DSSSB NDMC PRT 24 March 2022 shift 3 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct Venn diagram representation is -

Conclusion:

I. No P is F.✅

We know that all P are Q and no Q is F.

Hence, No P is F.

II. No F is Q.✅

As No Q is F. Then No F is Q.

Hence, the correct answer is Both conclusions I and II follow.

The condition to make a five-member team is:-

1. M4 and M7 are to be selected together.

2.M3 and M6 are to be selected together.

3. Either M2 or M1 is to be chosen with M6.

Option 1. M3, M4, M5, M6, M8❌

Here, M4 and M7 are not selected together. But according to the conditions M4 and M7 are to be selected together.

Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option 2. M2, M3, M4, M6, M8❌

Here, M4 and M7 are not selected together. 

Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option 3. M2, M3, M5, M6, M8✅

This option fulfill all conditions.

Hence, this option is correct.

Option 4. M1, M2, M3, M5, M8 ❌

Here, M3 and M6 are not selected together.

Hence, this option is incorrect.

Hence, the correct answer is M2, M3, M5, M6, and M8.

Direction chart .

Step 1. Let Ravi start from A and walks 18 km towards North.

Step 2. He takes a left turn and walks 25 km.

 

  He again takes a left turn and walks 19 km.

Step 4.   Finally, he takes a right turn and walks 27 km.

Total distance Ravi walk is - 18 + 25 + 19 + 27 =  89km

Hence, the correct answer is 89km.

In row I-

(18 - 12)x(12-9)=6 x 3 = 18

In row II-

(24 - 19) x (19 - 13) = 5 x 6 = 30

In row III-

(28 - 21) x (21-14) = 7 x 7 = 49

Hence, the correct answer is 49.

Here, the figure which looks symmetric is to be consider.

Here, triangle ABC is similar to triangle ACD. Similarly, rectangle PQRS is similar to RSTU.

The figure which look similar to above figure is -

Here, trapezium PSUT is similar to trapezium PQRS.

Hence, the correct answer is Option1.

We know that Kilogram is the SI unit of Mass. Similarly, Newton is the SI unit of force.

Hence, the correct answer is Newton.

Order in which they appear in the dictionary are

1. Fablers 2. Factums 3. Faecals 4. Faena 5. Fakers

Hence, the correct answer is 34521.

Additional Information1. First of all, check the common letter in all.

2. Arrange them according to the alphabet which come first.  
3. When common letters are arranged, then go for the rest.

The total number of teachers are shown by coloured portion in the venn diagram-

The total number of teachers are - 9 + 44 + 51 + 46 + 21 = 171

Hence, the correct answer is 171.

Statement I → Correct (The number of Blues that are Red is 21) ✅

 

Statement II → Correct (The number of whites that are Red is 7)✅

The coloured portion of the venn diagram shows the number of whites that are Red.

Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

In alphabets the opposite letter to each other is

The positional value of alphabets are-

Here opposite of G is T and positional value of T is 20.

Hence, G is coded as 20

Similarly, Opposite of A is Z having positional value 26 and T opposite is G having positional value 7. Now, add 26 + 7 = 33

Similalry in WORD-

 Now add positional value - 4 + 12 + 9 + 23 = 48.

Hence, the correct answer is 48.

The mirror Image of given figure are-

<br>

 

Hence, the correct answer is Option1.

Step 1-  Two boxes are placed between A and D.

Case 1                                            

Case 2

Step 2- Three boxes are placed between D and F.

Case 1

Case 2

Step 3-  D is placed immediately below E. G is placed above A.

Case 1

Case 2

Step 4-   C is placed immediately above G and B is placed below E.

Case 1 

Here, case 1 is not possible because if we placed C immediately abov G and B is placed below E then the number of boxes is more than 7.

Case 2

Statements :-

I. B is placed at the bottom.✅

From the above table we see that B is placed at the bottom.

II. C is placed at the top.❌

C is placed between D and G.

Hence, this statement is incorrect.

Hence, the correct answer is Only I.

Statement:-

I. 4 and 6 are on opposite faces.✅

When we compare dice 1 and dice 2, we find 2 as common. Now moving in clockwise direction by taking 2 as common. We find that -

5  is opposite to 1.

4 is opposite to 6 .

Hence, the given statement is correct.

II. 1 and 5 are on opposite faces.✅

When we compare dice 1 and dice 2, we find 2 as common. Now moving in clockwise direction by taking 2 as common. We find that -

5  is opposite to 1.

Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

The correct venn diagram representation is-

Conclusion:

I. No S is T.✅

All S are P and no P is T. Hence, No S is T.

II. No N is T.✅

 All N are S and all S are P and No P is T. Hence, No N is T.

III. No T is S.✅

All S are P and no P is T. Hence, No S is T.

Hence, the correct answer is All conclusions follow.

Family chart -

P * Q + R # S + T $ U is represented as:-

I. P is the mother-in-law of U.✅

From the above family tree it is clear that  P is the mother-in-law of U.

II. U is the brother of R.❌

 U is the brother-in-law of R

Hence, the correct answer is Only I.

The positional value of alphabets are -

![Solved] Which letter will be 10th to the right of the 5th lette](https://cdn.testbook.com/images/production/quesImages/qImage11260.png)

Logic - (First letter + 6) (Second letter - 5) (Third letter + 6)

Hence, the correct answer is UMH.

Direction chart - 

Step1 -. A walks 25 meters towards East.

Step2 -Then he takes a right turn and walks 20 metres. Then he takes a left turn and walks 15 metres.

Step3 - Meanwhile, B walks 15 metres. Then he takes a right turn and walks 40 metres.

Step4  Then he takes a left turn and walks 25 metres. 

 

We using Paythagoras theorem in triangle AOB, here BO = 80m and OA = 60m

(AB)² = (BO)² + (OA)²

(AB)2  = (60)² + (80)²

(AB)2  =  3600 +6400 = 10000

AB = 100m

100m far and in  North-West direction is B from A.

Hence, the correct answer is 100 m, North-West.

Chess, table tennis and carrom all are indoor games whereas cricket is an outdoor game. Hence, the odd word is cricket.

Hence, the correct answer is cricket.

The positional value of alphabets are -

Logic - (First letter + 6) ( Second letter - 5) (Third letter + 6)

T + 6 = Z

V - 5 = Q

F + 6 = L

Similarly, 

P + 6 = V

L - 5 = G

W + 6 = C

Hence, the correct answer is PLW : VGC.

The missing number from the given series are -

Hence, the correct answer is 53.5.

The correct answer is Zurich.

Key Points

• The headquarter of FIFA is located in Zürich, Switzerland.
• FIFA stands for Federation Internationale de Football Association.
• FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
• It is a non-profit organization that describes itself as an international governing body of association football, futsal and beach soccer.
• It is the highest governing body of association football.
• President: Gianni Infantino
• FIFA World Cup is played every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War.
• 2018 FIFA World Cup was won by France.
• 2022 FIFA World Cup won by Argentina

The correct answer is Tabla.

Key Points

• The principal types of musical instruments are percussion, stringed, keyboard, wind,
• Stringed instrument: Violin. Guitar. Viola. Ukulele. Mandolin. Harp. Sitar. Banjo
• Percussion Instrument: timpani, xylophone, cymbals, triangle, snare drum, bass drum, tambourine, maracas, gongs, chimes, celesta, and piano.
• Keyboard instrument: Piano. Accordion. Harmonium. Harpsichord. Clavichord.
• Wind Instrument: flute, Clarinet, Oboe, and the Bassoon

The correct answer is Article 14.

Key Points

• Article 14 of the Indian Constitution 
• **The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.**​
• Article 17
• ​"Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden.
• The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
• Article 25
• ​Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
• Article 28
• ​Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

​Rutherford’s scattering experiment:

• In this experiment, the scattering of particles is explained with the concept of coulombs interaction between the atoms.
• He shows that in the middle of the atom, highly dense particles are present in the center of the atom, which is named the nucleus.
• So, from the scattering experiment, the credit for the discovery of the nucleus goes to the scientist named Rutherford in the year 1911.
• In the nucleus, concentrated charged particles are present, they are protons and neutrons.
• Thus, Rutherford’s scattering experiment led to the discovery of the nucleus in the atom.

Isotopes

• Isotopes are atoms of the same element; they have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
• Isotopes have a different number of neutrons in their nucleus.
• Hence, both statements are correct.

The correct answer is Bombay.

Key Points

• The first cotton textile mill in India was established in Bombay.
• It is pertinent to note that the very first cotton mill in India was established in 1818 at Fort Gloster near Calcutta but it was a commercial failure. Hence, it was not a successful establishment.

Important Points

• The successful cotton mill in India was established by KGN Daber in 1854 and was named Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company.
• It was established on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar (1815-73) and his associates.
• Sir William Fairbairn designed this company and the production started in the year 1856.
• The development was confined to the setting up of cotton and jute textile mills.
• The cotton textile mills were concentrated in the western parts of the country like Maharashtra and Gujarat, while the jute industries were concentrated in the Bengal.
• The states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are the major cotton producing areas in India.

The correct answer is Singapore.

Key Points

• India participated in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore for the first time.​
• The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) is an international multi-sport event for athletes between 15 and 18 years old.
• It is organized by the International Olympic Committee.
• The games are held every four years in staggered summer and winter events consistent with the current Olympic Games format.
• The first summer version was held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010.
• The first winter version was held in Innsbruck, Austria from 13 to 22 January 2012
• In 2010, Indian squad comprised 32 athletes competing in 13 sports.
• Yuki Bhambri was the flag bearer.
• India could not win any gold medal.
• India won 6 silver and 2 Bronze medals
• The most recent Summer YOG was the 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games of Buenos Aires.
• The most recent Winter YOG was the 2020 Winter Youth Olympic Games of Lausanne.
• The next Summer YOG to take place will be the 2026 Summer Youth Olympics of Dakar, Senegal while the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics will take place in Gangwon, South Korea.

The correct answer is Reticulated drainage pattern.

Key Points

• Reticulated drainage pattern develops where hard and soft rock are found parallel to each other.
• Reticulate drainage patterns usually occur on floodplains and deltas where rivers often interlace with each other forming a net.

Additional Information

• Drainage Pattern
• A drainage pattern is a pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin.
• They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land.
• Centripetal
• The centripetal drainage pattern is formed when rivers discharge their waters from all directions into a lake or a depression.
• In a low-lying basin, the streams converge from all sides.
• Examples: streams of Ladakh, Tibet, and the Bagmati and its tributaries in Nepal.
• Dendritic
• This is an irregular tree branch-shaped pattern.
• Drainage is branching or ramifying thereby giving the appearance of a tree.
• A dendritic pattern develops in a terrain that has uniform lithology, and where faulting and jointing are insignificant.
• Examples: Indus, Godavari, Mahanadi, Cauvery, Krishna.
• Radial
• The tributaries from a summit follow the slope downwards and drain down in all directions.
• Examples: Streams of the Saurashtra region, Central French Plateau, Mt. Kilimanjaro.
• Trellis
• In this type of pattern, the short subsequent streams meet the mainstream at right angles, and differential erosion through soft rocks paves the way for tributaries.
• Examples: The old folded mountains of the Singhbhum (Chotanagpur Plateau) and the Seine and its tributaries in the Paris basin (France) have drainage of trellis pattern.

The correct answer is Ramachandra Guha.

Key Points

• Ramachandra Guha is the author of the book "The Commonwealth of Cricket".
• Ramachandra Guha​
• ​He is an Indian historian, environmentalist, writer and public intellectual.
• For the years 2011–12, he held a visiting position at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
• He is a trustee of New India Foundation fellowship programme.
• He was listed among the 100 most powerful Indians in 2022 by The Indian Express.
• He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 2009 and Sahitya Akademi Award in 2011.
• The Commonwealth of Cricket is the fourth book in which he offers both a charming memoir and a charter of the life of cricket in India.
• The book traces the entire arc of cricket in India, across all levels at which the game is played.
• It presents vivid portraits of local heroes, provincial icons, and international stars.
• Other books by him-
• Gandhi Before India (2013)
• Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World (2018)
• India After Gandhi (2007)

The correct answer is Only I.

Key Points

• The Government of India Act 1935 is the biggest source of the Constitution of India.
• ​The Constitution of 1950 was largely taken from the Government of India Act 1935.
• The concept of Judicial Review in our Constitution has been taken from the Constitution of the USA.
• Other features from the USA - Fundamental Rights, Independence of the judiciary, Judicial Review, the impeachment of the president, Post of vice president, Removal of the supreme court, and high court judges.

Additional Information

• Features of the Government of India Act 1935
• It provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states.
• The Act divided the powers between the Centre and units in terms of three lists -
• Federal List (for Centre with 59 items),
• Provincial List (for provinces with 54 items)
• Concurrent List (for both with 36 items).
• Residuary powers were given to the Viceroy. However, the federation never came into being as the princely states did not join it.
• It abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced ‘provincial autonomy’ in its place.
• It provided for the adoption of dyarchy at the Centre.
• Consequently, the federal subjects were divided into reserved subjects and transferred subjects. However, this provision of the Act did not come into operation at all.
• It introduced bicameralism in six out of eleven provinces.
• Thus, the legislatures of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces were made bicameral consisting of a legislative council (upper house) and a legislative assembly (lower house). However, many restrictions were placed on them.
• It further extended the principle of communal representation by providing separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour (workers).
• It abolished the Council of India, established by the Government of India Act of 1858.
• It provided for the establishment of a Reserve Bank of India to control the currency and credit of the country.
• It provided for the establishment of a Federal Court.

The correct answer is IIT Hyderabad.

Key Points

• In June 2021, IIT Hyderabad developed nano-fibre based amphotericin B oral tablet.
• ​It was developed to treat fungal infections post COVID treatment.
• At present, Amphotericin B is available in injectable form.
• The IIT Hyderabad researchers decided to keep the technology free of intellectual property rights.
• Prof. Saptarshi Majumdar and Dr. Chandra Shekhar Sharma from the Department of Chemical Engineering made a study two year prior about oral nanofibrous AmB to be effective for Kala Azar.
• This was a first-ever attempt to fabricate nanofibrous oral tablets of Amphotericin B for the potential cure of Kala Azar.

The correct answer is Only II.

Key Points

• The Planning Commission was constituted on 15 March 1950 under the chairmanship of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
• The Prime Minister was the Chairman of the Planning Commission.
• It was an institution of the Government of India whose main task was to make five-year plans.
• The Planning Commission was abolished on 13 August 2014 and NITI Aayog was formed in its place.
• NITI stands for National Institution for Transforming India.
• NITI Aayog is a think tank that advises the government in policy formulation, unlike the Planning Commission which was empowered to allocate distribute funds for the planning.
• NITI Aayog's main focus areas are cooperative & competitive federalism, decentralised planning, scenario planning, capacity building etc.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total money value of final goods and services produced in the economic territories of a country in a given year.
• It can be defined as Gross Value Added (GVA) at basic prices + Product taxes - Product subsidies.

The correct answer is m/s2

Key Points The International System of Units (SI), commonly known as the metric system, is the international standard for measurement. 

SI Units of Quantity:

• we can drive units of other quantities by using fundamental units:
• velocity = Velocity is defined as the rate of change in distance
• unit of velocity = unit of length/unit of time = metre/sec
• Acceleration = rate of change of the velocity
• Unit of acceleration = unit of velocity/ unit of time = metre/sec/sec = metre/sec²

The correct answer is Karnataka.

Key Points

• Karnataka launched 'DBT mobile application' to transfer money directly to beneficiaries in June 2021.
• ​​It was launched for transferring money under various welfare schemes through the Aadhaar-based Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) to beneficiaries.
• The DBT system uses the Aadhaar number of the beneficiary as financial address instead of the bank account number, which was the practice earlier.
• The earlier practice led to corruption and benefit thefts.
• The new system would help crackdown on corruption and middlemen in the system.
• Relief amounts announced by the government for the people impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic were being credited using Aadhaar-based DBT.
• The government  developed a DBT mobile app for beneficiaries to track their payment status.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Qutb Minar :
• The Qutb Minar is a minaret and "victory tower" that forms part of the Qutb complex.
• It is situated where the Tomar Rajputs' Lal Kot, Delhi's first fortified city, formerly stood.
• It is located in South Delhi, India's Mehrauli neighborhood.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• It was mostly constructed between 1199 and 1220.
• The Qutb Minar is the tallest brick-built minaret in the world, at 72.5 meters tall.
• The tower has a base diameter of 14.3 meters and tapers to 2.7 meters at the peak.
• There is a 379 step spiral staircase within.
• It is made of red and buff sand stone.
• Brihadeeswarar Temple:
• A Shaivite Hindu temple designed in the Chola architectural style is  Brihadeeswarar Temple.
• It is situated in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, on the Cauvery River's southern bank.
• It is a prime example of Tamil architecture and one of the biggest Hindu temples.
• Another name for it is Dakshina Meru ("Meru of the South).
• Rajaraja I, the Chola emperor, constructed it between 1003 and 1010 CE.
• The temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples".

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Aihole, in Karnataka, is referred to as the birthplace of Indian architecture.
• It was the initial capital of the Chalukyas, who began to construct numerous temples there in the sixth century CE.
• Pulkeshin 1 afterwards transferred the capital to Badami in 543.
• The biography of the Indian ruler Harsha written by Banabhatta is titled The Harshacharita.
• He was an Indian Sanskrit author from the seventh century CE.
• Even though it is written in a florid and imaginative manner, the Harshacharita is considered to be the first historical biography in Sanskrit.

The correct answer is Only I.

• Mount Everest is located in the Himalayas on the border between Nepal and Tibet (China), and not in India.

Key PointsMount Everest (8,848.86 Mts)

• A summit in the Himalayan mountain range is known as Mount Everest.
• It is situated halfway between Tibet, an autonomous part of China, and Nepal.
• The highest mountain on Earth above sea level is Mount Everest.
• Utilizing the southeast ridge route, Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary conducted the first-ever ascent of Everest in 1953.

Mount Makalu

• At  8,463 meters, Makalu is the fifth-highest peak in the world.
• It is situated in Nepal, 19 kilometres southeast of Mount Everest, in the Mahalangur Himalayas.
• An isolated summit named Makalu has the shape of a four-sided pyramid.
• Kangchungtse and Chomo Lonzo are two significant subsidiary summits to Makalu.

The correct answer is Corporation tax.

Key Points

• taxes are divided into two categories: Direct Taxes and Indirect Taxes
• Direct Taxes
• A direct tax is a tax that a person or organization pays directly to the entity that imposed it.
• Examples include income tax, real property tax, personal property tax, and taxes on assets, all of which are paid by an individual taxpayer directly to the government.
• Indirect Tax
• It is the tax levied on the consumption of goods and services. It is not directly levied on the income of a person.
• Sales Taxes, Excise Taxes,  Value-Added Taxes (VAT), Gross Receipts Tax.

The correct answer is Coelenterata.

Key Points

• Sea Anemone
• Sometimes called 'sea flowers', they are truly beautiful animals that are close descendants of corals and jellyfish and marine predators of the order Actiniaria.
• They are found in the tidal zone of all oceans to a depth of more than 10,000 metres.
• Mini Carpet Anemones are the most common aquarium anemone species for nano reef tanks.
• Sea anemones are ocean-dwelling members of the phylum Cnidaria. They are invertebrates belonging to the class of Anthozoa.
• Coelenterates 
• These are characterized by the presence of a radially symmetrical body and the sensory tentacles present in the mouth.
• A few examples of animals belonging to the Coelenterata phylum include sea anemones, hydra, sea pens, comb jellies, coral animals, obelia, aurelia, xenia, metridium, and many more.

The correct answer is Badruddin Tyabji.

Key Points

• During the British Raj, Badruddin Tyabji (10 October 1844 – 19 August 1906) was an Indian lawyer, activist, and politician.
• The first Indian to work as a barrister in the High Court of Bombay was Tyabji.
• In 1887, he held the position of Indian National Congress' third president.
• He served as the first Muslim president of the Indian National Congress and was one of its founding members.
• In 1874, he established the Anjuman-i-Islam College in Bombay.
• Tyabji also campaigned to undermine the zenana system and for the freedom of women.

Additional Information

• Gopal Krishna Gokhale (9 May 1866 – 19 February 1915):
• He was a social reformer and "moderate" political figure in India during the struggle for independence.
• Gokhale was the founder of the Servants of India Society.
• He was a prominent member of the Indian National Congress.
• Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917):
• He was an author, businessman, scholar, and political figure in India.
• He presided over the Indian National Congress from 1886 to 1887, 1893 to 1894, and 1906 to 1907 as its second, ninth, and 22nd president.
• Surendranath Banerjee (10 November 1848 – 6 August 1925):
• He led the Indian nationalist movement under British rule.
• He established the Indian National Association, a nationalist group.
• He was one of the Indian National Congress' founding members.

The correct answer is Sambhar.

Key Points

• Sambhar is a saltwater lake because salt concentration is more than 3%.
• Chilka Lake is a brackish water lake because salt concentration is less than 3%.
• Wular, Loktak, and Dal are freshwater lakes because salt concentration is less than 0.5 or 1%.

Important Points Important Lakes in India:

Concept Used: 

Follow the BODMAS rule to solve this question, as per the order given below:

Solution:

⇒ 88 ÷ 11 × 5 - 8 × 2 + 3

⇒ 8 × 5 - 8 × 2 + 3

⇒ 40 - 16 + 3

⇒ 43 - 16 

⇒ 27

Given:

$\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{93-36 \sqrt{3}}$

Concept used: 

Making perfect square,

Calculation:

⇒ $√{3}+\sqrt{{(93-36 √{3)}}}$

We can write it as,

⇒ $√{3}+\sqrt{[{(9^2) + (2√3)^2 -2 × 9 × 2 √{3}]}}$

⇒ $√{3}+\sqrt{[(9) - (2√3)]^2 }$ 

⇒ $√{3}+{(9) - (2√3) }$ = 9 - √3

Concept used:

Cyclicity of numbers: The cyclicity of any number is focused on its unit digit mainly. Every unit digit has its own repetitive pattern when raised to any power.

Cyclicity of 5 - When 5 is raised to any power, the unit digit of the final answer is the number itself.

Cyclicity of 4: It has a cyclicity of 2 i.e 4 repeats itself when even power is raised.

Solution:

According to the question,

Unit digit of  2526 × 3496 × 88⁹² will be:

25²⁶ → unit digit is 5

34⁹⁶ → unit digit is 6

8892 →unit digit is 6

Now in the question when we multiply these two unit digits, we get 0 at the unit place.

According to the question,

The total production of company C1 in year Y1,Y2 and Y3 = (20 + 40 + 80) = 140

The total production of company C2 in year Y1,Y2 and Y3 = (30 + 20 + 70) = 120

Now as asked in the question

 $C1 \over C2$= $140 \over 120$

C1 : C2 = 7 : 6

Let the four numbers be a,b and c.

As given in the question

⇒ a : b = 2x : 3x

⇒ b : c = 7x : 3x

Now since b in both ratios is different we have to make them the same by cross-multiplying.

a : b : c = 14x : 21x : 9x

Given in the question :

⇒ a × c = 8064

⇒ 14x × 9x = 8064

⇒ x² = 8064/126

⇒ x = √ 64

⇒ x = 8

The sum of all 3 numbers = 14x + 21x + 9x = 44x

⇒ 44x = 44 × 8

⇒ 352

Calculation:

I. The number of boys in S2 = 500

Number of girls in S2 = 100

∴ Ratio of  the number of boys in school S2 to the number of girls in school S2 is 500 : 100 = 5 : 1

∴ Statement I is correct.

II. Sum of boys in S4, S5 and S6 = 700 + 450 + 350 = 1500

Average of number of boys in S4, S5 and S6 = 1500/3 = 500

∴ Statement II is correct.

III. Total number of boys in a school = 600 + 500 + 800 + 700 + 450 + 350 + 100 = 3500

Total number of girls in a school = 800 + 100 + 200 + 500 + 700 + 600 + 400 = 3300

∴ The difference between the number of boys and girls in all the 7 schools is 200.

Statement III is also correct.

∴ Statement I, II, III are correct.

Given:

The average of 38 numbers = 92

Sum of 38 numbers = 92 × 38

Now, if each number is divided by 5 that means the whole sum is divided by 5

Now the sum of all the numbers = (92 × 38)/5

The new average will be = {(92 × 38)/5}/38

= $92 \times 38 \over 5 \times 38$

= 92/5

= 18.4

Shortcut TrickSince each number is divided by 5, the required new average can easily be obtained by dividing it 5.

So, the new average = 92/5 = 18.4

Given

The total number of calculators sold by M and N is 700 and 800 respectively.

The total number of calculators sold by P and Q is 200 and 100 respectively.

According to the question,

The ratio of M and N to P and Q = (800 + 700) : (200 + 100 )

= 1500: 300

= 5 : 1

Concept used:

Divisibility of 6: The given number should be divisible by both 2 and 3.

Solution:

⇒ 867Y8, Since its unit place is even it is divisible by 2 and we have to check for the divisibility of 3.

Divisibility of 3: The sum of digits of a number should be divisible by 3.

⇒ 867Y8 = 8 + 6 + 7 + Y + 8 = 29 + y

In order to make it divisible by 3 the least possible value of Y is 1.

⇒ 29 + 1 = 30

Hence, 86718 is completely divisible by 6.

Formula used:

Speed = Distance/time

Solution:

According to the question,

Speed = 420/84

Speed = 5 m/s

Now to convert m/s into km/hr, we multiply by 18/5

Speed = 5 × 18/5

Speed = 18 km/hr

Given:

The radius of the base of a cylinder = 55 cm

Height = 15 cm

14 times the curved surface area of a cylinder =  total surface area of a cube

Formula Used:

Total surface area of cube = 6a²

Curved surface area of cylinder = 2πrh

According to question,

⇒ 14 × 2πrh =  6a2

⇒ 14 × 2 × 22/7 × 55 × 15 = 6a²

⇒ a² = 12100 

a = 110 cm

∴ Side of cube is 110 cm.

Shortcut Trick

Since the quantity sold in both cases is equal (20 pencils each), we use the weighted average method.

Let the profit percentage on the remaining 20 pencils be x%.

Total Profit % = (Profit/Loss 1 + Profit/Loss 2) ÷ 2

40% = (−20% + x%) ÷ 2

80% = −20% + x% ⇒ x = 100%

∴ The correct answer is 100%.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total pencils = 40

Cost Price (CP) per pencil = ₹45

Overall Profit targeted = 40%

Loss on first 20 pencils = 20%

Calculations:

⇒ Total Cost Price (CP) = 40 × 45 = ₹1800

⇒ Total Selling Price (SP) for 40% profit = 1800 × (140/100) = ₹2520

⇒ CP of first 20 pencils = 20 × 45 = ₹900

⇒ SP of first 20 pencils at 20% loss = 900 × (80/100) = ₹720

⇒ Remaining SP required = Total SP − SP of first 20 pencils = 2520 − 720 = ₹1800

⇒ CP of remaining 20 pencils = 20 × 45 = ₹900

⇒ Profit required on remaining 20 pencils = 1800 − 900 = ₹900

⇒ Profit percentage = (Profit ÷ CP) × 100 = (900 ÷ 900) × 100 = 100%

∴ The correct answer is 100%.

Additional Information

Profit and Loss Percentage

Profit % = [(SP − CP) ÷ CP] × 100 and Loss % = [(CP − SP) ÷ CP] × 100. Both are always calculated on the Cost Price (CP).

Weighted Average in Profit/Loss

When parts of an inventory are sold at different profit/loss rates, the overall profit % = (n₁p₁ + n₂p₂ + ...) ÷ (n₁ + n₂ + ...), where n is quantity and p is profit/loss %.

Equal Quantity Shortcut

If two equal quantities are sold, the overall profit/loss % is simply the arithmetic mean of the individual profit/loss percentages.

Given

The shares of P, Q and R respectively = 17 ∶ 16 ∶ 15.

Calculation:

Total amount distributed in among P, Q and R = Rs 2542

Total amount reduced = Rs(13 + 19 + 14) = Rs 46

Rest amount = Rs ( 2542 - 46) = Rs 2496

R's share = 15/(17 + 16 + 15) × 2496 = Rs 780

∴ R's Share before reduction of Rs 14 = 780 + 14 = Rs 794

Formula used: 

Distance = Speed × time

Solution:

Distance covered by Rajesh in 8 hours = Distance covered in 4 hours by Monu

Monu's speed - Rajesh's speed = 10 km/hr

According to the question, since the distance covered by both is the same, 

Let S₁ and S₂ be the speed of Rajesh and Monu.

the ratio of time and speed becomes inversely proportional.

Distance covered by Rajesh = S₁ × 8

Distance covered by Monu = S₂ × 4

Equating both the distance

S1 × 8 =  S2 × 4

S₁: S₂ = 1:2

If the speed of Monu is 30 km/hr then the difference between their speed becomes 15 km/hr which is not the case, as mentioned in the question.

If the distance covered is 80 then,

Rajesh speed = 80/8 = 10 km/hr

Monu speed = 80/4 = 20 km/hr, and

The difference of speed = 10km/hr as mentioned.

Hence, the correct answer is 3.

Formula used:

Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × (length + breadth)

Solution:

The breadth of the rectangle = 15 cm.

The perimeter of a rectangle = 6 × breadth

Now putting the values in the formula,

Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × (length + breadth)

⇒ 6 × breadth = 2 × (length + breadth)

⇒ 6 × 15 = 2 × (length + 15)

⇒ length = (90 - 30)/2

⇒ length = 30 cm

Area of rectangle = Length × breadth

Area of rectangle = 30 × 15 = 450 cm²

Shortcut Trick

Simplify the powers directly: (12 ÷ 4) = 3 and (6 ÷ 2) = 3.

The equation becomes: 5³ × 2³ = (10³)^x

Since the exponents are the same on the left, we get (5 × 2)³ = 10³.

Comparing 10³ = 10^3x, we find 3x = 3 ⇒ x = 1.

∴ The correct answer is 1.

Alternate Method

Given:

(⁴√5)¹² × (√2)⁶ = ((2 × 5)³)^x

Formula Used:

1. (a^m)ⁿ = a^{m × n}
2. ⁿ√a = a^1/n
3. a^m × b^m = (a × b)^m

Calculations:

⇒ (5^1/4)¹² × (2^1/2)⁶ = (10³)^x

⇒ 5^(12/4) × 2^(6/2) = 10^3x

⇒ 5³ × 2³ = 10^3x

⇒ (5 × 2)³ = 10^3x

⇒ 10³ = 10^3x

Comparing the exponents of the same base (10):

⇒ 3 = 3x

⇒ x = 1

∴ The correct answer is 1.

Additional Information

Laws of Exponents

When multiplying terms with the same base, add the exponents: a^m × aⁿ = a^m+n. When dividing, subtract them: a^m ÷ aⁿ = a^m−n.

Power of a Power

A power raised to another power requires multiplication of the indices: (a^m)ⁿ = a^m×n.

Radicals as Exponents

Any nth root can be written as a fractional power: ⁿ√a = a^1/n. For example, √a = a^1/2.

Comparing Bases

If a^x = a^y and a ≠ 1, then the exponents must be equal: x = y.

Concept used: 

Share in the amount is proportional to the amount of work done

Solution:

Raman and Kamal do (4/9)th of a work

So, Rohan does the remaining work i.e 5/9th

Rohan's share = 5/9 × 180000

Rohan's share = 10000 Rupees

Formula used:

SI = (P × R × T)/100

where P = Principal, R = Rate of Interest, and T = Time period

Solution:

Let the principal be 100 then the amounts become 300

Interest = Amount - Principal

Interest = 300 - 100

Interest = 200

Putting these values in the formula

⇒ 200 = (100 × R × 17/2)/100

R = (200 × 100 × 2)/17 × 100

R = 23.52%

Concept used:

A percentage is a number or ratio that can be expressed as a fraction of 100. Hence, the percentage means, a part per hundred. The word per cent means per 100

Solution:

According to the question,

⇒ 25% = 1/4 and 20% = 1/5

⇒ 25 per cent of 20 per cent of 840= 1/4 × 1/5 × 840

⇒ 25 per cent of 20 per cent of 840 = 42

Concept used:

In such a question, we apply the compound per cent formula because the population is increasing compounded.

Formula used:

A = P(1 + r/100)ⁿ  where A = present population, P = population 2 year ago

R = per cent increase and n = time

60000 = P(1 + 25/100)²

P = 60000 × 4/5 × 4/5

P = 38400

'खाकर डकार नहीं लेना' मुहावरे के अर्थ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ रूप से व्यक्त है - 'हजम कर जाना'

• वाक्य प्रयोग - कुछ असफर राजस्व का लाखों रुपये "खाकर भी डकार नहीं लेते"।

Key Points

• मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्य होता है
• जो वाक्य की रचना करने पर अपना एक अलग अर्थ या विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है
• इनका प्रयोग करने से भाषा,आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण तथा रोचक बन जाती है।

Additional Informationकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरा, अर्थ एवं वाक्य प्रयोग:- 

• प्राणों की बाजी लगाना - जान की परवाह न करना

          वाक्य प्रयोग - "प्राणों की बाजी लगाकर" वह तुम्हारी रक्षा करेगा।

• देहरी लांघते पाप लगना - अतिशीघ्र बदनाम होना

           वाक्य प्रयोग - रामलाल का लड़का जब से बुरे लोगों की संगत में आया है कई बार पुलिस पकड़ चुकी है यह तो **"देहरी लांघते पाप लगने जैसी बात हुई"।**​

• हजम करना - हड़प लेना

          वाक्य प्रयोग - बड़े भाई ने बहन का सारा पैसा "हजम कर लिया"।

• गिरगिट की तरह रंग बदलना - बातें बदलना

           वाक्य प्रयोग - "गिरगिट की तरह रंग बदलने" से तुम्हारी कोई इज्जत नहीं करेगा।

• खरी-खोटी सुनाना - भला-बुरा कहना।

           वाक्य प्रयोग - इलेक्शन में हरने के बाद नेता जी ने अपने समर्थकों को अपने क्षेत्र में मेहनत ना करने के लिए बहुत "खरी- खोटी सुनाई"। ​​

सरल वाक्य है - 'दिपांशु आते ही रोने लगा।'

• इस वाक्य में **'**दिपांशु' कर्ता एवं उद्देश्य है और इस वाक्य में एक विधेय और क्रिया जो कि आते रोने लगा। अतः यह उदाहरण सरल वाक्य के अंतर्गत आएगा।
• ऐसा वाक्य जिसमें एक ही क्रिया एवं एक ही कर्ता हो और उन वाक्यों का एक ही उद्देश्य हो, ऐसे वाक्य को सरल वाक्य कहा जाता है।

जैसे -

• सीता खाना बना रही है।
• रवि पुस्तक पढ़ता है।

Key Points

• जैसे ही दिपांशु आया वैसे ही रोने लगा। - **(**मिश्र वाक्य)
• जब दिपांशु आया तब वह रोने लगा। - (मिश्र वाक्य)
• दिपांशु आया और आते ही रोने लगा। - **(**संयुक्त वाक्य)

Additional Information

दिए गए वाक्य में उपयुक्त विराम चिह्न है - ?

• अमीना, तुम कब आईं ?
• (यहाँ पर 'अमीना' से प्रश्न पूछा जा रहा है अत: यह वाक्य प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह (?) के अंतर्गत आएगा ।
• जिस वाक्य में प्रश्न करने या प्रश्न पूछने का बोध होता हो वहाँ प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह (?) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• जैसे - विक्रम के पिता का क्या नाम है**?**

Key Points

• लोप सूचक चिन्ह - (...)
• विवरण चिन्ह - (:-)
• अर्द्ध विराम - (;)

Additional Information

'नौका' शब्द का पर्यायवाची नहीं है - 'सारंग'

• नौका का पर्यायवाची है - नाव, तरिणी, जलयान, जलपात्र, तरी, बेड़ा, डोंगी, तरी, पतंग।
• सारंग का पर्यायवाची है - मोर, हिरण, सर्प, बादल, सिंह, कोयल, हंस, भौंरा, घोड़ा, हाथी, और धनुष ।

Key Points

• जो शब्द समान अर्थ के कारण किसी दूसरे शब्द की जगह ले लेते हैं उन्हें पर्यायवाची शब्द कहते है।

Additional Information कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्द:-

• गृह - घर, निकेतन, भवन, आलय,निवास, गेह, सदन, आगार, आयतन, आवास, निलय, धाम।
• जल - वारि, पानी, नीर, सलिल, तोय, उदक, अंबु, जीवन, पय, अमृत, मेघपुष्प।
• नदी - सरिता, तटिनी, तरंगिणी, निर्झरिणी, आपगा, निम्नगा, कूलंकषा।
• असुर - राक्षस, दैत्य, दानव, निशाचर, दनुज, यातुधान, निशिचर, रजनीचर।
• आकाश - व्योम, शून्य, गगन, अम्बर, आसमान, अंतरिक्ष, नभ, धौ, अनंत।
• हवा - पवन, वायु, समीर, अनिल, वात, मरुत्, पवमान, बयार, प्रकंपन।
• साँप - सर्प, नाग, विषधर, व्याल, भुजंग, उरग, अहि पन्नग।
• जंगल - वन, कानन, बीहड़, विटप, विपिन।

'चाय' शब्द में वचन है - '​एकवचन'

• एकवचन- शब्द के जिस रूप से केवल 'एक' वस्तु या व्यक्ति का ज्ञान होता है, उसे 'एकवचन' कहते हैं।
• जैसे - लड़का, गाय, सिपाही आदि।

Key Points

Additional Informationएकवचन:-

• शब्द के जिस रूप से एक ही वस्तु का बोध हो, उसे एकवचन कहते हैं।
• जैसे- बच्चा, कपड़ा, माता, माला, पुस्तक, स्त्री, टोपी, बंदर, मोर आदि।

द्विवचन:-

• शब्द के जिस रूप से उसके दो होने का बोध हो, उसे द्विवचन कहते हैं। 
• जैसे - बालकौ, कवी, पती, सखायौ, भानू, पितरौ आदि।

'जटिल' शब्द का विलोम शब्द है - **'**सरस'

• जटिल - कठिन, दुर्बोध, जो आसानी से सुलझ न सके।
• सरस - रसीला, रसयुक्त, सरल।

Key Pointsकाट्य:-

• अर्थ: जिसे काटा जा सके या जिसका खंडन हो सके।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अकाट्य'
• अर्थ: जो कट न सके।

कटु:-

• अर्थ: तीक्ष्ण, तीखा, कड़वा, चरपरा।
• विलोम शब्द - ​**'मधुर'**
• अर्थ: मीठा, कटुता रहित, कर्णप्रिय वचन।

कटोर:-

• अर्थ: कड़ा, ठोस, सख़्त।
• विलोम शब्द - 'कोमल'
• अर्थ: मुलायम, नाज़ुक, सुकुमार।

संयुक्त वाक्य है - 'वहाँ जाइए और बैठिये।'

• यहां पर दो सरल स्वतंत्र वाक्य को और संयोजक अव्यय के माध्यम से जोड़ा गया है। अतः यह उदाहरण संयुक्त वाक्य के अंतर्गत रखा जाएगा।
• जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक स्वतंत्र साधारण वाक्य या प्रधान उपवाक्य उपस्थित हों तो उस वाक्य को संयुक्त वाक्य कहते हैं।
• संयोजक शब्द - किंतु, परंतु, लेकिन, तथा, या, एवं, अथवा, और, बल्कि, अतः आदि।

उदाहरण -

• पूनम किताब पढ़ी परंतु उसे समझ नहीं आई।
• राधा को चोट लगी और वह रोने लगी।

Key Points

• जब आप वहाँ जाएँ तो बैठ जाएँ। **(**मिश्रित वाक्य)
• उधर जाक बैठिये। **(**सरल वाक्य)
• वहाँ जाकर बैठिये। (सरल वाक्य)

Additional Information

'जल-थल एक होना' मुहावरे के अर्थ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ रूप से व्यक्त है - 'खूब वर्षा होना'

• वाक्य प्रयोग- आज लग रहा है कि "जल-थल एक होकर ही रहेगा"।

Additional Information

• मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्य होता है
• जो वाक्य की रचना करने पर अपना एक अलग अर्थ या विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है
• इनका प्रयोग करने से भाषा,आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण तथा रोचक बन जाती है।

Key Points कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरा, अर्थ और उनके वाक्य प्रयोग:- 

• जमीन आसमान एक करना - बहुत अधिक परिश्रम करना

          वाक्य प्रयोग- इस हत्या का सुराग लगाने के लिए पुलिस ने "जमीन आसमान एक कर दिया"।

• धोबी का कुत्ता घर का न घाट का- जिसका कहीं ठिकाना न हो, निरर्थक व्यक्ति

          वाक्य प्रयोग- जब से रामू की नौकरी छूटी है, उसकी दशा "धोबी का कुत्ता घर न घाट का" जैसी है।

• पाँचों उँगलियाँ घी में होना- पूरे लाभ में

          वाक्य प्रयोग- अनमोल का बेटा विदेश से बहुत पैसे भेजता है अब तो उसकी "पाँचों उँगलियाँ घी" में हैं।

• घाव पर नमक छिड़कना- दुखी को और दुखी करना

          वाक्य प्रयोग- उसको समझ नहीं आता क्या की किसी के "घाव पर नमक छिड़कना" कितना बुरा है।

• हाथ-पाँव फूल जाना- घबरा जाना।

           वाक्य प्रयोग- मनविंदर की कार एक्सीडेंट की खबर को सुनकर उसके परिवार वालों के "हाथ पैर फूल गए"।

• अपने पाँव आप कुल्हाड़ी मारना- संकट मोल लेना

          वाक्य प्रयोग- उससे तकरार कर तुमने अपने "पाँव आप कुल्हाड़ी मारी" है।

दिए गए वाक्य में क्रिया है - 'अकर्मक'

• शिशु रो रहा है।
• (यहाँ पर रोने का प्रभाव कर्ता यानि शिशु पड़ रहा है अत: यह अकर्मक क्रिया के अंतर्गत आएगा।)
• क्रिया का वह रूप जिसमें क्रिया द्वारा होने वाले व्यापार का फल कर्म पर न पड़कर कर्ता पर पड़ता हो उसे अकर्मक क्रिया कहते हैं।

जैसे -

• रमेश दौड़ रहा है।
• मेरे हाथ खुजलाते हैं।

Key Points 

विदेशज शब्द नहीं हैं - 'फुनगी'

• देशज शब्द हैं - 'फुनगी'
• फुनगी का अर्थ - पेड़ की शाखा का अग्र भाग।
• विदेशज शब्द हैं - तलाश, तौलिया, पटाखा।

Mistake Points

Key Pointsविदेशज:-

• विदेशी भाषाओं से हिंदी में आये शब्दों को विदेशी या विदेशज शब्द कहा जाता है।
• इन विदेशी भाषाओं में मुख्यतः अरब���, फारसी, तुर्की, अंग्रेजी व पुर्तगाली शामिल है।
• जैसे - औरत, अदालत, कानून, कुर्सी, कीमत, गरीब, आदमी, तनख्वाह, चश्मा, अचार, चाबी, संतरा, साबून, कैची, कलंगी, आका, कॉलेज।

Additional Informationदेशज:-

• वे शब्द जिनकी उत्पत्ति के मूल का पता न हो परन्तु वे प्रचलन में हों।
• ऐसे शब्द देशज शब्द कहलाते हैं। ये शब्द आम तौर पर क्षेत्रीय भाषा में प्रयोग किये जाते हैं।
• जैसे - लोटा, कटोरा, डोंगा, डिबिया, खिचड़ी, खिड़की, पगड़ी, अंटा, चसक, चिड़िया, जूता, ठेठ, ठुमरी, तेंदुआ, कलाई।

'इंद्रा ∶ इंद्र' शब्द युग्म का सही शब्द युग्म है - 'इंद्राणी ∶ सुरपति'

• इंद्रा - इंद्र की पत्नी, शची।
• इंद्र - देवराज, वर्षा का देवता।

Mistake Points

• उद्धत - उद्दण्ड, उद्दत - तैयार
• इति - समाप्ति, ईति - बाधा, आपदा

Key Points

• हिंदी व्याकरण में अनेक प्रकार के ऐसे शब्द होते हैं जिन का उच्चारण एक समान होता है।
• परंतु उनके अर्थ अलग-अलग होते हैं। तो इसे युग्म शब्द कहते हैं।

Additional Informationकुछ शब्द युग्म:-

• अनल - आग
• अनिल - हवा
• निर्जर - देवता
• निर्झर - झरना
• सुचि - सुई
• सूची - तालिका
• तरणि - सूर्य
• तरणी - नाव

'जो कम बोलता हो' वाक्यांश के लिए उचित शब्द है - 'अल्पभाषी'

• जो कई भाषाएँ बोलता हो - बहुभाषी
• जिसने बहुत कुछ सुन रखा हो - बहुश्रुत
• बहुत-सी भाषाओं को जानने वाला - बहुभाषाविद

Key Points

• अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द:-

• जो जल से उत्पन्न होता हो - जलज
• जिसने इन्द्रियों को वश में कर लिया हो - जितेन्द्रिय
• जो ग्रहण करने योग्य हो - ग्राह्म
• जिसके सिर पर चन्द्रकला हो - चन्द्रचूड़
• जहां सैनिक निवास करते हो - छावनी
• जो किसी भी गुट में नहीं हो - तटस्थ
• बाणों को रखने का पात्र - तुणीर
• जिसे कठिनाई से लाँघा जा सके - दुर्लंघ्य

दिए गए वाक्य का काल है - 'सामान्य भूतकाल'

• दिये गए वाक्य "आधुनिक युग की मीरा महादेवी वर्मा ने 'मेरा परिवार' नामक संस्‍मरण लिखा।" में भूतकाल का प्रयोग हुआ है। यह वाक्य बताता है कि कार्य पूर्णतः समाप्त हो चुका है, जिसके आधार पर इसे "सामान्य भूतकाल" में माना जा सकता है।

Key Points

'सुनार' शब्द का प्रत्यय है - 'आर'

• सोना + आर = सुनार
• 'सोना' मूल शब्द और 'आर' प्रत्यय
• अर्थ: सोने-चाँदी का पेशा करनेवाला, स्वर्णकार।

Key Points

• प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ता है।

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण प्रत्यय शब्द:-

• आर - लोहार, चमार, कुम्हार, लुहार, चमार, गँवार।
• अर - पेंटर, सेंटर, लेटर।
• ईन - प्रवीण, शौकीन, प्राचीन, कुलीन, शालीन।
• अक - लेखक, पाठक, कारक, गायक।
• इक - लौकिक, धार्मिक, वार्षिक, ऐतिहासिक।
• पन - अपनापन, मोटापन, कालापन, नीलापन।
• इया - छलिया, जड़िया, बढ़िया, घटिया।
• आई - लड़ाई, सिलाई, पढ़ाई, चढ़ाई।

दिए गए वाक्य में उपयुक्त विराम चिह्न है - (,)

• चलो**,** जल्दी चलो**,** बस आ गई है।
• बोलते समय वाक्य को अर्थपूर्ण, भावपूर्ण और स्पष्ट बनाने के लिए, वाक्य के बीच में हम थोड़ी देर के लिए रुकते हैं,
• इसी ठहराव को लिखते समय जिस चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाता है, उसे अल्पविराम कहते हैं।

जैसे -

• रोको**,** मत जाने दो।
• ठहरो**,** तुम ऐसा नहीं कर सकते।

Key Points

• विवरण चिन्ह - (:-)
• योजक चिन्ह - (-)
• लाघव चिन्ह - (०)

Additional Information

लेखक ने समाज की भ्रष्टाचार व्यवस्था को उजागर किया है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• इस रचना में लेखक ने एक मनुष्य की आत्मा के लुप्त हो जाने की
• घटना के माध्यम से शासकीय व्यवस्था, घूसखोरी जड़ता और यथार्थ का उद्धाटन किया है। ​
• यह कहानी सतही तौर पर एक व्यक्ति की व्यथा कथा दिखाई देती है, जो भ्रष्टाचार की चक्की में पिस रहा है,
• परन्तु इस कथा के पीछे लेखक की मानवीय करुणा और सामाजिक यथार्थ के प्रति आक्रोश झलकता है।

Key Points

• भ्रष्टाचार - दूषित और निंदनीय आचार विचार।

Additional Informationअलौकिक:-

• अर्थ: जो लोक में न मिलता हो।

सकारात्मक:-

• अर्थ: सहमति या स्वीकृति का सूचक, जो सार्थक हो।

आशावादी:-

• अर्थ: आशावाद को माननेवाला, अच्छे परिणाम में विश्वास रखनेवाला।

जीव का मन पेंशन की फाइल में अटक हुआ था।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​आखिरकार जब नारद जी उसे ढूँढ़ते हुए स्वयं धरती पर आए तो वह जीव अपनी पेंशन फाइल में अटका हुआ पाया गया।
• आश्चर्य यह था कि नारद जी के कहने पर भी वह स्वर्ग में जाने को तैयार नहीं, क्योंकि उसका मन अपनी पेंशन फाइलों में ही अटक गया है।

Key Points

• पेंशन - पूर्ण अवकाश प्राप्त होने पर दिया जानेवाला वेतन, निवृत्ति वेतन।

Additional Informationस्वर्ग:-

• अर्थ: सुरलोक, देवलोक, दिव्यधाम, ब्रह्मधाम, द्यौ, परमधाम, त्रिदिव, दयुलोक।

दफ्तर:-

• अर्थ: कार्यालय, ऑफ़िस।

व्यवस्था:-

• अर्थ: प्रबंध, इंतज़ाम।

सरकारी कर्मचारी 5 सालों तक पेंशन के लिए चक्कर लगता रहा।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• यह रचना स्वातन्त्र्योत्तर भारत के सामाजिक यथार्थ की सशक्त प्रस्तुति है।
• एक मामूली सरकारी कर्मचारी रिटायर हो गया और पाँच साल तक पेंशन के लिए चक्कर लगाते-लगाते मर गया।​

Key Pointsस्वातन्त्र्योत्तर:-

• अर्थ: स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद होने वाला।

सशक्त:-

• अर्थ: जिसमें शक्ति हो, मज़बूत, शक्तिशाली, बलवान।

रिटायर:-

• अर्थ: सेवानिवृत्ति, अवकाश प्राप्ति।

दी हुई रचना व्यंग रचना है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• परसाईं जी की रचना 'भोलाराम का जीव' एक व्यंग्य रचना है।
• इस रचना में लेखक ने एक मनुष्य की आत्मा के लुप्त हो जाने की
• घटना के माध्यम से शासकीय व्यवस्था, घूसखोरी जड़ता और यथार्थ का उद्धाटन किया है। ​

Key Points

• व्यंग - (साहित्य) शब्द का वह गूढ़ अर्थ जो उसकी व्यंजना शक्ति के द्वारा प्रकट हो।

Additional Informationदुखद:-

• अर्थ: जिसके कारण या फलस्वरूप मन को दुख पहुँचे।

हास्य:-

• अर्थ: हँसी, आनंद, प्रसन्नता।

शृंगारित:-

• अर्थ: शृंगार रस से संबंध रखने वाला।

"भ्रष्टाचार" शब्द का सही संधि- विच्छेद होगा - 'भ्रष्ट + आचार'

• भ्रष्ट + आचार = भ्रष्टाचार (अ + आ = आ) दीर्घ संधि
• भ्रष्टाचार - दूषित और निंदनीय आचार विचार।

Key Pointsदीर्घ संधि:-

• जब दो शब्दों की संधि करते समय (अ, आ) के साथ (अ, आ) हो तो ‘आ‘ बनता है,
• जब (इ, ई) के साथ (इ, ई) हो तो ‘ई‘ बनता है,
• जब (उ, ऊ) के साथ (उ, ऊ) हो तो ‘ऊ‘ बनता है, तो उसे दीर्घ संधि कहते है।

उदाहरण-

• विद्या + अभ्यास = विद्याभ्यास (आ + अ = आ)
• कवि + ईश्वर = कवीश्वर (इ + ई = ई)
• वधु + उत्सव = वधूत्सव (उ + उ = ऊ)

The correct answer is option (3) “Overt”

Key Points

• Surreptitious means 'clandestine, covert, secret, stealthy (चोरी किया हुआ, गुप्त या छल से लिया हुआ)'.
• Example: 'He tried to be little more surreptitious about his plans.'
• Overt means 'open, observable, not hidden (खुला, प्रत्यक्ष, अपरोक्ष).
• Example: 'The decision of the court was an overt win of honesty'.

Thus, option 3 "Overt" is the word opposite in meaning to the given word.

Additional Information

• Indulge means to allow oneself to follow one's will, to get into (लिप्त होना, सम्मिलित होना).
• Imbibe means absorb, soak, take (पीना, ग्रहण करना, सोख लेना).
• Clandestine means secret, hidden, surreptitious (गुप्त, छिपा हुआ, चोरी से लिया हुआ).

The correct answer is option (1) “SPRQ”

Key Points

• Purpose/Motivation Statement (Reason for the purchase):
• "To have the time of my life" (S): This part explains the main motivation behind the purchase.
• Action after Purchase (Immediate plan with the item):
• "And install it in my study" (P): After buying, you will install it in a specific place.
• Usage of the item (What you will do with it):
• "Winding it up and listening" (R): This describes how you will use the item once it is installed.
• Commitment Phrase (Emphasizing resolve):
• "Back whatever the cost" (Q): This part emphasizes your commitment, indicating that price is not a concern
  

Therefore, the correct order of the parts of sentence after rearrangement would be: Then I shall buy it to have the time of my life and install it in my study, winding it up and listening, back whatever the cost."

The correct answer is part-1 "Weather of South India is more"

Key Points

• In the first part of the sentence double comparative degrees are used.
• Comparative degree of 'Much' is used for 'hotter' which is already comparative degree of hot.
• Hence, 'More' has to be removed to make the sentence correct.

Thus, the error part of the sentence is option (2) part 1, i.e., "Weather of South India is more."

The errorless sentence will be: -

• Weather of South India is hotter than that of North India.

The correct answer is "to keep changing one's opinions".

Key Points

• Here, the phrase given in the question means “To change one's mind, fluctuate or wobble about."
• For example: “He cannot stay in one team, he always blows hot and cold.”

Thus, the meaning of phrase “to blow hot and cold” is best expressed by alternative “to keep changing one's opinions*.”***

Additional Information

• Other phrases of blow are: -     
• Blow away- Astonish, bewilder
• Blow one's brains out- shoot someone in the head

The correct answer is option (4) 'Fervent'.

Key Points

• Passionate means ‘compelled by or having intense emotion or strong feelings (जोशीला, आवेशपूर्ण या तीव्र).
• Example: 'I am super passionate about the work culture of big organizations'.
• Marked option Fervent means ‘having great warmth, intensity of spirit (तीक्ष्ण, उत्साही, जोशीला).
• Example: 'They have made fervent efforts to bring preparators to justice.'
• The word 'Fervent' means the same as the given word 'Passionate'.

Therefore, the correct answer is Fervent.

 Additional Information

• The meanings of other options are: -
• Fallacy – Misconception, False belief (भ्रांति, धोखा या मिथ्या)
• Folly – Foolish or senseless behaviour, stupid mistake (अज्ञानता, नादानी, मूर्खता)
• Figure – Design, pattern, decorative work (आकृति, स्वरूप या चित्र)

The correct answer is option (2) “Precious”

 Key Points

• The word ‘Precious’ means ‘of high price, of great value, valuable or costly’.
• All spellings in other given options do not constitute any word.

Thus, the correctly spelt word is option (2) “Precious”

Additional Information

• The synonyms of the word 'Precious' are beloved, dear, treasured and cherished.
• Example of 'Precious' in a sentence: -
• You should know how you are spending your precious time.

The correct answer is option (3) 'Somniloquist'.

Key Points

• Let us explore all options: -
• Orator is a person who delivers an oration, a public speaker.
• Omniscient means having complete or unlimited knowledge.
• Somniloquist means "A person who talks in his/her sleep."
• Abattoir means a slaughterhouse or a butchery.

*Therefore, the correct answer is '*Somniloquist.'

The correct answer is 'Option (2)' i.e. 'Bookkeeper'.

Key Points

• The word "Bookkeeper" refers to a person whose job is to record the financial transactions of a business or organization. (लेखापाल)
• Example: The bookkeeper carefully entered all the expenses into the company ledger.
• As the correct word, "Bookkeeper" is notable in English because it contains three consecutive pairs of double letters: oo-kk-ee. (सही वर्तनी वाला शब्द)
• Example: A skilled bookkeeper can help a small business manage its accounts efficiently.
• Among all the given options, only "Bookkeeper" follows the standard and accepted English spelling used in dictionaries and formal writing.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Bookkeeper.

Additional Information

• Bookeeper (बुकईपर – गलत वर्तनी): This form drops one 'k' and does not match any correct English spelling.
• Bookkeepar (बुककीपर – गलत वर्तनी): The ending "-ar" is incorrect here; the correct suffix is "-er".
• Bookkeper (बुककेपर – गलत वर्तनी): This option is missing one 'e', so the pattern of double letters is broken, making it incorrect.

he correct answer is option (4) “are”.

 Key Points

• The sentence is in continuous tense. The use of (verb + ing) is an indicator of it, so option (1) can be eliminated.
• The subject of the sentence constitutes more than two persons; hence it is plural.
• Option (2) and (3) constitute of helping verbs of singular subject, thus they can also be eliminated.
• Leftover option (4) justifies both with the tense and use of the word 'today'.

Thus, the correct word to fill the blank is option (4) "are".

The correct answer is option (1) “RPQS”

Key Points

• The opening sentence is "The choice of hobbies is not an easy task" which initially start a speech about hobbies.
• The next part needs to be telling us more about hobbies and relate with the opening sentence, which is “As we know that some hobbies demand a little guidance from an experienced person.”
• The next sentence i.e. “Our sudden attachment to them without any knowledge may lead to wastage of money” guidance requirement for keeping hobbies is justified with referring as 'them.'
• Rest of the sentence is the conclusion derived from wastage of money in the previous sentence which is "Due to this we abandon them easily."

Therefore, the correct sequence of the jumble para would be: -

“The choice of hobbies is not an easy task. As we know that some hobbies demand a little guidance from an experienced person. Our sudden attachment to them without any knowledge may lead to wastage of money. Due to this we abandon them easily."

The correct answer is "has always been a descendant of ". 

Key Points

• The word 'Descendant' comes with the preposition 'of'.
• Descendant means a person who is related to someone and who lives after someone, such as his/her child or grandchild
• For example: They claim to be descendants of a French duke.
• The correct sentence is: She has always been a descendant of royal family.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The correct answer is "Extremely happy". 

Key Points

• The idiom 'Be in the seventh heaven' means **to be extremely happy. (**अत्यंत प्रसन्न होना)
• For example: Since they got married, they've been in seventh heaven.
• From the above meaning of the idiom it can be concluded that the correct answer is "Option 1".

Additional Information

• Other idioms related to the meaning of happiness are as follows: 
• On cloud nine means extremely happy when something wonderful happens.
• For example: She's been on cloud nine since she found out she is pregnant.
• Music to your ears :This idiom is used to describe the situation when the information you come to know of makes you very happy.
• For example: The financial team’s annual presentation was music to the ears of the CEO.

The correct answer is "No improvement". 

Key Points

• If a sentence has two subjects connected by or/nor, either/or, or neither/nor, the verb must agree with the second subject (the subject closer to the verb).
• For example: Neither the dogs nor the cat is going outside.
• The singular subject “cat” matches the singular verb “is.”
• If we flip the sentence, the verb will change.
• From the above explanation it can be concluded that the above sentence is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The correct answer is "vague". 

Key Points

• In the given sentence the correct word to fill in the blank will be 'vague'.
• Vague means not clearly expressed, known, described, or decided. (स्पष्ट रूप से व्यक्त, ज्ञात, वर्णित या तय नहीं किया गया।)
• For example: I do have a vague memory of meeting her many years ago.
• The correct sentence: The lawyer's vague explanations in the court made him lose the case.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 1". 

Additional Information

• Mad: insane, deranged, demented
• Lucid: understandable, coherent, intelligible
• Placid: even-tempered, calm, peaceful, serene

The correct answer is '3'.

Key Points

• In the given sentence other will be used instead of another.
• Other means ‘additional or extra’, or ‘alternative’, or ‘different types of’.
• Other as a determiner: 
• We can use other with singular uncountable nouns and with plural nouns:
• For example: What other books by Charles Dickens have you read, apart from ‘Oliver Twist’?
• Other as a pronoun: 
• We can use other as a pronoun. As a pronoun, other has a plural form, others
• For example: We have to solve this problem, more than any other, today.
• When we use the indefinite article an before other, we write it as one word: another.
• Another means ‘one more’ or ‘an additional or extra’, or ‘an alternative or different’.
• Another as a determiner:
• We use another with singular nouns:
• For example: Would you like another cup of coffee?
• Another as a pronoun: 
• The applications are examined by one committee, then passed on to another.
• From the above explanation it can be concluded that the correct sentence will be: Staying home is a sacrifice we are actively making for the good of other.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The correct answer is option (1) I and II.

Key Points

• Refer to the following lines from the passage: -
• Line 1 of paragraph 2, "A little known fact is they actually belong to a category of animals (phylum) called Mollusca."
• Thus, statement I is correct as per the passage.
• Line 1 of paragraph 4, "It is, however, hard to compare brain size between marine animals and land animals, because the laws of physics differ in water and air." 
• ​Thus, statement II is correct as per the passage**.**
• Line 2 of paragraph 3, "easily the biggest of all invertebrates (animals without a backbone) and of comparable size to many vertebrates."
• Thus, statement III is incorrect as per the passage**.**

Therefore, the correct statements are option (1) I and II.

The correct answer is option (3) Peculiar.

Key Points

• In the given passage, *"*as a strange visual language to talk to other octopuses" strange means different from what is usual or unexpected, which makes you feel slightly nervous or afraid (असामान्य, अनूठा या अप्रत्याशित, जो आपको थोड़ा घबराहट या डर महसूस कराता है)
• In the given options: -
• Conventional means behavior or opinions that are ordinary and normal (व्यवहार या राय जो सामान्य हैं).
• Vulnerable means **capable to being attacked (**जो आघात योग्य हो)
• Peculiar means strange or unusual, sometimes in an unpleasant way (अजीब या असामान्य, कभी-कभी एक अप्रिय तरीके से)
• Deify means considered to be a god or are regarded with very great respect (एक देवता माना जाता है या बहुत सम्मान के साथ माना जाता है)

Thus, the synonym of the word 'strange' as used in the passage is option (3) Peculiar.

The correct answer is option (1) Octopus have big brains and are crazy smart.

Key Points

• Refer to the following lines of the passage: -
• Line 2 of paragraph 3,"Octopuses are like souped-up snails who lost their shells and grew a rather large brain."
• Line 3 of Para 3,"The greatest thing about them is their intelligence, which evolved completely independently from our own."
• Line 1 of Para 5,"Testing octopus intelligence can be a problem, because the animals frequently outsmart scientists."
• ​Thus, it can be derived that option 1 is true and appropriate as it refers to the gist of the passage.
• Line 1 of Para 1,"Octopuses are famous for their alien-like abilities, from regrowing damaged arms to changing their skin colour and texture.
• Thus, as per passage, Octopus does not change behavior. So, option 2 is a false statement as per passage**.**
• Line 1 of Para 1, **"**Octopuses are famous for their alien-like abilities, from regrowing damaged arms to changing their skin colour and texture."
• Line 1 of Para 2, "A little known fact is they actually belong to a category of animals (phylum) called Mollusca".
• Line 2-4 of paragraph 4,"An octopus brain is made up of about 500 million brain cells (neurons). This is seven times more than a mouse and about the same as a marmoset monkey. Humans, on the other hand, have 86 billion brain cells."
• ​Thus, option 3 is a false statement as per passage and Octopus are not like humans.
• Line 1 of paragraph 6,"Unlike us though, octopuses don't live for very long."
• ​Hence, option 4 is also true but not an appropriate conclusion because it refers to only one paragraph of the passage not the gist as per the given passage.

Thus, the appropriate conclusion for the given passage will be option (1) Octopus have big brains and are crazy smart.

The correct answer is option (1) Because they can even outsmart scientists.

Key Points

• Refers to line 1 of paragraph 5,"Testing octopus intelligence can be a problem, because the animals frequently outsmart scientists."
• Thus, option 1 is the correct option as per passage.

Thus, testing octopus intelligence can be a problem as given in chosen option (1) because they can outsmart scientists.

The correct answer is option (4) about 500 million

Key Points

• Refers to line 3 of paragraph 4,"An octopus brain is made up of about 500 million brain cells (neurons)."
• Refers to line 4 of paragraph 4,"This is seven times more than a mouse and about the same as a marmoset monkey."
• Hence it is clear from the passage that the marmoset monkey has about same number of brain cells as an octopus, i.e. about 500 million.

Thus, the correct answer is option (4) about 500 million.

Jean Piaget, a prominent Swiss psychologist has immensely contributed to the understanding of children's cognitive development who observed children over a period of years and noted that human behavior is an act of adaptation to the physical environment.

Key Points

• Piaget used the term schema to refer to the mental structures which help individuals to adapt to and organize their environment.
• The Schema constructs the meaning of the new experience and facilitates one's cognitive; adaptation to the new experience or environment.
• It is used to adapt to the environment when the child is faced with a similar situation in the future.
• Piaget suggested the organization of the new experience into schemata occurs through the processes of assimilation and accommodation.

Hence we conclude that Piaget's term for an organized pattern of behavior used in a particular situation is called Schema.

Additional Information

• Assimilation is the process through which a child makes sense of experiences and perceptions by fitting them into the existing cognitive structures(schemata).
• Accommodation - When the process of assimilation is not working because the new experiences do not fit into any of the existing schemata, a new schema will have to be developed to adapt to the new experience.
• Equilibration - Equilibration is the process of learning that occurs when the processes of assimilation and accommodation interact. It does the balancing act between them.

Asthma is a very distressing condition that affects children quite early in life. Babies from the age of three years sometimes have asthma ad they keep getting attacks. 

Key Points

• Asthma is a respiratory disorder related to the lungs.
• Asthma is a major noncommunicable disease (NCD), affecting both children and adults, and is the most common chronic disease among children.
• Inflammation and narrowing of the small airways in the lungs cause asthma symptoms, which can be any combination of cough, wheeze, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
• It starts with a runny nose and cough and soon develops into a wheeze.
• The wheeze then goes on to produce respiratory distress.
• If the spasm of the bronchus is severe, less oxygen reaches the lungs and the child starts running bluish.
• Asthma needs to be treated by a doctor.

Hence we conclude that only II is correct about Asthma.

In pregnancy and during labor, the healthcare provider checks the health of the unborn baby (fetus). This is done by checking the baby’s heart rate and other functions. Fetal monitoring is a very common procedure.

Key Points

• Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM), also called cardiotocography (CTG) - is when the baby’s heart rate is monitored with an ultrasound machine while the mother’s contractions are monitored with a pressure sensor.
• Sensors are linked to a recording machine, which shows a print-out or computer screen of the baby’s heart rate and the mother’s contractions called EFM tracings.
• The monitor is assessing the baseline fetal heart rate and how it changes with contractions.
• It records any increases in the fetal heart rate (accelerations) and any decreases (decelerations), as well as the frequency and duration of the mother’s uterine contractions.

Hence we conclude that Electronic Fetal monitoring is the mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and childbirth.

Reflexes are automatic physical movements in response to a particular event or stimulus. In other words, they are involuntary physical actions. The reflex is necessary for survival.

Key Points

 All the reflexes help the neonate to adjust to her environment and to survive. 

• Rooting reflex - If you stroke the corner of the newborn's mouth, her head turns towards the corner you are stroking, she opens her lips, puts out her tongue, and tries to take the object in her mouth to suck it.
• Sucking Reflex - Newborn babies such everything that is placed in their mouth. It is a feeding reflex that helps the newborn in sucking breast milk.
• Babinski reflex - If you stroke the baby on the sole of her foot, she first spreads her toes and then curls them. It can be seen in 4-6 months fetus and disappears by 12-18 months after birth.
• Swimming - The newborn makes well-coordinated swimming movements.
• Moro -  On hearing a loud sound or getting any kind of physical shock such as when the support from the head is suddenly removed, the baby throws out her arms and arches her back.

Hence we conclude that only II  is correctly matched with respect to the newborn reflexes,

Central to the thinking of ecological theorists (Barker, 1963, 1968) is the notion of organism-environment-fit. Environments are designed or grow to accommodate certain behaviors. Behavior settings, as Barker termed them, are evaluated in terms of the goodness of fit between the interdependent environmental features and the behaviors that take place.

Key Points

• Ecological theories explain that there is a symbiotic relationship between a person and their environment i.e., they are dependent on each other.
• Human behavior and responses are directly related to the environmental settings and slight alterations or modifications can lead to a change in the characteristics of the former.
• Ecological perception is described as the process by which people relate to and respond to their environment.
• It describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system.
• It describes organisms and their environment as mutually reciprocal.

Hence, we can conclude that in the context of physical development, ecological theory of perception describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system.

Neurons are involved in all reflex actions ranging from simple and complex problem solving to communication between sensory and motor neurons.Hence, no behavior is possible without the appropriate functioning of the neurons. For example, if we are able to see an object, it is possible because the receptors in the eye communicate this to the brain which helps us to perceive things clearly.

Key PointsIntegration:

• Integration is the process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.
• It helps to connect the neurons together and send information that mediates behavioral responses. If there is any dysfunction in the synaptic activity, then it may lead to change in behavior and cause depression, schizophrenia etc.
• It helps in integrating the impulses travelling down from different neurons.

Differentiation:

• Differentiation is the process by which neurons acquire specialized structure and function.
• It helps in integrating the impulses travelling down from different neurons.
• the functions of muscles, lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidney and other organs are coordinated while performing physical exercises. In our body the neural system and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and differentiate all the activities of the organs so that they function in a synchronized fashion.

Hence, we can conclude that Both I and II are correctly matched in the context of neuron.

Arousal is a hypothetical construct that represents the level of central nervous system activity along a behavioral continuum ranging from sleep to alertness.

Key Points

• Stokes and Kite (2001) suggested that arousal be considered, “the basic energetic state of an organism.”
• Infant stimulation includes activities that arouse or stimulate your baby's sense of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Infant stimulation can improve your baby's curiosity, attention span, memory, and nervous system development.
• In the context of physical development state of Arousal describes that an infant's physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wake fullness, sleep and activity.
• The behavioral states experienced by infants in fairly even alternation, including regular, periodic, and irregular sleep, crying ,waking activity alert inactivity.
• Irregular sleep - Muscles twitch, but no major movements.
• Alert Inactivity - Quiet movement, may move head, limbs while looking around.
• Crying - May move head and limbs.
• Walking - May move whole body and limbs along with head.

Hence, we can conclude that only statement I is true.

Motor development refers to the development of the muscles and the physical development of the child.

Key Points The muscles are of two types -

• Gross motor - They are the large (gross) muscles of the body such as the muscles of the arm and legs.
• Gross motor skills are those which require the coordination of large (gross) muscles of the body.
• These skills include skills such as Physical, Motor, and those of the shoulder, elbow, hip, and back.
• Running, walking, climbing, throwing, Sensory Development kicking, and catching requires the use of large muscles.
• These are developed till the age of five. A 5-year-old child can effectively start, turn and stop in games and running leap from 28 to 36 inches.
• Fine motor - They include small muscles such as the muscles of the fingers.
• Fine motor skills are those in which the small muscles of the body are used such as those of the wrist and fingers.
• Picking up or grasping objects, writing and painting are examples of fine motor skills.
• The basic accomplishments in the area of motor development are achieved during the first year and a half of life.

Hence we conclude that both I and II are skills shown by a five-year-old.

Anoxemia is defined as a deficiency in either the delivery or the utilization of oxygen at the tissue level.

Key Points

• The deficiency of oxygen in the blood fluids is known as anoxemia.
• Anoxemia is an inadequate partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
• It may cause brain damage.
• it can affect one's mental activity.
• it can send a person to a coma.
• it reduces the work capacity of the muscles.
• There are many causes of anoxemia that are as under- it can cause many respiratory disorders, it can cause tissue anoxemia as the blood supply is not adequate to the body. When there is extreme anoxemia, it is known as anoxia.

Hence, we can conclude that anoxia happens due to lack of oxygen, may cause brain damage.

Additional Information

• Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning.
• Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by repeated seizures.
• Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior.

The five-factor model is a personality assessment technique that describes the personality of an individual based on the five characteristics of an individual.

Key Points

• It is a theoretical model developed and tested by Costa and Mccrae.
• It is based on the "Big Five" factors underlying a cluster of related personality traits.
• These factors were initially labeled as
• Extraversion or Surgency - encompasses specific traits such as talkative, energetic, and assertive.
• Agreeableness - includes traits like sympathetic, kind, and affectionate.
• Conscientiousness -includes traits like organized, thorough, and planful tendencies.
• Emotional stability versus neuroticism -  includes traits like tension, moody, and anxiety.
• Culture - includes traits like having wide interests, and being imaginative and insightful.
• These factors came to be known as the Big Five.
• These five dimensions represent personality at the broadest level of abstraction, and each dimension summarises a large number of distinct, more specific personality characteristics.

Hence we conclude that both । and II are correct with reference to the five-factor model.

Nil Darpan (The Indigo Planting Mirror) is a Bangla play by Dinabandhu Mitra in 1858–59 and published in Dhaka in 1860, under a pseudonym.

Key Points

• It depicted the Indigo Revolt of February–March 1859 in Bengal, when farmers refused to sow indigo in their fields to protest against exploitative farming under the British Raj.
• The play deals with the exploitation of indigo farmers by the British.
• It was also essential to the development of theatre in Bengal where the first play ever commercially staged was "Nildarpan".
• Michael Madhusudan Dutt translated the play into English immediately after it was published.
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay compared Nil Darpan to Uncle Tom's Cabin for its role in arousing people's awareness of the evils of indigo plantations.

Hence, we can conclude that statement I and III are correct about the play Nil Darpan.

Consciousness is a phenomenon that is shared by nearly all people. It cannot be directly seen or touched. Yet it is real enough to most people. It is the fundamental state that denotes the being as alive and gives the body the necessary information about the world outside it and about the body itself.

Key Points

• Consciousness consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories and feelings you are aware of at any instance.
• Consciousness is the awareness of environmental and cognitive events such as sights and sounds of the world as well as of one’s memories, thoughts, feelings and bodily sensations.
• Conscience is internal standards of behavior, which usually control one's conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated.
• Consciousness includes a realization of environmental stimuli. For example one might become mindful of an old tune, a headache, or visual recognition of an old friend.

Hence, we can conclude that conscience is internal standards of behavior, which usually control one's conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated.

Additional Information

• Self regulation can be described as the factor coming in between feeling and action, where an individual takes time to think about the situation that he/ she is facing and then accordingly takes an action.

Attachment has been defined as a long enduring, emotionally meaningful tie to a particular individual. John Bowlby described attachment as a ‘lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.

Key Points

• John Bowlby's attachment theory states that infants are programmed to respond to their caregivers and caregivers are also biologically programmed to respond to the cues from an infant.
• It states that both the infant and the caregiver contribute to the quality of the relationship.
• Bowlby revealed three phases in the reaction of young children when their bond with their loved ones was challenged.
• In the first phase, the child protests and tries to undo the separation.
• After this phase, despair sets in when the child is fixated on the absent parent but remains in a passive role.
• In the third phase, after a couple of weeks or months, the child actively detaches himself/herself/themselves from the missing parent and starts engaging with the new caregiver.

Hence we conclude that both I and II are correct about attachment.

The Sannyasi rebellion or monk rebellion 1770-77 was a revolt by the sannyasis and sadhus in Bengal, India in the late 18th century.

Key Points

• The growing hardship of the peasantry, increasing revenue demand, and the Bengal famine of 1770 brought a large member of dispossessed small Zamindars, disbanded soldiers, and rural poor into the bands of Sanyasis and Fakirs.
• They moved around different parts of Bengal and Bihar in bands of 5 to 7 thousand and adopted the guerilla technique of attack.
• Their target of the attack was the grain stocks of the rich and at a later stage, government officials. They looted local government treasuries.
• Sometimes the wealth looted was distributed among the poor.
• They established an independent government in Bogra and Mymensing.

Hence we can say that the Sanyasi Revolt takes place in the 1760s in Bengal.

Piaget gave the theory of cognitive development in which he described four stages through which a child develops cognitively.

Key Points

• The sensorimotor stage is the first of the four stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development that extends from birth to approximately 2 years.
• During this period, infants develop an understanding of the world through coordinating sensory experiences (seeing, hearing) with motor actions (reaching, touching).
• The sensorimotor stage of development can be broken down into six additional sub-stages.
• Reflex Acts- The first substage (first month of life) is the stage of reflex acts. The neonate responds to external stimulation with innate reflex actions.
• Primary Circular Reactions- The second substage is the stage of primary circular reactions. The baby will repeat pleasurable actions centered on its own body.

Secondary Circular Reactions- These last from about 4 – 8 months when the babies repeat pleasurable actions that involve objects as well as actions involving their own bodies.

Co-ordinating Secondary Schemes- (from 8 – 12 months) is the stage of co-ordinating secondary schemes, in which babies now show signs of an ability to use their acquired knowledge to reach a goal.

Tertiary Circular Reactions- The infant who once explored an object by taking it apart now tries to put it back together.

Symbolic Thought -This is transitional to the pre-operational stage of cognitive development. Babies can now form mental representations of objects.

 

Hence we conclude that circular reaction is the term for the processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired events originally discovered by chance.

Under the 74th Constitutional Amendment of India, the post of councilor mainly comes under Urban Local Bodies through Panchayati Raj system. Under this, arrangements for Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Nagar Panchayat have been organized.

Key Points

• Each city is divided into smaller towns, and the town is further divided into wards.
• The representative of each ward is called a councillors.
• In a Municipal Corporation, elected members are called councillors.
• The councilor is directly elected by the people of that ward.
• The main task of the councilor is to present the problems related to that ward to the municipality or the city council and after that the council passes the budget and solves that problem.

Hence, we can conclude that in a Municipal Corporation, elected members are called councillors.

Additional Information

• Municipal commissioner is the executive head of the municipal corporation and is appointed by the government.
• An administrative staff performs necessary bookkeeping activities and maintains weekly schedules of employees.

Motor behavior includes every kind of movement from involuntary twitches to goal-directed actions, in every part of the body from head to toe, in every physical and social context from solitary play to group interactions.

Key PointsThe mechanism of action is-

• An increasingly complex combination of skills.
• This allows for a wider or more precise range of movement and greater control of the environment.
• New or improved motor skills bring new parts of the environment into play and thereby provide new or enhanced opportunities for learning and doing.
• Caregiving practices facilitate and constrain motor development.
• New motor behaviors can emerge from a mix of interacting factors, some so pervasive that we mistakenly take them for granted, and some so subtle or non-obvious that we fail to recognize the link.

Hence we conclude that both I and II describe the mechanism of action in the context of motor development.

Jean Piaget studied cognitive development among children of different age groups in different developmental stages. According to Piaget, development is based on physical environment and biological abilities, he ignores social aspects and he categorized it into different developmental stages. These stages are:

• Sensory Motor Stage(0 to 2 Years)
• Pre-Operational Stage (2 to 7 Years)
• Concrete-Operational Stage (7 to 11 Years)
• Formal Operational Stage (11 Years to Adolescence)

Key Points​Pre-Operational Stage: According to Jean Piaget this is a stage in a child in which a child gains irreversibility, perceptual centration, language development, Egocentrism, and animism.

• Egocentric thought is a major characteristic of the pre-operational stage.
• Egocentrism refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view.
• The child's thoughts and emotions are typically for themselves.
• Deferred Imitation is also a major characteristic of the pre-operational stage.
• According to Piaget, it refers to reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time.

​Hence, we can conclude that according to Piaget, it refers to reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time.

Piaget’s stage theory describes the cognitive development in children. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive process and abilities. In Piaget’s view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations. 

Key PointsPiaget concerned the cognitive development in terms of stages.

• Stage I: Sensory motor stage: The first stage is the sensorimotor stage which lasts from birth to about two years old. The infant uses his or her senses and motor abilities to understand the world, beginning with reflexes and ending with complex combinations of sensorimotor skills. This stage can be divided into six separate sub-stages as given below.
• Reflexes (0-1 month): The child understands the environment purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking.
• Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months): Between one and four months, the child works on an action of his own which serves as a stimulus to which it responds with the same action, and around and around we go.
• Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months): The child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment.
• Coordination of Secondary Reactions (8-12 months): Develop certain focuses on the demand object. Responses become more coordinate and complex.
• Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-24 months): Children begin a period of trial and error experimentation during this sub-stage.
• Early Representational Thought: Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world in the final sensory motor sub-stage.
• Stage II- Preoperational stage: The preoperational stage lasts from about two to about seven years old.
• Stage III- Concrete operations stage: The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age twelve.
• Stage IV- Formal operational stage: The formal operational stage begins at approximately age twelve to and lasts into adulthood.

Hence, we can conclude that in the context of sensorimotor stage of cognitive development Only I is correctly matched.