Direction chart:-

Step 1- Let Raman start from A and walks 25 meters towards South.

Step 2-  He takes a left turn and walks 40 metres.

Step 3- He takes a left turn and walks 60 metres.

Step 4-  He takes a right turn and walks 20 metres.

Step 5-   He takes a right turn and walks 35 metres.

Step 6-  Finally he takes a left turn and walks 19 metres.

Statements:-

I. The starting point is 79 metres west of the ending point.✅

The starting point is A and ending point is G.

AG = AO + OF + FG

AG = 40 + 20 + 19 

AG = 79

Hence, the given statement is correct.

II. After the fourth turn, Raman will face south.✅

Here, we see that after fouth turn Raman will face south.

Hence, the given statement is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is Both I and II.

Step 1-   P4's salary is more than P5's.

P4>P5

Step 2-  P5's salary is more than P6's salary.

P4>P5>P6

Step 3- The salary of P2 is more than the salary of P4 and P6.

P2>P4>P5>P6

Step 4- P2's salary is less than P1's salary.

P1>P2>P4>P5>P6

Step 5-   P1's salary is less than P3's salary. 

P3>P1>P2>P4>P5>P6

P2 has the fourth lowest salary.

Hence, the correct answer is P2.

The logic used in this question is:-

Here, 6 is added in 28 to get to get 34 which is add with 65 to get 99. But we have to add

8 as per logic.

Hence, the wrong term is 99.

Pulp is basic raw material used in production of paper. Similarly, the basic raw material

of metal are ore.

Hence, the correct answer is Metal: Ore.

Let get the code of given words:-

Hence, the correct answer is * +.

The venn diagram representation of given statement is -

Conclusion:

I. Some Q are S.✅

The portion of Q which is P, is also S.

Hence, Some Q are S. 

II. All S are Q.❌

Some S are Q is possible but all S are Q is not possible.

Hence, the given statement is incorrect.

Hence, the correct answer is Only conclusion I follows.

Step 1. Four girls sit between D and H. 

Step 2. Two girls sit between H and B

Step 3. B sits immediate left of A.

Step 4.  G sits third to the left of A. E is the neighbor of D

Step 5. F sits third to the right of C.

 

Statements:-

I. C and E sit at the extreme ends.✅

Here, we clearly see that C and E are at extreme ends.

Hence, the given statement is correct.

II. Two girls sit between B and C.❌

There are 3 girls sitting between B and C.

Hence, the correct answer is Only I.

The number of nights that are days, but there are no river is shown by coloured portion in the given diagram -

Hence, the correct answer is 28.

The correct venn diagram representation is:-

Conclusion:

I. Some A is G.❌

Here, no direct relation between A and G is given.

Hence, the given statement is incorrect.

II. Some D are F.✅

Some A are D and all A are F. So, Some D are F.

Hence, this statement is correct.

III. Some G are D.❌

Here, no direct relation between D and G is given.

Hence, the given statement is incorrect.

Hence, the correct answer is Only conclusion II follows.

If a mirror is placed along MN line, then, we will get the following mirror image-

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Step 1. Raman and Naman start walking in opposite direction from point A. Raman walks 4 km and Naman walks 5 km.

 

Step 2.  Raman takes a right turn and walks 6 km. While Naman takes a left turn and walks 6 km.  

The distance between Raman and Naman is equal to DE =  BC = 5km + 4km = 9km

Hence, the correct answer is 9km.

I. The number of metals which are both brick and wall is 9.

Here, the coloured portion show the number of metals which are both brick and wall

Hence, the given statement is correct.

II. The number of the wall which is not a brick is 129.

The number of the wall which is not a brick is 41 + 27 = 68

Hence, the given statement is incorrect.

Hence, the correct answer is Only I.

The positional value alphabets are:-

Logic - (Letter + 4) 

(First number + 41) = Second number

 

Hence, the correct answer is T254.

Square, rectangle and trapezium have edges and vertices as well as Square, rectangle and trapezium have 4 sides whereas a circle has neither edges nor vertices and does not have 4 sides.

Hence, the odd one is circle.

The mirror Image of given figure are-

Hence, the correct answer is Option1.

Step 1:- B lives on the third floor

Step 2:- One person lives between B and G. Here, two cases are possible:

Case I:- G is below B. 

Case II:- G is above B. 

Step 3:- Two persons live between G and F.

Case I:- 

Case II:- 

Step 4:-Two persons live between A and D. A lives above D

Case I:- 

Case II:- 

Step 5:-C lives above E but not immediately above E. Here, case I is not possible because if we put C above E then C will be immediately above E.

Here, we observe that C lives on the sixth floor.

Hence, the correct answer is C.

The logic used in this question is:-

Logic - (First number - Second number) = 124

(Second number - Third number) = 148

Option 1:- (131, 255, 403)✅

131 - 255 = 124

403 - 255 = 148

Option 2:- (29, 153, 299)❌

153 - 29 = 124

299 - 153 = 146

Here, we get 146 instead of 148.

Option 3:- (73, 197, 345)✅

197 - 73 = 124

345 - 197 = 148

Option 4:- (67, 191, 339) ✅

191 - 67 = 124

339 - 191 = 148

Hence, the correct answer is (29, 153, 299).

The positional value of alphabets are :-

Logic - Add the positional value of letter = number

Option 1:- Z27D❌

Z = 26

D = 4

26 + 4 = 30 ≠27

Hence, this option is incorrect.

option 2:-U28G✅

U = 21

G = 7

21 + 7 = 28

option 3:- R21C✅

R = 18

C = 3

18 + 3 = 21

option 4:- H28T✅

H = 8

T = 20

20 + 8 = 28

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The positional value of alphabets are:-

The logic used in this question is :-

Logic - (First letter + 5)(Second letter + 6)(Third letter + 7)

Here, to get P we have added 8 in H instead of 7.

Hence, TAP is the wrong term.

The positional value of alphabets are:-

The logic used in this question is :-

Logic - (First letter + 1)  (Second letter + 2)

In (EP, FR, GT)

First letter-

E + 1 = F

F + 1 = G

Second letter,

P + 2 = R

R + 2 = T

The same logic followed in option 1:-

(AF, BH, CJ)

First letter-

A + 1 = B

B + 1 = C

Second letter,

F + 2 = H

H + 2 = J

Hence, the correct answer is (AF, BH, CJ).

The correct answer is Magenta.

Key Points

• The color of the new Rs 2000 note in the Mahatma Gandhi (New) series is Magenta. 
• ​The base color of the newly designed banknotes in Rs. 2000 denomination was issued by the Reserve Bank of India as part of the Mahatma Gandhi (New) series.
• The image of Mangalyaan is present on the reverse side of the 2000 Rupee note of Indian Currency.

Additional Information

• Other notes of Indian Currency-

The correct answer is 6000 meters.

Key Points

• The average height of the Inner Himalayas is 6000 meters.
• Greater Himalayas
• It is also called as Inner Himalayas or Himadri.
• It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks.
• The average height of these peaks is 6,000 metres.
• It contains all prominent Himalayan peaks.
• The core of this part of the Himalayas is composed of granite.
• It is perennially snowbound, and a number of glaciers descend from this range.

Important Points

• Himachal or Lesser Himalayas
• This range lies to the south of the Himadri and forms the most rugged mountain system.
• The ranges are mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks.
• The altitude varies between 3,700 and 4,500 metres and the average width is of 50 Km.
• Pir Panjal, the Dhaula Dhar and the Mahabharat ranges are important ranges in the Himalayas.
• This range consists of the famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and the Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh.
• This region is well-known for its hill stations.
• Shivalik Range
• It is the outermost range of the Himalayas.
• They extend over a width of 10-50 Km and have an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 metres.
• The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalayas and the Shiwaliks is known as Duns.
• Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun are some of the well-known Duns

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• India’s constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of commencement.
• Now the Constitution of India has 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules.
• The 12 schedules are as under-

The correct answer is Table tennis.

Key Points

• Manika Batra is related to Table Tennis.
• Manika Batra
• She hails from delhi, India.
• In 2011, she won the silver medal in the under-21 category of the Chile Open.
• She won three medals at the 2015 Commonwealth Table Tennis Championships.
• She won three gold medals at the 2016 South Asian Games.
• Batra and Mouma Das won India's maiden silver medal in the women's doubles category at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
• At the 2020 Summer Olympics, Batra reached the third round of the women's singles event, becoming the first Indian paddler to reach the third round at the Olympics in a singles event.
• Awards won by her-
• 2020 – Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna, highest sporting honour of India
• 2018 – Arjuna Award, second-highest sporting honour of India

The correct answer is Haryana.

Key Points

• Haryana  will host the Khelo India Youth Games 2021 (to be played in February 2022.
• The winner of the Khelo India Youth Games 2021, was the Host state, Haryana.
• They won 52 gold, 39 silver and 46 bronze medals on the final day.
• The total number of medals won by Haryana is 137.
• Haryana surpassed the last year’s winning state Maharashtra in the last surge.
• Maharashtra bagged the second position this year and won 45 gold medals, 40 Silver medals and 40 bronze medals.
• The total number of medals was 125.
• Lastly, Karnataka bagged the third position in KIYG by winning 22 gold, 17 silver and 28 bronze medals, which in total is 67 medals.

Additional Information About Khelo India youth Games

• The first edition of khelo India youth Games was inaugurated on 31 January 2018 by Prime minister Narendra Modi.
• In 2019, khelo India school games were renamed to khelo India youth Games.
• The khelo India youth Games was started with the goals of making young students participate in various sports events and encouraging them to play.
• Khelo India youth Games 2022, will be commenced in six different states Maharashtra, Assam,Madhya Pradesh, Dadra and Nagra Haveli, Daman and diu and Meghalaya.
• The participants of the khelo India youth Games will be given 5 lacks per year for their sportsmanship development.
• It is a two week last ng sports event in which more than 8000 players are going to participate and show their game.

The correct answer is Hyderabad.

Key Points

• Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah was the founder of Hyderabad state. 
• ​Hyderabad was founded as an independent state by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah or Chin-Qulich Khan (birth name) in 1724 AD.
• Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah ​
• He was one of the most powerful members of the court of the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar.
• He was entrusted first with the governorship of Awadh, and later given charge of the Deccan.
• He was appointed as the Subedar of Hyderabad by Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah.
• Before Asaf Jah, Mubriz Khan, the Mughal Subedar of Deccan, was also acting as an autonomous ruler.
• However, in 1724, Mubriz Khan was defeated by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah in the Battle of Shakr Kheda.
• After this battle, Asaf Jah established an independent Asaf Jah dynasty in Hyderabad.

The correct answer is Only I.

Key Points

• A terrestrial part which is surrounded by sea on three sides is called a peninsula. 
• ​Peninsula can be small and large in size.
• Peninsulas are found on every continent.
• In Europe, the nations of Portugal and Spain make up the Iberian Peninsula.
• The so-called Horn of Africa, which juts into the Arabian Sea on central Africas east coast, is a huge peninsula.
• The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula
• The Southern India is a Peninsula shape of an inverted triangle bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east along with the Indian Ocean in the south.
• The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is Jindhagada Peak.
• It has an elevation of 1,690 metres.
• It is located in the Araku Valley of Andhra Pradesh.
• Anamudi is a mountain located in the Ernakulam and Idukki districts of the Indian state of Kerala.
• It is the highest peak in the Western Ghats.
• It lies on the border of Idukki district and Ernakulam district.

The correct answer is Right of property.

Key Points

• The Constitution of India provides for six Fundamental Rights
• Right to equality (Articles 14–18)
• Right to freedom (Articles 19–22)
• Right against exploitation (Articles 23–24)
• Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25–28)
• Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29–30)
• Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)
• Originally the constitution also included the Right to property (Article 31).
• However, it was deleted from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978.
• It is made a legal right under Article 300-A in Part XII of the Constitution.

The correct answer is Disinvestment.

Key Points

• Privatization through sale of equity by public sector enterprises to the general public is called Disinvestment.
• Disinvestment
• It means the sale or liquidation of assets by the government, usually Central and state public sector enterprises, projects, or other fixed assets. ​
• Government receipts which either (i) create liabilities (e.g. borrowing) or (ii) reduce assets (e.g. disinvestment) are called capital receipts.
• Thus, when govt. raises funds either by incurring liability or by disposing of its assets, it is called a capital receipt.
• The government undertakes disinvestment to reduce the fiscal burden on the exchequer, or to raise money for meeting specific needs, such as to bridge the revenue shortfall from other regular sources.
• Strategic disinvestment is the transfer of the ownership and control of a public sector entity to some other entity (mostly to a private sector entity).
• The Disinvestment Commission defines strategic sale as the sale of a substantial portion of the Government shareholding of a CPSE of up to 50%, or such higher percentage as the competent authority may determine, along with transfer of management control.
• The Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) under the Ministry of Finance is the nodal department for the strategic stake sale in the Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).

The correct answer is Gland.

Key Points

• The headquarters of IUCN is located in Gland, Switzerland.
• IUCN is a network of environmental organizations founded as the International Union for the Protection of Nature.
• It promotes nature conservation and the ecologically sustainable use of natural resources.
• It changed its name to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in 1956.
• The IUCN is composed of both government and civil society organizations which harness the experience, resources.
• It maintains the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which was established in 1964.
• It also played a fundamental role in the creation of key international conventions, including the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971), the World Heritage Convention (1972), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, (1974), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), UNFCCC, etc.
• The IUCN was granted official observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1999.
• The IUCN’s activities are organized into several theme-based programs ranging from business and biodiversity to forest preservation to water and wetlands conservation, climate change, conservation, and poverty reduction, etc.

The correct answer is G.C. Murmu.

Key Points

• G.C. Murmu was selected as the external auditor for OPCW in April 2021.
• ​He had been the auditor of the OPCW for a three-year term starting in 2021.
• The appointment was made through an election process at the OPCW Conference.
• G C Murmu is India's Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)​.
• ​He is also the chairman of the United Nations Panel of External Auditors and the Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions.
• He was the Inaugural Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir till 6 August 2020.
• OPCW stands for Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
• It is the implementing body of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which entered into force in 1997.
• The organisation promotes and verifies the adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention, which prohibits the use of chemical weapons and requires their destruction.
• It was awarded the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize "for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons".
• Headquarters: The Hague.

The correct answer is 209 K.

Key Points

• Chloroform is an organic chemical compound initially employed as an ideal anesthetic.
• It was first prepared in 1831.
• Odour: Ether-like
• Solubility: Insoluble in water

The correct answer is Lothal.

Key Points

• In Lothal, archaeological sites 'port' was found.
• Lothal
• Lothal is located between the Sabarmati river and its tributary Bhogavo, in the Saurashtra region.
• Archaeologist S.R. Rao led teams who discovered a number of Harappan sites, including the port city of Lothal in 1954-63.
• Features of Lothal:
• Evidence of double burial.
• Remains of Rice Husk.
• Evidence of terracotta figurine of a horse.
• Dockyard.
• Terracotta model of a ship.

Important Points

• Kalibangan is a part of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, located in the present Hanumangarh district.
• Features of Kalibangan
• Evidence of furrowed land.
• Evidence of wooden furrow.
• Evidence of seven fire altars.
• Plowed field surface.
• Harappa was an Indus civilization urban center. It lies in Punjab Province, Pakistan, on an old bed of the River Ravi.
• Mohenjodaro is located off the right (west) bank of the lower Indus river in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan.
• Features of Mohenjodaro
• Great bath.
• Great granary.
• Assembly hall.
• Steatite image of a bearded man.
• Seal of Pashupati

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Vermicomposting:
• Earthworms naturally turn garbage with rigid structures into compost through a process called vermicomposting.
• It is an environmentally friendly process.
• Compost created through this procedure is used as a natural fertilizer to promote plant development.
• It promotes suppression of significant horticultural plant pests and diseases in greenhouse and field soils.
• Earthworms belong to the **phylum Annelida, subclass Oligochaeta.**​
• By way of composting, plastics cannot be changed into less damaging chemicals.
• The biodegradable plastics designed to dissolve in water or soil might not dissolve in a compost bin.
• Due to the variety of soil and water conditions, particularly in coastal locations, it can be difficult to standardize the conditions that these goods need to degrade.​

The correct answer is Rajasthan.

Key Points

• The Rajasthani folk music known as lotia is sung by the peasants while they toil in the fields.
• According to the Hindi calendar, it is typically sung at the Lotia festival in the Chaitra month.
  

Women carry water-filled lotas and kalash from ponds and wells.

• They return home after covering them in flowers.
• Another regional form of music from Rajasthan is pankhida.
• The Rajasthani peasants sing and converse while playing the algoza and the manjira as they labor in the fields.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Indus.

Key Points

• The Indus River's first major tributary is the Zanskar River.
• It only flows within Indian Ladakh.
• It rises in the Great Himalayan Range's northeast and drains the Himalayas and the Zanskar Range in the Zanskar area.
• Near Nimo, it runs northeast to join the Indus River.
• Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj are Indus's other tributaries.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• ​Emperor Nader Shah invaded Delhi in March 1739.
• He was the founder of Iran's Afsharid dynasty.
• On February 24, 1739, the Battle of Karnal took place.
• Nader Shah's conquest of India was a resounding success for him.
• Within three hours, Nader's men routed Muhammad Shah's army, opening the door for the Iranian takeover of Delhi.
• 110 miles north of Delhi, India, in the Indian state of Haryana, the battle took place close to Karnal.
• Ahmad Shah Abdali:
• He was responsible for starting the Durrani Empire.
• He is credited for founding the contemporary Afghanistan.
• Ahmad Shah was crowned King of the Afghans in July 1747 in Kandahar, where he established his capital.
• Near Kirka Sharif in Kandahar's city center is the tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani.

The correct answer is Cs.

Key Points

• The total distance from an atom's nucleus to its outermost electron orbital is typically defined as the atomic radius.
• Caesium is a chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55.
• With a melting temperature of 28.5 °C, it is a delicate, silvery-golden alkali metal.
• Only five elemental metals, including this one, are liquid at or close to room temperature.
• Rubidium and potassium have similar chemical and physical properties to caesium.
• It is pyrophoric and reacts with water even at −116 °C .
• With a Pauling scale value of 0.79, it has the lowest electronegative potential of all the elements.
• Caesium-133 is the only stable isotope of it.
• The main source of caesium extraction is pollucite.
• The element is known to have 40 isotopes.
• Cesium radius is 343 pm.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Mehrangarh Fort – Rajasthan.

Key Points

• The 1,200-acre Mehrangarh Fort is located in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
• The complex is perched 122 meters above the surrounding plain on a hilltop.
• It was built by Rajput king Rao Jodha sometime around 1459.
• There are seven gates, which include Jai Pol, built by Maharaja Man Singh to commemorate his victories over the Jaipur and Bikaner armies in 1806.
• The **Fattehpol honors Maharaja Ajit Singh'**s triumph over the Mughals.
• The World Sacred Spirit Festival and Rajasthan International Folk Festival are two of the significant festivals taking place here.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Dr. Salim Ali.

Key Points

• Dr. Salim Ali (12 November 1896 – 20 June 1987) was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist.
• He was referred to as the "Birdman of India."
• Salim Ali was the first Indian to carry out comprehensive bird surveys around the country.
• He also penned several books on birds that helped ornithology gain popularity in India.
• After 1947, he was instrumental in founding the Bombay Natural History Society.
• He preserved the Silent Valley National Park and established the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Keoladeo National Park).
• He co-authored the illustrious 10 volume Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan with Sidney Dillon Ripley.
• In 1958, he received the Padma Bhushan, and in 1976, he received the **Padma Vibhushan. **​

Additional Information

• Ashutosh Mukherjee (29 June 1864 – 25 May 1924):
• He was an active educator, lawyer, barrister, and mathematician from Bengal.
• He was the first student at Calcutta University to receive a dual degree.
• He was responsible for the foundation of the Bengal Technical Institute in 1906.
• C.F. Andrews  (12 February 1871 – 5 April 1940):
• He was a campaigner for Indian independence as well as an Anglican priest, Christian missionary, educator, and social reformer.
• Gandhi referred to C. F. Andrews as "Christ's Faithful Apostle."
• Gandhi and his students at St. Stephen's College in Delhi gave him the name Deenabandhu, which means "Friend of the Poor," in recognition of his efforts to the Indian independence cause.
• Dr. Shrikrishna Singh (21 October 1887 – 31 January 1961):
• He was the first chief minister of the Indian state of Bihar.
• He was known as Bihar Kesari for his lionlike roars when he rose to address the masses.

Given:

The ratio of the number of males in blue dress to the number of females in red dress = 4 : 7

The ratio of the number of males in red dress to the number of females in blue dress = 3 : 2

The ratio of the number of people in blue to the number of people in red color is 106 : 176

Calculation:

Let,

Males in blue dress : Females in red dress = 4x : 7x

Males in red dress : females in blue dress = 3y : 2y

⇒ (4x + 2y)/(7x + 3y) = 106/176

⇒ (4x + 2y) × 176 = (7x + 3y) × 106

⇒ 704x + 352y = 742x + 318y

⇒ 742x - 704x = 352y - 318y

⇒ 38x = 34y

x:y = 17:19

No. of males = 4x + 3y

⇒ 4 × 17 + 19 × 3

⇒ 68 + 57 = 125

No. of males = 7x + 2y

⇒ 7 × 17 + 19 × 2

⇒ 119 + 38

⇒ 157

No. of males : No. of females =  125 : 157

Given:

9871Y

Concept used:

Divisibility by 9 - The sum of digits of a number must be divisible by 9.

Calculations:

⇒ 9 + 8 + 7 + 1 + Y = 25 + Y

So, the minimum possible value of 'Y' for it to be divisible by 9 is 2

⇒ = 25 + 2 = 27

Hence, The value of Y is 2.

Given:

P's share = 2/5(Q + R)'s share

Q's share = 3/7(P + R)'s share

P + Q + R = 70000

Calculation:

P = 2/5(Q + R)

P : Q + R = 2 : 5 ...(1)

Q = 3/7(P+R)

Q : P + R = 3 : 7  ..(2)

Multiply (1) by 10 and (2) by 7,

(1) × 10 ⇒ P : Q + R = 20 : 50

(2) × 7 ⇒ Q : P + R = 21 : 49

Let P, Q, Q + R and P + R be 20a, 21a, 50a and 49a.

If P = 20a,

P + R = 49a then, 

R = 49a - 20a = 29a

If Q = 21a,

⇒ Q + R = 50a then, 

R = 50a - 21a = 29a

It satisfies the ratio.

Then, P, Q nd R be 20a, 21a and 29a respectively.

P + Q + R = 70000

⇒ 20 + 21a + 29a = 70000

⇒ 70a = 70000

a = 1000

R = 29a

R = 29 × 1000

R = 29000

Given:

Radius of solid sphere = 14 cm

Radius of base of cone = 28 cm

Volume of solid cone = 6 × volume of the sphere

Formula used:

Volume of solid cone = ⅓ 𝜋r2h

Volume of the sphere = 4/3 π r³ ,where r = radius.

Calculation:

Let the height of the cone be h.

Volume of solid cone = 6 × volume of the sphere

⅓ 𝜋r 2h = 6 × 4/3 π r³

⇒ 1/3 × 22/7 × 28 × 28 × h = 6 × (4/3 × 22/7 × 14³)

⇒ 1/3 × 22 × 4 × 28 × h = 6 × (4/3 × 22 × 14² × 2)

h = 6 × (14 × 14 × 2)/28

h = (6 × 14 × 28)/28

h = 84 cm.

Given:

Selling price of an article = Rs. 1452

Discount =12%

Formula used:

M.P = (S.P/100 - d) × 100 ,where  M.P = Marked Price and D = discount%

Calculation:

M.P = (1452/100 - 12) × 100

M.P = 1452/88 × 100

M.P = 16.5 × 100

M.P = 1650

Given: 

(x - 3) is a factor of the equation (x2  + 4xp - 3p)

Concept Used:

 Since, x - 3 is a factor of equation (x2  + 4xp - 3p) ,

Then we can put x = 3 in that equation

Calculation:

By putting the value  x = 3 in that equation (x2  + 4xp - 3p)  we get,

3² + 4 × 3p - 3p = 0

⇒ 9 + 12p - 3p = 0

⇒ 9 + 9p = 0

⇒ 9p = - 9

⇒ p = - 1

∴ The value of p is - 1

Given:

A train crossing a pole in = 17 sec

The length of platform = 440 m

Time taken to cross the platform = 37 sec

Concept used:

The distance covered by train to cross a pole is equal to the length of the train.

Formula used:

D = S × T ,where D = Distance, S = Speed and t = time.

Calculation:

Let the length of the train  be L metre.

L = S × 17 ..(1)

Now, the train covers L + 440 m in 37 seconds.

L + 440 = S × 37 ..(2)

Putting the (1) in (2)

S × 17 + 440 = S × 37

⇒ 20S = 440

S = 22 m/s.

Solution:

1% = 7200/360 = 20 Fridges

J1 = Average(R, S,T) = [20 x (140 + 15 + 25)]/3 = [20 x 180]/3 = 20 x 60 = 1200

J2 = Average(P, Q) + Average(S, U) = 10 x [80 + 70 + 15 + 30] = 10 x 195 = 1950

J2 - J1 = 1950 - 1200= 750

Hence, the correct option is 4.

Side of regular hexagon (a) = 6 cm

As we know,

Area of regular hexagon = 6 × (√3/4) a²

Area of regular hexagon = 6 × (√3/4) × 6 × 6 = 54√3 cm²

Calculation:

Let the number to be subtracted be x.

120 - x = 50% of 70

120 - x = 1/2 of 70

120 - x = 35

x = 85

Formula used:

D = S × t

where, D = distance , S = speed and t = time.

If the value of y is 240 km then

Calculation:

S = D/t

S = 240/10

S = 24km/hr

If speed increases by 10 m/s of 10 × 18/5 = 36km/hr

Distance covered in 4 hours = (24 + 36) × 4 = 240 km

So, both the option are correct.

Concept used:

Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder

Calculation:

Let the number be n.

n = 5 × Q + 2

n² = (5 × Q + 2)²

⇒ n2 = 25Q² + 20Q + 4

On n² ÷ 5 = 5(5Q² + 4Q) + 4

∴ The required remainder is 4.

 Shortcut Trick

<br>

Let the number be 7, as when this number divides by 5 leaves the remainder 2.

Now, the square of the number is 49, when it is divided by 5, it leaves the remainder 4.

Given:

The population of a district = 150000

The per cent of educated population = 60%

The no.of females = 75000

The per cent of educated females = 80%

Calculation:

The no.of educated population = 60% of 150000

The no.of educated population = 90000

The no.of  educated females = 80% of 75000 

The no.of  educated females = 60000

The no.of literate males in the population = The no.of educated population - The no.of  educated females

The no.of literate males in the population = 90000 - 60000

The no.of literate males in the population = 30000

Given:

Seeling price of the cycle = 7744

Loss% = 12%

Second selling price = 9000

Formula used:

C.P = (S.P/100 - loss%) × 100

Calculation:

C.P = (7744/100 - 12) × 100

C.P = 7744/88 × 100

C.P = 8800

Now if S.P = 9000

Profit = S.P - C.P

Profit = 9000 - 8800 = 200

Profit% = Profit/C.P × 100

Profit% = 200/8800 × 100

Profit% = 2.27%

Concept:

BODMAS rule

Calculation:

First division takes place,

⇒ 88 ÷ 8 + 5 – 9 ÷ 3 × 2

⇒ 11 + 5 - 3 × 2

Then multiply,

⇒ 11 + 5 - 6

Then addition,

⇒ 16 - 6

Then subtraction,

⇒ 10

Given:

Number of students admitted in school S3 in 2018 = 150

Number of students admitted in school S4 in 2018 = 250

Number of students admitted in school S1 in 2017 = 250

Number of students admitted in school S2 in 2017 = 240

Formula:

x as a percentage of y = (x/y) × 100 

Calculation:

Average admission in school S3 and S4 in 2018 = (150 + 250)/2 = 400/2 = 200

Average admission in school S1 and S2 in 2017 = (250 + 240)/2 = 490/2 = 245

∴ Required percentage = (200/245) × 100 = 81.63%

Given:

Expenditure of A = Rs. 4800

Income of A = Rs. 6000

Expenditure of B = Rs. 5400

Income of B = Rs. 7200

Expenditure of C = Rs. 3000

Income of C = Rs. 5600

Calculation:

According to the note;

Savings of A = Income – Expenditure

⇒ Rs. 6000 - Rs. 4800 = Rs. 1200

Savings of B = Income – Expenditure

⇒ Rs. 7200 - Rs. 5400 = Rs. 1800

Savings of C = Income – Expenditure

⇒ Rs. 5600 - Rs. 3000 = Rs. 2600

The difference between the savings of A and C = Rs. 2600 - 1200 = Rs. 1400

Required % = [(1800 - 1400) × 100]/1800

⇒ 400/18 = 200/9 = $22\dfrac{2}{9}\%$

∴ The required percentage is $22\dfrac{2}{9}\%$.

Formula used:

No. of boys × days = Total work done

Calculation:

Let the number of boys be x.

Total work = x × 46

If 26 more boys start to work and the time taken is 46 - 26 = 20 days then,

⇒ 46 × x = (x + 26) × 20

⇒ 46x - 20x = 26 × 20

⇒ 26x = 520

x = 520/26

x = 20 boys.

Given:

Principle = 10000

Rate% = 20

Interest = 4000

Formula used:

Interest = (Principle × rate × time)/100

Calculation:

⇒ 4000 = (10000 × 20 × time)/100

Time = (4000 × 100)/20 × 10000

Time = 2 years or 24 months.

Unit’s digit in the product = Unit digit in the product of all unit values

⇒ 3 × 8 × 2 × 3 = 24 × 6 = 144

∴ Unit’s digit in the product = 4

'घोड़े पर चढ़े आना’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'उतावली में आना' है। अतः विकल्प 3 सही है।

Key Points 

• 'घोड़े पर चढ़े आना’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'उतावली में आना' है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - अरे मित्र, तुम तो सदैव घोड़े पर चढ़े आते हो, जरा हमारे पास भी बैठो।

Additional Information

• अंग-अंग फूले न समाना
• अर्थ – अत्यधिक प्रसन्न होना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग – क्रिकेट मैच जीतने पर कप्तान रंजीत का अंग-अंग फूले न समा रहा था।
• हथेली पर सरसों उगाना  
• अर्थ – असंभव-सा कार्य करना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग – श्री राकेश शर्मा ने अंतरिक्ष यात्रा कर हथेली पर सरसों उगा दिया।
• पहाड़ टूट पड़ना  
• अर्थ - बहुत बड़ी आपत्ति आना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - पिता के देहांत का दुखद समाचार सुनकर रमेश पर मानो पहाड़ टूट पड़ा हो।

'तुम कल कहाँ थे?' यह मध्यम पुरूष का वाक्य है। अतः विकल्प 2 सही है।

Key Points

• उत्तम पुरूष - मैं कल यहाँ आया था।
• मध्यम पुरूष - तुम कल कहाँ थे?
• अन्य पुरूष - वे कल कहाँ थे?

Additional Information 

यद्यपि रूबी घर गई तथापि काम में नहीं लगी। मिश्र वाक्य का उदाहरण है, शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः विकल्प 3 सही है।

Key Points 

• 'यद्यपि रूबी घर गई तथापि काम में नहीं लगी।' मिश्र वाक्‍य है क्योंकि इसमें एक प्रधान और एक आश्रित वाक्य है।
• मिश्र वाक्य में एक से अधिक वाक्य मिले हों, किन्तु एक प्रधान उपवाक्य तथा शेष आश्रित उपवाक्य होते हैं।

<br>

अन्य विकल्प–

• रूबी घर जाकर भी काम में नहीं लगी। - सरल वाक्य
• रूबी घर गई फिर भी काम में नहीं लगी।​- संयुक्त वाक्य
• रूबी घर गई और काम में नहीं लगी।  - संयुक्त वाक्य

Additional Information 

सही उत्तर 'मनमोहक' हैं।

'मन को मोह लेने वाला ' - वाक्यांश के लिए सार्थक शब्द 'मनमोहक' है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प:

Additional Information

वाक्यांश- भाषा को सुंदर, आकर्षक और प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए अनेक शब्दों के स्थान पर एक शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो वह वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 'भूतकाल' है। अन्य विकल्प गलत हैं।

Key Points 

• "गाय घास चर कर चली गयी।" वाक्य का भूतकाल का वाक्य है।
• भूतकाल वह समय होता है जो बीत चूका होता है इसके अतरिक्त अन्य सभी विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि  भूतकाल प्रायः निरूपित करने के लिए वाक्य के अंत में था, थी, थे, या, ई, ए, या है, आ है, ए है, ई है आदि शब्द आते है ।

Additional Information 

• काल तीन प्रकार के होते है

सही उत्तर 'सर्वस्व' है।

• उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में ‘सर्वस्व​’ भाववाचक संज्ञा है।
• जिन संज्ञा शब्दोँ से किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु और स्थान के गुण, दोष, भाव, दशा, व्यापार आदि का बोध होता है, उन्हेँ भाववाचक संज्ञा कहते हैँ।
• जैसे– सर्वस्व, सत्य, बचपन, बुढ़ापा, सफलता, मिठास, मित्रता, हरियाली, मुस्कुराहट, लघुता, प्रभुता, वीरता, चूक, लड़कपन, जवानी, ठगी, डर आदि।
• सर्वस्व सर्व सर्वनाम से बनी भाववाचक संज्ञा है।

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण

Additional Information 

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प 4 ‘निरामिष’ सही उत्तर है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points 

• 'सामिष' का सही विलोम शब्द 'निरामिष' है।
• सामिष​ और आमिष का अर्थ –  मांस से युक्त।
• निरामिष​ का अर्थ – मांसरहित। (जो माँस नही खाता)

अन्य विकल्प - 

Additional Information 

सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 , ? है। हम आकाश का वर्णन करते हैं**,** पृथ्वी का वर्णन करते हैं पर कीचड़ का वर्णन कभी किसी ने किया है**?**

विराम चिह्न: विराम चिह्न का अर्थ है  ठहराव, विश्राम, रुकना। अर्थात वाक्य लिखते समय विराम को प्रकट करने के लिए लगाए जाने वाले चिह्न को विराम चिह्न कहते हैं।

• अल्प विराम चिह्न ( , )-  वाक्य में जहाँ थोड़ा रुकना हो या अधिक वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों आदि को अलग करना हो वहाँ अल्प विराम (,) चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण-
• सुनील, जरा इधर आना।
• राकेश, मोहन, शीतल और पंकज ने यह चित्र बनाया है।
• प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न  ( ? ) - जब किसी वाक्य में प्रश्नात्मक भाव हो, उसके अन्त में प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न (?) लगाया जाता है। उदाहरण-
• क्या तुम जानते हो कि प्रधानमंत्री आज विदेश जा रहे हैं?

Key Points अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न (!) - ऐसे शब्द जो वाक्य में आश्चर्य, हर्ष, शोक, घृणा आदि भाव व्यक्त करने के लिए प्रयुक्त हों, वे विस्मयादिबोधक कहलाते हैं। ऐसे शब्दों के साथ विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ह (!) का प्रयोग किया जाता है। उदाहरण-
• छि! वह बहुत गन्दा लड़का है।
• उप विराम​ चिह्न( : ) - जहाँ पर किसी वस्तु या विषय के बारे में बताया जाए तो वहां पर उप विराम चिन्ह (:) का प्रयोग किया जाता है। उदाहरण-
• विज्ञान: वरदान या अभिशाप
• अर्द्ध विराम (;) - अर्द्ध विराम को (;) चिह्न से प्रदर्शित करते है। जिस स्थान पर अल्प विराम की अपेक्षा थोड़े अधिक समय के लिए ठहराव की स्थिति उत्पन्न हो जाये, वहां अर्द्ध विराम का प्रयोग करते है। उदाहरण-
• सूर्यास्त हो चुका है; चारो तरफ घना अँधेरा छा जायेगा

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि हम आकाश का वर्णन करते हैं, पृथ्वी का वर्णन करते हैं पर कीचड़ का वर्णन कभी किसी ने किया है? के लिए उपयुक्त विराम चिह्न अल्प विराम चिह्न ( , ) व प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न  ( ? ) है।

Additional Information 

हिंदी में प्रचलित प्रमुख विराम चिह्न निम्नलिखित है:–

(1) अल्प विराम ( , )

(2) अर्द्ध विराम ( ; )

(3) पूर्ण विराम ( । )

(4) उप विराम  [ : ]

(5) विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न ( ! )

(6) प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न  ( ? )

(7) कोष्ठक ( () )

(8) योजक चिह्न  ( - )

(9) अवतरण चिह्न या उद्धरणचिह्न  ( ''... '' )

(10) लाघव चिह्न) ( o )

(11) आदेश चिह्न/सूचना ( :- )

(12) रेखांकन चिह्न (_)

(13) लोप चिह्न (...)

सही उत्तर पूर्ण विराम  ( । ) है। मोहन पुस्तक पढ़ रहा है**।** वाक्य में प्रयुक्त विराम चिह्न पूर्ण विराम  ( । ) है।

विराम चिह्न: विराम चिह्न का अर्थ है  ठहराव, विश्राम, रुकना। अर्थात वाक्य लिखते समय विराम को प्रकट करने के लिए लगाए जाने वाले चिह्न को विराम चिह्न कहते हैं।

• पूर्ण विराम  ( । ) - किसी वाक्य के अंत में पूर्ण विराम चिन्ह लगाने का अर्थ होता है कि वह वाक्य खत्म हो गया है। पूर्ण विराम (।) का प्रयोग प्रश्नसूचक और विस्मयादि सूचक वाक्यों को छोड़कर बाकि सभी प्रकार के वाक्यों के अंत में किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण-
• बाजार खुल गया।
• मोहन पुस्तक पढ़ रहा है।

Key Points अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न (!) - ऐसे शब्द जो वाक्य में आश्चर्य, हर्ष, शोक, घृणा आदि भाव व्यक्त करने के लिए प्रयुक्त हों, वे विस्मयादिबोधक कहलाते हैं। ऐसे शब्दों के साथ विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ह (!) का प्रयोग किया जाता है। उदाहरण-
• छि! वह बहुत गन्दा लड़का है।
• प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न  ( ? ) - जब किसी वाक्य में प्रश्नात्मक भाव हो, उसके अन्त में प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न (?) लगाया जाता है। उदाहरण-
• क्या तुम जानते हो कि प्रधानमंत्री आज विदेश जा रहे हैं?
• अवतरण चिह्न या उद्धरणचिह्न  ( ''... '' ) - किसी और के द्वारा लिखे या कहे गए वाक्य या शब्दों को ज्यों-का-त्यों लिखने के लिए अवतरण चिह्न या उद्धरण चिन्ह (“ ....”) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• किसी भी कथन को ज्यों का त्यों उद्धरित करने हेतु “दुहरा” पर यदि कोई शब्द या वाक्यांश ही उद्धरित करते हैं तो ‘इकहरा’ चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि मोहन पुस्तक पढ़ रहा है। के लिए उपयुक्त विराम चिह्न पूर्ण विराम  ( । ) है।

Additional Information 

हिंदी में प्रचलित प्रमुख विराम चिह्न निम्नलिखित है:–

(1) अल्प विराम ( , )

(2) अर्द्ध विराम ( ; )

(3) पूर्ण विराम ( । )

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सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है- '**सुमिता पानी पीकर चली गई।**​​' 

• 'सुमिता पानी पीकर चली गई।​' वाक्य सरल वाक्य है।
• सरल वाक्य: ऐसा वाक्य जिसमे एक ही क्रिया एवं एक ही कर्ता होता है या जिस वाक्य में एक ही उद्देश्य एवं एक ही विधेय होता है, वे वाक्य सरल वाक्य कहलाते हैं। सरल वाक्य को साधारण वाक्य भी कहा जाता है।
• जैसे- बिजली चमकती है। सुमिता पानी पीकर चली गई। इन वाक्यों में एक-एक उद्देश्य अर्थात कर्ता और विधेय अर्थात क्रिया है। अतः ये साधारण या सरल वाक्य हैं।

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण: 

Additional Information 

• वाक्य: शब्दों का ऐसा समूह जिसका जिसका कोई भाव/अर्थ प्रकट होता है, वाक्य कहलाता है।
• जैसे - राम खाना खाता है।
• ​रचना की दृष्टि से वाक्य के तीन प्रमुख भेद किये जाते हैं:

इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 ‘आहार’ है। अन्य विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

Key Points 

स्पष्टीकरण:

• उपर्युक्त तीन विकल्पों में वर्तनीगत त्रुटि है। शुद्ध शब्द ‘आहार’ है जिसका अर्थ है भोजन। जिसका विलोम शब्द निराहार होगा।
• आहार पुल्लिंग शब्द है।

Additional Information

'खीसें निपोरना’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'गिड़गिड़ाकर माफी माँगना' है। अतः विकल्प 3 सही है।

Key Points 

• 'खीसें निपोरना’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'गिड़गिड़ाकर माफी माँगना' है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - अदालत ने मुज़रिम को दस साल की सजा सुनाई तो वह सजा कम करने के लिए खीसें निपोरने (गिड़गिड़ाकर माफी माँगना) लगा।

Additional Information 

• जमीन आसमान एक करना
• अर्थ – कड़ी मेहनत करना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग – मोदी जी ने 2019 का चुनाव जीतने के लिए जमीन आसमान एक कर दिया।
• खरी-खोटी सुनाना 
• अर्थ – भला-बुरा कहना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग – मोहन द्वारा राम का कहना न मानने पर उसने मोहन को खूब खरी-खोटी सुनाई।
• खाक छानना 
• अर्थ - दर-दर भटकना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - कल मेरी मेले के अंदर चप्पल गुम हो गई थी उनकी तलास के लिए खाक छानता हुआ घूमता रहा और अंत मे जाकर मिली।

इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 ‘अस्पृश्यता’ है। अन्य विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

Key Points  

स्पष्टीकरण:

उपर्युक्त तीन विकल्पों में वर्तनीगत त्रुटि है। शुद्ध शब्द ‘अस्पृश्यता’ है जिसका अर्थ है छुआछूत, अछूतापन, जिसका विलोम शब्द स्पृश्य होगा।

Additional Information

दिए गये विकल्पों मे से 'घट-घड़ा' यह तत्सम - तद्भव शब्द का युग्म सही है।

• घट शब्द से घड़ा शब्द बना है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प:

 

 

 

 

 

• घटा अनेकार्थी शब्द है।

Additional Information 

सही उत्तर 'इया' है।

प्रत्यय - वे शब्द हैं जो दूसरे शब्दों के अन्त में जुड़कर, अपनी प्रकृति के अनुसार, शब्द के अर्थ में परिवर्तन कर देते हैं। 

• "डिबिया" में इया प्रत्यय होता है। डिबिया = डिब्बा + इया
• डिबिया का अर्थ- छोटा डिब्बा।

Hint 

• कई बार प्रत्यय लगने पर मूलशब्द के आदि, मध्य या अन्त में प्रयुक्त स्वरों में परिवर्तन हो जाता है।
• जैसे- डिब्बा + इया, रानी + वास = रनिवास, फूल + वाड़ी = फुलवाड़ी

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि "डिबिया" में इया प्रत्यय लगा है।

जवाहरलाल नेहरू ने 16 मई सन् 1931 लिखा कि ”हिंदी ने अब पूर्णतः राष्ट्रभाषा की भूमिका ले ली है”।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​जो स्थान हिंदी को प्राप्त है, वह किसी दूसरी भाषा को नहीं मिल सकता।'
• पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू ने 16 मई सन् 1931 को सेठ गोविंददास को लिखा था- हिंदी ने अब पूर्णतः राष्ट्रभाषा की भूमिका ले ली है।

Key Pointsजवाहरलाल नेहरू:-

• जवाहरलाल नेहरू (नवम्बर 14, 1889 - मई 27, 1964) भारत के प्रथम प्रधानमन्त्री थे और स्वतन्त्रता के पूर्व और पश्चात् की भारतीय राजनीति में केन्द्रीय व्यक्तित्व थे।
• महात्मा गांधी के संरक्षण में, वे भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के सर्वोच्च नेता के रूप में
• उभरे और उन्होंने 1947 में भारत के एक स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्र के रूप में स्थापना से लेकर 1964 तक अपने निधन तक, भारत का शासन किया।
• वे आधुनिक भारतीय राष्ट्र-राज्य - एक सम्प्रभु, समाजवादी, धर्मनिरपेक्ष, और लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र - के वास्तुकार माने जाते हैं।
• कश्मीरी पण्डित समुदाय के साथ उनके मूल की वजह से वे पण्डित नेहरू भी बुलाए जाते थे, जबकि भारतीय बच्चे उन्हें चाचा नेहरू के रूप में जानते हैं।

स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में भाषा का प्रयोग किया - 'हिन्दी'

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​महात्मा गाँधी, सुभाषचंद्र बोस, लोकमान्य तिलक आदि अहिंदीभाषी थे। उन्होंने स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में हिंदी भाषा का ही प्रयोग किया।

Key Points

• हिन्दी या हिंदी जिसके मानकीकृत रूप को मानक हिंदी कहा जाता है, विश्व की एक प्रमुख भाषा है एवं भारत की एक राजभाषा है।
• केन्द्रीय स्तर पर भारत में सह-आधिकारिक भाषा अंग्रेजी है। यह हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा की एक मानकीकृत रूप है
• जिसमें संस्कृत के तत्सम तथा तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग अधिक है और अरबी-फ़ारसी शब्द कम हैं।
• हिन्दी संवैधानिक रूप से भारत की राजभाषा और भारत की सबसे अधिक बोली और समझी जाने वाली भाषा है।
• हिन्दी भारत की राष्ट्रभाषा नहीं है क्योंकि भारत के संविधान में किसी भी भाषा को ऐसा दर्जा नहीं दिया गया है।
• एथनोलॉग के अनुसार हिन्दी विश्व की तीसरी सबसे अधिक बोली जाने वाली भाषा है।
• विश्व आर्थिक मंच की गणना के अनुसार यह विश्व की दस शक्तिशाली भाषाओं में से एक है।

Additional Informationउर्दू:-

• भाषा विज्ञान के आधार पर हिंदी और उर्दू एक ही भाषा है। नस्तालीक़ लिपि में लिखी गई हिंदी भाषा को उर्दू कहा जाता है।
• उर्दू का स्वतन्त्र व्याकरण नहीं है। उर्दू भाषा हिन्द आर्य भाषा है। उर्दू भाषा हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा की एक मानकीकृत रूप मानी जाती है।
• उर्दू में संस्कृत के तत्सम शब्द न्यून हैं और अरबी-फ़ारसी और संस्कृत से तद्भव शब्द अधिक हैं। ये मुख्यतः दक्षिण एशिया में बोली जाती है।
• यह भारत की शासकीय भाषाओं में से एक है तथा पाकिस्तान की राष्ट्रभाषा है। इस के अतिरिक्त भारत के राज्य जम्मू और कश्मीर की मुख्य प्रशासनिक भाषा है।
• साथ ही तेलंगाना, दिल्ली, बिहार और उत्तर प्रदेश की अतिरिक्त शासकीय भाषा है।

संस्कृत:-

• संस्कृत (संस्कृतम्) भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप की एक भाषा है। संस्कृत एक हिंद-आर्य भाषा है जो हिंद-यूरोपीय भाषा परिवार की एक शाखा है।
• आधुनिक भारतीय भाषाएँ जैसे, हिंदी, बांग्ला, मराठी, सिन्धी, पंजाबी, नेपाली, आदि इसी से उत्पन्न हुई हैं।
• इन सभी भाषाओं में यूरोपीय बंजारों की रोमानी भाषा भी शामिल है। संस्कृत में वैदिक धर्म से संबंधित लगभग सभी धर्मग्रंथ लिखे गए हैं।
• बौद्ध धर्म (विशेषकर महायान) तथा जैन मत के भी कई महत्त्वपूर्ण ग्रंथ संस्कृत में लिखे गए हैं।
• आज भी हिंदू धर्म के अधिकतर यज्ञ और पूजा संस्कृत में ही होती हैं। संस्कृत आमतौर पर कई पुरानी इंडो-आर्यन किस्मों को जोड़ती है।

अंग्रेज़ी:-

• अंग्रेज़ी भाषा (अंग्रेज़ी: English) हिन्द-यूरोपीय भाषा-परिवार में आती है और इस दृष्टि से हिन्दी, उर्दू, फ़ारसी आदि के साथ इसका दूर का संबंध बनता है।
• ये इस परिवार की जर्मनिक शाखा में रखी जाती है। इसे दुनिया की सर्वप्रथम अंतर्राष्ट्रीय भाषा माना जाता है।
• यह दुनिया के कई देशों की मुख्य राजभाषा है और आज के दौर में कई देशों में (मुख्यतः भूतपूर्व ब्रिटिश उपनिवेशों में)
• विज्ञान, कंप्यूटर, साहित्य, राजनीति और उच्च शिक्षा की भी मुख्य भाषा है। अंग्रेज़ी भाषा रोमन लिपि में लिखी जाती है।

उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का शीर्षक होगा**- 'राष्ट्रभाषा हिन्दी'**

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​भारत में हिंदी ही एकमात्र ऐसी भाषा है जिसे लेह-लद्दाख से लक्षदीप और अरुणाचल प्रदेश से जैसलमेर तक सभी लोग बोलते हैं। इसलिए हिंदी भारत की राष्ट्रभाषा है।

Key Pointsभाषा:-

• भाषा वह साधन है, जिसके द्वारा मनुष्य बोलकर, सुनकर, लिखकर व पढ़कर अपने मन के भावों या विचारों का आदान-प्रदान करता है।

राष्ट्रभाषा:-

• भारतीय संविधान में भारत की कोई राष्ट्र भाषा नहीं है। सरकार ने 22 भाषाओं को आधिकारिक भाषा के रूप में जगह दी है।
• जिसमें केन्द्र सरकार या राज्य सरकार अपने जगह के अनुसार किसी भी भाषा को आधिकारिक भाषा के रूप में चुन सकती है।
• केन्द्र सरकार ने अपने कार्यों के लिए हिन्दी और रोमन भाषा को आधिकारिक भाषा के रूप में जगह दी है।
• इसके अलावा अलग अलग राज्यों में स्थानीय भाषा के अनुसार भी अलग अलग आधिकारिक भाषाओं को चुना गया है।
• फिलहाल 22 आधिकारिक भाषाओं में -
• असमी, उर्दू, कन्नड़, कश्मीरी, कोंकणी, मैथिली, मलयालम, मणिपुरी, मराठी, नेपाली, ओडिया, पंजाबी,
• संस्कृत, संतली, सिंधी, तमिल, तेलुगू, बोड़ो, डोगरी, बंगाली और गुजराती है।

हिन्दी:-

• हिन्दी या हिंदी जिसके मानकीकृत रूप को मानक हिंदी कहा जाता है, विश्व की एक प्रमुख भाषा है एवं भारत की एक राजभाषा है।
• केन्द्रीय स्तर पर भारत में सह-आधिकारिक भाषा अंग्रेजी है। यह हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा की एक मानकीकृत रूप है
• जिसमें संस्कृत के तत्सम तथा तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग अधिक है और अरबी-फ़ारसी शब्द कम हैं।
• हिन्दी संवैधानिक रूप से भारत की राजभाषा और भारत की सबसे अधिक बोली और समझी जाने वाली भाषा है।
• हिन्दी भारत की राष्ट्रभाषा नहीं है क्योंकि भारत के संविधान में किसी भी भाषा को ऐसा दर्जा नहीं दिया गया है।
• एथनोलॉग के अनुसार हिन्दी विश्व की तीसरी सबसे अधिक बोली जाने वाली भाषा है।
• विश्व आर्थिक मंच की गणना के अनुसार यह विश्व की दस शक्तिशाली भाषाओं में से एक है।

“अंग्रेज़ी कभी राष्ट्रभाषा नहीं बन सकती” कहा - 'महात्मा गाँधी'

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• महात्मा गाँधी ने तो यहाँ तक कहा था- 'अंग्रेज़ी कभी राष्ट्रभाषा नहीं बन सकती।
• जो स्थान हिंदी को प्राप्त है, वह किसी दूसरी भाषा को नहीं मिल सकता।

Key Points

• मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी (जन्म: 2 अक्टूबर 1869 - निधन: 30 जनवरी 1948) जिन्हें महात्मा गांधी के नाम से भी जाना जाता है,
• भारत एवं भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के एक प्रमुख राजनैतिक एवं आध्यात्मिक नेता थे।
• वे सत्याग्रह (व्यापक सविनय अवज्ञा) के माध्यम से अत्याचार के प्रतिकार के अग्रणी नेता थे,
• उनकी इस अवधारणा की नींव सम्पूर्ण अहिंसा के सिद्धान्त पर रखी गयी थी
• जिसने भारत को भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम दिलाकर पूरे विश्व में जनता के नागरिक अधिकारों एवं स्वतन्त्रता के प्रति आन्दोलन के लिये प्रेरित किया।
• उन्हें संसार में साधारण जनता महात्मा गांधी के नाम से जानती है। संस्कृत भाषा में महात्मा अथवा महान आत्मा एक सम्मान सूचक शब्द है।
• गांधी को महात्मा के नाम से सबसे पहले 1915 में राजवैद्य जीवराम कालिदास ने संबोधित किया था।

Additional Informationजवाहरलाल नेहरू:-

• जवाहरलाल नेहरू (नवम्बर 14, 1889 - मई 27, 1964) भारत के प्रथम प्रधानमन्त्री थे और स्वतन्त्रता के पूर्व और पश्चात् की भारतीय राजनीति में केन्द्रीय व्यक्तित्व थे।
• महात्मा गांधी के संरक्षण में, वे भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के सर्वोच्च नेता के रूप में
• उभरे और उन्होंने 1947 में भारत के एक स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्र के रूप में स्थापना से लेकर 1964 तक अपने निधन तक, भारत का शासन किया।
• वे आधुनिक भारतीय राष्ट्र-राज्य - एक सम्प्रभु, समाजवादी, धर्मनिरपेक्ष, और लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र - के वास्तुकार माने जाते हैं।
• कश्मीरी पण्डित समुदाय के साथ उनके मूल की वजह से वे पण्डित नेहरू भी बुलाए जाते थे, जबकि भारतीय बच्चे उन्हें चाचा नेहरू के रूप में जानते हैं।

सुभाष चन्द्र बोस:-

• सुभाष चन्द्र बोस (23 जनवरी 1897 - 18 अगस्त 1945) भारत के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम के अग्रणी तथा सबसे बड़े नेता थे।
• द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के दौरान, अंग्रेज़ों के खिलाफ लड़ने के लिए, उन्होंने जापान के सहयोग से आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज का गठन किया था।
• उनके द्वारा दिया गया जय हिन्द का नारा भारत का राष्ट्रीय नारा बन गया है।
• "तुम मुझे खून दो मैं तुम्हे आजादी दूंगा" का नारा भी उनका था जो उस समय अत्यधिक प्रचलन में आया।
• भारतवासी उन्हें नेता जी के नाम से सम्बोधित करते हैं।

स्वामी विवेकानंद:-

• स्वामी विवेकानन्द (जन्म: 12 जनवरी 1863 - मृत्यु: 4 जुलाई 1902) वेदान्त के विख्यात और प्रभावशाली आध्यात्मिक गुरु थे।
• उनका वास्तविक नाम नरेन्द्र नाथ दत्त था। उन्होंने अमेरिका स्थित शिकागो में सन् 1893 में आयोजित विश्व धर्म महासभा में भारत की ओर से सनातन धर्म का प्रतिनिधित्व किया था।
• भारत का आध्यात्मिकता से परिपूर्ण वेदान्त दर्शन अमेरिका और यूरोप के हर एक देश में स्वामी विवेकानन्द की वक्तृता के कारण ही पहुँचा।
• उन्होंने रामकृष्ण मिशन की स्थापना की थी जो आज भी अपना काम कर रहा है। वे रामकृष्ण परमहंस के सुयोग्य शिष्य थे।
• उन्हें बोलने के लिए 2 मिनट का समय दिया गया था, किन्तु उन्हें प्रमुख रूप से उनके भाषण का आरम्भ "मेरे अमेरिकी बहनों एवं भाइयों" के साथ करने के लिये जाना जाता है।
• उनके संबोधन के इस प्रथम वाक्य ने सबका दिल जीत लिया था।

सुभाषचंद्र बोस कहा “यदि हमने तन, मन और धन से प्रयत्न किया तो वह दिन दूर नहीं जब भारत स्वाधीन होगा और उसकी राष्ट्रभाषा हिंदी होगी”।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​नेता जी सुभाषचंद्र बोस ने 20 सितंबर 1928 को कहा था, 'यदि हमने तन, मन और धन से प्रयत्न किया तो वह दिन दूर नहीं जब भारत स्वाधीन होगा और उसकी राष्ट्रभाषा हिंदी होगी।'

Key Points

• सुभाष चन्द्र बोस (23 जनवरी 1897 - 18 अगस्त 1945) भारत के स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम के अग्रणी तथा सबसे बड़े नेता थे।
• द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के दौरान, अंग्रेज़ों के खिलाफ लड़ने के लिए, उन्होंने जापान के सहयोग से आज़ाद हिन्द फ़ौज का गठन किया था।
• उनके द्वारा दिया गया जय हिन्द का नारा भारत का राष्ट्रीय नारा बन गया है।
• "तुम मुझे खून दो मैं तुम्हे आजादी दूंगा" का नारा भी उनका था जो उस समय अत्यधिक प्रचलन में आया।
• भारतवासी उन्हें नेता जी के नाम से सम्बोधित करते हैं।

Additional Informationस्वामी विवेकानंद:-

• स्वामी विवेकानन्द (जन्म: 12 जनवरी 1863 - मृत्यु: 4 जुलाई 1902) वेदान्त के विख्यात और प्रभावशाली आध्यात्मिक गुरु थे।
• उनका वास्तविक नाम नरेन्द्र नाथ दत्त था। उन्होंने अमेरिका स्थित शिकागो में सन् 1893 में आयोजित विश्व धर्म महासभा में भारत की ओर से सनातन धर्म का प्रतिनिधित्व किया था।
• भारत का आध्यात्मिकता से परिपूर्ण वेदान्त दर्शन अमेरिका और यूरोप के हर एक देश में स्वामी विवेकानन्द की वक्तृता के कारण ही पहुँचा।
• उन्होंने रामकृष्ण मिशन की स्थापना की थी जो आज भी अपना काम कर रहा है। वे रामकृष्ण परमहंस के सुयोग्य शिष्य थे। उन्हें 2 मिनट का समय दिया गया था
• किन्तु उन्हें प्रमुख रूप से उनके भाषण का आरम्भ "मेरे अमेरिकी बहनों एवं भाइयों" के साथ करने के लिये जाना जाता है।
• उनके संबोधन के इस प्रथम वाक्य ने सबका दिल जीत लिया था।

महात्मा गाँधी:-

• मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी (जन्म: 2 अक्टूबर 1869 - निधन: 30 जनवरी 1948) जिन्हें महात्मा गांधी के नाम से भी जाना जाता है,
• भारत एवं भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के एक प्रमुख राजनैतिक एवं आध्यात्मिक नेता थे।
• वे सत्याग्रह (व्यापक सविनय अवज्ञा) के माध्यम से अत्याचार के प्रतिकार के अग्रणी नेता थे,
• उनकी इस अवधारणा की नींव सम्पूर्ण अहिंसा के सिद्धान्त पर रखी गयी थी
• जिसने भारत को भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम दिलाकर पूरे विश्व में जनता के नागरिक अधिकारों एवं स्वतन्त्रता के प्रति आन्दोलन के लिये प्रेरित किया।
• उन्हें संसार में साधारण जनता महात्मा गांधी के नाम से जानती है। संस्कृत भाषा में महात्मा अथवा महान आत्मा एक सम्मान सूचक शब्द है।
• गांधी को महात्मा के नाम से सबसे पहले 1915 में राजवैद्य जीवराम कालिदास ने संबोधित किया था।

जवाहरलाल नेहरू:-

• जवाहरलाल नेहरू (नवम्बर 14, 1889 - मई 27, 1964) भारत के प्रथम प्रधानमन्त्री थे और स्वतन्त्रता के पूर्व और पश्चात् की भारतीय राजनीति में केन्द्रीय व्यक्तित्व थे।
• महात्मा गांधी के संरक्षण में, वे भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के सर्वोच्च नेता के रूप में
• उभरे और उन्होंने 1947 में भारत के एक स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्र के रूप में स्थापना से लेकर 1964 तक अपने निधन तक, भारत का शासन किया।
• वे आधुनिक भारतीय राष्ट्र-राज्य - एक सम्प्रभु, समाजवादी, धर्मनिरपेक्ष, और लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र - के वास्तुकार माने जाते हैं।
• कश्मीरी पण्डित समुदाय के साथ उनके मूल की वजह से वे पण्डित नेहरू भी बुलाए जाते थे, जबकि भारतीय बच्चे उन्हें चाचा नेहरू के रूप में जानते हैं।

The correct answer is 'Alchemy'.

Key Points

• Let's find out the meaning of the given words:
• Abysmal: extremely poor or bad (अत्यंत गरीब या बुरा)
• Alchemy: a form of chemistry in the Middle Ages which involved trying to discover how to change ordinary metals into gold (प्राचीनकालिक रसायनशास्‍त्र जिसमें साधारण धातुओं को सोने में बदलने की विधि की खोज की जाती थी)
• Taxonomy: the scientific process of arranging things into groups (वस्‍तुओं का वर्गीकरण करने की वैज्ञानिक प्रक्रिया)
• Palaeology: he branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures (नृविज्ञान की वह शाखा जो प्रागैतिहासिक लोगों और उनकी संस्कृतियों का अध्ययन करती है)
• Thus, the word that can substitute the given sentence is 'Alchemy'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (2).

The correct answer is 'Ventriloquist'.

Key Points

• The word 'Ventriloquist' means a person, especially an entertainer, who can make their voice appear to come from somewhere else, typically a dummy of a person or animal (एक व्यक्ति, विशेष रूप से एक मनोरंजनकर्ता, जो अपनी आवाज कहीं और से आ सकता है, आमतौर पर किसी व्यक्ति या जानवर की डमी)
• Thus, the correctly spelt word is 'Ventriloquist'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

The correct answer is 'SRPQ'.

Key Points

• The subject of the given sentence is 'The rocks'.
• Part S will be the first part as the verb 'are' is used for the subject i.e., 'the rocks'.
• Part R will be the second part as it implies that the rocks are carved and polished by Ice and water.
• Part P will be the third part as it states that the rocks are carved and polished by ice and water very smoothly.
• Part Q will be the last part as it states that the rocks are carved and polished so smooth that they resemble rolls of silk.
• Correct sequence: Here the rocks are carved and polished by ice and water so smooth that in places they resemble rolls of silk.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (3).

The correct answer is '4'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the future continuous tense.
• The future continuous tense is used to show a future action that takes place over a period of time.
• Structure of the future continuous tense: Subject + will +be + base form of the verb + the rest of the sentence.
• Example - They will be enjoying the weather.
• In the given sentence, the verb 'acknowledge' is in the base form.
• Thus, the sentence contains no error.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (3).

The correct answer is 'are'.

Key Points

• The word 'jury' is a collective noun.
• A collective noun treated as a single unit is used as Singular.
• Example - The committee has agreed to the proposal.
• A collective noun treated as separate individuals is used as Plural.
• Example - The army have continued fighting bravely.
• In the given sentence, the jury has been deciding how they want to judge and thus, each individual of the jury is considered separately.
• Therefore, the verb used will be plural i.e., 'are'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

The correct answer is 'Brave'.

Key Points

• The idiom 'Lion hearted' means brave and determined (बहादुर और दृढ़ निश्चयी)
• Example - He has always been a private man but has real leadership qualities and will make a lion-hearted captain.
• Thus, the meaning of the given Idiom is 'Brave'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (4).

Additional Information

• Cunning: having or showing skill in achieving one's ends by deceit or evasion (छल या चोरी से किसी के सिरों को प्राप्त करने में कौशल होना या दिखाना)
• Example - He had used cunning to get what he wanted.

The correct answer is 'SPQR'.

Key Points

• Sentence S is the subject of the passage, thus it must be the first sentence.
• Sentence P, stating that a page can have multiple lines, builds on the concept introduced by S and hence should come second.
• Sentence Q follows suit, logically expanding the topic towards a page being a better measure of length of a book.
• Sentence R, which says "This is with respect to a line.", serves as a fitting conclusion, bringing the focus back to 'lines' from the discussion of 'pages'
• In this sequence, S introduces the concept of differentiating between a line and a page. P then dwells into the composition of how a page can have multiple lines. Q expands on the importance of a page as a measure of length of a book. Finally, R concludes the discussion by returning to the topic of a line.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1 "SPQR".

The correct answer is 'Solemn'.

Key Points

• The word 'Solemn' means formal and dignified (औपचारिक और प्रतिष्ठित)
• Example - He spoke in a solemn and thoughtful manner.
• Thus, the correctly spelt word is 'Solemn'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

The correct answer is 'for help when'.

Key Points

• The preposition 'for' is used to talk about a purpose or a reason for something.
• Example - I’m going for some breakfast.
• In the given sentence, the preposition 'for' is used to imply that he called for the purpose of helping him.
• We use when to refer to the time of a future situation or condition that we are certain of and We use if to introduce a possible or unreal situation or condition.
• Example - When I'm older, I'd love to be a dancer.
• In the given sentence, 'when' will be used to imply that he was certain that nobody came and that's why he called him for help.
• Thus, the phrase 'to help if' should be replaced by 'for help when'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (3).

The correct answer is '4'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in Indirect speech.
• The indirect speech a report on what someone else said or wrote without using that person's exact words.
• We use reporting verb like 'tell', 'say', 'ask' and 'that' to introduce the reported speech.
• The given indirect speech is in the past perfect tense.
• Structure of the past perfect tense: Subject + had + V3 + Object.
• Example - He said to me that they had played football.
• In the given sentence, the third form of the verb 'try' is used after 'had'.
• Thus, the sentence contains no error.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

The correct answer is 'No improvement'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the Present Perfect Continuous tense.
• The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to describe the action that started in the past and is continuing at the present time.
• Structure of the Present Perfect Continuous tense in negative form:  Subject + Has/Have + not + been + present participle + Object.
• Example - He has not been feeling well.
• The sentence contains no error as it follows the structure of the Present Perfect Continuous tense.
• Thus, no substitution is required.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (3).

The correct answer is 'To have a large appetite'.

Key Points

• The idiom 'To have hollow legs' means have the ability or capacity to consume an unusually large amount of food or drink (असामान्य रूप से बड़ी मात्रा में भोजन या पेय का उपभोग करने की क्षमता)
• Example - I just have hollow legs and should order more food.
• Thus, the meaning of the given idiom is 'To have a large appetite'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (2).

The correct answer is 'Clean'.

Key Points

• The word 'Begrime' means blacken with ingrained dirt (जमी हुई गंदगी से काला करना)
• Example - The smoke of industry begrimes buildings.
• The word 'Clean' means free from dirt, marks, or stains (गंदगी, निशान या दाग से मुक्त)
• Example - The room was spotlessly clean.
• Thus, the word that is opposite in meaning to the word 'Begrime' is 'clean'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (2).

Additional Information

• Let's explore the meaning of the given words:
• Crank: to cause to start (शुरू करने का कारण)
• Example - The starter motor struggled to crank the engine.
• Bedaubing: to cover something very roughly with something sticky or dirty (किसी चीज को बहुत मोटे तौर पर किसी चिपचिपी या गंदी चीज से ढकना)
• Example - The child's face was bedaubed with chocolate.

The correct answer is 'Rebuke'.

Key Points

• The word 'Censure' means the formal expression of severe disapproval (गंभीर अस्वीकृति की औपचारिक अभिव्यक्ति)
• Example - Two MPs were singled out for censure.
• The word 'Rebuke' means an expression of sharp disapproval or criticism (तीव्र अस्वीकृति या आलोचना की अभिव्यक्ति)
• Example - She had rebuked him for drinking too much.
• Thus, the word that means the same as the word 'Censure' is 'Rebuke'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

Additional Information

• Heed: careful attention (सावधानी से ध्यान देना)
• Example - He should have heeded the warnings.

The correct answer is 'compact'.

Key Points

• The word 'compact' means something that is a small and having a dense structure or parts or units closely packed or joined (कुछ ऐसा जो छोटा हो और घनी संरचना या भागों या इकाइयों को बारीकी से पैक या जुड़ा हुआ हो)
• Example - The cabin was compact but perfectly adequate.
• The word 'compact' is used in the sentence to imply that the room in hotel was very small and that's why he has to shift to another hotel.
• Thus, the correct alternative to fill in the blank is 'compact'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (4).

The correct answer is 'Enchanting'.

Key Points

• The word 'alluring' means attractive and exciting in a way that is not easy to understand or explain (रहस्‍यमय ढंग से लुभावना व मोहक)
• Example - She was wearing a most alluring dress at Sam's dinner party.
• The word 'enchanting' means very nice or pleasant; attractive (मुग्‍ध करने वाला; मोहक, आकर्षक)
• Example - She's an absolutely enchanting child.
• Thus, the word that can replace the word 'alluring' meaningfully is 'enchanting'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (4).

Additional Information

• Ponderous: slow and awkward because of being very heavy or large (बहुत भारी या बड़ा होने के कारण धीमा और अजीब)
• Example - He had a slow and ponderous manner.
• Abominable: very bad; shocking (बहुत बुरा; घिनौना)
• Example - It was an abominable crime.
• Repelling: to make somebody feel disgusted (वितृष्‍ण या घृणा पैदा कर देना)
• Example - The dirt and smell repelled her.

The correct answer is 'In 1966, Herman became tutor in charge of a reconfigured glass department.'

Key Points

• Refers to the line from the passage: In 1966 Herman built a small tank furnace at the college and in 1967 became tutor in charge of a reconfigured glass department.
• It is evident from the above line that Herman became tutor in charge of a reconfigured glass department in 1967 not in 1966.
• Thus, the only incorrect statement is 'In 1966, Herman became tutor in charge of a reconfigured glass department.'

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Hence, the correct answer is option (3).

The correct answer is 'I, II and III'.

Key Points

• Refers to the following line from the passage: The glass artist Sam Herman, who has died aged 84, was an important contributor to the British craft renaissance of the 1960s and 70s.
• It is evident from the above line that Sam Herman was a glass artist.
• Refer to the following line from the passage: At the University of Wisconsin at Madison (1962-65) Herman had majored in sculpture under Leo Steppat and, more importantly, had taken glass courses with Harvey Littleton, a potter whose father had been head of research at the great Corning glass works, in upstate New York.
• it is evident from the above line that Sam Herman studied sculpture at University of Wisconsin at Madison.
• Refer to the following line from the passage: Herman arrived from Wisconsin on a Fulbright scholarship in 1965 to study cold glass techniques at Edinburgh College of Art, becoming an ambassador for hot glass made in studio.
• It is evident from the above line that Sam Herman arrived at Edinburgh College of Art to study cold glass techniques.
• Thus, all the statements are correct.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

The correct answer is 'David Queensberry'.

Key Points

• Refer to the following line from the passage: David Queensberry, who immediately recognised the potential of direct engagement with hot glass and invited Herman to become a research fellow.
• It is evident from the above line that it was David Queensberry, who invited Herman to become a research fellow.
• Thus, the correct answer is 'David Queensberry'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (2).

The correct answer is 'Asa Brandt - Head of Fashion Department'.

Key Points

• Refer to the following line from the passage: The first degree show at the RCA that included student-made hot glass – by Pauline Solven, John Cook and Asa Brandt – took place in 1968.
• It is evident from the above line that Asa Brandt wasn't the head of Fashion Department. she was one of the students that made the hot glass.
• Thus, the only incorrect pair is 'Asa Brandt - Head of Fashion Department'.

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Hence, the correct answer is option (4).

Jean Piaget revolutionized the study of cognitive development in children with the help of his theory of cognitive development which tries to unify how biology and experience shape cognitive development.

Key Points

 Piaget identified four stages in the cognitive development process from infancy to adolescence -

• Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years )- infants organize their world by means of their senses and the physical actions they take on it.
• Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years) -This stage is characterized by the use of symbolic thought and transductive reasoning. They are not capable of using logical explanations.
• Concrete Operational Stage ( 7 to 11 years )- is considered a significant turning point in the cognitive development of children. Concrete operational reasoning is much more logical, flexible, and organized than sensorimotor or preoperational thought.
• Formal Operational Stage ( 11 years and above )- The ability to work on abstract concepts and operations begins around the age of 11 years. It is characterized by hypothetico-deductive reasoning rather than trial and error.

Hence we conclude that the Preoperational Stage is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory which includes the use of symbolic ideas but is not able to use logic.

Illness is the state of poor physical or mental health of an individual. It is characterized by disease or sickness.

Key Points

Illness is characterized into two -

• Minor Illness - It includes mild illness that usually lasts for a short duration of time and can be cured without a doctor's attention.
• ​For example - Coughing, sobbing, and runny nose are common minor illnesses.
• It does not impact the health of an individual in the long run.
• Coughing, sobbing, and runny nose is one of the most common symptoms of childhood Minor illness. All of them can sound awful, but usually aren't a sign of a serious condition.
• ​Major Illness - It includes illness or health issues that last for a longer period of time and impacts the life of an individual in the long run.
• ​For example - diseases such as AIDs, Diabetes, etc.​

​​Hence we conclude that both statements I and II are correct in the context of minor illness.

Therapy refers to the medical treatment of a physical or mental health issue that aims to improve the condition of an individual.

Key Points Based on its procedure and the health condition to be treated, therapy can be classified into various types-

• Art therapy - It includes the use of various art forms to treat patients. It is usually used to treat people suffering from psychological issues.
• The role of the image and the process of art making are the key factors in art therapy.
• It is administered to adults.
• ​It aims to assist the patient to resolve internal conflicts and gain greater self-awareness through the development and exploration of the relationship between the individual and therapist, and the issues which arise in therapy.
• Drug therapy ​- It involves the administration of drugs or medicines for the treatment of an individual.
• It is usually used to treat patients having physical health issues such as diabetes, HIV infection, etc.

Hence we conclude that Neither I nor II is correct.

Identity is a new way of thinking about oneself that emerges during adolescence. It involves a sense of self-unity, accompanied by a feeling that the self has continuity over time.

Key Points James Marcia developed a framework for thinking about identity in terms of four identity statuses-

• Identity Foreclosure: These people have made commitments to an occupational future, but have not experienced an identity crisis. They have conformed to the expectations of others concerning their future.
• Identity Diffusion: They have not made a commitment, and may or may not have experienced an identity crisis. He or she appears to have given up any attempt to make the commitments needed for developing a clear sense of identity as Marcia defines the term.
• Identity Moratorium: Individuals in moratorium are actively exploring alternative commitments, but have not yet made a decision. They are experiencing an identity crisis, but appear to be moving forward toward identity formation, and making commitments.
• Identity Achievement: The individual has experienced an identity crisis and has made commitments necessary for building a sense of identity as described above.

Hence we conclude that Foreclosure and Moratorium are the identity statuses given by James Marcia in the context of psychosocial development.

The term stress has been derived from ‘stringere’ which is a Latin word that means ‘to draw tight’ but today it has become a very commonly used term in every context whether school, workplace, day-to-day life, and so on.

Key Points

• Stress - The origins of stress can mainly be traced to the physical sciences.
• The initial conceptualization of stress mainly focused on stress as an external stimulus as a response to physical or psychological demands.
• Later it came to be described as a response of an individual to certain disturbances.
• It is a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his/ her resources and endangering his/ her well-being.
• Stressors- It refers to a situation, event, person, or anything that leads to the stress response.
• They can also be described as varied external and internal stimuli that may lead to stress.
• Stressors can be categorized into physical, psychological, environmental, social, and life events.
• Stressors could range from adjusting to change to financial issues and problems.

Hence we conclude that Both I and II are correctly matched.

Cognition refers to the mental processes through which we acquire information and try to understand it.

They are those mental processes using which, we acquire information from the world and understand it.

Key Points

• Classification refers to a mental process that is developed during the concrete-operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
• Children become aware of classification hierarchies and relationships between general and specific categories.
• It includes sophisticated capabilities such as serialization, transitive inference, and class inclusion and helps children to think logically.
• Transitive inference - Transitive Inference is a form of deductive reasoning that typically involves physical relationships between objects or individuals.​

Hence we conclude that only I and II describes classification in the context of cognitive progress.

The brain and reflex behavior of an individual is an essential part of the nervous system that controls and coordinates the functioning of our bodies.

Key Points

• About two weeks after conception, the brain gradually develops from a long hollow tube into a spherical mass of cells.
• The cerebellum grows most rapidly during the first year of life.
• The newborn brain is 36% the size of the adult brain.
• Within the first postnatal year, the brain grows to approximately 70% of its adult size.
• This growth is due to a rapid increase in the neuropil (axons, dendrites, and synapses) and glial cells.
• Remodeling and myelination of neural circuits extend throughout adolescence.

Hence we conclude that both I and II are correct with reference to the brain and reflex action in children.

Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by hyperbilirubinemia and elevated serum bilirubin concentration.

Key Points

• Jaundice during the neonatal period is caused by the lysis of red blood cells.
• In many newborns, this condition is due to the immaturity of the liver and is evidenced by the yellow appearance. It can damage the brain if not treated immediately.
• More than half of all neonates become visibly jaundiced in the first week of life.
• Physiological jaundice typically appears between 24 to 72 hours of age and reaches it.
• Pathological jaundice is recognized by jaundice appearing within 24 hours of age if the palms or soles are yellow, or by the persistence of jaundice beyond 2 weeks of age.

 

Hence we conclude that **both I and II are correct about neonatal jaundice.**​

Seeing and hearing problems refer to when the child is not able to hear and see properly.

Key Points

• About 13 percent of children under the age of 18 are estimated to be blind or visually impaired. These can be caused by a lot of factors such as genetics, developmental defect, or an accident.
• Children are very sensitive, so they develop problems with hearing and seeing very easily. So special care must be taken.
• Children at the age of 3 lack the skill of concentration as they are at the pre-operational stage of development which is characterized by a lack of concentration, reasoning, and abstract thinking.

Hence we conclude that about 13 percent of children under the age of 18 are estimated to be blind or visually impaired.

Identity is a new way of thinking about oneself that emerges during adolescence.

It involves a sense of self-unity, accompanied by a feeling that the self has continuity over time.

Key Points 

James Marcia developed a framework for thinking about identity in terms of four identity statuses-

• Identity Foreclosure: These people have made commitments to an occupational future, but have not experienced an identity crisis. They have conformed to the expectations of others concerning their future.
• Identity Diffusion: They have not made a commitment, and may or may not have experienced an identity crisis. He or she appears to have given up any attempt to make the commitments needed for developing a clear sense of identity as Marcia defines the term.
• Identity Moratorium: Individuals in moratorium are actively exploring alternative commitments, but have not yet made a decision. They are experiencing an identity crisis, but appear to be moving forward toward identity formation, and making commitments.
• Identity Achievement: The individual has experienced an identity crisis and has made commitments necessary for building a sense of identity as described above.

Hence we conclude that only II and III are correctly matched with respect to James Marcia's Identity status.

Respiratory illness involves the condition when breathing becomes difficult and the person becomes anxious. Some respiratory diseases may be fatal, especially in children.

Key Points Some common respiratory illnesses include -

• Asthma- It is a long-term respiratory illness characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
• It is caused by exposure to changes in temperature, infections, or allergic reactions.
• In asthma, the air passages are inflamed which means that the airways are red and swollen.
• During the asthmatic attack, the lining of the passages swells causing the airways to narrow and thus reducing the flow of air in and out of the lungs.
• Whooping cough- It is a communicable respiratory infection caused by microorganisms that causes serious conditions in children.
• COPD - Chronic bronchitis or emphysema, is a disease of the elderly caused by smoking in males, and exposure to cooking fuels in females, especially in rural areas.

Hence we conclude that Asthma is a long-term respiratory illness characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.

Additional Information

• GERD-Gastroesophageal Reflux disease takes place due to the entry of gastric contents into the esophagus. It is a very common and challenging disease of the upper GUT in the elderly.

Motor skills include activities that involve the use of muscles such as walking, holding, etc.

The development of motor skills takes place during the infancy and early childhood period.

Key Points

• Gross motor skills include the use of big muscles such as muscles of the arm and hand.
• Fine motor skills include the use of small muscles such as the muscles of the finger, toe, etc.
• It is due to the development of those particular muscles that the child gets involved in certain activities such as scribbling, etc.
• It starts showing Gentleness which means that Preference for using a particular hand.​

Hence we conclude that in terms of motor skills, Gentleness refers to the Preference for using a particular hand.

“A phobia is a persistent and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger to a person."

Key Points

• Social phobia is a persistent, irrational fear generally linked to the presence of other people that can be extremely debilitating
• It is a fear of social situations in which a person is afraid of acting in a humiliating or embarrassing way when he/she is exposed to the scrutiny of others.
• It may be specific to a situation such as fear of public speaking or generalized as in fear of many different social interactions.
• It was described as a fear of performance situations and did not include fears of less formal situations such as casual conversations.

Hence we conclude that social phobia includes avoidance or extreme fear of social situations.

Additional Information

• Aerophobia - It includes an extreme fear of flying usually in an airplane during the take-off and landing.
• Acrophobia - It includes an extreme fear of heights.
• Astraphobia - It is an extreme fear of thunder and lightning and is more common in children.

Baddeley defined working memory as “a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning”.

Key PointsBaddeley’s model of Working Memory (WM) consists of four components:

• Central executive- It works as an executive in our working memory that coordinates and regulates cognitive operation between sub-ordinate systems namely, phonological loop, visuospatial, and episodic buffer.
• Phonological loop- It is responsible for storing verbal and auditory information. The information stored in the phonological loop will decay within 2 seconds unless it is not rehearsed.
• Visuospatial sketchpad - It keeps visual and spatial information stored. For instance, the mental picture that comes up in your mind while listening to a story or solving a puzzle involves using your visuospatial sketchpad.
• Episodic buffer - It is responsible for combining information from the phonological loop, visuospatial, and long-term memory for generating a unitary episodic representation of information.

Hence we conclude that the central executive in Badgley's model is the element of working memory that controls the processing of information.

Children's theory of mind also referred to as the cognitive theory involves how the child's mind works and processes information.

Key Points

• It gives us an insight, awareness, and understanding of mental processes that take place in a child.
• Jean Piaget is a major proponent of this theory as he gave the theory of the cognitive development of children.
• His theory consists of four stages that describe the cognitive changes that take place in the child from birth to 11,12 years of age.
• He has described the mental achievements at each stage of his cognitive development theory.​

Hence we conclude that only statement I is correct.

Additional InformationPiaget’s theory proposes that Cognitive Development universally follows a pattern of four stages.

• Sensorimotor stage: Children during the initial part of this stage, primarily make sense of the world through their senses – touching, tasting, listening, seeing, and sensing and their behavior include more reflexes or natural responses like sucking and crying.
• Preoperational stage: This is the stage that prepares for operational thinking. Children learn to name and identify objects even when they don’t and they become capable of symbolic actions.
• Concrete operational stage: Children become capable of decentring and reversing actions mentally. They can apply the conservation principle.
• Formal operational stage: They gradually become capable of abstract thinking and their thought is no longer tied only to concrete things rather they can think and engage with symbols (like numbers).

Intelligence is the global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment. 

Key Points

• Wechsler defined intelligence as being a person's capacity to understand and cope with his or her environment.
• He developed his own scale to measure intelligence in school children based on four categories that represent different areas of intellectual functioning:
• Verbal Comprehension- consists of three core subtests including Similarities, Vocabulary, and Comprehension as well as two supplementary subtests that include Information and Word Reasoning.
• Perceptual Reasoning - consists of three core subtests, including Block Design, Picture Concepts, and Matrix Reasoning as well as one supplementary subtest called Picture Completion.
• Working Memory- consists of two core subtests including Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing as well as one supplementary subtest entitled Arithmetic.
• Processing Speed - consists of two core subtests including coding and Symbol Search as well as one supplementary subtest entitled Cancellation.

Hence we conclude that both I and II are true about the Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children.

Stress can be defined as “Any physical or psychological event that is perceived as a threat to physical or emotional well-being. It has been very common among children and adolescents nowadays.

Key Points The protective factors include the management of stress to help them cope with stress and contribute to potency -

• Good Family Relations - Parents and family are great support for the adolescent in crisis- be it a failure, a relationship problem, or any other concern
• Cognitive Function - The child must be made to understand the situation based on their cognitive level.
• Counseling - It is the most important intervention for the management of stress in adolescents. But the process of counseling adolescents is very fragile and should be handled with utmost tact and care.

Hence we conclude that both I and II are protective factors that can help children and adolescents cope with stress and contribute to the potency.

Additional Information

Managing or coping with stress involves recognizing the sources of stress, how it affects it, and finding ways to master or control it.

The ways to manage stress in adolescence include -

• Positive thinking- It improves our ability to process information efficiently and enhances self-esteem. It inculcates optimism, giving us a sense that we are controlling our environment.
• Self-acceptance - Accepting ourselves as we are – is the secret of high self-esteem.
• Yoga and meditation - They provide mind control and hence, the harmony between body and mind.

Development refers to qualitative changes taking place simultaneously with quantitative changes of growth. It may be defined as a progressive series of orderly, coherent changes.

Key PointsThere are certain principles of development -

• Cephalocaudal principle - It states that development always proceeds from head to toe (top to bottom).
• Proximodistal principle - It states that growth and motor development spreads outward from the central axis of the body.
• Continuity principle - It states that development is continuous.
• Individual differences - There are individual differences in the rate of development.
• Development is the product of heredity and environment.

Hence, the correct answer is only II.