer is option (4) bakes.

Key Points

• In the subject of the sentence 'Either' and 'or' have been used as determiner.
• The determiner indicates that only one of two persons, either Vimla or Kamla processes the cake.
• Hence, it has to be treated as singular subject.
• As the tense used is Present Indefinite, the verb(1^st) + s/es needs to be used.
• In all the options, option (4) 'bakes' only qualifies with the mentioned condition.

Thus, the appropriate word to be filled in the blank is option (4) 'bakes' and the sentence: -

Either Vimla or Kamla bakes the cake.

The correct answer is "To bribe".

Key Points

• Here, the idiom given in the question means “to bribe, to pay off corruptly."
• For example: “If you want to get out of the jail, grease warden's palm and the guards will let you escape.”

Thus, the meaning of phrase “To grease somebody's palm” is best expressed by alternative “to bribe.”

 Additional Information

• Other idioms: -     
• Palm Off- Pass of something spurious as genuine.
• In the palm of one's hand- Under complete control.

The correct answer is option (1) Awful.

Key Points

• The sentence requires a word that denotes the feeling of facing constraint and unable to help someone.
• Let us explore our options: - 
• Calm: Still, without excitement, this feeling cannot be associated with the situation.
• Tranquil: Peaceful, free from emotions, again the feeling cannot be associated with the situation.
• Sorrow: Grief, sadness for a loss, affection, this word is some relevant with the situation but not qualified one.
• Awful: Bad, unpleasant, dreadful, terrible, word which is both relevant and qualified for the given situation.

Thus, the appropriate word for the blank space is 'Awful'.

The correct answer is option (1) “Impetuous”

 Key Points

• Aforethought means 'thought of previously, premediated (पूर्वविचारित, पहले से सोचा हुआ)'.
• Example: 'It was not heat of the moment, the murder was clearly aforethought.'
• Overt means 'of sudden action, rush, impulsive (अविवेक, तेजी,जल्दबाजी).
• Example: 'Impetuous actions denotes reflexivity of body according to the mind'.

Thus, option 1 "Impetuous" is the word opposite in meaning to the given word.

 Additional Information

• Foresighted means looking forward by knowledge or insight (दूरदर्शी).
• Protract means drawing out, lengthen (लंबा करना, खींचना, बढ़ाना).
• Provident means providing care for the future, economic (परिणामदर्शी, मितव्ययी).

The correct answer is option (4) “QPSR”

Key Points

• The para opens with a short description of songs. Which is "Songs are the most faithful of friends".
• The next part needs to be telling us more about friends and relate with the opening sentence, which is “Our friends may change over time.”
• The next sentence i.e. “but our songs are always patiently waiting to talk to us” completes the preceding part.
• The next sentence continues to explain songs as they are friends, "They are never cross, peevish, or unwilling to converse".

Therefore, the correct sequence of the jumble para would be QPSR: -

“Songs are the most faithful of friends. Our friends may change over time. But our songs are always patiently waiting to talk to us. They are never cross, peevish, or unwilling to converse."

The correct answer is option (3) "In a rude manner".

 Key Points

• Here, the phrase given in the question means “unwillingly or in a resentful manner"
• For example: “When the match was tied, natives sighed with bad grace for penalty shoot-out.”

Thus, the meaning of phrase “with bad grace” is best expressed by alternative “in a rude manner.”

 Additional Information

• other phrase of grace: -     
• with good grace- Gratefully, cordially, cheerfully

The correct answer is option (1) “PRSQ”

 Key Points

• The opening part contains adjective large which refers to next part "Square Mahogany box".
• The next part "Well polished and there was a" is in logical sequence as it mentions the condition of the box.
• The previous part ended up with 'there was a' which has to be followed by living/non-living object rather than a preposition. This object is the handle in 'Handle you have to wind'.
• Further, It will be followed by the only remaining part of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct order of the parts of sentence after rearrangement would be PRSQ: -

“It was a large square mahogany box, well-polished and there was a handle you have to wind to open the lids at the top.”

The correct answer is 'dislike for her has been increasing'.

 

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Key Points

• The sentence is: "His dislike for her has being increased significantly lately."
• The underlined segment 'dislike for her has being increased' contains a grammatical error.
• The correct phrase should be 'dislike for her has been increasing' to indicate an ongoing increase in his dislike.

Therefore, the correct answer is- 'Option 2'.

 

Additional Information

• Option 1 'dislike with her has being increasing' is incorrect due to inappropriate preposition 'with' and incorrect usage of 'being'.
• Option 3 'No improvement' is not applicable as an improvement is needed in the given sentence.
• Option 4 'dislike to her has been increasing' is incorrect due its improper usage of preposition 'to'.

The correct answer is option (4) part -1 "Being a rainy day".

Key Points

• If we start the sentence with being, it means that the subject 'Shiv' is rainy.
• So, if the day is rainy not the subject, then we have to start the sentence with it.
• Hence, the correct composition would be "It being a rainy day".

Thus, the error part of the sentence is part -1 'Being a rainy day'.

The errorless sentence will be: -

"It being a rainy day, Shiv decided to stay at his friend's place.

The correct answer is option (1) “Turquoise”

 Key Points

• ‘Turquoise’ is a ‘bluish green or greenish blue opaque mineral or gemstone.'
• All spellings in other given options do not constitute any word.

Thus, the correctly spelt word is option (1) “Turquoise”

 Additional Information

• Some other gemstones spellings are: -
• Amethyst
• Tourmaline
• Sapphire

The correct answer is option (3) Science books.

Key Points

• In the third paragraph, it is elaborated that Einstein became deeply religious at the age of 12.
• According to the paragraph, the religiousness of Einstein began to change when he read science books.
• These science books contradicted his religious beliefs.

Thus, Option (3) Science books contradicted Einstein's religious beliefs.

The correct answer is option (4) 5 years.

Key Points

• In the third paragraph, it is illustrated that two wonders affected the early years of Einstein.
• According to the paragraph, the first wonder was the encounter with the compass.
• The para mentions that the encounter with compass was at the age of 'Five'.

Thus, Einstein had an encounter with a compass at Option (4) 5 years of age.

The correct answer is option (1) 'Absorbed'.

Key Points

• Devoured in this para means ‘consuming ravenously, voraciously (निगलना, चाव से पढ़ना).
• Example: 'I devour myself in the mission games on most holidays'.
• Marked option Absorbed means ‘deeply involved, interested (मगन, लीन, मशगूल).
• Example: 'Rohit absorbed all the comic books he has taken yesterday.'
• The word 'Absorbed' means the same as the given word 'Devoured'.

Therefore, the correct answer is Absorbed.

The correct answer is option (2) Before Einstein acquired 16 years of age, he was left at a boarding house in Zurich to complete his school.

Key Points

• The paragraph illustrates the following facts clearly: -
• ​Einstein ran away from his school in Munich 6 months after he was admitted. So, statement in option (1) is correct.
• Before Einstein acquired 16 years of age, he was left at a boarding house in Munich (Not Zurich) to complete his School. So, the statement in option (2) is incorrect.
• In 1894, Einstein's education was disrupted because of his father's repeated failures at his business. So, statement in option (3) is also correct.
• Einstein had one sister Maria, Who was born two years after Albert. So, the statement in option (4) is also correct.

Thus, All the statements in options are correct except option (2) Before Einstein acquired 16 years of age, he was left at a boarding house in Zurich to complete his school.

The correct answer is option (2) Einstein's childhood struggles.​

Key Points

• This passage talks about Childhood part of Einstein's life. So, option (1) is wrong.
• The passage nowhere mentions the Graduate year of Einstein. So, option (4) is wrong as well.
• Now, as the passage is about the childhood of Einstein. Einstein's childhood was eventful, not with miseries but with the struggles and constraints. So, option (2) 'Einstein's childhood struggles' become the correct and qualified answer.

Thus, the passage mainly talks about option (2) Einstein's childhood struggles.

The correct answer is 1)Neither I nor II.

Key Points

• Hartshorne's study found that older infants, specifically those between 6 and 18 months of age, could retain learned information for extended periods. The retention period was found to increase with age, with 6-month-olds remembering their previous learning for 2 weeks, 9-month-olds for 6 weeks, and 18-month-olds for 14 weeks.
• Therefore, both statements I and II are correct. Nine-month-old children do remember their previous learning for six weeks, and eighteen-month-old children do remember their previous learning for fourteen weeks.
• Hartshorne's research has significant implications for our understanding of infant memory development and its potential for long-term retention. It suggests that older infants are capable of forming and retaining complex memories that extend beyond immediate experiences.

Piaget is considered the main proponent of cognitive development.

Key Points He categorized the cognitive development of children into four stages based on certain achievement levels.

• Sensorimotor stage- It is categorized by the development of senses and motor skills.
• Preoperational stage- This stage is characterized by the development of false logic also known as preoperational logic.
• The three mountain task is one devised to study the cognitive and spatial ability of preoperational children.
• It was developed by Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder in the 1940s to study children's ability to coordinate spatial perspectives.
• In the task, a child faced a display of three model mountains while a researcher placed a doll at different viewpoints of the display.
• The children displayed egocentrism while understanding the different viewpoints.
• From this experiment, he concluded that young children lack perspective-taking abilities.
• Concrete Operational Stage- It is characterized by the development of concrete logic and the development of perspective-taking abilities.
• Formal Operational Stage- The child reaches the peak of cognitive development and is able to think abstractly and logically.

Hence, we conclude that the three mountain task was developed by Piaget.

Single Parent family refers to a family in which only a single parent is involved in bringing up the child. It's either the mother or the father who is involved in the parenting.

Key PointsThe concept of a single-parent family is growing nowadays.

• Since children are brought up by only one parent, they lack the care and support of mother and father both.
• In single-parent families, children are more on their own. They have more responsibility in the household as the responsibilities are not shared.
• Children in a single-parent family are not socialized much as they lack the opportunity of being with a complete family set-up.
• They lack might cooperative as well as collaborative skills, especially during their childhood due to less interaction with people.

​Hence, we conclude that only statement II is true with reference to a single-parent family.

Brain development is very crucial in the early years of a child's life. In the first years of a child's life, their brain development will create the foundations for all learning and development later in life.

Key Points

• The average weight of a newborn's brain is 450 grams. At birth, the average baby’s brain is about a quarter of the size of the average adult brain.
• It doubles in size in the first year.
• By age 3, it grows to about 80% of adult size and 90% – nearly fully grown – by age 5.
• By 3 years of age, a child's brain has around 1,000 trillion brain connections (synapses).
• Significant 'wiring' of the brain occurs in the first years of a child's life and your baby's brain is developing as a result of the experiences and relationships they are exposed to each day.
• In the first 9 months, a baby's brain is forming connections between what they see, hear, taste and feel.

Hence, we conclude that only I is true with respect to brain development.

Infancy refers to the first year or the early period of a child's development in which the child grows rapidly after birth. The  "reaching and grasping" is an important aspect of the motor development of the child.

Key Points

• Piaget believed that the movement of the hand and the sight are initially independent.
• Gesell argued that motor development takes place in a fixed order and within a specific time frame. Thus, he concluded that motor development follows a genetic plan which gets unfolded.
• Later studies demonstrated that the sequence of developmental milestones is not fixed and may not be completed due to heredity.
• The universal milestones including reaching an object, crawling, walking, etc. are learned through adaptation, wherein infants modulate their movement patterns in order to fit the task by exploring and selecting various possible solutions and eventually fine-tuning them to accomplish it.
• Bower notes that infants with congenital blindness go through a period of "arm bonding."

Hence we conclude that both I and II statements are true "reaching and grasping" is an important aspect of development in infancy.

Reflex is an involuntary response to a stimulus under certain conditions that involve the use of the spinal cord to form a reflex arc by the path covered by the stimulus and the response.

Key Points

• The postural reflex controls the posture of the body.
• They are responsible for the subconscious maintenance of the body’s posture when movement and position are altered and they ensure that the body remains upright and aligned.
• They help to maintain the balance and upright position of the body.
• It is the effects of gravity on the body which trigger their response and so these reflexes do not begin to develop until after the baby is born.
• They are observed after 28 weeks of the birth of the child.
• There are two types of postural reflexes- the static reflexes and the statokinetic reflexes.

​Hence,  we conclude that the first postural reflex is to be observed after 28 weeks of the child's birth.

The development of a baby is a slow and gradual process that includes certain developmental milestones.

Key Points

The milestones of motor development are -

• One month - Eyes can follow (track) an object towards the middle (midline) or start at the midline to either side and tightly grasp objects placed in the child’s hands.
• Two months - Raises the head when prone. Eyes can follow (track) an object to right and left sides, past the midline, and can briefly hold small toys placed in the child’s hands.
• Three months- Infant is able to look at an object and will attempt to reach for that object.
• Four months - Touches fingers together and begins reaching with both hands at the same time.
• Five months - Rolls from side to side and is able to reach and grasp a small toy using both hands and touches or bangs an object on a table or hard surface.

Hence,  we conclude that Both I and II are correctly matched milestones of motor development and age.

Self-concept is the self-knowledge we have about ourselves in various aspects such as physical characteristics, social roles, personality traits, interests, and skills. It is a multidimensional concept.

Key Points

Stages of self-development-

• Sexuality and gender identity: Children learn how their bodies work and look and what it means to be a boy or a girl and they learn how boys and girls have to behave differently. He correctly labels himself and begins to classify others accurately as male or female.
• Cultural Identity - Children relate to their particular cultural norms as they grow up and follow the cultural norms of the society they are part of.
• Religious identity - Children could understand the concept of religion only after a certain age when they have identified themselves as belonging to a particular gender and culture.
• National identity - It is formed when the child has attained the formal operational stage of intellectual development and has surpassed all the other stages of identity formation.

​Hence, we conclude that Gender identity is the first stage in self-concept development, in which the child correctly labels himself and begins to classify others accurately as male or female.

Auditory-visual coordination refers to the coordination between the activities of the eyes with respect to the sounds received by the child.

Key Points

• From the time of birth, babies respond to sound. This is evident from the fact that they turn their head toward the direction of the sound source
• When the child hears a sound, the eyes will be re-oriented as if the visual object is being searched for at its source.
• They can hear only moderated sounds.
• Different levels of sounds have different effects on the child. Loud noises distress the babies and they get startled and begin to cry. Soft sounds soothe them.
• Butterworth and Castillo found in their study that human newborns make eye movements that are spatially coordinated with the locus of a sound
• They are most responsive to the human voice as compared to any other sound and are said to respond more to high-pitched voices (female) compared to low-pitched voices (male).

Hence, we conclude that both I and II are correct with reference to infant auditory-visual coordination.

Perceptual development refers to analyzing and interpreting the happenings in our external environment. Stimulation from the environment evokes sensory experiences which promote the growth and development of the brain.

Key Points

• Visual Preference method - It is based on an organism's preference to visual stimulation over any other.
• It was proposed by Robert Fatz.
• The research on infants’ visual attention has provided insights into the early development of visual recognition memory and other cognitive processes.
• The preference for a novel stimulus is commonly interpreted to indicate the infant’s recognition of the familiar stimulus.
• The results of this research have revealed that encoding, storage, and retrieval processes in preverbal children could be examined through their visual attention to stimuli;
• It tells us that very young infants could recognize faces, patterns, and forms seen previously; and many of the processes and variables that were known to affect recognition memory in older children and adults.

Hence we conclude that Robert Fatz was the pioneer of the visual preference method in the study of infant cognition.

Jean Piaget is one of the eminent proponents of Cognitive development in children. His theory is based on the cognitive development that takes place in children in four stages.

Key Points According to Piaget, the second stage known as the preoperational stage is characterized by symbolic thought.

• Symbolic games refer to the imaginative games that children play in which symbols or objects are used to represent other objects or people.
• Piaget categorized symbolic play into two categories- Imaginative and Role Play.
• Imaginative games -They can be as simple as using a block as a phone. More complex symbolic play includes role-playing. Also known as pretend play in which children pretend to be someone else and act like them. It includes the use of dramatics. Examples of pretend play are: being superheroes and playing ‘mummies and daddies.
• **Role Play -**Children can move beyond concrete thinking and can use their imagination to expand their play.

​Hence,  we conclude that Piaget has categorized symbolic games into two stages.

The thought process involved in a person’s effort to remove obstacles in the way to achieve the goal state is called problem-solving. Such a process is involved critical thinking in taking many important decisions in life as well as in solving simple routine problems.

Key Points

• Fabricus studied the early development of fundamental problem-solving skills in children.
• He used a route planning task in which children were asked to design a route that would allow them to retrieve a specified set of poses without backtracking.
• Children were tested on several tasks unlike counting or searching.
• Piaget and Inhelder attempted to explain their problem-solving ability by using a balance beam.
• It illustrates children's understanding of weight-distance relationships.

Hence we conclude that Only I is correct, with reference to problem-solving.

Additional Information Problem solving is a mental process and is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem shaping.

The stages of Problem solving include -

• The initial state: How the starting conditions are defined.
• The Operators: Moves or operations to move from one state to another.
• Intermediate Problem States: Any states that are generated by applying an operator to a state on the way to the final goal.
• The goal state: How the final state or goal conditions are described.

Understanding their own impulses is an essential part of the social and emotional development of children.

Key Points

• Kids who don't understand their emotions are more likely to be impulsive.
• For example - A child who can't say, "I'm angry" may hit to show she's upset. Or a child who can't verbalize, "I feel sad," may throw herself to the floor and scream.
• It's normal for young children to be physically impulsive. Hitting, jumping off furniture, or running in the grocery store are common impulse control problems.
• These impulses are controlled with age as the child starts understanding his/her own behavior.
• So we can say that Understanding their own impulses will help children guide their own behavior and talk about their feelings.

Hence,  we conclude that both I and II are correct.

Reproduction is the process through which new organisms are formed from already-existing organisms. 

 Key Points

After the fertilization of male and female gametes, certain chemicals are responsible for the development of the zygote for the further formation of the baby.

• The fetal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is at the center of mechanisms controlling fetal readiness for birth, survival after birth, and, in several species, determination of the timing of birth.
• The hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands are dynamic endocrine organs during fetal development that initiate the process of birth.
• The adrenal system exhibits remarkable transformation in size, morphology, and function during the prenatal and neonatal periods.

Hence,  we conclude that both the Fetal Pituitary and adrenal system initiate the process of birth.

Moral Judgement refers to the ability of the child to define the actions as morally correct or not.

Key Points

• Piaget studied moral development in children as well the development of their cognitive skills.
• He wrote a book named The Moral Judgment of the Child.
• The Moral Judgement of the Child traces children's moral thinking from preschool to adolescence
• It analyzes their concepts of lying, cheating, adult authority, punishment, and responsibility and offers important insights into how they learn -- or fail to learn -- the difference between right and wrong.
• Based on his research on child's moral thinking, Piaget categorized their morality into 
• Moral Realism - Young children who believe rules to be fixed possess moral realism
• Moral Relativism - Children after a certain age understand that the rules are made by society and can be altered based on the needs and the situation.

Hence we conclude that Piaget has written the book The Moral Judgment of the Child.

Altruism is generally defined as any form of the voluntary act intended to favor another without expectation of reward.

Key Points

• Altruism is a kind of selfless help, which is based on a pure desire to help others.
• It is the heart of socially oriented behavior.
• It is behavior that aims to help others out of intrinsic interest and without the expectation of external reward.
• For instance, people donating money to Tsunami relief funds may not always be selfless.
• It is a specific kind of motivation to benefit another without consciously considering one’s own self-interest.

Hence,  we conclude that **both I and II are correct with reference to altruism.**​

Sports and play are two interchangeable terms used when it comes to child's play. When the child reaches a particular stage, he starts getting involved in sports guided by rules.

 Key PointsPiaget and Mildred Parten are the major proponents who described child play. We have other psychologists who discovered different patterns of child play.

• Belsky and Most have found that children at the age of 12-18 months start getting involved in symbolic play. Piaget also talked about the role of symbolic thinking in child play.
• O'Connell and Bretherton compared children's responses to mothers' suggestions during play between 20 and 28 months of age.
• Slade observed the children playing alone and with their mother at home.

​Hence,  we conclude that I, II, and III are correct with reference to children's sports.

The preoperational stage is the second stage of Piaget's theory. This stage spreads from two years to seven years.

Key Points The preoperational stage is characterized by -

• Lack of conservation - The children at this stage do not understand that even if there is a change in the appearance of the object, its characteristics remain the same. They only focus on one dimension/aspect at one time.
• Piaget gave certain conservation tasks to children of different ages and found that children at the preoperational stage fail to conserve different quantities.
• Lack of decentration - Children are unable to decentre or consider more than one aspect at the same time.
• Irreversible thought - Not able to reverse a pattern or something.
• Egocentrism - Children do not consider the viewpoint of others.

Hence,  we conclude that In Piaget's theory, the limits of thinking in the pre-operational stage are best illustrated by the performance of children in Conservation works.

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between different levels of the government.

Key Points

• Generally, an overarching national government is responsible for broader governance of larger territorial areas, while the smaller subdivisions, states, and cities govern the issues of local concern.
• Both the national government and the smaller political subdivisions have the power to make laws and both have a certain level of autonomy from each other.
• In India the Division of powers is between the center and states – there are three lists as-
• Union List
• State List
• Concurrent List

Hence,  we conclude that Federalism refers to the existence of more than one level of government in a country. 

Additional Information

• Secularism - Refers to the idea that the state must be free from religion or any kind of religious bias.
• Full Sovereign - It refers to a system of government where all the powers reside in the hands of an individual, group, or people.
• Monarchical - It refers to a system where the government is ruled by a king or a ruler.

Bomerid's model typically categorizes parenting styles into different categories based on how parents interact with their children.

Key Points 

• I. Authoritarian Parents - Values Control and Unquestionable Obedience: Authoritarian parents are characterized by high control and low warmth.
• They emphasize obedience and conformity to rules without much room for negotiation or explanation. This description aligns with authoritarian parenting.
• II. Permissive parents - Value a child's personality but also emphasize social constraints: Permissive parents are characterized by low control and high warmth.
• They are nurturing and responsive to their children's needs but have few demands and rules. They allow considerable freedom and do not emphasize strict social constraints.

Hence, we can conclude that only statement I is the correct answer.

Indian Constitution is the longest of all the written constitutions. It was prepared by a representative body, known as the Constituent Assembly.  The Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950 and since then we celebrate this day as Republic Day every year. 

Key Points Fundamental Rights are ordinary rights that are not protected and guaranteed by the Constitution of the country. It can be changed only by amending the Constitution whereas the legislature is empowered to change ordinary laws by an ordinary process of law-making. It cannot be violated by any organ of the government. In case Fundamental Rights are violated, the judiciary has the power and responsibility to protect them. 

 Prohibition of Discrimination (Article 15):

• It provides that no discrimination can be made against a citizen on the grounds of race, religion, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• This Fundamental Right is necessary to bring about social equality.
• Every citizen of India has equal access to shops, restaurants, places of public entertainment, or in the use of wells, tanks, or roads without any discrimination.
• The State can make special provisions or concessions for women and children

Thus, it is concluded that Article 15 of the Indian Constitution is correct the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the basis of religion, origin, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them and people should ban the use of public wells.

Additional Information Originally, seven Fundamental Rights were enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution. These included the Right to Property which was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Constitutional Amendment. Now there are only six Fundamental Rights. 

Other Fundamental Rights are:

• Right to Equality (Article 14-18).
• Right to Freedom (Article 19-22).
• Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24).
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28).
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30).
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32).