DSSSB DOE PRT 27 March 2022 shift 3 (Previous Year Paper)

According to the given information:-

The BODMAS rule used in the given question is 

![Solved] What will come in the place of the question mark '?'](https://storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/22/04/Bracket%20in%20order.png)

121 - 11 + 4 ÷ 6 × 9 = 47

The given equation will be written as 

=121 ÷ 11 x 4 - 6 + 9

=11 x 4 - 6 + 9

=44 - 6 + 9 

=47

Hence LHS = RHS

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The code as per is question is -

Step1:-

Step2:-

Similarly, the code of TRACE is-

Hence, the code for TRACE is 28-14-16-20-26.

Hence, the correct answer is 28-14-16-20-26.

The direction chart is given below-

Step1:-  Altaf, Jagat and Arif are sitting 2nd, 3rd and 4th from the left. 

Step2:-  Neha has to sit at the extreme end but she cannot sit at the extreme left end. Karun sits at the extreme end.

Here, Nitin sit second from right.

Hence, the correct answer is second.

The direction chart is given below-

Step1:- Sudarshan starts from the public library to reach point 'X'. To do this, he walks 4 km towards South, 

Step2:- Then he takes a left turn and walks 4 km and reaches his destination.

He is in south-east direction from library.

Hence, the correct answer is south-east.

The venn diagram representation of the given statements are-

Conclusion I: Some soap are powder.❌

All soaps are conditioners and no conditioners are powder.

Hence, the given conclusion does not follow.

Conclusion II: Some medicines are conditioners.❌

No relation between medicines and conditioners.

Hence, the given conclusion does not follow.

Hence, the correct answer is Neither I nor II follows.

The next figure which continued the question figure is according the given conditions -

1. In second figure the word get exchange their place as in figure1.
   

2. In third figure, the letter exchange their position as given in figure shown below:-
   

3. Now, the same logic followed in upcoming figure.

So, the answer figure is -

Hence, the correct answer is option2.

A writer writes a novel. Similarly, a director directs a film.

Hence, the correct answer is Film.

Rubber, ruler and pen are found on stationary whereas powerbank is and electronic gadget and found at electronic shop.

Hence, one option is not like the other three are powerbank.

Hence, the correct answer is Powerbank.

The region in dark represents that these are Rich Businessmen but not Honest.

Therefore, total number = 7 + 5 = 12

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (2)".

The direction chart is given below-

Step1:- Madhavan starts walking 17 m towards East, from his acting class.

Step2:- Then he turned to his right and walked 27 m.

Step3:-  Again turned to his right and walked 17 m.

Step4:-  Finally, he turned to his left and walked 27 m and reached his destination.

The total distance between acting class and destination is

27 + 27 = 54

Hence, the correct answer is 54.

The symbols used in family tree are -

Let's draw family tree as per question:-

Hence, the correct answer is Ananya is the granddaughter of Ahilya.

The correct venn diagram representation of given statements are -

Conclusion I: Some dancers are athletic.✅

Here, some dancers are good swimmers and all good swimmers are Athletics. So, some dancers are athletic.

Hence, the given conclusion follows the statements.

Conclusion II: Some singers are good swimmers.❌

No singer are athletics and all good swimmers are athletics.

Hence, no singers are good swimmers.

Hence, the given conclusion does not follow.

Hence, the correct answer is only I follow.

The positional value of alphabets are-

![Solved] Which letter will be 10th to the right of the 5th lette](https://storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/11/alphabet.png)

Logic - (First letter + 1)(Second letter - 1)(Third letter + 1)

In G we add 1 instead of -1 to get H.

Hence, GHJ are the wrong letter set in the given series.

Hence, the correct answer is GHJ.

The steps in completion to get learner's license are as follows:

1.Fill the application form and attach photograph wherever required. Attach your age proof and address proof.

2. Visit your nearest RTO office and submit the application form. 3. Ask the RTO officials to schedule your Learner's License exam on a particular date and time. 4. Appear for the exam on the given date and time. 5. On passing the exam, Learner's License will be sent to the permanent address.

Hence, the meaning order is 2, 4, 5, 1, 3.

The positional value of alphabets are-

![Solved] Which letter will be 10th to the right of the 5th lette](https://storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/11/alphabet.png)

In DHXI : HLVG -

Similarly -

Hence, the correct answer is TNXE.

By checking the option,

Option 1:- 7529341

 Here, Durable means able to exist for a long time without significant deterioration in quality or value.

Hence, the correct answer is Durable.

The pattern followed here is:

• All the figures and signs are rotated 90º clockwise direction.

Similarly,

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The option figure in which image is embedded is:

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The option figure in which image is embedded is:

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Logic = Add consecutive prime number starting with 2.

Hence, the correct answer is 1058.

Ramesh Powar was appointed as the head coach of the Indian women's cricket team in August 2021.

Key Points

• Ramesh Powar was appointed as the head coach of the Indian women's cricket team in August 2021.
• He had previously served as the head coach of the team from 2017 to 2019.
• He was reappointed after WV Raman's contract expired in July 2021.
• Powar's first assignment as the head coach was the 2021 Women's Cricket World Cup, where India finished as runners-up.
• He has also led the team to victory in the 2022 Women's Tri-Nation Series and the 2022 Women's Asia Cup.
• Powar is a former cricketer himself, and he played for Mumbai and India A.
• He is a qualified Level-A coach by the BCCI.

According to IMF, World Economic Outlook (April 2021), 144 is the rank of India with respect to GDP per capita (unweighted list) out of total 194 economies.

Key Points

• According to the IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2021), India's GDP per capita (nominal) in 2021 is projected to be $2,191 at current prices.
• This gives India a rank of 144 out of 194 economies in terms of GDP per capita.
• India's GDP per capita is relatively low compared to other countries in the world.
• This is due to a number of factors, including the country's large population and its relatively low levels of productivity.
• However, India's economy is growing rapidly, and it is expected that GDP per capita will continue to improve in the years to come.

Purvanchal ranges is the parent range of the Saramati Mountains.

Key Points

• The Purvanchal Range is a sub-mountain range of the Himalayas, and it is the parent range of the Saramati Mountains.
• The Saramati Mountains are located in the northeastern part of India, and they are the highest mountains in the state of Nagaland.
• The highest peak in the Saramati Mountains is Mount Saramati, which is 3,841 meters (12,602 feet) tall.
• Mount Saramati is a sacred mountain to the Naga people, and it is often referred to as the "Crown of Nagaland."
• The Purvanchal Range is a long and complex mountain range, and it extends through several Indian states, including Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura.
• The range is also home to several other important mountains, including Mount Tempu, Mount Iso, and Mount Japfu.
• The Purvanchal Range is a beautiful and rugged mountain range, and it is a popular destination for hikers, climbers, and nature lovers.
• The range is also home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including several endangered species.

At Java Trench the deepest point of the Indian Ocean located.

Key Points

• The deepest point of the Indian Ocean is the Sunda Deep, which is located in the Java Trench.
• The Sunda Deep is 7,187 meters (23,576 feet) deep, and it is located about 300 kilometers (190 miles) south of the island of Java in Indonesia.
• The Java Trench is a long, narrow trench that is about 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles) long and 200 kilometers (120 miles) wide.
• It is located on the boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
• The trench is formed by the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate.
• The Sunda Deep is a very deep and remote location, and it is not easily accessible.
• However, in 2019, a team of scientists led by Victor Vescovo made the first crewed descent to the bottom of the Sunda Deep.
• They used a submersible called the DSV Limiting Factor to reach the bottom of the trench.

The Karnataka Ganakala Parishad is an annual convention dedicated to Karnataka music.

 Key Points

• The Karnataka Ganakala Parishat (KGKP) is an annual conference of Carnatic music held in February.
• The first conference was conducted in the year 1970 under the presidency of Vidwan B.S. Raja Iyengar.
• Over several days (16 days in 2020), lecture demonstrations are given in the mornings, and four musical performances are given every afternoon and evening.
• The KGKP is a non-profit organization founded and led by Carnatic classical musicians.
• Its mission is to promote and propagate the rich musical heritage of Karnataka.
• The organization has been instrumental in organizing numerous concerts and lecture demonstrations across the state, and in conferring the titles of "Ganakalabhushana" and "Ganakalashree" to two deserving artists every year.
• The KGKP is a valuable resource for Carnatic music lovers in Karnataka.
• It provides a platform for talented artists to showcase their skills, and it helps to keep the tradition of Carnatic music alive and vibrant.
• Here are some of the things that make the Karnataka Ganakala Parishat a unique and special event:
• ​The conference is held in a different city every year, which helps to promote Carnatic music in different parts of the state.
• The conference features a wide variety of musical performances, from traditional Carnatic music to fusion genres.
• The conference also includes lecture demonstrations by leading Carnatic musicians, which provide insights into the art form.
• The conference is a great opportunity to meet other Carnatic music lovers and to learn about the rich musical heritage of Karnataka.

Bheem II the Chalukya king assumed the title of "Abhinava Siddharaja".

Key Points

• Bhima II, the Chaulukya king of Gujarat, assumed the title of "Abhinava Siddhartha".
• The title means "New Victorious King" in Sanskrit.
• It was a reference to his predecessor, Siddharaja Jayasimha II, who was one of the most powerful and successful rulers in Chaulukya's history.
• Bhima II used the title to assert his authority and legitimacy as the new king and to demonstrate his ambition to emulate the achievements of Siddharaja Jayasimha II.
• The title "Abhinava Siddharaja" was not the only title that Bhima II assumed.
• He also used the titles "Saptama Chakravarti" (Seventh Universal Emperor) and "Bala Narayana" (Young Narayana).
• These titles were all intended to convey Bhima II's power, prestige, and piety.
• Bhima II was a successful ruler, and he ruled Gujarat for over 60 years.
• He was a patron of the arts and sciences, and he built many temples and other religious structures.
• He was also a skilled military leader, and he successfully defended Gujarat from invasions by the Ghurids and other enemies.
• Bhima II's reign was a golden age for the Chaulukya dynasty.
• He was a wise and just ruler, and he helped to make Gujarat one of the most prosperous and powerful kingdoms in India.

The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world.

 Key Points

• The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres.
• It is located off the east coast of the Queensland mainland, Australia.
• The Great Barrier Reef is home to an incredible diversity of life, including over 1,500 species of fish, 400 species of coral, 134 species of sharks and rays, and 6 species of marine turtles.
• It is also a major tourist destination, attracting over 2 million visitors each year.
• However, the Great Barrier Reef is facing a number of threats, including climate change, pollution, and overfishing.
• These threats have caused the reef to lose over half of its coral cover in the past 30 years.
• There are a number of things that can be done to help protect the Great Barrier Reef, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, reducing pollution, and sustainable fishing practices.
• It is important to act now to protect this amazing natural wonder for future generations.

According to the Gandhara style of Indian art are the Bamiyan Buddha sculptures carved.

 Key Points

• The Bamiyan Buddha sculptures were carved in the Gandhara style of Indian art.
• Gandhara art is a fusion of Greco-Roman and Indian artistic styles, and it is characterized by its naturalistic depiction of the Buddha, as well as its use of Hellenistic elements such as drapery and hairstyles.
• The Bamiyan Buddhas are some of the most famous examples of Gandhara art, and they are considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist sculpture.
• The Gandhara style of art developed in the region of Gandhara, which is located in what is now northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan.
• The region was a crossroads of cultures, and it was home to a large number of Greek and Roman merchants and soldiers.
• These foreigners brought their own artistic styles with them, and they influenced the development of Gandharan art.
• The Bamiyan Buddhas were carved in the 6th and 7th centuries CE, during the height of the Gandhara style.
• The larger of the two Buddhas, the Western Buddha, is 55 meters (180 feet) tall, and the smaller, the Eastern Buddha, is 38 meters (125 feet) tall.
• Both Buddhas are carved into the side of a cliff, and they are surrounded by a complex of caves and monasteries.
• The Bamiyan Buddhas were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001, but they have been recreated digitally.
• These digital recreations allow people to see the Buddhas as they once were, and they help to preserve the memory of this important cultural heritage.

Demetrius I laid the foundation of the Euthydemid Empire in India.

Key Points

• Demetrius I was a Greco-Bactrian king who reigned from c. 200 to 167 BC.
• He was the son of Euthydemus I, the founder of the Euthydemid dynasty.
• Demetrius I is best known for his conquests in India, where he established a number of Greek kingdoms.
• These kingdoms, collectively known as the Indo-Greek Empire, lasted for over two centuries and had a significant impact on Indian culture.
• Demetrius I was a skilled military leader and a charismatic ruler.
• He was able to unite the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and expand its borders.
• He was also a patron of the arts and sciences, and his reign saw a flowering of Greek culture in India.
• The Euthydemid Empire was eventually overthrown by the Indo-Scythians, but its legacy lives on.
• The Indo-Greeks were important intermediaries between Greek and Indian cultures, and their influence can still be seen in Indian art, architecture, and religion.
• Here are some of the achievements of Demetrius I:
• ​He conquered extensive areas in what is now southern Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and India.
• He founded a number of Greek kingdoms in India, collectively known as the Indo-Greek Empire.
• He was a patron of the arts and sciences.
• His reign saw a flowering of Greek culture in India.
• Demetrius I was a significant figure in the history of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Empire.
• His achievements helped to shape the course of history in both Central Asia and India.

Sord Marzen coached the Indian women's hockey team for the 2021 Tokyo Olympics.

Key Points

• Sord Maržen was the head coach of the Indian women's hockey team for the 2021 Tokyo Olympics.
• He is a former Slovenian international hockey player who played as a defender.
• He has also coached the Slovenian national team and the Dutch national team.
• After the Tokyo Olympics, Maržen stepped down as the head coach of the Indian team.
• He was replaced by Janneke Schopman, a former Dutch international hockey player who played as a midfielder.
• Schopman is currently the head coach of the Indian team for the 2022 Commonwealth Games.

Bhikhari Thakur was an influential folk artist associated with the culture of Bihar.

Key Points

• Bhikhari Thakur (1887-1971) was an immensely influential folk artist and playwright closely associated with the culture of Bihar, India.
• He is widely regarded as the "Shakespeare of Bhojpuri" for his significant contributions to the Bhojpuri folk theatre.
• Born in a small village named Kutubpur in Bihar's Saran district, Bhikhari Thakur had humble beginnings.
• He was born into a family of traditional folk performers, and from an early age, he was exposed to the world of folk arts and storytelling.
• Drawing from his observations of rural life and society, he created compelling theatrical performances that resonated with the common people.
• Bhikhari Thakur's plays were known for their humorous and satirical commentary on social issues, customs, and traditions prevalent in rural Bihar.
• He highlighted the struggles and aspirations of the common people and often used his art as a medium to address social problems and advocate for positive change.
• Some of his most famous plays include "Bidesiya," "Bidesia," "Gehu, Ganna aur Gun," and "Kanyadan," among others.
• "Bidesiya" is perhaps his most renowned play, which revolves around the theme of migration and portrays the emotional struggles faced by migrant workers leaving their homes in search of livelihood.
• Throughout his life, Bhikhari Thakur performed and travelled extensively, spreading the essence of Bhojpuri folk culture and gaining popularity among the masses.
• His contributions to the folk theatre of Bihar have left an indelible mark on the region's cultural heritage, making him a revered figure in the history of Bihari performing arts.

On 22 July 1947, the national flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly.

 Key Points

• The National Flag of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947, a few days before India's independence from the British on 15 August 1947.
• The flag is a horizontal tricolour of India in saffron, white and green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre.
• The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya, who was a freedom fighter and social reformer.
• The colours of the flag have symbolic meanings:
• ​Saffron represents courage and sacrifice.
• White denotes peace and truth.
• Green symbolizes faith and chivalry.
• The Ashoka Chakra, which is at the centre of the flag, is a wheel with 24 spokes.
• It represents the Dharma Chakra, or the wheel of law, which was a symbol of the Mauryan Empire.
• The Dharma Chakra is a reminder of the importance of justice and good governance in India.
• The National Flag of India is a symbol of our nation's unity and pride.
• It is a reminder of our freedom struggle and our commitment to democracy and secularism.
• We should all be proud to fly the National Flag and uphold its values.

Oxidase the chemical compound is found if fruits and vegetables turn brown when exposed to air.

 Key Points

• The chemical compound that causes fruits and vegetables to turn brown when exposed to air is polyphenol oxidase (PPO).
• PPO is an enzyme that is found in most fruits and vegetables, and it catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds.
• This oxidation reaction produces quinones, which are unstable compounds that can react with each other to form melanin.
• Melanin is the brown pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their colour.
• When a fruit or vegetable is cut, the PPO enzyme is released from the cells and comes into contact with oxygen.
• This triggers the oxidation reaction, and the fruit or vegetable begins to turn brown.
• The browning reaction can be slowed down by storing the fruit or vegetable in an airtight container, or by treating it with a chemical that inhibits the activity of PPO.
• Here are some other ways to prevent enzymatic browning:
• ​​Sulfiting: 
• Sulfites are a common food additive that can inhibit the activity of PPO.
• However, sulfites can also cause allergic reactions in some people, so they should be used with caution.
• Ascorbic acid:
• Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, can also inhibit the activity of PPO.
• Ascorbic acid is often added to fruits and vegetables that are canned or frozen to prevent them from browning.
• Citric acid:
• Citric acid is another acid that can inhibit the activity of PPO.
• It is often used in salad dressings and other foods to prevent browning.
• By understanding the causes of enzymatic browning, we can take steps to prevent it and keep our fruits and vegetables looking fresh.

P.V. Sindhu became the first Indian woman to win two medals in the Olympics.

Key Points

• P.V. Sindhu is an Indian badminton player who won the silver medal in the women's singles event at the 2016 Rio Olympics.
• She then went on to win the bronze medal in the same event at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, becoming the first Indian woman to win two Olympic medals.
• Sindhu is a national hero in India, and her achievements have inspired many young people to take up badminton.
• She is a role model for women and girls everywhere, and her success shows that anything is possible if you set your mind to it.
• Here are some of her other achievements:
• ​She is the first Indian to win a gold medal at the BWF World Championships.
• She is the only Indian to have won medals at all four major badminton tournaments: the Olympics, the World Championships, the World Cup, and the Asian Games.
• She is the most decorated Indian badminton player in history.
• Sindhu is a truly inspirational figure, and her success is a testament to her hard work and dedication.
• She is an inspiration to us all, and we can all learn from her example.

Apollo Hospitals partnered with HDFC Bank to launch "HealthyLife Program".

Key Points

• HDFC Bank and Apollo Hospitals partnered in October 2020 to launch the HealthyLife Programme, a holistic healthcare solution that makes healthy living accessible and affordable on Apollo's digital platform, Apollo 24|7.
• The programme is exclusively available for HDFC Bank customers and includes a variety of benefits, such as:
• ​24/7 access to emergency Apollo Doctor at no cost on Apollo 24|7
• Choice of payment options for treatments at all Apollo Hospitals
• Ease of finance for treatments, up to ₹40 lakh
• Comprehensive health check-up
• No-cost EMI on credit or debit cards
• Discount on medicines at Apollo Pharmacies
• The HealthyLife Programme is a great example of how technology can be used to improve access to healthcare.
• By partnering with HDFC Bank, Apollo Hospitals has made it possible for millions of people to have access to world-class healthcare at an affordable price.

Urchin marine animal does not belong to the Crustacea family.

 Key Points

• Urchins are not crustaceans.
• They belong to the phylum Echinodermata, which also includes starfish, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars.
• Crustaceans, on the other hand, belong to the phylum Arthropoda, which also includes insects, spiders, and crabs.
• Here are some of the key differences between urchins and crustaceans:
• ​Urchins have radial symmetry, meaning their body parts are arranged in a circular pattern. Crustaceans, on the other hand, have bilateral symmetry, meaning their body parts are arranged on either side of a central line.
• Urchins have a water vascular system, which helps them move and capture food. Crustaceans have a muscular exoskeleton that helps them move.
• Urchins have a hard, spiny shell. Crustaceans have a hard exoskeleton that is made up of plates.
• So, while urchins and crustaceans may look similar, they are actually very different animals.

Pingali Venkayya designed the flag of India.

Key Points

• Pingali Venkayya was an Indian freedom fighter and a Gandhian.
• He was the designer of the flag on which the Indian National Flag was based.
• He was also a lecturer, author, geologist, educationalist, agriculturist, and polyglot.
• Venkayya designed the flag in 1921 and presented it to Mahatma Gandhi during the latter's visit to Vijayawada.
• Venkayya's first draft of the flag was in red and green — the red representing Hindus and the green the Muslims living in the country.
• On Gandhi's suggestion, Venkayya added a white stripe to represent all other denominations and religions present in India.
• Since 1921, Venkayya's flag has been used informally at all Congress meetings.
• The flag was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on July 22, 1947.
• The flag of India is a horizontal tricolour of saffron, white, and green, with the Ashok Chakra at the centre.
• The saffron colour represents courage and sacrifice, the white colour represents peace and purity, and the green colour represents faith and prosperity.
• The Ashok Chakra is a 24-spoked wheel that represents the wheel of law and order.
• The flag of India is a symbol of national pride and unity.
• It is flown at all government buildings and at important events.
• It is also flown by citizens at their homes and businesses.
• The flag is a reminder of the sacrifices that have been made for India's independence and the hope for a better future.

Imaginary Homelands (1991) cannot be attributed to Khushwant Singh.

Key Points

• Imaginary Homelands (1991) was written by Salman Rushdie, not Khushwant Singh.
• Rushdie is a British Indian novelist and essayist, while Singh was an Indian author, journalist, and politician.
• The two authors have very different writing styles and interests, so it is unlikely that they would have written the same book.
• In addition, there is no record of Singh ever writing a book called Imaginary Homelands.
• The book was published by Granta Books in 1991, and it is a collection of essays by Rushdie.
• The essays explore themes of migration, identity, and culture.

Maikal Hills ranges forms the eastern base of the triangular Satpura range.

Key Points

• The Maikal Hills are a mountain range in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, India.
• They run in a north-south direction and form the eastern base of the triangular Satpura Range.
• The Maikala Range is about 250 miles (400 kilometers) long and 50 miles (80 kilometers) wide.
• The highest peak in the Maikala Range is Dhawadhar, which is 3,660 feet (1,113 meters) tall.
• The Maikala Range is made up of laterite-capped, flat-topped plateaus.
• The laterite is a type of soil that is rich in iron and aluminum.
• It is a very hard and durable soil, which is why the plateaus in the Maikala Range are so flat.
• The Maikala Range is home to a variety of plants and animals.
• Some of the common plants in the range include sal, teak, bamboo, and sandalwood.
• The animals that live in the Maikala Range include tigers, leopards, elephants, gaur, and sloth bears.
• The Maikala Range is an important watershed.
• The rivers that originate in the range, such as the Narmada and the Son, provide water for irrigation and drinking water for millions of people.
• The range is also a popular destination for tourists, who come to enjoy the scenery, the wildlife, and the many waterfalls.

An order from a higher court to a lower court, tribunal or public authority to execute an act falling within its duty is called Mandate Writ.

Key Points

• A mandate writ is a court order that compels a lower court, tribunal, or public authority to perform a specific act that is within its power and duty to do.
• The writ is usually issued when the lower court or authority has failed to act, or has acted improperly.
• The mandate writ is one of the three most common types of prerogative writs, along with the writ of certiorari and the writ of prohibition.
• Prerogative writs are a type of court order that is issued by a higher court to a lower court or authority in order to protect the rights of individuals or to ensure that the law is being followed.
• The mandate writ is named after the Latin word "mandatum," which means "command."
• The writ is also sometimes referred to as the writ of mandamus.
• The mandate writ can be used to compel a lower court or authority to do any of the following:
• ​Issue a decision or order
• Conduct a hearing
• Produce documents
• Take other action that is within its power and duty to do
• The mandate writ is a powerful tool that can be used to ensure that the law is being followed and that the rights of individuals are being protected.
• However, the writ is also a discretionary remedy, which means that the court may not issue the writ even if the lower court or authority has acted improperly.

Given

⇒ 13.94 × 13.94 + 13.94 × Y + 0.06 × 0.06

Formula 

⇒ (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

Solution

The given expression is in the form of  (a + b)2

where, a = 13.94 and b = 0.06.

⇒ 2ab = 13.94 × Y

⇒ y = 2b = 2 × 0.06

⇒ y = 0.12

The correct option is 1.

Given

d1 = 40%

d2 = 30%

d3 = 25%

Formula

S.P = (100 - d1)/100 × (100 - d2)/100 × (100 - d3)/100 × M.P

where, S.P = Selling price and  M.P = Market price

Solution

Let the M.P be 100

⇒ (100 - 40)/100 × (100 - 30)/100 × (100 - 25)/100 × M.P

⇒ 60/100  × 70/100 × 75/100 × 100

⇒ 315000/10000

⇒ 31.5%

The single equivalent discount = M.P - S.P

⇒ 100 - 31.5%

⇒ 68.5%

Given

First 15 odd natural numbers.

Concept used

Total = No.of entities × Average

The sum of first n natural numbers = n²

Solution

We know that the sum of first n natural numbers = n²

Then, the average of the first n natural numbers = n²/n = n

⇒ n = 15

The correct option is 2.

Given

⇒ 1.225 × 10k = 0.001225

Solution

⇒ 1.225 × 10k = 0.001225

⇒ 10^k = 0.001225/1.225

⇒ 10^k = (1225 × 10^-6)/(1225 × 10^-3)

⇒ 10^k = 10^-3

Equating the powers, since base are is same:

k = -3

The correct option is 2.

Calculations: 

0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 + 0.0009 + 0.00009 + 0.000009 = 0.999999

Then let's multiply by 1,000,000:

0.999999 × 1,000,000 = 999999

Hence, The Correct option is 2.

Concept use :

The surface area of a sphere is 4πr².

Given:

the radius, r = 10.5 cm,

Surface area = 4π(10.5 cm)²

This simplifies to:

= 4π(110.25 cm²)

= 441π cm².

So the surface area of the sphere is 441π square cm.

Hence, option 1) 441π sq cm is the correct answer.

The LCM method is frequently used in time, speed, and work problems.

Let's denote the efficiency of A by 'a' and that of B by 'b'.

let's denote the work performed as a multiple of the LCM of 40 and 24 which is 120.

In the given scenario, A and B together can complete the work in 40 days,

hence the combined efficiency of A and B is 120/40 = 3 units of work/day.

Given :

A worked for 24 days, A would have completed 24 × (A's efficiency) worth of work.

After A stopped,

B worked alone for another 54 days to complete the remaining work.

Hence, the work done by B equals to 54 × (B's efficiency).

Since, together, A and B completed the total work, we can form the below equation.

24a + 54b = 120

And we know that A and B together can do 3 units of work a day, so:

a + b = 3

We now have two equations that we can solve simultaneously to find 'a' and 'b'.

But we are interested in how long it will take B to complete the work alone.

Substituting a = 3-b in the first equation, we get:

24 × (3-b) + 54b = 120

72 - 24b + 54b = 120

30b = 48

b = 48 / 30 = 1.6

Then we calculate the time it will take for B to complete all the work alone:

Total work / B's efficiency = 120 units / 1.6 units/day = 75 days

Therefore, B alone can finish the work in 75 days.

So, the correct answer is option 4) 75 days.

Given:

Initial ratio of prices: 23:16

Price increase: first product by Rs.477 and second product by 10%

Solution:

 Let's consider the initial price of the first product as 23x and the second product as 16x.

After the increase, the price of first product becomes (23x + 477) and second product becomes (16x1.1)

Therefore, the new ratio is (23x + 477) / (16x1.1) = 20/11

Using cross multiplication, we can form the equation: ⇒ 11 × (23x + 477) = 20 × (16x × 1.1)

⇒ 253x + 5257 = 352x ⇒ 352x - 253x = 5257

⇒ 99x = 5257 ⇒ x = 5257 / 99 ⇒ x = 53

Hence, the initial price of the first product is 23x = 23 ×  53 = Rs.1219.

Given

Three numbers are in the ratio = 2 ∶ 5 ∶ 7

HCF = 14

Concept

HCF: The HCF (Highest Common Factor) of two or more numbers is the highest number among all the common factors of the given numbers.

Solution

Since 14 is the highest common factor of the given 3 numbers,

the numbers will be:

⇒ 2 × 14: 5 × 14: 7 × 14

⇒ 28: 70: 98

Given

Distance = 600 m

Speed = 18 km/hr

Formula 

Distance = speed × time

Solution

The speed of jogger in m/s = 18 × 5/18 = 5 m/s

Time = 600/5

⇒ 120 seconds or 2 minutes

The correct option is 3.

Given

Radius of cone = 5 cm

Height of cone = 27 cm

Radius of cylinder = 1.5 m

Height of cylinder = 5 m

Formula

Volume of cone = ⅓ 𝜋r²h 

Volume of cylinder = 𝜋r2h 

Solution

Let the number of conical bottles = n

n × ⅓ 𝜋r2h = 𝜋r2h

⇒ n × ⅓ × 𝜋 × 5² ×  27 = 𝜋 × 1502 ×  500

⇒ n = (150 × 150 ×  500)/(9 × 25)

⇒ n = 50000

Given

The largest number exactly divides 7735, 15912 and 21879.

Concept used

The largest number which divides the number = The multiple of the difference between the numbers.

Solution

The difference between 7735 and 15912 = 8177

The difference between 21879 and 15912 = 5967

No the difference between  8177 and 5967 = 2210

Hence, 221 will be the largest number to divide the given number.

The correct option is 1

Calculation:

$\sqrt{\frac{p}{q}} + \sqrt{\frac{q}{p}}$

⇒ $\sqrt{\frac{1225}{49}} + \sqrt{\frac{49}{1225}}$

⇒ $\frac{35}{7}+\frac{7}{35}$

⇒ $5+\frac{1}{5}$

⇒ 26/5

∴ The correct answer is option (4).

Given

A man goes from A to B at a speed = 27 km/h 

Comes back to A at a speed = 36 km/h.

Formula used

The average speed = 2xy/(x + y)

Solution

Let the two speeds be x and y

i.e x = 27 km/hr and y = 36 km/hr

⇒ 2xy/(x + y)

⇒ (2 × 27 × 36)/(36 + 27) 

⇒ 216/7 = 30.86 km/hr

The correct option is 3.

Shortcut Trick

Effective rate for 2 years at 8% = 8 + 8 + (8 × 8) ÷ 100 = 16.64%

Compound Interest = 16.64% of ₹25000

CI = 25000 × (16.64 ÷ 100) = 250 × 16.64

CI = ₹4160

∴ The correct answer is 4160 rupees.

Alternate Method

Given:

Principal (P) = ₹25000

Rate (R) = 8% per annum

Time (n) = 2 years

Formula Used:

Amount (A) = P × (1 + R/100)ⁿ

Compound Interest (CI) = A − P

Calculations:

⇒ A = 25000 × (1 + 8/100)²

⇒ A = 25000 × (108/100) × (108/100)

⇒ A = 25000 × (27/25) × (27/25)

⇒ A = 40 × 27 × 27

⇒ A = 40 × 729 = ₹29160

⇒ CI = 29160 − 25000

⇒ CI = ₹4160

∴ The correct answer is 4160 rupees.

Additional Information

Successive Percentage Method

For 2 years, the effective CI rate is x + y + (xy/100) where x and y are rates for the first and second year.

Difference between CI and SI

For 2 years, the difference is P × (R/100)². For 3 years, it is P × (R/100)² × (3 + R/100).

Compounding Half-Yearly

When interest is compounded half-yearly, the rate is halved (R/2) and the time is doubled (2n).

Given

3X × X + 3Y × Y = 10XY

Solution

⇒ 3X × X + 3Y × Y = 10XY

⇒ 3X² + 3Y² = 10XY

⇒ 3X2 + 3Y2 - 10XY = 0

⇒ 3X2 - 9XY + 3Y2 - XY = 0

⇒ 3X(X - 3Y) - Y(X - 3Y) = 0

⇒ (3X - Y) × (X - 3Y) = 0

⇒ X: Y = 1: 3 or X: Y = 3: 1

The correct option is 4.

Given

The no. of students in the final examination of class XII = 250

The per cent of students failed = 20%

Concept used

100% - failed percentage  = students passed(%) in class XII

Solution

Let the total number of students in the class = 100%

Then, the student who passed = 100% - 20% = 80%

⇒ 80% of 250 = 200

The correct option is 2.

Calculation:

According to the question:

The amount spent on Hockey and Football = 80 + 100 = 180

The amount spent on Basketball and Tennis = 150 + 50 = 200

Required % = 180/200 × 100 = 90%.

∴ Option 1 is the correct answer.

Calculation:

Total sales in the year = Rs. 5000 crores

Total sales by Vivo company = 6%

Now,

⇒ (6% of 5000)

⇒ (6/100 × 5000)

⇒ 300 crores

∴ The sales made by Vivo company is 300 crores.

Given:

A company, A, B, C, D, and E, manufactures 5 types of products and the company manufactures a total of 1440 articles.

Calculation:

According to the question,

A + B + C + D + E = 1440 articles

(10 + 20 + 40 + 50 + 60) = 1440 articles

180 unit = 1440 articles

1 unit = 8 articles

Production of goods by company B = 20 × 8 = 160

∴ Option (2) is the correct answer.

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "त्याग देना" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• तिलांजलि देना मुहावरे का अर्थ त्याग कर देना होता है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग
• झूठ को तिलांजलि दिये बिना उद्धार सम्भव नहीं है।

​अन्य विकल्प :

Additional Information 

• मुहावरा शब्द एक अरबी शब्द है जिसका अर्थ होता है–अभ्यास करना।
• मुहावरे वाक्य के अंश होते हैं। मुहावरों से सामान्य अर्थ नहीं बल्कि, विशेष अर्थ निकलता है।

'गुरू कीजै जान, पानी पीवै छान' कहावत का अर्थ हैः कोई भी चीज़ अच्छी तरह जाँच कर लेनी चाहिए।

Key Points 

• कहावत - 'गुरू कीजै जान, पानी पीवै छान'
• अर्थ - कोई भी चीज़ अच्छी तरह जाँच कर लेनी चाहिए।
• वाक्य - देखो, जल्दबाजी में कोई काम न कर बैठना, बुजुर्गों ने ठीक ही कहा है– गुरु कीजै जान, पानी पीवै छान।

अन्य विकल्प :

Additional Information 

• जिस पद समूह में अनुभव की कोई बात सुंदर, प्रभावशाली और चमत्कारिक ढंग से कही जाती है, उसे कहावत कहते हैं।

बल-वल इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 प्रभात-शोभा​​ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित हैं।

Key Points 

• विभात का अर्थ – प्रभात
• विभाति का अर्थ – शोभा

अन्य विकल्प :

विधायक-विधेयक : रचनेवाला-कानून

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 'संदेहार्थक​' है। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

• 'उसने अपना काम ख़त्म कर दिया होगा।'- वाक्य में क्रिया की 'संदेहार्थक' वृत्ति है।
• जहां क्रिया के होने में अनिश्चय की स्थिति बनी रहे, वहाँ संदेहार्थक क्रिया वृत्ति है।

Key Points

सही उत्तर 'जल्दी तैयार हो जाओ, नहीं तो बस चली जाएगी।' है।

• 'जल्दी तैयार हो जाओ, नहीं तो बस चली जाएगी।', वाक्य संयुक्त वाक्य है।
• जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक उपवाक्य मिले हों, परन्तु सभी वाक्य प्रधान हो तो ऐसे वाक्य को संयुक्त वाक्य कहते है।

Additional Information 

• वाक्य: शब्दों का ऐसा समूह जिसका जिसका कोई भाव/अर्थ प्रकट होता है, वाक्य कहलाता है।
• जैसे - राम खाना खाता है।
• ​रचना की दृष्टि से वाक्य के तीन प्रमुख भेद किये जाते हैं:

सही उत्तर 'खचाखच' है। 

Key Points 

• किसी जगह पर निर्धारित मात्रा या आवश्यकता से अधिक व्यक्ति या सामान का होना।
• जैसे—बस या रेलगाड़ी में यात्री खचाखच भरे थे।

अन्य विकल्प :

Additional Information 

• देशज शब्द - वे शब्द जिनकी उत्पत्ति के मूल का पता न हो परन्तु वे प्रचलन में हों।
• ऐसे शब्द देशज शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• ये शब्द आम तौर पर क्षेत्रीय भाषा में प्रयोग किये जाते हैं। जैसे - लोटा, कटोरा, डोंगा आदि।
• विदेशज शब्द - अन्य देश की भाषा से आए हुए शब्द जो हिंदी भाषा में सम्मिलित हुए उन्हें विदेशज शब्द कहते हैं।
• इन विद���शी भाषाओं में मुख्यतः अरबी, फारसी, तुर्की, उर्दू, अंग्रेजी व पुर्तगाली शामिल हैं।

दिए गए विकल्पों में से विकल्प 3 'विनम्रता के बिना स्वतंत्रता का कोई अर्थ नहीं।' सही है। अन्य विकल्प इसके लिए उचित नही हैं।

Key Points 

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से शुद्ध वाक्य का सबसे अच्छा विकल्प है  'विनम्रता के बिना स्वतंत्रता का कोई अर्थ नहीं।'
• अन्य विकल्पों में शब्द क्रम एवं व्याकरणिक दोष है।

Additional Information 

वाक्य सम्प्रेषण की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और सार्थक इकाई होती है। अतः वाक्यगत अशुद्धियाँ को शुद्ध रूप में लिखना सम्प्रेषण को अधिक सरल बनाता है। वाक्य में, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, लिंग, वचन, क्रिया-विशेषण, क्रिया, विशेषण आदि संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ  हो सकती हैं।

दुष्ट का उचित अर्थ 'वंचक' होता है।

दुष्ट के अन्य शब्द - जादूषित, सदोष।

वंचक का अर्थ - धूर्त और धोखा देनेवाला व्यक्ति।

Key Pointsअन्य विकल्प:

• विबुध का अर्थ - पंडित, बुद्धिमान्।
• भृत्य का अर्थ - अनुचर।
• चाप का अर्थ - पैरों की आहट।

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 अध्यापक (चिल्लाते हुए) "निकल जाओ कक्षा से अभी।" है। इस वाक्य में विराम चिह्नों का उचित प्रयोग किया गया है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points 

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही विराम चिह्न युक्त वाक्य है - अध्यापक (चिल्लाते हुए) "निकल जाओ कक्षा से अभी।"
• हिन्दी भाषा में किसी ओर व्यक्ति के द्वारा कहे वाक्य या शब्दों को ज्यों-का-त्यों रखने में इस चिह्न (" ") का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• उपरोक्त वाक्य में अध्यापक के कहे कथन को ज्यों का त्यों रखना है अतः इस वाक्य में  उद्धरण चिन्ह का प्रयोग उचित है।

Additional Information 

दिये गए विकल्पों में विकल्प 3 ‘परिचायक’ शुद्ध शब्द है, अन्य विकल्प अशुद्ध हैं।

Key Points 

• परिचायक शब्द का अर्थ : परिचय करानेवाला।
• पर्यायवाची : सूचक, बोधक, ज्ञापक, सूचक।
• वाक्य प्रयोग- यह पुस्तक ईश्वर - प्राप्ति और पूर्व के आध्यात्मिक ज्ञान को प्राप्त करने की विधियों का परिचायक है।

अन्य विकल्प :

Additional Information 

सही उत्तर है - "संदिग्ध भूतकाल" l

Key Points 

• "माँ ने खाना खा लिया होगा।" - प्रस्तुत वाक्य में काल का "संदिग्ध भूतकाल" भेद है l यह लिया होगा शब्द से स्पष्ट होता है l
• क्रिया का वह रूप जिससे भूतकाल का बोध होता हो किन्तु कार्य के होने में संदेह हो। ऐसे काल को संदिग्ध भूतकाल कहते हैं l
• "बच्चा आया होगा" - यह संदिग्ध भूतकाल का उदाहरण है ।

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण :-

• अपूर्ण भूतकाल:- क्रिया के जिस रूप से कार्य का होना बीते समय में प्रकट हो, पर पूरा होना प्रकट न हो वहाँ अपूर्ण भूतकाल कहते है ।
• जैसे- 'मोहन विद्यालय जा रहा है'
• संदिग्ध वर्तमानकाल:- जिससे क्रिया के होने में सन्देह प्रकट हो, पर उसकी वर्तमानकाल में सन्देह न हो। उसे संदिग्ध वर्तमानकाल कहते हैं।  
• जैसे- 'माँ खाना बना रही होगी।
• संभाव्य भविष्यकाल:- क्रिया के जिस रूप से उसके भविष्य में होने की संभावना का पता चलता है, वहाँ संभाव्य भविष्यतकाल होता है।
• जैसे- शायद काल राम आ जाए।

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "केवल बात करना, कुछ काम न करना" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points 

• ज़बानी जमा खर्च करना मुहावरे का अर्थ केवल बात करना, कुछ काम न करना होता है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग
• सरकार द्वारा गरीबों के लिये निकाली गई योजनाएं केवल जबानी जमा-ख़र्च होती हैं।

​अन्य विकल्प :

Additional Information  

• मुहावरा शब्द एक अरबी शब्द है जिसका अर्थ होता है–अभ्यास करना।
• मुहावरे वाक्य के अंश होते हैं। मुहावरों से सामान्य अर्थ नहीं बल्कि, विशेष अर्थ निकलता है।

‘शिखा सुंदर लिखती हैI’ इस वाक्य में ‘बहुत’ शब्द से घबराहट की मात्र के ओर इंगित कर रहा है, इसलिए इसका उपयुक्त उत्तर विकल्प 4 ‘क्रिया-विशेषण अव्यय’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं।

Key Points

• सुंदर लिखने (क्रिया) की विशेषता बता रहा है। अतः इस वाक्य में क्रिया-विशेषण अव्यय है।

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों में अनिश्चित परिमाणवाचक सही उत्तर है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

Additional Information

भाववाचक संज्ञा- जिस संज्ञा शब्द से पदार्थों की अवस्था, गुण-दोष, धर्म आदि का बोध हो उसे भाववाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं. जैसे – मिठास, खटास, धर्म, थकावट, जवानी, बुढ़ापा, मोटापा, मित्रता, सुन्दरता, बचपन, परायापन, अपनापन, बुढ़ापा, प्यास, भूख, मानवता, मुस्कुराहट, नीचता, क्रोध, चढाई, उचाई, चोरी, बुद्धिमान, भिडंत आदि। 

Key Points

• बुद्धिमान- यह गुणबोधक संज्ञा बुद्धि से बना है।
• बुढ़ापा- बुढ़ापा अवस्‍था बोधक संज्ञा है, जो जातिवाचक संज्ञा बुढ़ा से बना है।
• भिडंत- भिडंत भाववाचक संज्ञा है, जिसकी उत्पत्ति भिड़ना क्रिया से हुई है।
• देव एक जातिवाचक संज्ञा है, इसका भाववाचक रूप देवता या देवत्व है।

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि देव भाववाचक संज्ञा का सही विकल्प नहीं है।

राष्ट्रीय या जातीय संस्कृति का सबसे बड़ा योगदान है - 'कि यह अपने रीति-रिवाजों से दूर नहीं होने देती'

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• राष्ट्रीय या जातीय संस्कृति का सबसे बड़ा योगदान यही है कि वह हमें अपने राष्ट्र की परंपरा से संतृप्त बनाती है,
• अपनी रीति-नीति की संपदा से विच्छिन्न नहीं होने देती। आज युग में राष्ट्रीय एवं जातीय संस्कृतियों के मिलन के अवसर अति सुलभ हो गए हैं। ​

Key Points

• रीति-रिवाज - ऐसी परंपराएँ या संस्कार जो पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी मानव जातियों में चली आ रही हों।

Additional Informationसुसंस्कृत:- 

• अर्थ: जिसका आचरण शिष्टतापूर्ण और संस्कृति के अनुरूप हो, सुंदर संस्कारयुक्त।

परंपरा:-

• अर्थ: चला आता हुआ क्रम, अटूट सिलसिला।

राष्ट्र:-

• अर्थ: देश, राज्य, नेशन, जन्मभूमि।

इस अनुच्छेद का कोई उपयुक्त शीर्षक- 'संस्कृति का प्रभाव'

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• संस्कृति का निर्माण तथा मानव ​जीवन में उसके पड़ने वाले प्रभावों का वर्णन किया गया है।

Key Points

• संस्कृति - संस्कृत रूप देने की क्रिया, परिष्कृति संस्कार।

Additional Informationबाह्य:-

• अर्थ: बाहरी, बाहर का, किसी प्रकार के क्षेत्र।

उपादान:-

• अर्थ: वह सामग्री जिससे कोई अन्य वस्तु तैयार हो।

आस्था:-

• अर्थ: किसी विषय-वस्तु के प्रति विश्वास का भाव, धार्मिक विश्वास, निष्ठा।

अपनी संस्कृति के प्रति संशयालु होना या आस्था में कमी होने का कारण है - 'वैचारिक दुर्बलता'

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​कुछ ऐसे विदेशी प्रभाव हमारे देश पर पड़ रहे हैं, जिनके आतंक ने हमें स्वयं अपनी संस्कृति के प्रति संशयालु बना दिया है।
• हमारी आस्था डिगने लगी है। यह हमारी वैचारिक दुर्बलता का फल है।

Key Points

• वैचारिक - विचार से संबंध रखने वाला।
• दुर्बलता - दुर्बल होने की अवस्था या भाव, कमज़ोरी, दुबलापन।

Additional Informationसंशयालु:-

• अर्थ: बात-बात में संशय या सन्देह करने वाला।

बाह्य:-

• अर्थ: बाहरी, बाहर का, किसी प्रकार के क्षेत्र।

उपादान:-

• अर्थ: वह सामग्री जिससे कोई अन्य वस्तु तैयार हो।

संस्कृति:-

• अर्थ: संस्कृत रूप देने की क्रिया, परिष्कृति संस्कार।

सबलता:-

• अर्थ: ताकतवर होने की अवस्था या भाव।

अनुच्छेद के अनुसार संस्कृतियों के निर्माण में देश और जाति का योगदान रहा है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​संस्कृतियों के निर्माण में एक सीमा तक देश और जाति का योगदान रहता है।
• संस्कृति मूल उपादान तो प्रायः सभी सुसंस्कृत और सभ्य देशों में एक सीमा तक समान रहते हैं, किंतु बाहय उपादानों में अंतर अवश्य आता है।

Key Points

• देश - वतन, मुल्क, राष्ट्र, प्रांत, प्रदेश, राज्य।
• जाति - वंश, कुल।

Additional Informationसम्पदा:- 

• अर्थ: दौलत, धन, संपत्ति, खज़ाना, ऐश्वर्य, वैभव।

सीमा:-

• अर्थ: किसी क्षेत्र अथवा स्थान के चारों ओर के विस्तार की अंतिम रेखा, परिधि, हद।

'सुलभ' का विलोम शब्द है - 'दुर्लभ'

• सुलभ - जो आसानी से उपलब्ध हो।
• दुर्लभ - जिसको प्राप्त करना कठिन हो।

Key Pointsअधीन:- 

• अर्थ: ​जो किसी के अधिकार शासन या वश में हो।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अनधीन, स्वाधीन'
• अर्थ: जो किसी के अधीन न हो, स्वतंत्र, आज़ाद।

सस्ता:-

• अर्थ: जिसका मूल्य अपेक्षाकृत कम हो।
• विलोम शब्द - 'महँगा'
• अर्थ: जिसका मूल्य उचित या साधारण से अधिक हो।

आसान:-

• अर्थ: सरल, सहज, सुकर, जो कठिन न हो।
• विलोम शब्द - ​​'मुश्किल, कठिन'
• अर्थ: जो सरलता या सुगमता से न किया जा सके।

The correct answer is 'This mainly effects the ankles'.

 Key Points

• In the given sentence, the use of word**'effects' is incorrect in this context.**
• Verb 'affects' should be used in place of noun 'effects' .
• Verb 'affects' means to produce an effect upon, or to have an effect upon whileNoun 'effects' means a  change when something is done.
• The whole world was affected by the Covid 19 virus in the year 2020.
• Using medicines when we are  sick have no side effects.
• Therefore, effectsshould be replaced by affects.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is 'A situation or event which is much less impressive than expected.'

Key Points

• 'A damp squib' means a situation or event which is much less impressive, popular ,exciting or failing to express than expected.
• For example, Bharat jodo yatra by the Congress leader Rahul Gandhi proved to be a damp squib after the Gujarat election results.
• So, the correct meaning of the Idiom 'A damp squib' is something that is disappointing and unimpressive.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.​

The correct answer is 'RQSP'.

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the sentence, we have to find some grammatical or contextual relationships between them. So let's find them out.
• By reading the sentences, we can get an idea that the paragraph is talking about removing the problems or difficulty of  a strong adherence or loyalty to a particular political party.
• Sentence R takes the introductory place as it gives an exact idea of a number of cases i.e a number of  examples.
• Sentence Q follows the sentence R. We can deduce that by the use of plural verb 'cases' after the expression 'a number of'. So it takes the second place.
• Sentence S actually calls for the removal of problems, as there is the need for it. So it will be the third sentence.
• Sentence P will conclude the paragraph as it calls the for the removal of  difficulties or problems for a need of specifically partisan approach i.e adherence to a particular political party or something.
• So, the passage in the correct order is:'And there are a number of cases that appear to obviate the need for a specifically partisan approach'.

The correct answer is "Stable"

The correct answer is 'compelling'

Key Points

• Although we use 'compelling' to force someone to do something, but in this sentence 'compelling' means very interesting, exciting and attractive.
• Among the closely related words. 'Compelling' seems to be the best option because it means attractive here.
• For example-  We were spellbound by the compelling beauty of the Chamoli valley located in the heart of the Himalayas.
• Compelling is an adjective.

Additional Information

• Censured ⇒  is a verb which means to Condemn, Castigate, Chastise someone.
• Chronological⇒ is an adjective which means Sequential, Consecutive, Serial etc.
• Caustic⇒  is an adjective which means Abrasive, Corrosive, Mordant etc.

The correct solution is 'so slushy is the ad until its conclusion'. 

Key Points

• In the given sentence in the question, the bracketed part 'so slushy is the ad until it's conclusion, it could' contains an error.
• This is because in this sentence, the word 'it's' is used.
• It's is a short form if 'it is' which would make the sentence 'Indeed, so slushy is the ad until it is conclusion, it could be for any lifestyle product.' which is grammatically wrong.
• We need to use its which means 'of or relating to it or itself especially as possessor, agent, or object of an action' instead of 'it's'
• The correct sentence would thus be 'Indeed, so slushy is the ad until its conclusion, it could be for any lifestyle product'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'vebrose'. 

Key Points

• The incorrectly spelt word from the given options is 'vebrose'
• The correct spelling of the word would be 'verbose' which means 'containing more words than necessary'
• It can be used in a sentence in the following way:
• His verbose novel was cut into half by the editor.
• All the other given options are correctly spelt word which means the following:
• Option 1, 'tractable' means capable of being easily led, taught, or controlled .
• Option 2, 'spurious' means outwardly similar or corresponding to something without having its genuine qualities.
• Option 4, 'sycophant' means a servile self-seeking flatterer.
• Hence. the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'SPQR'.

Key Points

• While rearranging jumbled sentences, we need to analyze each option carefully, finding a common theme and rearrange them accordingly.
• In the given question, we have the static sentence at the beginning, 'The explosion of T20 cricket on the Indian subcontinent paved the way for the formation of the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2008.'.
• Next comes Option S, 'In the league’s inaugural season, Dhoni signed with the Chennai Super Kings for $1.5 million, which at the time was the largest contract in the IPL.' as this sentence talks about the first ever IPL and Dhoni.
• This is then followed by Option P, 'He subsequently led the team to two consecutive titles (2010, 2011)' as it continues to talk about Dhoni who was mentioned in the previous sentence.
• Option Q, 'The Super Kings franchise earned a two-season suspension from the IRL in 2016 for its role in a match-fixing scandal, and Dhoni then joined the Rising Pune Supergiant' comes next as it mentions Dhoni's transfer from his first IPL team.
• Then, Option R. 'In 2018 he returned to the Chennai Super Kings, and that year the team won the IPL championship.' comes next as it mentions his return to his original  team.
• The passage then end with a static sentence given in the question, 'Dhoni’s life was the subject of the hit Bollywood film M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016).'
• hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct solution is 'Ambidextrous'.

Key Points

• The given expression in the question 'One who can use either hand with ease' is the meaning of the word ambidextrous. 
• Example: Maya is ambidextrous and can easily complete her handwriting homework
• The other options are incorrect as they mean:
• Option 1, 'isobar' means 'an imaginary line or a line on a map or chart connecting or marking places of equal barometric pressure'
• Option 2, 'fastidious' means 'showing or demanding excessive delicacy or care'
• Option 4, Hamlet' means 'a small village'.
• Hence, the correct solution is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'avid'. 

Key Points

• The meaning of the given word in the question 'voracious' is 'excessively eager​'.
• in order to find the synonym of the word, let us look at the meaning of the options given:
• Option 1. 'satiable' means 'capable of being appeased or satisfied'
• Option 2, 'ambiguous' means 'doubtful or uncertain especially from obscurity or indistinctness'.
• Option 3, 'quenched' means 'to put out, extinguish'.
• Option 4, 'avid' means 'very eager and enthusiastic'
• ​The meaning similar to the word 'voracious' would then be 'avid'.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'because the return of the books is overdue'. 

Key Points

• In the given sentence, the bracketed part 'because the return of the books are overdue' contains an error.
• This is because, in subject verb agreement, collective nouns are followed by a singular verb.
• In the given sentence above, the noun 'books' here is used as a collective noun because the sentence inferred that these books are taken from one place by one person making it a collective noun.
• So the use of the verb 'are' in the question would be wrong and instead we should use the singular verb 'is'.
• The sentence would become, 'The letter is written in an apologetic tone, apparently because the return of the books is overdue.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'Don't count your chickens before they hatch'. 

Key Points

• An idiom is a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words.
• The given expression in the question 'A person should not make plans based on assumptions because things may not turn out how they expect.' is an expression of the idiom 'Don’t count your chickens before they hatch'.
• the meanings of the other idioms given in the options are: 
• Option 2, 'Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth' means 'finding fault with something that has been received as a gift or favour'.
• Option 3, 'Drawing a blank' means ' to fail to get an answer or a result or be unsuccessful'.
• Option 4, 'Down to the Wire' is  'used to denote a situation whose outcome is not decided until the very last minute'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct answer is 'adulterated'. 

Key Points

• In the given question above, we have to fill in the blank with a word from the options so that the sentence can make sense.
• Let us look at the meaning of the options:
• Option 1, 'condoned' means approve or sanction (something), especially with reluctance.
• Option 2, 'confounded' is used for emphasis, especially to express anger or annoyance.
• Option 3, 'adulterated' means render (something) poorer in quality by adding another substance.
• Option 4, 'advocated' means publicly recommend or support.
• Since, the sentence talks about water supply in relation with chemicals from the soil, the most appropriate word would be 'adulterated'.
• The sentence would become, "The water supply had been adulterated with chemicals from the soil".
• Hence, the correct solution is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'May said that, the southbound dragonflies'.

Key Points

• In the given sentence above, the first sections 'May said that, the southbound dragonflies' contains an error.
• The sentence given in the question is an indirect speech and is showing what 'May' said about the dragonflies.
• While converting a sentence from a direct speech to an indirect speech, we do not need to put any punctuation between the reporting verb and the reported speech.
• For example, the given sentence in its direct speech would be:
• May said, "The southbound dragonflies appear to take advantage of tailwinds generated by cold fronts blowing from the north".
• When we convert this into an indirect speech, it would become:
• May said that the southbound dragonflies appear to take advantage of tailwinds generated by cold fronts blowing from the north.
• We do not need to put a comma (,) after the word 'that' in the indirect speech.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'obstinate'.

Key Points

• The correct spelling amongst the given words is 'obstinate'.
• The word obstinate means 'stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or chosen course of action, despite attempts to persuade one to do so.'
• it can be used in a sentence in the following way:
• He can be obstinate in doing what he wants.
• The other options:
• obstanate
• obstenate
• obstanete
• They are all incorrect spellings of the word 'obstinate'.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'can also be as successful as people with high IQ by having greater personal dedication, systematic effort, and motivation'.

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be directly found from the second sentence of the passage 'In contrast, some people with low IQ succeed with greater personal dedication, systematic effort, and motivation.'
• Here the sentence mentions irony of how people with low IQ can become successful.
• Hence, the correct solution is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'by choosing the right career path'. 

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be directly found from the third sentence of the passage, 'One can eliminate the disadvantage that comes with a low IQ score by choosing the right career path'.
• Here the sentence mentions one of the way to overcome the disadvantage of having low IQ.
• Hence. the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'Individuals will have greater self-awareness in pursuing careers they are skilled'. 

Key Points

• The correct answer to this question can be found from the second last sentence, ' Individuals will have greater motivation in pursuing careers they are skilled.'
• Here the sentence mentions that 'individuals will have greater motivation' and not 'self awareness'.
• So the sentence in Option 1, 'Individuals will have greater self-awareness in pursuing careers they are skilled' is incorrect. 
• Option 2 is a correct statement as found in the first sentence of the passage, 'Many people with high IQ scores fail to become successful due to lack of motivation, laziness, or short attention span'
• Option 3, is a correct statement as found in the last sentence, ' One of the best ways parents can help is to help their children discover themselves and their skills.'
• Option 4, is also a correct statement as found in the second sentence, 'In contrast, some people with low IQ succeed with greater personal dedication, systematic effort, and motivation.'
• Hence the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'By pursuing fields and careers in which they are skilled'. 

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be inferred from the second last sentence of the passage, 'Individuals will have greater motivation in pursuing careers they are skilled'.
• Here the author mentions that even people with low IQ can be successful when they choose s right path and will get a greater motivation when they do something they are skilled at.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'High self esteem'. 

Key Points

• The correct answer to this question can be found from the first sentence of the passage, 'Many people with high IQ scores fail to become successful due to lack of motivation, laziness, or short attention span'.
• Here the author mentions reasons why people with high IQ are unsuccessful namely:
• lack of motivation.
• laziness
• short attention span.
• There is no mention of high self esteem an the sentence.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 4.

Benjamin Bloom (1956) developed a taxonomy to differentiate the levels of complexity of learning. He classified learning into three domains: Cognitive domain, Affective domain, and Psychomotor domain. 

Key Points

The cognitive domain pertains to intellectual knowledge, skills, and abilities. There are six levels of learning proposed in Bloom's taxonomy based on increasing levels of complexity.

• Remembering: Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long long-term memory.
• Understanding: Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying, relating, paraphrasing, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining.
• Applying: Carrying out or using a procedure through executing, or implementing.
• Analyzing: Breaking material into constituent parts, and determining how these parts relate to one another and to an overall structure, or purpose through differentiating, organizing, and attributing.
• Evaluating: Making judgments based on criteria and standards through checking and critiquing.
• Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; recognizing elements into a new pattern of structure through generating, planning, or producing.

Hence, we conclude that verbs such as action, relation, conclusion, and paraphrase are used under the understanding element of cognitive learning.

According to the Swiss psychologist Piaget, as the child grows older, his work area increases, so does his intelligence. He clarified, that at first the child learns through simple concepts, but as the child grows up, he starts accepting the most difficult concepts.

Key PointsThe Concrete-Operational Stage:

• This stage spans from seven years to eleven years.
• The mastery of conservation marks the beginning of the stage of concrete operations.
• During the Concrete-Operational Stage of cognitive development, the child is able to overcome his 'egocentric' way of thinking.
• Children at this stage think more like adults than like younger children at earlier stages.
• They gain understanding of relational terms and seriation.
• They come to understand reversibility-the fact that physical changes can be undone by a reversal of the original action.
• They also begin to use concepts in describing and thinking about the physical world.
• Children in this stage begin to engage in logical thinking.

Hence, we can conclude that during the Concrete-Operational Stage of cognitive development, the child is able to overcome his 'egocentric' way of thinking.

'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of a learner's cognitive ability. 

• His theory emphasizes that children learn through interaction and collaboration with skilled and knowledgeable people.

Key Points

Vygotsky's view on Language:

• Lev Vygotsky emphasized that the acquisition of speech is the major activity in cognitive development.
• He believed by acquiring language, the child modifies its higher mental functions.
• Vygotsky stresses the impact of language on cognitive development. According to him, children speak to themselves for self-guidance.

Important Points 

In his "Socio-cultural Theory", Vygotsky also proposed three stages of language that a child progresses while developing language functions. These stages are:

Hence, it could be concluded that Lev Vygotsky has given greater emphasis on the role of language in cognitive development.

Hint

• Piaget: Thought precedes Language or determines it. Egocentric speech is of no use. Cognitive development is independent of language.

"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.

Key Points

• 'Preoperational period' lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
• In this stage, the child assumes that other people feel, see, and hear exactly the same as the child does.
• In this stage, the child faces problems with the concept of conservation. Due to the lack of conservation, the child can't understand that a thing remains the same even if it changes in shape or appearance.
• For example, 
• Rinku (5 years) and her teacher Suman are working on an activity. Suman shows Rinku two identical glasses both have equal amount of water.
• Suman asks: Rinku, do these glasses have same amount of water or one has more?
• Rinku: They have same water!
• Suman transfers the water from one beaker into a taller glass, and from the other beaker to the broader glass infront of Rinku.
• Suman: Now tell, do these glasses have same amount of water or one has more?
• Rinku selects the tall one and says: This has more!
• Suman: Why?
• Rinku touches the level at which the water is in taller glass: See, it is more.
• This task is based on the principle of Conservation. This principle says that even if there is a change in the appearance of the object, its characteristics remain the same.
• Rinku doesn’t seem to have this concept. She is unable to see that broadness might set off or compensate the height. Rinku is only focussing on the height of the water level. That is, she can only focus on one dimension/aspect at one time.

Hence, it is clear that the principle of conservation is mentioned in the above scenario.

Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist and a contemporary of Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development known as the ‘Socio-Cultural Theory’.​ The Zone of Proximal Development is the key feature of Vygotsky’s theory.

Key Points

• Zone of proximal development is the difference between the present level of development attained without anyone’s assistance and the potential level of development which can be attained under the guidance of more knowledgeable others (MKO).
• However, the level of provided knowledge should be appropriate according to the child’s comprehensive ability.
• Scaffolding: Vygotsky used this term to describe social and instructional support (a tool or set of activities that helps to successfully complete a task) provided by MKO to students to learn new concepts and skills. Once the skill is learned by the student, the instructional support is withdrawn.

Hence, we conclude that scaffolding is a tool or set of activities that helps a learner to successfully complete a task.

Additional Information

• Schemas: Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world.
• Assimilation: The process of taking in new information into our previously existing schemas is known as assimilation.
• Accommodation involves altering existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process.

The desirable outcome of learning experiences - the way individuals act, think, or feel as a result of participating in some instructional activities - can be classified into three domains, viz. Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor. 

Key Points

• Cognitive domain The word "cognitive" arises from cognition which means 'to know' and knowing is an integral part of seeking knowledge.
• Learning processes in the cognitive domain are associated with those mental operations which are used to manipulate information from the environment.
• Thus the cognitive domain involves a number of activities varying from exposure to information to its organization or processing in the learner's mind.
• This information can include visual forms which would involve seeing, or it could be verbal i.e., hearing/listening.
• For example, knowing about the various parts of the vehicle to master the skill of driving.

​Hence, we conclude that the correct answer is **"**cognitive domain".​

Additional Information

• Psychomotor domain- This domain pertains to the manipulative or psychomotor skills of educational competency. Face-to-face teaching within the overall framework of distance teaching can ensure learning of this kind. For example, driving can be learned more effectively under the direct supervision of an instructor.
• Affective domain- This is related to the attitudinal domain of educational objectives. Learning in the affective domain pertains to changes in interests, attitudes, and values, and to the development of appreciation and adequate adjustment needed for effective learning.

Piaget’s theory proposes that Cognitive Development universally follows a pattern of four stages. As a person progresses to higher stages, her/his thinking becomes more refined and evolved. The first three stages span from birth to about eleven years; that is mainly during early to late childhood. The fourth stage is the highest stage of cognitive development and is primarily located from pre-adolescence age till adulthood.

Key PointsThe Concrete-Operational Stage:

• This stage spans from seven years to eleven years.
• During the Concrete-Operational Stage of cognitive development, the child achieves reversibility.
• In this phase, children become capable of decentring and reversing actions mentally. Therefore, they can apply the conservation principle.
• Now, they will be able to understand that the amount of water in the taller and flatter vessels could be equal even if it is at a higher level in terms of height in the taller vessels.
• During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations.
• They begin thinking logically about concrete events but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.

Hence, we can conclude that during the Concrete-Operational Stage of cognitive development, the child achieves reversibility.

"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.

Key Points 

• 'Preoperational period' lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
• In this stage, the child assumes that other people feel, see, and hear exactly the same as the child does.
• It refers to the child's inability to infer the perspective of other people or to see a situation from other's point of view.
• In this stage, the child faces problems with the irreversibility of thought, the concept of conservation, and struggles with the idea of centration.
• Due to lack of conservation, the child can't understand that a thing remains the same even if it changes in shape or appearance.
• Due to the Centration in thought, the child can focus his attention only on one aspect of the situation at a time and cannot reverse the direction of his thought.
• Due to irreversibility, the child can't understand that things that have been changed can be returned to their original state.

Hence, it could be concluded that at the Pre-operational stage, the child is unable to obey the law of conservatism.

Additional Information 

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

Cognitive learning plays a vital role in an individual's life by providing a direction to his/ her mental and intellectual development. It influences an individual's behavior. Cognitive learning is based on the process of cognition, a psychological construct. It comprises four basic units such as schema, symbol, concept, and rule.

Key Points

• Cognitive learning includes learning objectives that deal with the 'recall' or 'recognition' of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and skills.
• A number of psychologists have used the term cognition to refer to intellectual behaviors in which the underlying characteristics are of abstract nature.
• Broadly, cognition is understood as a general concept embracing all forms of knowing.
• Cognitive learning has its origin in the term cognition, which refers to a broad spectrum of activities, such as thinking, conceiving, reasoning, knowing, understanding, establishing relationships etc.

Hence, we can conclude that perception is not an element of cognitive learning.

Additional Information

• Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from our senses.

Piaget’s stage theory describes the cognitive development in children. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive processes and abilities. In Piaget’s view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations.

Key PointsStages of cognitive development:

• Sensory motor stage: The first stage is the sensorimotor stage which lasts from birth to about two years old. The infant uses his or her senses and motor abilities to understand the world, beginning with reflexes and ending with complex combinations of sensorimotor skills.
• Preoperational stage: The preoperational stage lasts from about two to about seven years old. Now that the child has mental representations and is able to pretend, it is a short step to the use of symbols.
• Concrete operations stage: The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age twelve. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations.
• Formal operational stage: The formal operational stage begins at approximate age twelve to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning.

Hence, we can conclude that the Latency stage is not a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.

Key Points 

• 'Preoperational period' lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
• In this stage, the child assumes that other people feel, see, and hear exactly the same as the child does.
• It refers to the child's inability to infer the perspective of other people or to see a situation from other's point of view.
• Pre-operational thinking tends to involve ‘transductive reasoning’. The preoperational child reasons from one specific to another specific event, as opposed to inductive and deductive reasoning.
• That is, in other words, the child cannot think from particular to general or general to particular. Like for instance the child knows that all birds therefore the child will be unable to conclude that therefore all birds have feathers.

Hence, it could be concluded that during the Pre-operational stage, children undergo transductive reasoning.

Additional Information 

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

Human behavior has a dynamic quality, i.e. it keeps changing in response to various stimuli it receives from the environment. From infancy, we are continually learning new skills, gaining information about the environment around us, and developing certain beliefs and attitudes. These, in a way, form the domains or areas of learning.

Key Points

• Non-discursive communication is communication through bodily movements ranging from facial expressions through sophisticated choreographics. Examples include: body postures, gestures, and facial expressions efficiently executed in skilled dance movement and choreographics. Harrow, A.J. (1972).

Psychomotor domain: This domain pertains to the manipulative or psychomotor skills which can be developed under the supervision or guidance of an expert or skilled person. For example, the skill of driving a car can be acquired effectively under the direct supervision of a skilled instructor. Non discursive communication is a part of psychomotor domain. Learning psychomotor skills has three characteristics. They are:

• ​Responsive chain: Learning of skills involves a chain of motor responses i.e. one muscular movement leads to another muscular movement.
• Coordination: The coordination of perception and motor acts is essential in skill learning. For example, a person who learns the skill of driving a car has to coordinate the movements of various parts of his body.
• Response patterns: Skill learning involves the organization of stimulus and response patterns. For example, a child with mastery of riding a bicycle commits minimum errors while riding a bicycle.

​Hence, we can conclude that nondiscursive communication is a part of the psychomotor domain.

'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learner's cognitive ability. 

Key Points 

• Vygotsky has proposed the concept of 'Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)' in his theory which refers to the difference between what a learner can do on his/her own and what he/she can do with someone's help.
• Zone of proximal development is the difference between the present level of development attained without anyone’s assistance and the potential level of development which can be attained under the guidance of more knowledgeable others (MKO).
• However, the level of provided knowledge should be appropriate according to the child’s comprehensive ability.
• For example, Imagine that a student has just mastered basic addition. At this point, basic subtraction may enter their Zone of Proximal Development, which means they have the ability to learn subtraction and will likely be able to master it with guidance and support.

Hence it could be concluded 'zone of Proximal Development' is the correct answer in the context of the question.

Additional Information 

• Scaffolding refers to providing prompts and cues to children according to their individual needs.
• Schema can be defined as a set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations.
• Accommodation occurs when a person must change existing schemes to respond to a new situation. For example, the baby modifies the way it sucks to include sucking on a new toy.

Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist, who propounded the socio-cultural theory, which is also known as the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).

Key Points

• According to Vygotsky, proper guidance or direction is needed to make students learn or develop and students get this guidance from society and culture.
• According to this theory of Vygotsky, the development of the child is done by society.
• According to Vygotsky, children make their cognitive development after getting guidelines from society and they do this process of development based on imitation.
• According to Vygotsky, Family is an important primary source of cognitive development.
• School, peers, and siblings are the secondary source of cognitive development.

Hence, we can conclude that according to Vygotsky, Family is an important primary source of cognitive development.

The desirable outcome of learning experiences - the way individuals act, think, or feel as a result of participating in some instructional activities - can be classified into three domains, viz. Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor.

Key Points

Affective domain:

• This is related to the attitudinal domain of educational objectives.
• Learning in the affective domain pertains to changes in interests, attitudes, and values, and to the development of appreciation and adequate adjustment needed for effective learning.
• The focus of affective growth is on students' attitudes, interests, and personal development.
• Evaluating the development of the students in this domain is a challenging task for the teacher.
• The teacher can make use of projects, group discussions (allowing children to express themselves), and debates for this purpose.

Hence, we conclude that the affective domain is active in the above-mentioned scenario. 

Additional Information

• Psychomotor domain- This domain pertains to the manipulative or psychomotor skills of educational competency. Face-to-face teaching within the overall framework of distance teaching can ensure learning of this kind.
• Cognitive domain- The word "cognitive" arises from cognition which means 'to know' and knowing is an integral part of seeking knowledge.

Piaget tried to provide a satisfactory explanation of the development of thinking in individuals through the successive stages of cognitive development. In Piaget’s view Adaptation underlies cognitive development. Adaptation is the process of building mental representations of the world through direct interaction with it.

Key PointsThe Pre-Operational Stage:

• The period of this stage is 2 to 7 years.
• In this stage, infants acquire the ability to form mental images of objects and events.
• During the Pre-Operational Stage of cognitive development, the child engages in symbolic play.
• Though their thought processes are more advanced than in the previous stage, they are limited by egocentrism: they have difficulty understanding that others may perceive the world differently than they do.
• They lack seriation- the ability to arrange objects in order along some dimension.

Hence, we can conclude that during the Pre-Operational Stage of cognitive development the child engages in symbolic play.

Additional Information

Collaboration means ‘to work jointly with others, especially in an intellectual endeavor’. It means ‘association, ‘teamwork’, ‘joint effort’ or ‘partnership’.

• Collaborative learning strategy is a learning method in which children work together on an assignment.

 Key Points

• Collaborative learning is a teaching-learning technique, which creates an environment where the learners work in collaboration with other learners to achieve a common learning goal.
• Collaborative learning is considered an umbrella term for a variety of educational approaches involving a joint intellectual effort by students, or students and teachers together.
• In this method, children can produce a small part of a larger assignment individually and then assemble the final work together, as a team. Each child is free to work as per individual learning style.
• For example- Alloting assignments to the students which should be done in groups.
• In collaborative learning, children are individually accountable for their work and also for the work of the group as a whole, where both the end products are assessed.

Hence, we conclude that collaborative learning is highlighted in the above statement.

Additional Information

• Blended learning integrates traditional classroom teaching with technology-mediated instructions.
• Synchronous learning, often called as traditional learning or classroom teaching and learning, where instructors monitor or teach and all students are present.

Cognition is the activity of knowing: the acquisition, organization, and use of knowledge. All our mental abilities - perceiving, remembering, and reasoning, are organized into a complex system, the overall functioning of which is termed as cognition.

Key Points

There are four basic units of cognition. These units are schema, symbols, concepts, and rules.

• Schema refers to the stored conceptualizations of experiences, the ways of organizing prior sensory events. They are necessarily not pictorial representations or images, nor are they tied to language. A schema in the simplest form refers to the idea of something.
• A symbol generally refers to a thing it represents, signifies, or indicates other than itself. For example, the word 'God' refers to the concept of God. A symbol enables an individual viewer to get a mental picture of all the characteristics and features of the object, which the symbol represents
• A concept refers to a general idea or meaning usually expressed by a word, symbol, sign, or attribute. The concept is formed by means of a combination of several elements, characteristics, or features of the objects concerned, which are gathered through different sources and stored in the forms of experiences.
• A rule or a principle is established when there is a need for finding out the relationship between two or more concepts.

Hence, we conclude that value is not one of the four fundamental units of cognition.

"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.

Key Points 

• The child becomes ego-centric at the 'preoperational period' which lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
• In this stage, the child assumes that other people feel, see, and hear exactly the same as the child does.
• It refers to the child's inability to infer the perspective of other people or to see a situation from other's point of view.

Characteristics of the preoperational period:

• Egocentrism takes place.
• Begin to think symbolically.
• Develops the skills of language acquisition.
• Faces problems with the concept of conservation.
• Begin to use words and pictures to represent objects.
• Struggles with the idea of centration and irreversibility.
• Learns to compare objects through external characteristics.

Hence, it could be concluded that the child becomes ego-centric at the 'pre-operational period'.

Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learners' cognitive abilities. 

Key Points Social interaction, language, and culture are the basis of Lev Vygotsky's views on development.​

Role of social interaction:

• According to Vygotsky, children learn through social interaction. So, a language teacher should plan to work in pairs and groups to keep children in touch with their peers.
• According to Vygotsky, the child is a part of the social situation, and the relation of the child to the environment and the environment to the child occurs through the experience and activity of the child himself.

Role of culture:

• Lev Vygotsky's social-cultural perspective of learning emphasizes the importance of cultural tools in the learning process.
• Culture plays a significant role in human intellectual development and how humans perceive the world. Learning takes place through the interaction between the child and culture.

Role of language: 

• Lev Vygotsky stresses the impact of language on cognitive development. According to him, children speak to themselves for self-guidance.
• He emphasized that the acquisition of speech is the major activity in cognitive development.

Hence, we conclude that Conservation is not an element of Vygotsky's social culture theory.

Additional Information

• Conservation refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. If you show a child four marbles in a row, then spread them out, the preoperational child will focus on the spread, and tend to believe that there are now more marbles than before.

The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is conceived as an “umbrella programme” which subsumes all the ongoing projects, programmes and schemes aimed at developing basic education. A convergent approach will, it is expected, help overcome the problems of coordination between intra- and inter-sectoral programme initiatives and at the same time facilitate effective planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of Education For All programmes. 

Key PointsProgram under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan:

• Operation Blackboard: The Operation Blackboard (OB) scheme has unique features that recommended well-defined steps for the improvement of facilities in primary schools aiming at making it a pleasant place for children and encouraging teachers to adopt child-centred, activity- based teaching-learning strategies.
• District Primary Education: The District Primary Education Programme (DPEP), launched in 1994, is a major initiative to achieve the universalization of primary education. The DPEP adopts a holistic approach to universalize access, improve retention and learning achievements and reduce gender and regional disparities and disparities among socially disadvantaged groups.
• Lok Jumbish: The centrally sponsored Lok Jumbish Project meaning 'people's movement' for education for all is a project aimed at the development of elementary education in Rajasthan. It is a joint initiative by the Government of Rajasthan in cooperation with local NGOs.

Hence, we can conclude that setting up School Management Committees is not a program by Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.

“Knowledge is information that changes something or somebody—either by becoming grounds for actions or by making an individual (or an institution) capable of different or more effective action”. 

Key Points

There are two kinds of knowledge- explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. 

• Explicit knowledge can be expressed in words and numbers and shared in the form of data, scientific formulae, specifications, manuals, etc. 
• This kind of knowledge can be readily transmitted across individuals formally and systematically.
• Tacit knowledge is highly personal and hard to formalize, making it difficult to communicate or share with others.
• Subjective insights, intuitions, and hunches fall into this category of knowledge.

Hence, we conclude that explicit knowledge can be efficiently expressed, documented, and shared. 

Additional Information

• Previous knowledge refers to the knowledge and educational context that a learner possesses before encountering new information.

Patriarchy, from the ancient Greek word patriarches, is a society where power is held by and passed down through the elder males.

Key PointsGiven below are the features of patriarchy:

• Male dominance: In a patriarchal system, men make all decisions at both the personal as well as societal levels. Inheritance is only for men.
• Protecting the authority of men: Patriarchal societies, such as India’s, work towards safeguarding the interests of the patriarch (the male head of the family).
• Discrimination against women: Because of male dominance and the consequent protection of the authority of men, women are naturally subordinate to men and are hence discriminated against. Women are considered weak and inferior to men.
• Traditional beliefs and stereotypes regarding women's roles in society: It perpetuates the myth that education is of no help to the girl and her primary job will be to look after the household work, get married early, have children, and then raise them. Such beliefs and stereotypes are also reflected in the family post-marriage.

Hence, we conclude that 'Inheritance is only for women' is not a characteristic of patriarchy.

“Knowledge is information that changes something or somebody—either by becoming grounds for actions or by making an individual (or an institution) capable of different or more effective action”. 

Key Points 

There are two kinds of knowledge - explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. 

• Explicit knowledge can be expressed in words and numbers and shared in the form of data, scientific formulae, specifications, manuals, etc. 
• This kind of knowledge can be readily transmitted across individuals formally and systematically.
• Tacit knowledge is highly personal and hard to formalize, making it difficult to communicate or share with others.
• It is the knowledge of a person that s/he gathers by virtue of his/her understanding, experience, experimentation, observation, etc., and utilizes it according to the need.
• Subjective insights, intuitions, and hunches fall into this category of knowledge.
• Difficult to verbalize, such tacit knowledge is deeply rooted in an individual’s actions and experience, as well as in the ideals, values, or emotions he or she embraces.
• For example, knowledge of music and art.

Hence, we conclude that the knowledge of music and art is related to tacit knowledge.

Additional Information

• Previous knowledge refers to the knowledge and educational context that a learner possesses before encountering new information.

Gender is a multifaceted reality that is culturally constructed and socially determined by society.

Key Points

• Gender portrays culturally and socially constructed roles, responsibilities, privileges, relations, and expectations of women and men. Because these are socially constructed, they can change over time and differ from one place to another.
• Gender refers to those attributes, roles, and functions expected of men and women in a given society.
• Gender refers to behavioral differences between males and females that are culturally based and socially learned.

Hence, we conclude that gender is a learned behavior or acquired identity.

Additional Information

• Patriarchy, from the ancient Greek word patriarches, is a society where power is held by and passed down through the elder males.
• Matriarchy is a form of social organization wherein inheritance and ancestry are traced through the female line.

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist and a social constructivist. He has propounded 'Socio-cultural Theory' which emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

• Lev Vygotsky emphasized that the acquisition of speech is the major activity in cognitive development.

Key Points 

In his "Socio-cultural Theory", Vygotsky also proposed the three stages of language that a child progresses while developing cognitively. These stages are:

Hence, it becomes clear that the three forms of language: social speech, private speech, and silent inner speech are given by Vygotsky.

Additional Information

• Piaget: Thought precedes Language or determines it. Egocentric speech is of no use. Cognitive development is independent of language.
• Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist has proposed 'Theory of Psychosocial Development', in which he has covered human personality development in a series of eight stages that take place from infancy to late adulthood.
• Sigmund Freud, the propounder of 'Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Development' has devised psychoanalytic therapy for which he has designed some techniques for dwelling out the repressed unconscious feelings of individuals.

Empiricism addresses the principle that knowledge arises from experience and evidence gathered specifically using the senses.

Key Points

• Empiricism, which derives its name from the Greek word empeiria, which means experience, was developed in Britain during the second part of the 17th century.
• Human knowledge only comes from sense perception or personal experience.
• Empiricism nowadays, in its broadest definition, refers to a method of study and experimental learning that favors a posteriori reasoning above pure deductive reasoning.
• Empirical knowledge comes from experience and is picked up when the senses make touch with the outside world.
• For example- A child touches a bonfire and the heat burns his hand. The next time he comes near the bonfire, he will not touch it.

 Hence, we conclude that the correct answer is empirical knowledge.

Additional Information 

• Explicit knowledge can be expressed in words and numbers and shared in the form of data, scientific formulae, specifications, manuals, etc.
• Tacit knowledge is highly personal and hard to formalize, making it difficult to communicate or share with others.
• Previous knowledge refers to the knowledge and educational context that a learner possesses before encountering new information.

Curriculum development is a systematic approach to making relevant curricula for all programs and courses. It is an evolutionary process before the curriculum is finalized.

Key Points The stages of curriculum development are as follows-

• Identifying the specific objectives- setting specific objectives as broad parameters for making all further decisions regarding content selection, time allocation, assignment of credits, etc.
• Planning the curriculum - includes Writing outlines, Specification of scope, Content sequence, Selection of teaching-learning strategies, and Identification of reading and reference material.
• Validation- Evaluation by expert bodies
• Practical testing - It includes detailed research of the program such as Determining optimal conditions of program use, study links with other classrooms, and Institutional operations.

Hence we conclude that practical testing in curriculum development includes detailed research of the program.

Children with special needs include children who need assistance in their learning process due to physical or psychological factors. It includes children with physical or mental disabilities and also children having learning difficulties.

Key Points

• To impart effective education to children with special needs, they must be included in the process of mainstream education rather than special schools to make them adjust and accept the social world around them.
• Appropriate methods must be adopted for curriculum adjustment and modification, classroom management, resources both human (such as the use of a child to child methods), and teaching /learning aids and appliances used.
• Integrated learning involves approaching learning from a holistic perspective, it encourages development in all areas.
• Traditional process refers to the conventional method of teaching when the teacher is used to deliver a lecture and the students have to memorize the contents taught by the teacher.

Hence we conclude that mainstreaming is the process that allows children with special needs to enter a certain standard classroom when they show the ability to adjust with the rest of their peers.

“Curriculum is the sum total of student activities which the school sponsors for the purpose of achieving its objectives”. It facilitates the planning of instruction by teachers. 

Key Points A curriculum includes the following elements -

• Learning outcomes /Goal of education - It includes the purpose for which the course is designed. For example - At a particular instructional level the learner, on the successful completion of the course, will be able to display and use purposefully all the four language skills commensurate with that level.
• Subject matter - It includes all the activities that an educational institution can organize include not only the classroom activities but also the social, cultural, and playground activities conducted under the direction of an educational institution.
• Planned Learning Experiences- These include all the experiences of learning that a student receives during the course of action to unfold the abilities of the individual.

Hence we conclude that Good marks are not an element of the curriculum.

A lesson plan outlines in detail the various steps that the teacher proposes to undertake in his or her class. It is a proposition in advance that establishes a linkage between the why what and how of teaching in one period.

Key Points The steps followed in a lesson plan are-

• Introduction - This prepares the child's mind to receive new knowledge. It involves testing the previous knowledge of the child by asking questions related to concepts they already know and arousing their curiosity.
• Presentation - The actual lesson begins and both teacher and students participate. Different teaching aids are used to make the lesson more effective.
• Association - new ideas or knowledge be associated with daily life situations by comparisons and relations.
• Application -  the knowledge gained is applied to certain real-life situations.
• Recapitulation - Recapitulation can be done by giving a short objective type test problem-solving method to the class.

Hence we conclude that the teacher is checking the prior knowledge of the child by asking what they see around them when they come to school, before starting her lesson plan on 'environment'.

The word ‘education’ is derived from the Latin word ‘educare’ which means ‘to bring up’ or ‘to draw out or ‘to mould’. Education is a process through which ‘the best’ in him/her is drawn out and his/her hidden potentialities are unfolded.