DSSSB DOE PRT 29 March 2022 shift 3 (Previous Year Paper)

When the minutes hand is at 3 it shows 15 minutes and it points at north:-

But at 11:00 the hour hand is at 11, as shown in figure given below:-

Here, 11 is in south-west direction.

Hence, the correct answer is south-west.

The venn diagram representation is -

Conclusion I: Some graduates are PhD holders.✅

All teachers are graduates and some teachers are PhD holders.

Hence, some graduates are PhD holders.

Conclusion II: No teachers are unemployed.✅

All teachers are graduates and and no graduates are unemployed.

Hence, no teachers are unemployed.

Hence, the correct answer is both I and II follows.

Taking 1 and 2 common from the first two figure  and moving in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction we get:-

Pair of opposite number:-

5 is opposite to 3.

Now, in 2nd and 3rd we take take 2 as common and moving in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction we get :-

Pair of opposite number:-

5 is opposite to 3

4 is opposite to 1.

So, only 6 is left which is going to be opposite of 2.

Hence, the correct answer is 6.

the total number of tennis players who have represented India either in Olympics or Commonwealth games but not both are shown by coloured portion-

=15 + 13

= 28

Hence, the correct answer is 28.

Order in which they appear in the dictionary are:

1. Practical 

2.Pragmatic

3. Praising

4.Pranced

Hence, the correct answer is 4,3,1,2.

Additional Information1. First of all, check the common letter in all.

2. Arrange them according to the alphabet which come first.  
3. When common letters are arranged, then go for the rest.

The positional value of alphabets are :-

In ABLE : CDMF

Similarly in DUTY :-

Hence, the correct answer is FWUZ.

The wrong number in the given series is -

In 90, double of 8 i.e. 16 is to be added but instead of 16, 18 is added to get 108.

So. the wrong term is 108.

Step 1:-  P is sitting in the 3rd position from the right. 

Step 1:- Q is sitting to the immediate left of P and R is sitting to the immediate right of P.

Step 1:-   S and T are sitting at the extreme ends.

Here, we can see that U is at 5th position from right.

Hence, the correct answer is U.

Let's find out the code for comfortable:-

Here the code are -

Hence, the code for comfortable is 2.

Hence, the correct answer is 2.

Step 1:- Shyam is sitting to the immediate left of Ram.

Step 2:-  Hari is sitting at the alternate place to the left of Shyam.

Step 3:-  Umesh has to sit adjacent to Ram. Shiv is to the immediate right of Umesh. 

Anant is sitting to the immediate right of Hari.

Hence, the correct answer is Anant.

Clearly, from the position of the given dice we can see two common faces showing  numbers 1 and 5 which are common in both the positions

The only number which can be in opposite to face showing 4 will be 2.

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

When the minute hand points to south the clock shows 7:45

No at 2:30 the hour hand point toward North - West as shown in figure:-

Hence, the correct answer is North-West.

The logic followed here is:

Step I: Symbol  

rotated 90 degree and shifted one place in anticlockwise direction.

Step II: Symbol  

flipped 180 degree in alternate image.

Step III: Symbol  

rotated 90 degree and shifted one place in anticlockwise direction.

Step IV: Symbol 

 rotated 90 degree and shifted one place in clockwise direction.

So, the complete series is:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

All the options except 'option 3' are similar to each other.

The triangle in 'option 3' is facing towards west, while in other options it is facing towards east.

Hence, 'option 3' is the odd one out.

Given: 

 

The logic followed here is:

Step 1: 

• The middle number in the triangle is neglected and not considered as in all of them 2 is constant.

Step 2:

• From the left corner of the vertex of the triangle, numbers are taken and the square of it is done.

Figure (1) : 1 → 1² = 1 → 1² = 1

Figure (2) : 2 → 2² = 4 → 4² = 16

Figure (3) : 5 → 5² = 25 → 25² = 625

Therefore, ? = 625

Hence, 625 is the correct answer.

The meaningful word are-

Option 1:- 9472615 - BLATANT which means done in obvious and confident way.

Hence, the correct answer is 9472615.

As we know that Dispur is the capital of Assam.

Similarly, Panaji is the capital of Goa.

Hence, the correct answer is Goa.

The venn diagram representation of the given statements are -

Conclusion I: Some table mats are blankets.❌

Here, no relation between table mats and blankets are given.

Hence, the given conclusion does not follow.

Conclusion II: Some carpets are rugs.❌

Here, no relation between table mats and blankets are given.

Hence, the given conclusion does not follow.

Hence, the correct answer is neither I nor II follows.

Action, Thriller and Romance all are parts of movie which shows the feelings towards that particular scene, whereas jazz is  a type of modern music originally developed by African-Americans, with a rhythm in which the strong notes often come before the beat.

Hence, the correct answer is Jazz.

The symbol used in family tree are,

The family tree is given below-

Here, Adhiraj is the father of Shyam. 

Hence, the false statement is Adhiraj is the brother of Shyam.

The correct answer is Mizoram

Key Points

• Insuknawr or Rod Pushing Sport is an indigenous game of Mizoram, a state in North-East India.
• Insuknawr or rod - pushing is an indigenous game of the state of Mizoram, played only by men. Insuknawr has been declared a ' Mizo National Game ' by the Mizoram State Sports Council.
• It is a test of sheer strength and stamina.
• The game is played within a circle with a diameter of 16 to 18 ft, and the only instrument used is a rounded wooden rod or pole, 8 ft long and 3 to 4 inches in diameter.
• The aim of the game is to push the opponent out of the circle within three to five rounds.

The correct answer is Dr B.R. Ambedkar

Key Points

• Waiting for a Visa is a 20-page autobiographical life story of B. R. Ambedkar written in the period of 1935–36.
• It consists of reminiscences drawn by Ambedkar, related to his experiences with untouchability, in his own handwriting.
• The book is used as a textbook at Columbia University.

The correct answer is Oxygen

Key Points

• An Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU) is a small scale sewage treatment system similar to a septic system, but that uses forced air to create an oxygen-rich environment.
• This forced air process accelerates the degradation of organic matter.
• ATUs are designed to treat waste and break it down into carbon dioxide, water, and a variety of different microbes that are naturally present in the waste.
• ATUs are sometimes installed as a component of alternative septic systems in areas where conventional septic systems are not suitable due to poor soil conditions.
• The benefit is that these systems can provide a high level of waste treatment and can help to protect the environment by preventing waste from contaminating soil and groundwater sources.

The correct answer is Andhra Pradesh

Key Points

• The Undavalli Caves, a monolithic example of Indian rock-cut architecture and one of the finest testimonials to ancient viswakarma sthapathis, are located in Vijayawada of Guntur district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
• This cave is famous for its four storeyed rock cut temple.
• The Undavalli Caves date back to the 7th century BC.

The correct answer is Sushil Kumar

Key Points

• The Northern Railway issued an order on May 2021 suspending wrestler Sushil Kumar following his arrest by the Delhi Police in a murder case.

The correct answer is Lord Lytton 

Key Points

• Lord Lytton (1876-1880)
• The famine of 1876-78 affecting Madras, Bombay, Mysore, Hyderabad, parts of central India and Punjab; appointment of Famine Commission under the presidency of Richard Strachey (1878).
• Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assumed the title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ or Queen Empress of India.
• The Vernacular Press Act (1878). (iv) The Arms Act (1878). (v) The Second Afghan War (1878-80)

Additional Information

• Lord Curzon 1899-1905:
• Appointment of Police Commission (1902) under Sir Andrew Frazer to review police administration.
• Appointment of Universities Commission (1902) and passing of the Indian Universities Act (1904).
• Establishment of the Department of Commerce and Industry.
• Calcutta Corporation Act (1899).
• Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904).
• Partition of Bengal (1905).
• Curzon-Kitchener controversy.
• Younghusband’s Mission to Tibet (1904)
• Lord Dufferin 1884-1888
• The Third Burmese War (1885-86).
• Establishment of the Indian National Congress.

The correct answer is Haryana.

Key Points

• Haryana has India's lowest sex ratio, a number of 877 females to 1000 males.
• Puducherry and Kerala where there are more women than men.
• Kerala has India's highest sex ratio and the figure shows a number of 1084 females to 1000 males.

Important Points

• Census 2011 highlights: 
• India’s population growth rate is 17.64 percent in the decade 2001-11,
• The slowest rate of growth this past century, as per data put out by the registrar-general of the census.
• India’s population in 2011 is estimated to be 1.21 billion, comprising 624 million males and 587 million females.
• While the gender imbalance in the population remains.
• India’s female population grew by 18.12% over the past decade against 17.19% for males.
• India’s literacy rate has gone up from 64.83% in 2001 to 74.04% in 2011.
• Literates constitute 74 percent of the total population aged seven and above.
• The sex ratio, that is the number of females per 1,000 males, has improved to 940 from 933 a decade ago.
• The child sex ratio is 914, the lowest since independence.​

Additional Information

• The first synchronous census was taken under British rule on February 17, 1881, by W.C. Plowden (Census Commissioner of India).
• It has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
• Shri Vivek Joshi is the present Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs.

The correct answer is 22

Key Points

• Out of 37 about 22 mega food parks are operational and approved across India, stated Minister of State for Food Processing Industries Rameshwar Teli.
• The operational mega food parks are located in 15 states including Assam, Punjab, Odisha, Mizoram, and Maharashtra, among others.

The correct answer is 

Key Points

• 90 minority Concentration Districts, 710 Minority Concentration Blocks and 66 Minority Concentration Towns have been identified on the basis of both population data and backwardness parameters of Census 2001.
• The Multi-Sectoral Development Programme was implemented in these 90 MCDs during the 11th Plan and 2012-13 period.

The correct answer is Rickets

Key Points

• Rickets in poultry is caused mainly by deficiencies of either vitamin D3, calcium, phosphorus, or calcium-phosphorus imbalance.
• Rickets is a childhood disorder of the bones where the bones become soft and prone to fractures. Bones tend to become weak due to an inadequate supply of nutrients, Vitamin D3 in particular.
• It is also caused due to a lack of calcium and phosphate in the body. Weak bones can lead to bone deformities.
• Vitamin D primarily comes from exposing the skin to sunlight.
• Other good sources of Vitamin D are fatty fish (such as tuna and salmon) and egg yolks.
• Rickets is a disease associated with the deficiency of Vitamin D.
• Rickets is of the following types:
• Nutritional Rickets–
• This is caused due to intake of food which lacks calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D.
• Hypophosphatemic Rickets-
• It is caused due to low levels of phosphate. It is an X-linked genetic disorder where the kidneys are not able to control the amount of phosphate excreted in the urine.
• Renal Rickets-
• People suffering from kidney disorders have renal rickets. They cannot regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate excreted in the urine.

Additional Information 

The correct answer is Vallamkali

Key PointsVallamkali

• Nehru Trophy Boat Race is a popular Vallam Kali (boat race) held in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha, Kerala on the second Saturday of August every year.
• The most popular event of the race is the competition of Chundan Vallams (snake boats).
• Other categories of boats such as Churulan Vallam, Iruttukuthy Vallam, Odi Vallam etc. also participate in the competition.
• It is organized by the Nehru Trophy Boat Race Society under the guidance of the district administration.
• Vembanad is the longest lake in India, which spans several districts in Kerala. It is known as Punnamada Lake in Kuttanad, Kochi Lake in Kochi.

The correct answer is Essential Commodities Act, 1955 

Key Points

Essential Commodities Act, 1955 :

• The ECA, 1955 main objective is to ensure the affordability of the essential commodities for the poor by restricting hoarding. To make this happen, this act controls the production, supply and distribution of, and trade and commerce in certain goods which are treated as essential commodities.
• It however affects the development of agricultural markets by creating distortions in the market.
• It does not distinguish between firms that genuinely need to hold stocks owing to the nature of their operations and firms that use for speculation.
• The impositions by the Act is ineffective in controlling the price volatility.
• The increasing difference between wholesale and retail prices of essential commodities further reinforces that this act reduces the welfare of consumers.
• In the long term, the ECA disincentivizes the development of storage infrastructure thereby leading to increased volatility in prices following production OR consumption shocks.
• The conviction rate under the ECA is at 2-4%, which indicates that raids under the act may be only leading to harassment of traders. The Act while penalizing manipulative hoarding also ends up penalizing the consumption smoothening that the storage facilities provide.

The economic Survey suggests the following alternatives: 

• Strengthening of the Price Stabilization Fund that was launched in 2014-15.
• Development of effective forecasting mechanisms,
• Stability in trade policies
• Increased integration of agricultural markets.​​

The correct answer is Turbidity

Key Points

Turbidity:

• Turbidity is the measure of the relative clarity of a liquid which is caused by suspended solids.
• It is an optical characteristic of water and is a measurement of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the water when a light is shined through the water sample.
• The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity.
• The WHO (World Health Organization), establishes that the turbidity of drinking water shouldn't be more than 5 NTU, and should ideally be below 1 NTU.

According to the Central Ground Water Board, BIS (IS 10500 and revised module IS 10500:2012)             

• Acceptable limit = 1 NTU
• Permissible limit = 5 NTU

The correct answer is Disaster Management Act, 2005

Key Points

• The Disaster Management Act in India was enacted in 2005.

Additional Information

• The Disaster Management Act 2005
• It was passed to manage disasters, including the preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building, and more.
• It defines a disaster as a catastrophe, mishap, calamity, or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes.
• The Act designates the Ministry of Home Affairs as the nodal ministry for steering the overall national disaster management.
• It puts into place a systematic structure of institutions at the national, state, and district levels.
• It puts in place the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
• The NDMA is tasked with laying down disaster management policies and ensuring timely and effective response mechanisms.
• It also provides for the National Executive Committee (NEC).
• The NEC is responsible for the preparation of the National Disaster Management Plan for the whole country and to ensure that it is “reviewed and updated annually.
• It makes provision for a National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
• The NDRF refers to trained professional units that are called upon for specialized response to disasters.
• The act contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for emergency response, the National Disaster Response Fund, and similar funds at the state and district levels.
• The Act also devotes several sections to various civil and criminal liabilities resulting from a violation of provisions of the act.
• Anyone refusing to comply with orders is liable for punishment with imprisonment up to one year, or fine, or both.
• In case this refusal leads to the death of people, the person liable shall be punished with imprisonment up to two years.
• Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response, and recovery to lessen the impact of disasters.
• It includes prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response, recovery, reconstruction, and rehabilitation.

The correct answer is Tripuri Session

Key PointsTripuri Session:

• In March 1939 the Congress session took place at Tripuri, in the Central Provinces (near Jabalpur in present Madhya Pradesh).
• Subhash Bose won the election by 1580 votes against 1377; he got the full support of the Congress Socialist Party and the communists.
• He defeated Gandhiji's nominee, Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Gandhi congratulated Bose on his victory but also declared that “Pattabhi’s defeat is my defeat.”
• It was obvious that all was not well within Congress.
• The working committee, the ruling body of the Congress, is not elected, but nominated by the president; the election of the president is thus a constitutional opportunity through which the members expressed the nature of the leadership of the Congress.
• With Bose’s victory, the polarisation in terms of ideology and method of future struggle was clear. Thus the election of Bose, in the face of the opposition of the official machine, led to a sharp inner crisis

The correct answer is Oppo

Key Points

• Oppo smartphone companies has filed for 5G patents in India

The correct answer is Ladakh

Key Points

• The Basgo Monastery, or Basgo Gompa, which is situated along with the ruins of the Basgo fort, is located in Ladakh in the northern region of India.
• It is approximately 5 km west of Nimoo and 40 km east from Leh, right on the bank of the Indus river. You can witness the ruins of this fort from afar while traveling on the Srinagar-Leh Highway.
• The monastery adds charm to the beautiful surroundings of the Basgo area, seamlessly fusing with the sandstone cliffs, desolate mountains, and starkly breathtaking terrain of Leh

The correct answer is 

Key Points

• Mani L. Bhaumik rose from poverty to become an eminent scientist who played a key role in developing the laser technology that paved the way for Lasik eye surgery.

The correct answer is 4875

• Minimum Support Price (MSP)
• Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure farmers against any sharp decline in farm prices.
• The minimum support prices are announced by the government at the beginning of the sowing season for certain types of crops on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
• The major objectives of announcing minimum support prices are to protect the farmers from distress sales and to procure food grains for public distribution.
• In case the market price for crops falls below the announced minimum price, government agencies purchase the entire stock of crops offered by the farmers at the announced minimum price.
• official Link: https://farmer.gov.in/mspstatements.aspx

Additional Information

• Crops covered under MSP
• Kharif crops - Paddy, jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, tur, moong, urad, cotton, groundnut, sunflower seed, soybean, sesamum, nigerseed.
• Rabi crops - Wheat, barley, gram, lentils, rapeseed and mustard, safflower, toria.
• Other crops- Copra, de-husked coconut, jute.

Thus, the Minimum Support Price is the minimum price set by the government to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in the prices of crops. It implies a government intervention in the Indian agricultural market where the government declares the price rate before the sowing season which works as an incentive to the farmers for raising the production of the crops on which they will receive MSP.

The correct answer is Minerva Mills vs. Union of India

Key Points

• On 31 July 1980, in its judgment on Minerva Mills v. Union of India, the Supreme Court declared two provisions of the 42nd Amendment as unconstitutional which prevent any constitutional amendment from being "called in question in any Court on any ground" and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State.

Given

Principal =  Rs. 625000

Rate = 8%

Time = 12 months

Concept

When compounded half-yearly, the rate is halved and time is doubled

Formula

CI = P( 1 + r/100)ⁿ - P

where, n = time and r = rate, p = Principal, CI = Compound interest

Solution

Since the rate is halved and time is doubled, they become:

Rate = 4%

Time = 2 years

CI = P( 1 + r/100)ⁿ - P

⇒ CI = 625000( 1 + 4/100)ⁿ - 625000

⇒ CI = 625000 × 104/100 × 104/100 - 625000

⇒ CI = 625000 × 26/25 × 26/25 - 625000

⇒ CI = 676000 - 625000

⇒ CI = 51000

Given

Aggregate marks = 80%

The ratio of marks = 10 ∶ 8 ∶ 6 ∶ 4 ∶ 2

Passing marks = 30%

Solution

Let the maximum marks of each subject = 100x and,

The marks obtained in the five subjects be 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20.

Total marks obtained in the five subjects = 100 + 80 + 60 + 40 + 20 = 300

According to the question

⇒ 80% of (5 × 100x) = 300

⇒ 400x = 300

⇒ x = 3/4

So, the 30% of the maximum marks of each subject = 30x

⇒ 30 × 3/4 = 22.5

Hence, the student passed in 4 out of the 5 subjects in which he obtained more than 22.50 marks.

Concept Used:

Solution

⇒ (0.7 × 0.7 + 0.04 × 0.04 - 0.14 × 0.04) × 1.1

⇒ (0.49 + 0.0016 - 0.0056) × 1.1

⇒ 0.486 × 1.1

⇒ 0.5346

Given

The volume of a right circular cylinder = 489 cm3.

Concept

When the radius and height are the same:

The volume of the cone = 1/3 of the volume of the cylinder

Solution

⇒ The volume of a right circular cone = 1/3 × 489

⇒ 163 cm³

Given

Profit = 20%

Weight = 10 kg

Formula Used:

Profit% = (1000 - x)/x

where x is the actual weight that a dishonest dealer pretends to sell.

Solution

Let him use’s x gm out of 1000gm

So,

⇒ 20% = (1000 - x)/x

⇒ 1/5 = (1000 - x)/x

⇒ x = 5000 - 5x

⇒ 6x = 5000

x = 5000/6 = 833.3 gm

Here, for every 1000 gm(1kg) person gets only 833.3 gm(.833 kg)

Hence, for 10 kg:

⇒ (0.833/1) × 10

⇒ 8.33 kg

∴ The actual weight of wheat he took home is  8.33 kg

Given

⇒ 13.94 × 13.94 × 13.94 - 9.56 × 9.56 × 9.56) ÷ (13.94 × 13.94 + 13.94 × 9.56 + 9.56 × 9.56

Formula Used:

⇒ a³ - b³ = (a - b) × (a² + b² + ab)

Solution

The given expression follows the given formula:

⇒ (13.94³ - 9.56³) ÷ (13.94² + 9.56² + 13.94 × 9.56) = (13.94 - 9.56)(13.942 + 9.562 + 13.94 × 9.56)/(13.942 + 9.562 + 13.94 × 9.56) = (13.94 - 9.56)

⇒ 4.38

Given:

The percentage of students preparing for IAS or IES = 4%

The total student who enrolled = 45000

Solution: 

The total student who enrolled = 45000

The percentage of students preparing for IAS or IES = 4%

∴ The students preparing for IAS or IES =  4% × 45000

⇒ 1800

Given

Initial Speed = 60 mph

Final Speed = 45 mph

Formula

Average speed = total distance/total time

Solution

Total distance = (6 × 60) + (8 × 45)

⇒ 360 + 360 = 720 km

Total time = 8 + 6 = 14 hours

Average speed = 720/14

⇒ 51.43 mph

Given

Diameter = 16 cm

Height = 288 cm

Formula

The Volume of sphere = 4/3 πr³

The volume of the cylinder = πr²h

Solution

Let the radius of the sphere be r cm.

⇒ 8 × 4/3 πr³ = π × 8 × 8 × 288

⇒ r³ =  8 × 72 × 3

⇒ r3 = 1728

⇒ r = 12 cm

∴ The diameter of each sphere is = 2 × 12 cm =24 cm.

Concept used: 

Solution

⇒ 12.25 × (2/5) – 4.25 ×  (4/5) + 8 × (1/2)  – 3/8 = x

⇒ (2.45 × 2) - (0.85 × 4) + 4 - 3/8 = x

⇒ 4.9 - 3.4 + 4 - 3/8 = x

⇒ x = 5.5 - 0.375

⇒ x = 5.125

Given

The percentage of COVID vaccination in sector D = 40%

Sector D population = 250000

Solution

The people from sector D have to be vaccinated yet = 100 - 40 = 60%

⇒ 60% of 250000

⇒ 150000

Given

Initail speed = 6 km/hr

Final speed = 8 km/hr

Formula

Distance = speed × time

Solution

Let the time taken by Sita to board her train be x hrs.

⇒ Distance = 6 × (x + 8)  ...(i)

⇒ Distance = 8 × (x - 8)  .....(ii)

Since distance covered in both the situation will be same.

⇒ 6 × (x + 8) = 8 × (x - 8)

⇒ 6x + 48 = 8x - 64

⇒ 2x = 112

⇒ x = 56 minutes

Distance =  6 × (x + 8)

⇒ 6 × 64/60

⇒ 6.4 km

Given

The first 10 perfect square natural numbers.

Formula

Average = Sum of total values/No. of values

Concept:

A square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself

Solution

The following are the first 10 perfect square natural numbers:

⇒ 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 

The sum = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 + 49 + 64 + 81 + 100 = 385

Average = 385/10

⇒ 38.5

Given

⇒ 1 - 50 prime numbers.

Concept Used:

Prime number : Prime numbers are natural numbers that are divisible by only 1 and the number itself.

Solution

The following are the prime numbers:

⇒ 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43 and 47

Total 14 such odd prime numbers are there out of 50 total numbers.

⇒ 14/50 × 100

⇒ 28%

Given

(p × p - 2 × p × q + q × q) = (p - q)²

Formula used:

(a - b)² = a² + b² - 2ab

Solution

⇒ (0.7 × 14.5 × 0.0073) ÷ (0.0203 × 2.92) = p/q

⇒ (7 × 145 × 73) ÷ (203 × 292) = p/q

⇒ p/q = 5/4

Here, p = 5 and q = 4.

Putting the value in the formula,

⇒ ( p × p - 2 × p × q + q × q) = (p - q)2

⇒ (p - q)² = (5 - 4)²

⇒ 1.

Concept used:

Solution:

⇒ (793 + 529 + 789 + 4439) ÷ (48 + 34 – P + 68) = 50

⇒ 6550 = 50 × (150 - P)

⇒ 6550 = 7500 - 50P

⇒ 50P = 7500 - 6550

⇒ 50P = 950

⇒ P = 19

Given

Price rises = 24%

Sales come down by = 15%

Formula

Revenue = sales × price

Solution

Let the price be 100x and sales are 100y

The revenue = 100x × 100y = 10000xy

Now,

The new price = 124x

The new sales = 85y

The new revenue = 124x × 85y

⇒ 10540xy

The absolute percentage change in the revenue:

⇒ (10540xy - 10000xy)/10000xy × 100

⇒ 5.4%

Given:

Gargi's efficiency = 3 × Julliet's efficiency

Gargi's time - Julliet's time = 6 days

Formula used:

Total work = Time × efficiency

Solution:

Let the time taken by Gargi be x then the time taken by Julliet will be 3x

⇒ 3x - x = 6

⇒ 2x = 6

⇒ x = 3

Julliet complete the same work:

⇒ 3x

⇒ 3 × 3 = 9days

Given

p ∶ q = 3 ∶ 4  ......(i)

q ∶ r = 1 ∶ 2   ......(ii)

r ∶ s = 2 ∶ 3    ......(iii)

s ∶ t = 3 ∶ 5   ......(iv)

Solution

Since in equations (i) and (ii), q is the same, we multiply equation (ii) by 4.

Similarly, we multiply equation (iii) and equation (iv) by 4.

⇒ p : q = 3 : 4

⇒ q ∶ r = 4 ∶ 8

⇒ r ∶ s = 8 ∶ 12

⇒ s ∶ t = 12 ∶ 20 

∴ p : q : r : s : t = 3 : 4 : 8 : 12 : 20

⇒ p + q : s + t = 7 : 32

Concept:

Pie-chart: It is a diagram consisting of a circle divided into parts to show the size of particular parts in relation to the whole circle. The Sum of all parts of the pie chart is always equalled to the whole circle.

Calculation:

Let the total value of the pie chart be x.

Hence, from the figure,

Red = $\frac{1}{2}\ of \ x\ = \frac{x}{2}$

According to the question, 

$\frac{x}{2} = 40\ \Rightarrow \ x = 80$

Therefore,

White part = $\frac{1}{8}\ of \ x = \frac{x}{8}$

$\Rightarrow \frac{80}{8} = \ 10$

उसे पूरा विश्वास है कि वह अपने काम में सफल हो जाएगा वाक्य मे वाक्य भेद का सही विकल्प मिश्र वाक्य होगा। 

• ऐसे वाक्य जिनमें सरल वाक्य के साथ-साथ कोई दूसरा उपवाक्य भी हो, वे वाक्य मिश्र वाक्य कहलाते हैं।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

 Additional Informationअर्थ के आधार पर वाक्य के आठ भेद होते है -

• विधानवाचक वाक्य, निषेधात्मक वाक्य, प्रश्नवाचकवाक्य, विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य, आज्ञा वाचक, इच्छावाचक, संदेह वाचक, संकेत वाचक वाक्य।

आज्ञा वाचक - ऐसे वाक्य जिसमे आज्ञा या कोई सलाह देने का सूचना हो, उसे आज्ञा वाचक वाक्य कहते है।

उदाहरण - अपने माँ बाप का कहा मानो।

घमंड शब्द के सही अर्थ का उचित विकल्प दर्प है।

• घमंड के एनी अर्थ - दंभ, अंहकार, गर्व, अभिमान, दर्प, मद आदि।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Informationसमानार्थी शब्द  - समान अर्थ रखने वाले शब्द समानार्थी शब्द कहलाते है।

अगर गृहकार्य समाप्त हो जाए तो मैं खेलने जा सकता हूँ वाक्य के लिए वृत्ति के भेद का सबसे अच्छा विकल्प संकेतार्थ है।

• एक क्रिया में कार्य की होने की तथा दूसरी में उसके परिणाम की सूचना रहती है उसे संकेतार्थ क्रिया कहते हैं।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Informationवृत्ति भेद -  वृत्ति का अर्थ है मन:स्थिति। इसे क्रियार्थ भी कहते हैं। 

• वक्ता जो कुछ भी कहता है, वह मन:स्थिति अर्थात मन में उत्पन्न भाव-विचार के अनुसार कहता है।
• अत: वृत्ति का लक्षण हुआ – क्रिया के जिस रूप से वक्ता की वृत्ति अथवा मन:स्थिति का बोध होता है उसे वृत्ति या क्रियार्थ कहते है।

रिक्त स्थान के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द का सही विकल्प जिधर है।

• अतः सम्पूर्ण वाक्य निम्न प्रकार होगा -
• मनुष्य का बेड़ा उसके अपने ही हाथ में है, उसे वह चाहे जिधर ले जाए।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

एक या एक से अधिक वर्ण से मिलकर बनी हुई ध्वनि जो स्वतंत्र एवं सार्थक होती है शब्द कहलाती है।

शब्द दो प्रकार के होते है -

• सार्थक - उन शब्दों को सार्थक शब्द कहा जाता है जिनका कोई निश्चित अर्थ होता है।
• निर्थक - उन शब्दों को निरर्थक शब्द कहा जाता है जिनका वास्तविकता में अपना कोई अर्थ नहीं होता है।

आँखों से गिरना मुहावरे का सही अर्थ वाला विकल्प आदर कम हो है।

• वाक्य प्रयोग - अपने माता पिता का सम्मान न करने वाले बच्चे सभी की नज़रों से गिर जाते है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण - 

Additional Informationमुहावरा - 'मुहावरा' शब्द अरबी भाषा से लिया गया है, जिसका अर्थ है- अभ्यास।

मुहावरा अतिसंक्षिप्त रूप में होते हुए भी बड़े भाव या विचार को प्रकट करता है।

प्रतिमूर्ति शुद्ध शब्द का सही विकल्प है।

• प्रतिपूर्ति का अर्थ -  किसी की आकृति को देखकर उसके अनुरूप बनाई हुई मूर्ति या चित्र।

Key Pointकुछ महत्वपूर्ण शुद्ध अशुद्ध शब्द -

तनी - तनि शब्द - युग्म के सही अर्थ का उचित विकल्प थोड़ा - बंधन होगा।

• तनी के अन्य अर्थ - किंचित, कम, न्यून, अल्प, तनिक, थोड़ा आदि।
• तनि के अन्य अर्थ - गाँठ, बँधना, विघ्न, बाधा, रुकावट आदि।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण --

झंझट देशज शब्द का सही विकल्प होगा।

• वे शब्द जो क्षेत्रीय प्रभाव के कारण अपनी परिस्थिति में आवश्यकतानुसार बनकर प्रचलित किए जाते हैं, वे देशज शब्द कहलाते है।
• अन्य उदाहरण - पगड़ी, गाड़ी ,थैला, पेट आदि।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण - 

• हिसाब, इशारा तथा बुखार ये सभी अरबी भाषा के शब्द है, अतः सभी शब्द विदेशी शब्द होगे।
• विदेशी शब्द - वे शब्द जो विदेशी जातियों के संपर्क में आने पर उनकी भाषा में बहुत से शब्द हिंदी में प्रयुक्त होते हैं ऐसे शब्द विशेष विदेशी शब्द कहलाते है।

Additional Informationउत्पत्ति के आधार पर शब्द के भेद -

(उस) कुर्सी को यहाँ रख दो। वाक्य मे ​कोष्ठक में दिए गए शब्द के अनुसार विशेषण के भेद वाला विकल्प सार्वनामिक विशेषण होगा।

• वह विशेषण शब्द जो संज्ञा की ओर संकेत करते हैं, वह संकेतवाचक विशेषण कहे जाते हैं। इन्हें सार्वनामिक विशेषण भी कहा जाता है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Informationविशेषण - विशेषण वे शब्द होते हैं जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताते है।

• ये शब्द वाक्य में संज्ञा के साथ लगकर संज्ञा की विशेषता बताते है।
• विशेषण विकारी शब्द होते है।
• जैसे - बड़ा, काला, लम्बा, दयालु, भारी, सुंदर, कायर, टेढ़ा–मेढ़ा आदि।

विशेषण के मुख्यतः आठ भेद होते है -

गुणवाचक विशेषण, संख्यावाचक विशेषण, परिमाणवाचक विशेषण, सार्वनामिक विशेषण, व्यक्तिवाचक विशेषण, प्रश्नवाचक विशेषण, तुलनबोधक विशेषण तथा सम्बन्धवाचक विशेषण।

सर्व भाववाचक संज्ञा का सही विकल्प नहीं है।

• जो शब्द किसी चीज़ या पदार्थ की अवस्था, दशा या भाव का बोध कराते हैं, उन शब्दों को भाववाचक संज्ञा कहते है।
• जैसे- बचपन, बुढ़ापा, मोटापा, मिठास आदि।

Key Pointsअन्य सभी विकल्प अहंकार, गोरापन तथा महक भाववाचक संज्ञा के उदाहरण है। 

• संज्ञा - किसी भी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, जाति, भाव या स्थान के नाम को ही संज्ञा कहते हैं।
• जैसे – मनुष्य (जाति), अमेरिका, भारत (स्थान), बचपन, मिठास(भाव), किताब, टेबल(वस्तु) आदि।

Additional Informationसंज्ञा के पांच भेद होते है -

भई गति साँप छछूंदर जैसे लोकोक्ति का सही अर्थ वाला विकल्प दुविधा में पड़ना है।

• वाक्य प्रयोग - माता – पिता की जिम्मेवारी और विदेश में नौकरी करने का प्रस्ताव उसकी स्थिति भई गति सांप छछूंदर जैसे  हो गयी।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Information

• लोकोक्ति - किसी विशेष स्थान पर प्रसिद्ध हो जाने वाले वाक्य को ‘लोकोक्ति’ कहते है।
• लोकोक्ति शब्द दो शब्दों से मिलकर बना हैं – लोक + उक्ति = लोकोक्ति
• अर्थात् ऐसी उक्ति जो किसी क्षेत्र विशेष में किसी विशेष अर्थ की ओर संकेत करती हैं लोकोक्ति कहलाती हैं। लोकोक्तियों को कहावत, सुक्ति आदि नामों से जाना जाता है।

मैंने आज एक फिल्म देखी थी वाक्य के काल का सही विकल्प पूर्ण भूतकाल होगा।

• क्रिया के उस रूप को पूर्ण भूत कहते है, जिससे क्रिया की समाप्ति के समय का स्पष्ट बोध होता है कि क्रिया को समाप्त हुए काफी समय बीता है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण - 

Additional Informationकाल - क्रिया के जिस रूप से कार्य करने या होने के समय का ज्ञान होता है उसे ‘काल’ कहते है।

काल के प्रकार -

• वर्तमान काल।
• भूतकाल।
• भविष्यत काल।

अपनी खिचड़ी अलग पकाना मुहावरे का सही अर्थ वाला विकल्प सबसे अलग रहना है।

• वाक्य प्रयोग - मोहन कक्षा में होते हुए भी वह अपने आप में ही खोया रहता है हमेशा अपनी खिचड़ी अलग पकाते रहता है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

Additional Information

• मुहावरा - मुहावरा मूलत: अरबी भाषा का शब्द है जिसका अर्थ है बातचीत करना या उत्तर देना।
• कोई भी ऐसा वाक्यांश जिस का शब्दार्थ ग्रहण करके विलक्षण अर्थ ग्रहण किया जाता है, उसे मुहावरा कहा जाता है।

पंछी कितना सुंदर चहचहा रहे हैं। वाक्य के लिए पक्ष के भेद का सबसे अच्छा विकल्प है।

• जिससे  क्रिया की प्रक्रिया के चालू रहने का बोध होता है सातपय बोधक पक्ष कहलाता है।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण - 

Additional Informationपक्ष भेद - 

• क्रिया के जिस रुप से क्रिया प्रक्रिया का बोध होता है उसे क्रिया का पक्ष कहते हैं क्रिया के दो पक्ष होते हैं।
• पहली दृष्टि से हम देखते हैं कि क्रिया प्रक्रिया आरंभ होने वाली है अथवा आरंभ हो चुकी है अथवा वर्तमान में चालू है या चालू हो चुकी है
• दूसरे दृष्टि में क्रिया प्रक्रिया को एक इकाई के रूप में देखते हैं।

मेरी सहेली के पास बहुत से नए-नए खिलौने, कपड़े और जूते हैं। विराम चिह्न युक्त वाक्य का सही विकल्प होगा। 

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण -

• मेरी सहेली के पास बहुत से नए नए खिलौने, कपड़े और जूते हैं। - वाक्य मे नए नए के मध्य योजक चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए था।
• योजक चिह्न (-) :- दो शब्दों को जोड़ने के लिए इसका प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• मेरी सहेली के पास बहुत से नए, नए खिलौने, कपड़े और जूते हैं।  - वाक्य मे नए, नए के मध्य अल्प विराम का प्रयोग अनुचित है।
• अल्प विराम चिह्न (,) :- वाक्य के भीतर एक ही प्रकार के शब्दों को अलग करने में इसका प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• मेरी सहेली के पास बहुत से नए नए खिलौने कपड़े और जूते हैं। - वाक्य मे  नए नए खिलौने कपड़े मे नए नए के मध्य योजक तथा खिलौने कपड़े के मध्य अल्प विराम चिह्न क प्रोग किया जाना चाहिए था।

Additional Information

• विराम चिह्न - विराम शब्द का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है ठहराव।
• अपनी बात कहने के लिए उसे समझाने के लिए, किसी कथन पर बल देने के लिए आश्चर्य आदि भावों की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए, कहीं कम समय के लिए तो कहीं अधिक समय के लिए ठहराव को इससे प्रदर्शित करते है।

विराम चिह्न निम्न प्रकार के है -

• अल्प विराम ,
• अर्द्ध विराम ;
• अपूर्ण विराम :
• पूर्ण विराम ।
• प्रश्न सूचक चिह्न ?
• सम्बोधन चिह्न !
• विस्मय सूचक चिह्न !
• अवतरण चिह्न/उद्धरण चिह्न/उपरिविराम – (i) इकहरा ‘ ’ (ii) दुहरा ‘‘ ’’
• योजक चिह्न/समासचिह्न –
• निदेशक ——-
• विवरण चिह्न :——
• हंसपद/विस्मरण चिह्न ˆ
• संक्षेपण/लाघव चिह्न 0

गद्यांश के अनुसार डॉ. कलाम भारत को लेकर विकसित देश बनान का सपना संजोये हुए थे।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​डॉ. कलाम दृढ़ इच्छाशक्ति वाले वैज्ञानिक थे। वे भारत को विकसित देश बनाने का सपना संजोए हुए थे।
• उनका मानना था कि भारत वासियों को व्यापक दृष्टि से सोचना चाहिए।

Key Points

• विकसित - जिसका विकास हो चुका हो, खिला हुआ।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अविकसित'
• ​देश - वतन, मुल्क, राष्ट्र, प्रांत, प्रदेश, राज्य।

Additional Informationविकासशील:-

• अर्थ: जो विकास करने की प्रक्रिया में हो।

निर्भर:-

• अर्थ: किसी के आश्रय पर ठहरा हुआ, आश्रित, अवलंबित।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अनिर्भर'

कई उपलब्धियों के बावजूद कलाम जी का स्वभाव अहंकार से एकदम परे था।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​ इतनी उपलब्धियाँ प्राप्त करने के बावजूद अहंकार कलाम जी को छू तक नहीं पाया। वे  सहज स्वभाव के एक भावुक व्यक्ति थे।

Key Points

• अहंकार - दंभ, गर्व, अभिमान, दर्प, मद, घमंड, मान।
• विलोम शब्द - 'निरहंकार'

Additional Informationविश्वास:- 

• अर्थ: यकीन, ऐतबार, आस्था, भरोसा।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अविश्वास'

तपस्या:-

• अर्थ: साधना, तप, योग, अनुष्ठान।

नम्रता:-

• अर्थ: नम्रता के साथ; सम्मान के साथ, विनम्रतापूर्वक। 
• विलोम शब्द - ​**'अनम्रता'**

इस गद्यांश का उपयुक्त शीर्षक होगा - 'डॉ. कलाम व उनके विचार'

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• डॉ. ए.पी.जे.अब्दुल कलाम द्वारा किये गये कार्यों व उनके विचार का वर्णन किया गया है।

Key Pointsविकसित:- 

• अर्थ: जिसका विकास हो चुका हो, खिला हुआ।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अविकसित'

​देश:- 

• अर्थ: वतन, मुल्क, राष्ट्र, प्रांत, प्रदेश, राज्य।

संजोना:-

• अर्थ: सज्जित करना, सजाना।

वैज्ञानिक:-

• अर्थ: विज्ञान संबंधी ज्ञान रखने वाला व्यक्ति।

डॉ. कलाम सादा जीवन जीवन जीने में विश्वास रखते थे।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​इतनी उपलब्धियाँ प्राप्त करने के बावजूद अहंकार कलाम जी को छू तक नहीं पाया।
• वे  सहज स्वभाव के एक भावुक व्यक्ति थे। उन्हें कविताएँ लिखना, वीणा बजाना तथा बच्चों के साथ रहना पसंद था।
• वे सादा जीवन उच्च विचार में विश्वास रखते थे।

Key Points

• सादा - कोरा, बिना लिखा हुआ, सरल, आसान, साधारण।

Additional Informationसम्पन्नता:-

• अर्थ: भरा पूरा या संपन्न होने का भाव।
• विलोम शब्द - 'विपन्नता'

आरामदेह:-

• अर्थ: आराम और सुकून देने वाला, आरामदायक।

कठिनाई:-

• अर्थ: कठिन होने का भाव, जटिलता, झंझट।
• विलोम शब्द - ​**'सरलता'**

'हकीकत' का विलोम शब्द नहीं है - 'सच्चाई'

• हकीकत का अर्थ हैं - सच्चाई, वास्तविकता, सत्यता, यथार्थता, असलियत आदि।
• विलोम शब्द - 'फ़साना, ख्वाब, गप'
• अर्थ: सोते समय दिखाई देने वाला मानसिक दृश्य या घटना।

Key Points

• एक-दूसरे के विपरीत या उल्टा अर्थ देने वाले शब्दों को, विलोम शब्द कहते है।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द:-

• शब्द - विलोम
• वृष्टि - अनावृष्टि
• कृतज्ञ - कृतघ्न
• तुच्छ - महान्
• गुण - अवगुण
• दुर्लभ - सुलभ
• निरक्षर - साक्षर
• नूतन - पुरातन
• उत्साह - अनुत्साह
• सोत्साह - निरुत्साह

The correct answer is 'A way of saying that you do not understand something that is said or written'.

Key Points

• All Greek to me is an idiom which means a way of saying that you do not understand something that is said or written. (जो तुम नहीं समझ सकते / जो समझ से परे हो)
• ​For example- The rules of chess is all Greek to me.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Give a man a fish'.

Key Points

• Give a man a fish is an phrase which means it is better to teach a person how to do something than to do that something for them.
• This phrase is at least 120 years old because it appears in a book from the late 19th century. More specifically, a writer named Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie wrote the saying down in a novel of hers called Mrs. Dymond, published in 1885.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Down the rabbit hole means confusing or illogical situation.
• Greased lightning means something incredibly fast.
• Go out on a limb means do something risky or extreme.

The correct answer is 'RPQS'.

Key Points

• The above question is of para jumble.
• The first statement will be R because it is talking about the murder of  Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria..
• The second statement will be P because it is related to the  previous statement.
• The third statement will be Q because it is talking about the conflict of the previous statement.
• The fourth statement will be S lastly.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'RPQS'.

The correct sequence- World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.  His murder catapulted into a war across Europe that lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers).By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers claimed victory, more than 16 million people-soldiers and civilians alike-were dead. Thanks to new military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, World War I saw unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction. World War I has also been referred to as “the first modern war.

The correct answer is 'Hardly had they done so when a fierce storm'.

Key Points

• Hardly.....when is a conjunction.
• It is used to refer to something happening immediately after something else.
• In the given sentence, when will be used in place of that.
• So, the correct sentence will be- Hardly had they done so when a fierce storm arose, stranding them on the island for two weeks.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• A word that is used for joining other words, phrases or sentences is known as Conjunction.
• ​For example- Not only.....but also, Neither.....not, Either.....or etc.

The correct answer is 'Nescent'.

 Key Points

• Nascent is an adjective which means beginning to exist, not yet completely developed. (आरंभिक अवस्था, उदीयमान, विकासशील)
• ​For example-  Dr. Bhabha contributed much to the nascent field of atomic research.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Buoyant means happy and confident. (प्रसन्‍न तथा विश्‍वासपूर्ण)
• Polemical means strongly attacking or defending a particular idea, person etc. (विवादात्मक)
• Obdurate means refusing to change your mind to do what people want you to do, (लोगों की इच्छानुसार अपना विचार बदलने से मना करना)

The correct answer is 'Laud'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is of Present tense.
• Laud is a noun which means praise. ( प्रशंसा)
• From the above options, laud is the appropriate word for the fill up.
• The sentence will be - After all no - one needs past heroes when there are new idols to laud.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Malign means  to say or write bad things about somebody/something publicly especially in a unfair manner.(दुर्भावनापूर्वक लेख से या मौखिक निंदा करके किसी को सार्वजनिक रूप से बदनाम करना)
• Inveterate means having a particular habit, activity, or interest that is long-established and unlikely to change. ( कट्टर)
• Mollify means to make somebody feel less angry or upset.(किसी के क्रोध या परेशानी को कम करना, किसी अशांत व्यक्ति को शांत करना)

The correct answer is 'Prevaricate'.

Key Points

• Prevaricate means to avoid answering a question directly in order to hide the truth.(सत्य छुपाने के लिए सीधा जवाब न देना)
• ​For example-  Members of Parliament continued to prevaricate.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

The correct answer is 'Stars has been'.

Key Points

• The above sentence has syntax error.
• The phrase many a/an always follows a singular noun.
• ​For example- Many a man plays cricket on holidays.
• So, in the given sentence, pop star will be used in place of pop stars.
• The correct sentence will be- Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is 'Spurn'.

Key Points

• Disdain is a noun which means the feeling that somebody/something is not good enough to be respected. (यह भावना कि कोई सम्मानीय नहीं है, तिरस्‍कार)
• ​For example- Kejriwal looked at Amit Shah with disdain.
• ​Spurn is a noun which means to refuse something that somebody has offered to you. (पेश की गई वस्‍तु को ठुकराना)
• ​For example- He spurned all offers of help.
• ​From the above options, spurn is the appropriate synonym of disdain.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Capitulate means to stop fighting and accept that you have lost. (हार मान लेना और झगड़ा समाप्‍त करना)
• Assimilate means to become or allow somebody/something to become part of a country, a social group, etc. (किसी देश या सामाजिक समूह में सम्मिलित हो जाना )
• Sanction means to give official permission for something.(किसी बात के लिए आधिकारिक अनुमति)

The correct answer is 'some collusion between the juggler'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is of Past tense.
• Collusion means secret agreement, especially in order to do something dishonest. (गुप्‍त समझौता, विशेषतः बेईमानी के कार्य में)
• The word collusion takes preposition between.
• So, preposition between will be used in place of with.
• The correct sentence will be- Napier thought there was some collusion between the juggler and his retainer.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• A word or phrase that is used before a noun or pronoun to show place, time, direction, etc. is known as Preposition.
• ​For example- at, in, between, among, on etc.

The correct answer is 'PQRS'.

Key Points

• The above question is of Para Jumble.
• The first statement is P because it is related to the introductory statement.
• The second statement is Q because it tells us that persistence helps us to get success.
• The third statement is R because it is related to the previous statement.
• The fourth statement is S lastly.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'PQRS'.

The correct sequence is- Persistence will enable us to succeed, and perseverance will allow us to not waver in the least.

The correct answer is 'Genocide'.

Key Points

• Genocide means killing of a large group of people. (नरसंहार).
• For example-  Hitler was accused of genocide.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• Matricide means a person who murders his mother. (मातृहत्या)
• Homicide means a person who kills another person. (मानव हत्या)
• Regicide means a person who kills a king. (राज-हत्या)

The correct answer is 'Nuance'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is of Past tense.
• Nuance is a noun which means a very small difference in meaning, feeling, sound, etc. (अर्थ, मनोभाव, ध्वनि आदि में सूक्ष्‍म अंतर)
• From the above options, nuance is the appropriate fill up .
• So the sentence will be- Probably due to his reliance on the score, much of his vocalism lacked emotional or expressive nuance.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• Opportunism means the practice of using situations unfairly to get an advantage for yourself without thinking about how your actions will affect other people. (दूसरों के हितों की चिंता किए बिना केवल अपने लिए अनुचित रूप से लाभ उठाने की प्रवृत्ति)
• Notoriety means the state of being well known for something bad. (बदनाम, कुख्‍याति)
• Occult means magic powers, ceremonies, etc. (जादू-टोना, तंत्र-मंत्र)

The correct answer is 'Censure'.

Key Points

• Commend is a verb which means to say officially that somebody/something is very good. (अधिकृत रूप से प्रशंसा करना)
• ​For example- The movie has little to commend it.
• ​Censure is a verb which means to tell somebody, in a strong and formal way, that he/she has done something wrong.(अनुचित काम करने के लिए किसी की भर्त्सना करना)
• ​For example- You must not censure him until you know the whole story.
• ​From the given options, Censure is the appropriate antonym of Commend.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information 

• Compliment means a statement or action that shows admiration for somebody.(प्रशंसा, तारीफ़)
• Extol means to praise somebody. (प्रशंसा करना)
• Acclaim means to express a very high opinion of something/somebody. (किसी व्‍यक्ति या वस्‍तु के प्रति आदर या प्रशंसा प्रकट करना)

The correct answer is 'The Great Britain and Northern Ireland'.

Key Points

• The is definite article which is used if a country has a political title in its name, or if it refers a group of islands.
• These countries are the Netherlands, the UK, the USA, the Philippines etc.​
• The before Great Britain will not be used.
• So, the correct sentence will be -The 26 southern counties of Ireland left the Union in 1922, which became known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Articles are words that modify nouns.
• They are of two types-
• ​Definite article - The
• Indefinite article- A and An.
• ​ The article ‘a’ is used before a consonant sound, and the ‘an’ is used before a vowel (a, e, i, o ,u) sound.

The correct answer is 'Through taxes collected from stamps on the insurance cards'.

Key Points

• According to the passage, National Health Service fund itself through taxes collected from stamps on the insurance cards.
• It is mentioned in the last lines of the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is 'Only personnel are supposed to get stamps on their National Health Service insurance card'.

Key Points

• According to the passage, every employed or self employed are supposed to get stamps on their National Health Service insurance card.
• National Health Service is not entirely a free service is mentioned in the second line of the passage.
• Greater part of the stamp cost of the National Health Service is covered by the employer is mentioned in the last line of the passage.
• The Department of Health and Social Security is a government establishment is mentioned in the third line of the passage.
• Only personnel are supposed to get stamps on their National Health Service insurance card is not mentioned in the passage.

​Therefore the correct answer 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is 'To provide free health care in the country'.

Key Points

• According to the passage, the purpose of the National Health Service is to provide free health care in the country.
• It is mentioned in the beginning of the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'is not free in the true sense of the word'.

Key Points

• According to the passage, National Health Care system is not free in the true sense of the world.
• This is mentioned in the second line of the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is '1948'.

 Key Points

• According to the passage, National Health service of United States set up in 1948.
• This is mentioned in the first line of the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Moral development refers to the process through which children develop the standards of right and wrong within their society, based on social and cultural norms, and laws.

• Lawrence Kohlberg describes moral development as a process of discovering universal moral principles and is based on a child's intellectual development.
• Piaget conceptualizes moral development as a constructivist process, whereby the interplay of action and thought builds moral concepts.
• Piaget (1932) suggested two main types of moral thinking: Heteronomous and Autonomous.

Key PointsHeteronomous morality (5-9 yrs):

• The stage of heteronomous morality is also known as moral realism
• Morality is imposed from the outside.
• Children regard morality as obeying other people's rules and laws, which cannot be changed.
• They accept that all rules are made by some authority figure (e.g. parents, teacher, God)
• and that breaking the rules will lead to immediate and severe punishment (immanent justice).

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that Heteronomous moralities are those moral decisions that are based on the rules of people with supreme authority such as parents. 

Hint

• Heterogeneous morality: Heterogeneous morality is the morality which is imposed by the outside sources.

Important Points Autonomous Morality (9-10 yrs)

• The stage of autonomous morality is also known as moral relativism
• Morality is based on your own rules.
• Children recognize there is no absolute right or wrong and that morality depends on intentions, not consequences.
• Piaget believed that around the age of 9-10 children’s understanding of moral issues underwent a fundamental reorganization.
• By now they are beginning to overcome the egocentrism of middle childhood and have developed the ability to see moral rules from other people’s points of view.

Association means associating or relating one thing with some other thing in one way or another.

• Different items can be connected/ associated with one another based on closeness in both time and space.
• The closeness of time and space is called contiguity.

Key Points Contiguity: The almost simultaneous occurrence of the stimuli and the responses to them.

• One of the basic conditions of learning is contiguity.
• Being contiguous with something refers to being in close proximity to it in terms of time and space.
• In teaching, we are always interested in making the students make connections between a particular stimulus and responses to it.

Thus, it can be inferred that the association of things that tend to occur together at about the same time can be regarded as contiguity.

Important Points The contiguity Theory was developed by Edwin Guthrie. 

• Guthrie’s view of associations relied on stimulus and response contiguity.
• He believed, that the link between a specific stimulus and reaction was the basis for all learning.
• Rewards or punishment have very little impact on strengthening the association between stimulus and response as they occur after the connection between stimulus and response has been established but they were important for learning.
• A single trial is enough for learning to take place.
• Behavior was viewed in terms of movement rather than responses by Guthrie.
• Learning is a pattern or chain of discrete movements elicited by both environmental and internal stimulus cues.

Additional Information

• Structuralism: The main focus is on analyzing the basic structures of the human mind.
• This view is known as structuralism.
• It is associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener (Wundt’s student).
• Wundt believed that consciousness could be broken into thoughts, experiences, emotions, and other basic elements.
• Objective introspection is the practice of objectively analyzing and evaluating one's subjective experience.
• Objectivity here refers to an unbiased approach and this was the first attempt to bring objectivity and measurement to psychology.
• Pragmatism: Instead of having set beliefs and theories, pragmatic thinking focuses on finding sensible, practical solutions to problems.
• This term was first coined by C.S. Peirce.
• The credit for the development of pragmatism is given to C.S. Peirce along with William James and John Dewey.
• Being in contrast to something means being completely different from or in opposition to something.

Science involves the process of finding the truth by testing and investigating with evidence gathered from the surroundings. It is also referred to as an accumulated and systematized way of learning.

• The science curriculum refers to the overall subject matter of science to be taught in a specific period of time in a particular class. It includes all the co-curricular and recreational activities that are to be conducted in a science classroom.

Key Points  Process validity:

• It requires that the curriculum should engage the learner in acquiring the methods and processes that lead to the generation of scientific knowledge.
• Process validity is an important criterion since it helps the student in "learning to learn" science.
• It nurtures the natural curiosity and creativity of the child in science.

Thus by all these references, we can say that Process validity is an important criterion since it helps the student in ‘learning to learn science. 

Important Points  Content validity:

• It requires that the curriculum must convey significant and correct scientific information.
• Simplification of content, which is necessary for adapting the curriculum to the cognitive level of the learner must not be so trivialized as to convey something basically flawed or meaningless.

Historical validity:

• It requires that the science curriculum be informed by a historical perspective.
• It should enable the learner to appreciate how the concepts of science evolve over time.
• It also helps the learner to view science as a social enterprise and to understand how social factors influence the development of science.

Cognitive validity: It requires that the content, process, language, and pedagogical practices of the curriculum are age-appropriate, and within the cognitive reach of the child.

The gradual formation of an individual's concepts of right and wrong, conscience, ethical and religious values, social attitudes, and behavior is called moral development.​

The theory of a child's moral development is proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg in 1958. he describes the theory on 3 different levels and these 3 levels are further classified into 6 stages.

Key Points Pre- Conventional Level: At this level, the child is not responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right or wrong but interprets these labels in terms of physical or hedonistic consequences of actions or in terms of physical powers of those who communicate the rules and labels. This level is further sub-divided into two stages.

• Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment): According to Kohlberg, people at this stage see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a way to avoid punishment.
• Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange/Instrumental purpose orientation): At the individualism and exchange stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs.

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that Pre-Conventional level judgment is based solely on a person’s own needs and perceptions 

Hint

• Formal operational level/stage: This is the fourth stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, in this stage child is in the adolescence period and can gain the abilities of abstract thinking.

Important Points

 Level 2. Conventional Morality (10 to 13 years): The next period of moral development is marked by the acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral. During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society.

• Stage 3 (Good-Boy Good-girl orientation): This stage of the interpersonal relationship of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conformity, being "nice" and consideration of how choices influence relationships.
• Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order): This stage is focused on ensuring that social order is maintained. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty, and respecting authority.

 Level 3. Postconventional Morality (13 to 16 years): At this level of moral development, people develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality. The two stages at this level are:

• Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights): At this stage, the people believe that rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of society should agree upon these standards.
• Stage 6 (Universal Principles): Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.

Jean Piaget made a systematic study of cognitive development among children of different age groups and he categorized it into different developmental stages. He is also known as the father of child Psychology. According to him, development is based on the physical environment or Biological abilities, he ignores social aspects.

According to him stages of cognitive development are-

• Sensory-motor:(birth to 2 years) - (Adaptation)
• Preoperational: (from age 2 years to 7 years) - (Assimilation)
• Concrete operational:(from 7 years to 11 years) - (Accomodation)
• Formal operational: (from11+ - adolescence and adulthood). - (Equilibrition).

Key Points

• Accommodation: Jean Piaget defined accommodation as the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated. This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.
• Example: A child who understands that a four-legged creature is called a dog. Then, the child encounters a cat and refers to it as a dog until corrected by a parent. After being corrected, the child can distinguish between a dog and a cat.

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that Accommodation is altering existing schemas or creating new ones in response to new information.

Hint

• Equilibrium: The cognitive stability or balance arrived by the processes of assimilation and accommodation is the equilibrium obtained.
• Association is the complex mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory, can be wholly or mainly explained by the associative links formed between ideas.
• When newly assimilated information conflicts with previously formed mental structures, the result is called disequilibrium. This state (disequilibrium) motivates the learner to seek equilibrium.

 Important Points

• Adaptation: Adaptation is one schema that describes how people learn and understand new information. 
• ​Example: a child seeing a dog and learning what it is.
• Assimilation: Piaget defined assimilation as the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding.
• Example: When a child learns the word for dog, they start to call all four-legged animals dogs.
• Equilibration: Equilibration involves the assimilation of information to fit with an individual's own existing mental schemas and the accommodation of information by adapting it to their way of thinking.
• Example: a child loves the soups that their family eats on a regular basis.

Intelligence involves a number of abilities together. ​It includes the capacity to understand novel stimuli, learn the language and communicate with others, be aware of the environment, and have the ability to reason, plan, and solve problems creatively.

• There are several theories that describe and explain intelligence from different perspectives.
• One group of theorists focuses on the organization of mental abilities as factors that constitute intelligence.
• The other group looks at the nature of the intellectual processes.
• John Carroll's model of intelligence popularly known as the Three stratum theory of intelligence focuses on the organization of mental abilities as factors.

Key Points Three stratum theory of intelligence

• American psychologist John Carroll put forth the three-stratum theory of intelligence in 1993.
• This theory is inspired by Spearman's model of general intelligence and Horn & Cattell's fluid and crystallized intelligence theory.
• It consists of three levels representing narrow, broad, and general cognitive abilities.

Hence, it can be concluded that In stratum III there is just one single general intelligence (sometimes called g).

Additional Information

• Charles Spearman, an English psychologist, first hypothesized the existence of the g factor.
• Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence is known as the two-factor theory.
• According to the two-factor theory, intelligence is a sum of the “g” factor and “s” factor.

Language: Language is a system of symbols and rules that is used for meaningful communication. A language uses symbols, which are sounds, gestures, or written characters that represent objects, actions, events, and ideas. Symbols enable people to refer to objects that are in another place or events that occurred at a different time.

• Speaking to and being understood by other people is one of the language's fundamental objectives.
• A person can convey his or her sentiments, express themselves or their needs, request assistance, or offer an apology using words.
• Every time we communicate, every sentence serves a certain purpose.
• A sentence can be used to make a statement or a query, exclamation, or convey information or feelings.
• It may be claimed that a language serves a variety of functions and one such function is the Descriptive function.

Key PointsDescriptive function of language

• It is one of the most significant functions and is also known as the informational function.
• Its main objectives are to provide information and facts and to describe things.
• Truth and value are key considerations.
• It transmits factual information that can be verified or refuted.

Thus, it can be inferred that the descriptive function of language conveys factual information that can be tried and tested, stated, or denied.

Important PointsGeoffery Leech asserts that The informational function, aesthetic function, expressive, phatic, and directive functions are the five basic purposes of language.

Hint

• Describing fact is an element of the definition of description, which is to "describe."
• Effectiveness has to do with feelings, Moods, etc.
• The mental processes of learning and comprehending through experience, and thought are referred to as cognition.

Emotions are a complex pattern of arousal, subjective feeling, and cognitive interpretation. Emotions, as we experience them, move us internally, and this process involves physiological as well as psychological reactions. Emotion is a subjective feeling and the experience of emotions varies from person to person.

Key PointsCharacteristics of Emotions are:

• Emotions are generally referred to as a stirred-up condition involving subjective experience and affective reactions. i.e. emotion can be defined  as a subjective state of mind
• Pleasant emotions are the sources of joy whereas unpleasant emotions are related to disturbing mental states like aggression, fear, anxiety, etc.
• Affection plays a key role in emotions. Every experience has three modes – cognition, affection, and conation. It is the affection mode of mind that dominates the emotion.
• Emotions accompany instincts. Emotions occur when associated with some instinct or biological drive.
• Emotions have a hedonic tone. Emotions are accompanied by pleasure or pleasantness. But they give us pain also.
• Universal acceptance. Emotions are found in everybody. There are no exceptions. They are found in young and old.
• Varying intensity. The expression of emotion and its intensity may vary from person to person based on levels of education, training, and intelligence.
• Emotions have a wide range of degrees. Emotions are aroused at all stages of mental development. An emotion can last for a very short moment but it can persist for a long time also.
• Emotions and reasoning do not go together. During emotional outbursts, thinking and reasoning power is decreased.

Thus by all these references, we can say that emotion is a subjective state of mind.

Hint

• Cognition is the mental processing of information, which is the function of the human mind that allows perceptions to grow into conceptions. When we have control over our own cognitive functions that are termed metacognition.
• Assimilation: Piaget defined assimilation as the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding.
• Example: When a child learns the word for dog, they start to call all four-legged animals dogs.
• Accommodation: Jean Piaget defined accommodation as the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated. This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.

Jean Piaget made a systematic study of cognitive development among children of different age groups and he categorized it into different developmental stages. He is also known as the father of child Psychology. According to him, development is based on the physical environment or Biological abilities, he ignores social aspects.

According to him stages of cognitive development are-

• Sensory-motor:(birth to 2 years) - (Adaptation)
• Preoperational: (from age 2 years to 7 years) - (Assimilation)
• Concrete operational:(from 7 years to 11 years) - (Accomodation)
• Formal operational: (from11+ - adolescence and adulthood). - (Equilibrition).

Key Points Assimilation: Piaget defined assimilation as the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding.

• Example: When a child learns the word for dog, they start to call all four-legged animals dogs.

Thus by all these references, it is clear that, If the child knows about the horse, then when the first time he/she sees a camel, he/she may call it a “horse is an example of Assimilation.

Hint

• Accommodation: Jean Piaget defined accommodation as the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated. This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.
• Example: A child who understands that a four-legged creature is called a dog. Then, the child encounters a cat and refers to it as a dog until corrected by a parent. After being corrected, the child can distinguish between a dog and a cat.
• Cognition is the mental processing of information, which is the function of the human mind that allows perceptions to grow into conceptions. When we have control over our own cognitive functions that are termed metacognition.
• Equilibrium: The cognitive stability or balance arrived by the processes of assimilation and accommodation is the equilibrium obtained.

Data collection is a process in which relevant information is gathered from relevant sources to draw a research question or find a solution to a specific research problem.

• Data collection plays a crucial role in any research work.
• After the finalization of the sample, the researcher has to work out his/her strategies for data collection.
• There are various methods and tools for data collection.
• We use these methods as well as tools both in theoretical study and empirical study.

Key PointsPsychobiology: The scientific study of the anatomy, biochemical processes, and physiology of the nervous system is known as neuroscience. A closely related field of neuroscience is biopsychology, which draws information from it to study human and animal behavior.

• It is also known as psychobiology, behavioral biology, or behavioral neuroscience.
• Biopsychologists try to investigate scientifically how biological processes interact with cognition, emotions, and other psychological processes.
• It aims to understand aspects like,
• the evolution of the brain and its influence on behavior,
• the development of the nervous system across the life span,
• which areas of the brain are involved in sensation, perception, memory, movement,
• the role of the brain in emotional expression and regulation, language and cognition,
• how the behavioral change occurs after brain damage or trauma.

In light of the foregoing, it can be said that psychobiological research investigators study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures.

Additional Information

• Observation can be described as a process of data collection in which the units/ events/ phenomena/ individuals are witnessed firsthand.
• A researcher, for example, can observe employees at work, children interacting with each other, people belonging to a certain community, and so on.
• This is one of the prominent methods that is used to collect data in qualitative research.
• Observation can be carried out either in a naturalistic setup or it can be carried out in a laboratory or a clinical setup.
• It is helpful when participants are not in a position to adequately/ verbally answer the questions.
• A case study can be described as an approach that helps in obtaining information about the unit from varied perspectives.
• A single unit or a small sample is studied comprehensively under a case study.
• The unit that is selected for study is often studied for a long period of time using varied methods to obtain the necessary information that will enable the researcher to make interpretations and draw conclusions.
• Case studies can be used to study not only individuals but organizations/ institutions, events, and so on.
• In psychology, a case study is frequently used in varied setups including clinical setup, research, and so on.
• A self-report is an assessment of a person's personality based on the reports that person gives about himself, including his behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs.

The Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura focuses on the part played by society in changing a child's behavior as they see and imitate their elders.

• Similarly, Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory lays a strong emphasis on the function of society in the development of a child's cognition.

 Key PointsScio-cultural theory

• Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, proposed a theory of cognitive development known as ‘Socio-Cultural Theory’
• Key Principles:
• The society and culture of the children play a vital role in the development of their cognition.
• He highlighted that learning is a product of social interaction, making it a social activity.
• Sign system or the language of the society works as a tool in gaining knowledge.
• Inputs from others and especially from more knowledgeable people and adults can affect the development of cognition

Social learning theory

• This theory was developed by Albert bandura.
• This theory was based on the idea that people learn by watching what others do and that human thought processes are central to understanding personality.
• The majority of human behavior is acquired through modeling i.e., by observing and imitating others.
• Social cognitive theory approaches the explanation of behavior in terms of a continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants.
• It defines human behavior as an interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment.

From the foregoing, it can be inferred that social learning theory and sociocultural theory both concur that society, environment, and cognitive variables all play significant roles in a child's development.

Thus, it can be concluded that Lev Vygotsky's theory of Social Cognitive Development is complementary to Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory.

Additional Information

• Abraham Maslow was a social psychologist who was interested in a wide range of human psychological needs.
• He is best known for creating a Hierarchy of needs.
• 

​

• Erik Erikson is a developmental psychologist.
• He proposed the 'Theory of Psychosocial Development.
• In this theory, he has covered human personality development in a series of eight stages that take place from infancy to late adulthood.
• David Kolb gave the theory of experiential learning. Experiential learning is the process of learning through experience. In this theory, he depicts learning as 4 stage cycle. 
• Active experimentation
• Reflective observation
• Abstract conceptualization
• Concrete Personal experience

Dialect- Among language speakers of a particular group, a dialect is a variance and uniqueness in their speaking patterns.

• A varied speech pattern in different social groups or cultures, regions, or ethnicities can also be referred to as a dialect.

Key Points

• Idiolect refers to the **distinctive speech pattern(**unique speaking style) of an individual.
• It includes everything that has an impact on how words are uttered.
• For example individual's vocabulary, his way of pronouncing words, his use of idioms and phrases in various contexts, etc.
• Thus, each person will have their unique idiolect regardless of language.

Therefore, we can conclude that "Statement I: Idiolect - In no situation, two speakers of the same language speak exactly the same dialect." is true.

Hint

• Sociolect is the name for a language variety that has been altered inside a social group in terms of vocabulary, accent, and slang.
• People with similar social backgrounds or environments—such as a profession or school background—often develop sociolects over time.
• When a person adopts the jargon and slang of a specific social group, this is known as sociolect.
• It can be defined as a nonstandard dialect i.e., not supported by institutions.

Additional Information

• The English that was used by the populace in England under the reign of Queen Elizabeth are known as Elizabethan English.
• English that was used by people between 1837 and 1901 under the reign of Queen Victoria is referred to as Victorian English.
• From a stylistic and structural point of view, they were very dissimilar to the English that we use today.

Cognition refers to knowledge about the world. Whereas, cognitive processes are those mental processes through which we acquire information about the world around us.

Key PointsConservation:

• Conservation is a concept in Piagetian theory of cognitive development that refers to the understanding that certain properties of an object (such as quantity, volume, or number) remain the same despite changes in appearance.
• In this specific scenario, it relates to the idea that the amount of paper remains the same even if torn into pieces and then reassembled.

Thus, from above, it can be concluded that, if students can prove that there will be the same amount of paper, even if it is torn into several pieces, by taping the pieces back together, it means the child can show conservation.

Hint

• Abstract Reversibility: By seven or eight years of age, children develop conservation of substance: If a ball of clay is taken and roll it into a long thin rod, or even split into ten little pieces, the child knows that there is still the same amount of clay. And he will know that, if you rolled it all back into a single ball, it would look quite the same as it did — a feature known as reversibility.
• Abstract Thinking: The ability to think about abstract concepts emerges during the formal operational stage.
• Instead of relying solely on previous experiences, children begin to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions.
• Hypothetical Reasoning: Piaget believed that deductive logic becomes important during the formal operational stage.
• It requires the ability to use a general principle to determine a specific outcome.
• This type of thinking involves hypothetical situations and is often required in science and mathematics.

B.S. Bloom has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives. Bloom's Taxonomy identified three domains of learning:

1. Cognitive Domain: It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills.
2. Affective Domain: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, etc.
3. Psychomotor Domain:  It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.

Key Points The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition of power. 

The correct order of the revised Bloom Taxonomy of the cognitive process:-

• Remember:- Remembering, Recalling information Recognizing, listing, describing, retrieving, naming, finding.
• Understand:- Explaining ideas or concepts. Interpreting, summarising, paraphrasing, classifying.
• Apply:-Using information in another familiar situation Implementing, carrying out, using, executing.
• Analyze:- Breaking information into parts to explore understandings and relationships. Comparing, organizing, deconstructing, interrogating, finding
• Evaluate:- Justifying a decision or course of action. Checking, hypothesizing, critiquing, experimenting, judging.
• Create:- Generating new ideas, products, or ways of viewing things. Designing, constructing, planning, producing, inventing

Thus, by all these references we can conclude that In the cognitive domain of Bloom's taxonomy, Analysis can break down a communication into its constituent parts, revealing the relationships among them

Important Points

Development describes the growth of humans throughout their lifespan, from conception to death. It refers to development as patterns of change over time. It does not just involve the biological and physical aspects of growth, but also the cognitive and social aspects associated with development. Basically, the development of a child is considered in five stages-

• Pre-natal period (conception period)
• Infancy period (0 to 2 years)
• Early childhood period (2 to 6 years)
• Later childhood (7 to 11 years)
• Adolescence ( 12 to 19 years)

Key Points   Adolescence: Adolescence literally means 'to grow to maturity. It is an intermediary stage between childhood and adulthood characteristically possessing qualities of both stages, although not fully in either of them. The age range is from 12-19 years.

• It is the threshold to adulthood. There are rapid physical changes taking place including sexual maturity which is attained during adolescence. Consequently, there are also psychological and social changes. Adolescence is a crucial stage for the person.

Characteristics of Adolescence age of development:

• Desiring, accepting, and achieving socially responsible behavior.
• Achieving emotional and economic independence.
• Voice gets heavier, Growth in muscules.
• An important change that takes place during adolescence is sexual maturity which occurs at the property.
• According to Erikson, adolescence is known as an Identity crisis, in this stage teenagers actively search for identity.
• Gaining self-identity.
• Abstract thinking, Critical thinking, divergent thinking, and hypo-deductive thinking approaches come in the students.

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that Adolescence is the stage in which children witness bodily changes in themselves.

Hint

• Early childhood period: The period from birth to six years is a time for rapid development. In this stage, the absence of experience and deprivation can be detrimental to growth. Care and stimulation are critical during early childhood or the first three years.
• Later childhood: During this stage children develop marked negativism and because of their desire for independence seldom obey their parents. The child begins going to school and learns the rudiments of knowledge essential for successful adult life. The peer group assumes great significance and children of this age 'crowd together, thus earning the name gang age'.

Behaviorism or the behaviorist approach lays stress on the role of environmental stimuli in determining the way we act. 

• Behaviorists in psychology were particularly influenced by this concept of “associationism”.
• Behaviorism stands apart from other approaches by its emphasis on the relationship between observable behavior (responses) and environmental events (stimuli).

 Key PointsE.L. Thorndike (1874 -1949), one of the well-known American learning theorists propounded a theory called connectionism.

• Thorndike posited that learning was a process of "stamping in" or forming connections between a stimulus and a response.
• He formulated connectionism and more specifically the "laws of learning" by studying the effect of "reward on animals".
• The Law of effects states that "The strength of a link between a condition (stimulus) and a reaction is heightened when the connection is accompanied or followed by a satisfying state of things."
• In this law of effect, it can be said satisfying rewards reinforce the behavior.

Thus, it can be concluded that Edward Lee Thorndike believed that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations.

Important Points

• Edward L. Thorndike has put forward three main laws of learning: The law of effect, the law of readiness, and the law of exercise.
• ​Law of exercise ("law of use and disuse"): It stated that the more a stimulus-response connection was practiced or used, the stronger it became; the less it was used, the weaker it would become.
• Law of readiness: It indicates the learner's willingness to make an (S-R) connection.
• Law of effect: The law holds that the responses, which lead to a pleasant and satisfying outcome for the organism are more likely to be repeated, and the responses.

Additional Information

• John B. Watson
• Behaviorism was developed by J.B. Watson.
• According to him, humans are born with a few reflexes land emotional reactions of fear, love, and rage.
• The rest of human behavior is established by building new S-R connections through conditioning.
• Albert Bandura
• Social learning theory was developed by Albert bandura.
• This theory was based on the idea that people learn by watching what others do.
• The majority of human behavior is acquired through modeling i.e., by observing and imitating others.
• Social cognitive theory approaches the explanation of behavior in terms of a continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants.​
• Sigmund Freud
• ​He is the father of psychoanalysis.
• He revolutionized the ideas on how the human mind works and established the theory that unconscious motives control much of human behavior.
• The concept of psychosexual stages of development, as envisioned by Sigmund Freud is the central element in his sexual drive theory.
• The sex drive is the most important motivating force in men, including children and even infants.
• Freud specified 5 stages, where each stage is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive during that stage.
• These stages are, in order: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

The artistic dimension includes activities like playing music, singing, and drawing.

Key Points Artistic Dimension:

• Art is the mental and physical activity where creation and expression are significant.
• Art is expressed through sensory perceptions (touch, see, hear, smell and taste) in an appealing way.
• It is the expression of an individual in a certain way that attracts the senses of other individuals.
• The word "art" is referred to creative expressions such as music, dance, theater, literature, painting, sculpture, printmaking, and architecture.
• All methods of knowing and creating any form of art are referred to as artistic intelligence.

Thus, it can be concluded that the artistic dimension includes the programs of the groups whose activities include playing music, singing, and drawing.

Additional Information 

• Cultural dimension: This dimension includes different communities or societies with different sets of values.
• Social dimension: This dimension concerns society, cultures, or communities.
• Scientific Dimension: This dimension concerns science.

Language is the means by which children can explore their inner and begins to make connections between objects and sounds, experiences, and words.

Key Points Phonic method:

• Phonics is one of the most important building blocks of reading.
• It may be referred to as a method used for teaching the reading and writing skills of the English language, which develops the phonemic awareness of the learners.
• It includes the ability to discriminate between sounds and shapes.
• It connects the alphabet of a language to its words and its sounds.
• Teachers need to understand the relationship between letters and sounds before they can claim that reading has happened.
• The Phonic method focuses on one sound/letter as the basic unit. Within this approach, the sound unit is dealt with one at a time i.e. a single graphic unit in various positions, for example, the ‘m’ in ‘man’, ‘music’ or ‘s’ in ‘sit’, ‘star’, ‘vest’, etc.
• This method relies on the visual discrimination possessed by the learner.

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that the Phonic Method is the method that teaches children to recognize relationships between letters and sounds.

Hint

• The Word method:
• This method links whole words with their meanings without breaking them down into sounds first.
• This method is very useful for many words whose spellings do not match their sounds, such as ‘the’, ‘said, or ‘when’ in English.
• The child read words as whole units, rather than breaking the word down into individual letters or groups of letters.
• The Alphabetic method:
• In this method, the letters are introduced with the help of pictures and models, and then the students are introduced to the sound of these letters.
• After grasping the sound of the letters, students can easily recognize the letter by its sound.
• The Sentence method:
• ​In this method, the first attention is given to the phrases and sentence then their verbal and alphabetic components come into the picture.

The meaning of communication is to exchange ideas or make (knowledge or feelings) known through speech, writing, or other methods. 

• Communication is more than just messaging or swapping information.
• It involves not just words, but the use of all our senses.
• With face-to-face dialogue, our facial expression, tone, body language, and ability to listen with patience, all contribute to the conveying of messages and information between people.

 Key PointsCommunicative evaluation: Candidates' ability to effectively communicate is assessed in this evaluation by looking at their written, verbal, non-verbal, and listening skills.

• Through this communication test, candidates' abilities to convey meaningful information, comprehend, apply, and interpret textual communication are assessed.
• This assessment aids a person in using the proper language, whether it be spoken, written, or symbolic

Thus, it can be concluded that Communication evaluation includes signed, spoken, and/or written language, as deemed appropriate for the individual.

Additional InformationPsycho-educational evaluation is used to determine the root of any learning issues they may be having in school.

• It evaluates the cognitive abilities, memory capacity, academic success, socioemotional functioning, etc. of the student.
• It is done to identify a student's strengths and shortcomings.
• It is an excellent method for finding learning difficulties and disabilities.

Educational Evaluation is used to measure and review all information available about educational institutions, students, teachers, curriculum, educational programs, teaching-learning approaches, and methods.

• It is useful to monitor student growth, improve accountability for results, and alter and modify educational systems.

Auditory Brainstem Response also known as Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER), is a test of auditory dysfunction.

• Two electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure the brain wave activity that happens in response to specific tones.
• It is a test typically used to confirm auditory impairment and evaluate neonatal hearing.

Cognitive Development Theory- Jean Piaget said that a child's power to reflect and discover the reality of life not only depends on the child's maturity level or on his or her experience but on the interaction of both.

Jean Piaget made a systematic study of cognitive development among children of different age groups and he categorized it into different developmental stages. These stages are- Sensory-motor stage (0 to 2 years), Pre-operational stage (2 to 6 years), Concrete operational stage (6 to 11 years), and Formal Operational stage (11+ years to adolescence).

Key Points According to Jean Piaget:

Thus by all these references, we can clearly understand that the Pre-operational stage is the stage before a child masters logical mental operations.

Jerome Seymour Bruner is an American psychologist who has contributed to cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology, as well as to history and to the general philosophy of education.

Key Points  The Concept Attainment model is an instructional strategy founded on the works of Jerome Bruner.

• Built on the principle of concept formation, the Concept Attainment model promotes student learning through a process of structured inquiry.
• It is also known as Bruner’s Concept Attainment Model. CAM is a teaching strategy to teach concepts

We can also read this chart for further reference:

 Thus by all these references, we can conclude that the Concept Attainment Model is an indirect instructional strategy that uses a structured inquiry process and is based on the work of Jerome Bruner.

Important Points

 Bruner realized that the instruction of the learner should also be sequenced. In other words, for learning to occur best, a learner should first experience it, then react to it concretely, and finally, symbolize it. 

• The inductive processes of learning play a role in the formation of learning structures, which consist of concepts and coding systems. Bruner assumes that a student’s interaction with the world always involves categorization or conceptualization. The formation of concepts takes place by identifying similar properties in the objects.

• According to Bruner, learning is a matter of rearranging or transforming evidence. It is a type of thinking in which the student goes beyond the information given to gain new insights and generalizations.

At the Central level, the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) is the main governmental agency.

• Earlier designated as the Ministry of Education, it was renamed MHRD in 1985 given the variety of activities which it undertakes for human resource development.
• At the Central level, the Department of Education in the MHRD is responsible for all matters about education, including the overall planning of programmes and guiding their implementation.
• The MHRD is headed by a Cabinet Minister of the Union Government.
• The Central Government has created several specialized institutions and organizations to help and advise the Government in the matter of formulation and implementation of policies and programmes in the field of education, particularly school education like the Central Board of Secondary Education (New Delhi), Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (New Delhi), National Council of Educational Research and Training (New Delhi), etc. ​

Key Points Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS), an autonomous body of the Government of India, was set up on 15th December 1965.  The main missions of KVS are:

• To cater to the educational needs of children of transferable Central Government employees including Defence and para-military personnel by providing a common programme of education.
• To pursue excellence and set the pace in the field of school education.
• To initiate and promote experimentation and innovations in education in collaboration with other bodies like the CBSE and the NCERT.
• To develop the spirit of national integration and create a sense of 'Indianness' among children.

Thus, from above it can be said that Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India.

Additional Information DIET- District Institution of Education and Training:

• The Programme of Action (POA) (1986) envisaged the setting up of DIETs in each district of the country.
• These institutes are managed by their Principals who along with teaching staff conduct pre-service and in-service training programmes for elementary school teachers.
• The functions of DIET are-
• Survey the local needs and problems in elementary education.
• Conduct in-service and pre-service training programmes for elementary school teachers.
• Improve the competence of teachers in subjects and methods of teaching.
• Conduct action research and training of teachers for action research.
• Promote the quality of learning in schools.

National Literacy Mission Authority was set up as an independent and autonomous wing of the Department, vested with executive and financial powers in its sphere of work.

• The NLMA has a General Council, Executive Committee and Project Approval Committee.
• The General Council functions under the Chairmanship of the Minister for Human Resource Development.
• Lays down the policies and programmes in the field of literacy and Adult Education.
• The Executive Committee and Project Approval Committee function under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, Elementary Education and Literacy. The General Counsel of the NLMA is headed by the Minister of Human Resource Development and the Executive Council is headed by the Secretary (Elementary Education and Literacy).

University Education Commission (1948-49) was the first Commission on education after Independence.

• Its major emphasis was on higher education but it also touched upon the issues related to school education.
• The Commission was appointed under the chairmanship of Dr S. Radhakrishan, a great visionary of the modern era.
• The Commission recommended that the standard of admission to University courses should correspond to that of the present intermediate examination, i.e., after 12 years of study at school and intermediate college
• It remarked that “our secondary education remains the weakest link in our educational machinery and needs urgent reforms.”
• The University Education Commission laid great stress on the introduction of general education throughout the school.

In Piaget's view, cognitive development is the combined result of the development of the brain and the nervous system, and of experiences that help the individual adapt to his or her environment.

• He believed that because humans are genetically similar, and share many of the same environmental experiences, they can be expected to exhibit considerable uniformity in their cognitive development.
• To explain the process of cognition, Piaget used several new terms drawn from his background as a biologist like - schemata, assimilation, accommodation, adaptation and equilibration.

Key Points  Piaget used the term 'schema' to refer to the comprehension that an infant, child, or adult may have about different aspects of his or her world. 

• Piaget proposed that people are born with a tendency to organize their thinking into schemes (schema).
• These schemes are psychological (mental) categories in which people organize knowledge.
• The word 'schema' is derived from a Greek word which means 'form'.
• A schema is like a map or an outline.
• Piaget believed that children develop schemata or schematic outlines of what the world about them is like and that these schemata are maintained in their memory.
• According to him, behavioural schemes (physical activities) involving sensorimotor action patterns characterize infancy- such as sucking, grasping; and mental schemes (cognitive activities) develop in childhood involving skills such as problem-solving, categorization etc.
• Cognitive approaches are based on the mental representations-internal depiction of information which the mind can manipulate.
• He believed that because of a child's lesser experience and because the child's brain is not fully developed biologically, the child's schema of the world will be qualitatively different from an adult's.
• Thus children are not merely adults who know less, and conversely, adults are not simply knowledgeable children.

Thus, it can be inferred that Schema Theory emphasises cognition, conceptual learning, information processing, conscious experience, organising, storing and retrieving of information, reasoning and problem-solving.

Important Points The social learning theory emphasizes the ways in which external factors, such as socialization agents (e.g., parents, peers, teachers, and the media), shape children's behaviour.

• Bandura’s Social Learning Theory is based on the premise that human behaviour is largely acquired and that the principles of learning are sufficient to account for the development and maintenance of behaviour.
• “Social Learning Theory” is recently renamed, “Social Cognitive Theory”.
• Vicarious learning, or the process of learning from other people’s behaviour, is a central idea of Social Cognitive Theory.
• Bandura's theory of social learning can be explained under the following three headings:
• Reciprocal determinism
• Self-system
• Principles of observational learning

Behaviourism or behaviourist theories lay stress on the role of environmental stimuli in determining the way we act. Learning changes in behaviour because of experiences (excluding changes due to fatigue, injury, or drug effects) is at the centre of this approach.

• Its emphasis is on the relationship between observable behaviour (responses) and environmental events (stimuli).
• Parsimony and associationism are the two fundamental assumptions of behaviourism.
• Learning is at the centre of this approach.
• The central tenet of behaviourism is that an organism learns behavioural adaptation, whose learning is governed by the principles of association.

Interaction theories place a premium on interaction in everyday contexts.

• Its emphasis is on an individual's behaviour in terms of contextual interaction rather than mental process.

The Central Government has created some forums and organizations for assisting it in policy-making and administering education at the school level.

• School education is under the direct control of State Governments.
• They prepare educational plans about their needs and conditions by taking into consideration the plan frame and policies prepared at the Centre.
• The educational structure at the State level includes the Ministry of Education, Secretariat, Directorates, State Institute of Education, State Council of Educational Research and Training, Textbook Board, Board of School Education, etc.

Key Points SCERT- State Council of Educational Research and Training:

• It is an integral part of the Directorate of Education and is the academic wing of the State Department of Education.
• It provides academic guidance to the Regional officers, District Education Officers, Block Education Officers, and Principals of Schools.
• SCERTs are headed by Directors and under them are the Joint Directors of different sections which include: Physical Education, Audio-Visual Education, Institute of English, Vocational Guidance, Examination Unit, Science Division, Curriculum Development, Teacher Education, Textbooks Production, and Non-formal Education, etc.

Thus, the full form of SCERT is the State Council of Educational Research and Training.

Important Points The functions of SCERT are as under: 

• It provides in-service training to teachers, primary and secondary schools, and to District Education Officers (DEOs), Block Education Officers (BEOs), and School Inspectors.
• It supports teacher-training programs at primary and secondary levels in the state and also frames the teacher education curriculum
• It prepares the curriculum and textbooks for school education.
• It collects data and conducts research on school education and feeds it to the Secretariat for policy-making execution; and evaluation.
• It looks into the scholarship, stipends, and other incentives to be provided to the children of minority groups and ST, SC, OBC, etc.
• It supports the improvement of the instructional process in all school subjects with the help of modern technologies and audio-visual aids.
• It develops academic linkages with NCERT, NCTE, and other Central level organizations.

Additional InformationThe Textbook Board is a statutory body of the state government and is generally headed by a Chairman. It usually has experts in school education and distinguished educationists and experienced teachers as its members. 

• It appoints subject experts to write, edit, review, and evaluate textbooks in all school subjects
• It publishes or gets published textbooks.
• It supplies textbooks to schools
• Conducts and supports research relating to curriculum and textbooks.
• Establishes close relations with the SCERT, Ministry of Education, Directorate, and Secretariat.

Board of Secondary Education (BSE): Most State governments have Boards of Secondary (School) Education.

• These Boards were established in pursuance of the recommendation of the Secondary Education Commission (1952-54).
• The Boards prescribe syllabi and textbooks for schools under their jurisdiction.
• The Boards are mainly advisory in character.
• They provide recognition/affiliation to schools and conduct public examinations.