DSSSB DOE PRT 27 March 2022 shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

The positional value of alphabets are -

The logic used in this question is - (letter - 1)

In DELHI : CDKGH

In SIKKIM -

Hence, the correct answer is RHJJHL.

The positional value of alphabets are-

![Solved] Which letter will be 10th to the right of the 5th lette](https://storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/11/alphabet.png)

Logic used in this question is -

= letter - 3

P - 3 = M

M - 3 = J

J - 3 = G

G - 3 = D

D - 3 = A

Hence, the correct answer is D.

Step1:-   A is sitting to the extreme left end.

Step2:-  B is sitting at the alternate seat of the person sitting to the extreme right.

Step3:- C is sitting to the alternate position of B, but not at the extreme end.

Step4:-  E is sitting adjacent to C and D can't sit adjacent to B.

Step5:-   Remaining member F will sit between B and D.

Hence, the correct answer is F.

The venn diagram representation of given statement is -

Conclusion I: All generators are electronics.❌

All inverters are electronics and some inverters are generators.

Hence, some generators are electronics also. 

Hence, the given conclusion does not follow.

Conclusion II: Some inverters are portable devices.❌

In the given statement  no direct relation between portable devices and inverters is given.

Hence, the given conclusion does not follow.

Hence, the correct answer is neither I nor II follows.

In set I :- 3 + 2 = 5

5² = 25

In set II :- (4 + ?)² = 81

4 + ? = 9 

? = 5

Similarly, in set III,

(9 + 2)²= 121

Hence, the correct answer is 5.

The positional value of alphabets are -

![Solved] Which letter will be 10th to the right of the 5th lette](https://storage.googleapis.com/tb-img/production/21/11/alphabet.png)

Here the chart given below shows the letter opposite to each other, 

Logic - The positional value of opposite letter is being written.

In 'PLATE' is coded as '11-15-26-7-22'

Similarly in 'PLANTIFF'

Hence, the correct answer is 11-15-26-13-7-18-21-21.

The one in which the question figure is hidden/embedded-

Hence, the correct answer is Option3.

The letter given below when rearrange to form a meaningful word is -

E, F, N, G, D, E, N, I, A  → DEAFENING

DEAFENING means so loud as to make it impossible to hear anything else.

Stilly means still and quiet which is almost opposite to the word Deafening in the meaning.

Hence, the correct answer is Stilly.

In the given option, as observe that the alternate alternate of given figure is blank and next part is colour is black.

But in option 3 two consecutive part is blank.

Hence, the correct answer is option1.

The direction chart is given below -

 

Step1:- Let the painting class is at point A. Ganga went 37 km to the North and then she turned West and covered 16 km. 

Step2:-  Then she turned South and covered 7 km and made a final turn to east covering 16 km and reach at point B.

Now, she is in north direction from her painting class.

Hence, the correct answer is north.

The direction chart is given below -

Step1:- A is to the West of C, B is to the South of A.

Step2:- L is to the North of C and J is to the East of L. 

Here, J is in north-east direction of B.

Hence, the correct answer is north-east.

The positional value of alphabets is given below -

Logic - (First letter + 4)(Second letter - 4)(Third letter + 2)

In IOP : MKR 

I + 4 = M  

O - 4 = K

P + 2 = R

Similarly,

L + 4 = P

R - 4 = N

D + 2 = F

Hence, the correct answer is PNF.

LOGIC: The positions of the diagonal in the square.

Option(1):

 → The diagonals of the square are not on the same edges.

Option(2):

 → The diagonals of the square are on the same edges.

Option(3):

 →  The diagonals of the square are on the same edges.

Option(4):

  → The diagonals of the square are on the same edges.

Here, Option (1) is different from the rest.

Hence, Option (1) is the answer.

Biology, physics, and chemistry are subject that are the part of science whereas Accountancy is a subject which is a part of Economics.

Hence, the option which is different from the rest is Accountancy.

Hence, the correct answer is Accountancy.

The venn diagram represent of the given statement is -

Conclusion I: Some cakes are chocolates. ✅

All muffins are chocolates and some cakes are muffins.

So, definitely some cakes are chocolates.

Hence, the given conclusion follow the statements.

Conclusion II: All chocolates are muffins. ❌

No, all chocolates are not muffins. But all muffins are chocolates.

Hence, this conclusion is incorrect.

Hence, the correct answer is only conclusion I follows.

The symbol used in family tree are -

The family tree according to given in the question is-

Pawan is the grandfather of Manav.

Hence, the correct answer is Son's son.

The step in the completion the process to make passport are-

**Step1:-**Register in the Passport Seva Online Portal.

Step2:-Login with the login credentials.

Step3:- Apply.

Step4:-Fill and submit the application.

Step5:-Pay and Schedule Appointment.

Step6:-Print Application and Appointment Receipt.

Step7:-Visit the appointment spot for verification.

Hence, the correct answer is 2,3,4,5,6,1,7.

Option1:-  144 # 6 # 8 # 3 ❌

144 x 6 ÷ 8 = 108 

108≠3

Hence, the given option is incorrect.

Option2:-  144 # 6 # 8 # 3 ❌

144 x 6 = 864

864 ≠ 8 ÷ 3

Hence, the given option is incorrect.

Option3:-  144 # 6 # 8 # 3 ❌

144 ÷ 6 x 8 =108

192 ≠ 3

Hence, the given option is incorrect.

Option4:-  144 # 6 # 8 # 3 ✅

144 ÷ 6 = 8 x 3

24 = 24 

Hence, the given option is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is ÷, =, ×

The region that represents MBA students who are PhD holders but not doctors are showed by coloured portion.

Hence, the correct answer is 15.

The image embedded in given figure is as shown below:

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Salt.

Key Points

• Among the options provided, the kitchen ingredient that can be used to depress the freezing point of water is salt (option 4).
• When salt is dissolved in water, it lowers the freezing point of the water, causing it to remain in a liquid state at lower temperatures than pure water.
• This phenomenon occurs due to a process called "freezing point depression."
• By adding salt to water, the salt ions interfere with the formation of the crystal lattice structure that occurs when water freezes.
• This interference makes it more difficult for the water molecules to arrange themselves into a solid, resulting in a lower freezing point.
• Baking soda (option 1), vinegar (option 2), and baking powder (option 3) do not have the same effect on the freezing point of water as salt.
• They are primarily used for culinary purposes and do not depress the freezing point in the same way salt does.

Hence, the correct answer is Salt.

The correct answer is President.

Key Points

• The Finance Commission in India is constituted by the President of India under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution. Therefore, option 3, the President, is the correct answer.
• The Finance Commission is a constitutional body that plays a crucial role in the fiscal federalism of India.
• Its primary function is to make recommendations regarding the distribution of financial resources between the central government and the state governments.
• The Finance Commission consists of a Chairman and four other members who are appointed by the President.
• The members are typically experts in the fields of economics, finance, or public administration.
• The Commission is tasked with studying various aspects of fiscal matters and making recommendations on matters such as sharing of taxes, grants-in-aid to states, and other financial arrangements.
• Neither the Prime Minister (option 1), Finance Minister (option 2), nor the Chief Economic Advisor (option 4) directly constitute the Finance Commission under Article 280.
• However, the government, including the Prime Minister and the Finance Minister, has an important role in considering and implementing the recommendations made by the Finance Commission.

Hence, the correct answer is President.

The correct answer is 284.

Key Points

• The total number of signatories to the Indian Constitution was 284.
• The process of drafting and finalizing the Indian Constitution took several years, and it involved the participation of various committees and individuals.
• The Constituent Assembly of India, which was responsible for drafting the Constitution, consisted of elected representatives from different parts of the country.
• The Constituent Assembly convened numerous sessions between 1946 and 1949 to deliberate on the constitutional provisions and finalize the document.
• After extensive discussions and debates, the Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949.
• Following the adoption of the Constitution, it was signed by the members of the Constituent Assembly.
• A total of 284 members of the Constituent Assembly signed the final version of the Indian Constitution.
• These signatories included prominent figures such as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and many others who played significant roles in the drafting and shaping of the Constitution.
• Each signatory affirmed their commitment to the principles and provisions outlined in the Indian Constitution by affixing their signatures.
• The signing of the Constitution marked an important milestone in India's journey towards becoming a sovereign democratic republic.

Therefore, the correct answer is 284.

The state of Tripura can be associated with the folk dance called Hojagiri.

Key Points

• Hojagiri is a traditional dance form performed by the Reang community, also known as the Tripuri community, which is indigenous to the state of Tripura in northeastern India.
• It is a vibrant and energetic dance that is typically performed by female dancers balancing pots or pitchers on their heads while moving gracefully to the rhythm of the music.
• The dance involves intricate footwork, graceful hand movements, and balancing skills.
• The performers often wear colorful traditional attire, adorned with jewelry, and the dance is accompanied by traditional musical instruments like the flute, cymbals, and drums.
• Hojagiri is not associated with the other options provided.
• Rangma is a community in Nagaland, Dol Cholam is a dance form from Manipur, and Yak Chaam is a traditional dance form from the Himalayan region.

Hence, the correct answer is Hojagiri.

The correct answer is Jhumpa Lahiri.

Key Points

• "Interpreter of Maladies" is a collection of short stories written by Jhumpa Lahiri, an acclaimed author known for her exquisite portrayal of the immigrant experience.
• Published in 1999, the book received widespread acclaim and established Lahiri as a prominent literary voice.
• The collection comprises nine stories that delve into the complexities of human relationships, cultural displacement, and the search for connection and belonging.
• Lahiri explores the lives of characters of Indian origin, both in India and in the United States, capturing their struggles, desires, and the intricate interplay between their Indian heritage and their adopted culture.
• Lahiri's writing is characterized by its lyrical beauty, nuanced characterizations, and astute observations of human emotions.
• She delicately explores themes of identity, isolation, love, and communication, showcasing her deep understanding of the human condition.
• Through her stories, Lahiri skillfully illuminates the ways in which people navigate the challenges of cultural differences, generational gaps, and personal longing.
• She paints vivid and evocative portraits of her characters, allowing readers to empathize with their joys, sorrows, and the universal human experiences that connect us all.
• "Interpreter of Maladies" is a poignant and introspective collection that touches upon universal themes, reminding readers of the power of human connection and the complexities that shape our lives.
• Jhumpa Lahiri's storytelling prowess and her ability to capture the nuances of human experience make this collection a timeless and captivating read.

Thus, the correct answer is Jhumpa Lahiri.

The Koshi river enters into India through the state of Bihar.

Key Points

• The Koshi river is one of the major rivers in Nepal and is known as the Saptakoshi river in Nepal.
• It originates in the Himalayas in Nepal and flows through the eastern part of the country.
• Eventually, it enters India through the eastern border of Nepal and flows into the Indian state of Bihar.
• The river plays a crucial role in the lives of people in the region, supporting agriculture, providing water for irrigation, and being a lifeline for the local communities.
• It is also prone to flooding during the monsoon season, causing both benefits and challenges for the people living along its banks.
• Bihar, being the state through which the Koshi river enters India, has a significant dependency on the river for various aspects of life, including agriculture, livelihoods, and transportation.

Therefore, the correct answer is Bihar.

The correct answer is Germany.

Key Points

• The concept of the suspension of Fundamental Rights during an emergency in India was influenced by the constitution of Germany.
• The provision allowing for the suspension of Fundamental Rights during an emergency is outlined in Article 359 of the Indian Constitution.
• This provision empowers the President of India to suspend the enforcement of Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution during a national emergency.
• The framers of the Indian Constitution drew inspiration from various sources while formulating this provision.
• One of the significant influences came from the Weimar Constitution of Germany, which was in force from 1919 to 1933.
• The Weimar Constitution had provisions for the suspension of certain civil liberties during emergencies, and this influenced the inclusion of a similar provision in the Indian Constitution.
• However, it's important to note that while the concept of the suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergencies was influenced by the German Constitution, the specific provisions and safeguards related to the suspension in India differ from those in Germany.
• The Indian Constitution includes checks and balances to prevent the misuse of emergency powers, ensuring that the suspension is temporary and subject to review by the judiciary.

Hence, the correct answer is Germany.

The correct answer is 3.

Key Points

• India has hosted three Grand Prix Formula 1 World Championships as of 2021.
• The Indian Grand Prix was held at the Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida from 2011 to 2013.
• The event attracted international attention, with top Formula 1 drivers competing on the challenging track.
• The Indian Grand Prix showcased India's capabilities in hosting high-profile sporting events and brought excitement to motorsport enthusiasts in the country.
• However, due to various factors, including financial issues and scheduling conflicts, the event has not been held since 2013.

Therefore, the correct answer is 3.

The highest peak of the Pir Panjal Range is indeed Mount Indrasan.

Key Points

• Mount Indrasan is a prominent mountain located in the Pir Panjal Range of the Indian Himalayas.
• It is situated in the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh.
• With an elevation of approximately 6,221 meters (20,410 feet), it is one of the tallest peaks in the region.
• Mount Indrasan attracts mountaineers and adventure enthusiasts from around the world.
• Its challenging slopes and diverse climbing routes make it a sought-after destination for climbers seeking an exhilarating and rewarding experience.
• The summit offers breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding mountainous landscapes.
• Surrounded by stunning alpine beauty, Mount Indrasan is a part of the Great Himalayan National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its rich biodiversity.
• The region is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, making it an appealing destination for nature lovers as well.
• The Pir Panjal Range, with Mount Indrasan as its highest peak, adds to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and provides opportunities for adventure, exploration, and a deep appreciation of the mountain environment.

Thus, the correct answer is Mount Indrasan.

The correct answer is 3.25%

Key Points

• India's contribution to world GDP in the fiscal year 2019-2020, as per the data collected by the IMF World Economic Outlook, was around 3.25%.
• This indicates that India's economy accounted for approximately 3.25% of the total global GDP during that period.
• Despite being one of the world's fastest-growing major economies, India's contribution to global GDP is relatively modest due to its large population.
• However, it is important to note that India's economic significance is steadily increasing, and it is projected to become one of the top economies in the coming years.
• The country's robust growth, emerging market potential, and diverse sectors contribute to its growing influence in the global economy.

Hence, the correct answer is 3.25%

The Mahanadi river has its source in Chhattisgarh.

Key Points

• The Mahanadi river has its source in the Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh, about 6 kilometers from the village of Pharsiya.
• The river then flows through Chhattisgarh and Odisha before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
• The Mahanadi is the third largest river in peninsular India after the Godavari and Krishna rivers.
• It is a major source of water for irrigation, drinking, and hydroelectric power generation in the two states.
• Here are some other interesting facts about the Mahanadi river:
• ​The name "Mahanadi" comes from the Sanskrit words "maha" (great) and "nadi" (river).
• The Mahanadi is about 900 kilometers long.
• The river's drainage basin covers an area of about 132,000 square kilometers.
• The Mahanadi has a number of tributaries, including the Seonath, Hasdeo, Mand, and Ib rivers.
• The Hirakud Dam, the longest earthen dam in the world, is located on the Mahanadi river.
• The Mahanadi is an important economic resource for the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha.

Therefore the Mahanadi river has its source in Chhattisgarh.

Home in the World: A Memoir is a book by Amartya Sen.

Key Points

• Home in the World: A Memoir is a 2021 memoir by Amartya Sen, the Nobel Prize-winning economist and philosopher.
• The book tells the story of Sen's life, from his childhood in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to his years as a student at Cambridge University and his subsequent career as a leading academic and public intellectual.
• Sen writes about his family, his education, his work, and his travels, but he also reflects on broader themes such as the meaning of home, the nature of identity, and the role of the individual in society.
• Home in the World has been praised by critics for its insights into Sen's life and work, as well as for its thoughtful exploration of important social and philosophical issues.
• The book has been described as "a moving and insightful memoir" (The Guardian), "a powerful and thought-provoking work" (The New York Times), and "a must-read for anyone interested in Amartya Sen or the history of ideas" (The Washington Post).
• Home in the World: A Memoir is a fascinating and thought-provoking book that will give us a deeper understanding of one of the most important thinkers of our time.

​Thus the correct answer is Amartya Sen.

The patterns of colours that are formed by a kaleidoscope when held against a light source, are formed by Reflection of Light.

Key Points

• The patterns of colors that are formed by a kaleidoscope when held against a light source are formed by the reflection of light.
• The mirrors inside the kaleidoscope reflect the light from the objects inside, creating multiple images of the objects.
• These images are then reflected off of each other, creating a complex pattern of colors.
• The pattern of colors will change as the kaleidoscope is rotated, because the objects inside will move and the reflections will change.
• The number of mirrors in a kaleidoscope will determine the number of images that are created.
• A kaleidoscope with two mirrors will create two images of each object, while a kaleidoscope with three mirrors will create three images of each object.
• The angle between the mirrors will also affect the pattern of colors.
• A wider angle will create a wider pattern, while a narrower angle will create a narrower pattern.
• The colors of the objects inside the kaleidoscope will also affect the pattern of colors.
• Brighter colors will create more vibrant patterns, while darker colors will create more muted patterns.
• The type of objects inside the kaleidoscope will also affect the pattern of colors.
• For example, a kaleidoscope with small, shiny objects will create a different pattern than a kaleidoscope with large, opaque objects.
• Kaleidoscopes are a fascinating optical instrument that can create beautiful patterns of colors.
• The patterns are created by the reflection of light, and the number and angle of the mirrors, the colors of the objects inside, and the type of objects inside will all affect the pattern of colors.

​Therefore the correct answer is Reflection of Light.

The Yavanarajya Inscription was discovered at Maghera.

Key Points

• The Yavanarajya inscription was discovered in the village of Maghera, 17 kilometers north of Mathura, India in 1988.
• The inscription is carved on a block of red sandstone and is dated to the 1st century BCE.
• It is currently located at the Mathura Museum in Mathura.
• The inscription is significant because it mentions the Indo-Greeks, who ruled Mathura during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.
• The inscription also notes the donation of a water well and tank to the community by a Brahmin.
• The discovery of the Yavanarajya inscription has helped to shed light on the Indo-Greek presence in Mathura and the history of the region during this period.

​Therefore the correct answer is Maghera.

The Buddh International Circuit for F1 racing was shut down by Yamuna Expressway Industrial development authority.

Key Points

• The Buddh International Circuit (BIC) was shut down by the Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA) in 2014 due to non-payment of dues.
• The BIC was built at a cost of ₹2,000 crore (US$270 million) and hosted the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix from 2011 to 2013.
• However, the race was not profitable and the BIC was unable to generate enough revenue to cover its operating costs.
• In 2014, YEIDA sealed the gates of the BIC and began preparing a global tender for an auction to recover the dues owed to it by Jaypee Infratech Limited, the developer of the BIC.
• The BIC remained sealed until 2020, when it was reopened as a quarantine facility for COVID-19 patients.
• In 2023, the BIC will host the Indian motorcycle Grand Prix as part of the MotoGP World Championship.
• This will be the first international race to be held at the BIC since 2013.
• The future of the BIC is uncertain after the MotoGP race.
• It is possible that the BIC will be used for other sporting events, such as Formula E or the Indian Super League.
• However, it is also possible that the BIC will be sold or demolished.

​Therefore the correct answer is Yamuna Expressway Industrial development authority.

The Sawlakin folk dance originated in Mizoram.

Key Points

• The Sawlakin folk dance originated in Mizoram, a state in northeastern India.
• It is a war dance that was originally performed by the Lakher tribe to celebrate a victory in battle.
• The dance is characterized by its vigorous movements and its use of weapons, such as spears and shields.
• Today, the Sawlakin dance is performed as a cultural performance, and it is a popular tourist attraction in Mizoram.
• Here are some other interesting facts about the Sawlakin folk dance:
• ​The name "Sawlakin" means "the dance of the spirit of the slain."
• The dance is typically performed by a group of men, but women may also participate.
• The dancers wear traditional Lakher clothing, which includes a loincloth, a turban, and a feathered headdress.
• The dance is accompanied by the sound of drums and gongs.
• The Sawlakin dance is a vigorous and energetic dance, and it is a popular way for the Mizos to celebrate their culture and heritage.

Therefore the correct answer is Mizoram.

The Ashvamedha yajna was a Horse sacrifice by ancient Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty.

Key Points

• The Ashvamedha yajna was a ritual sacrifice of a horse performed by ancient Indian kings to demonstrate their imperial sovereignty.
• The horse was a symbol of power and virility, and its sacrifice was seen as a way of asserting the king's dominance over his enemies and vassals.
• The Ashvamedha yajna was a complex and costly ritual, and it was only performed by the most powerful kings.
• The ceremony involved a number of different steps, including the selection of the horse, its journey through the kingdom, and the final sacrifice.
• The horse was chosen from the king's own stables, and it was decorated with gold and jewels.
• The horse was then released to wander for a year, accompanied by a group of warriors.
• During its journey, the horse was not allowed to be harmed or captured.
• If any enemy tried to stop the horse, the warriors were required to fight them.
• After one year, the horse was returned to the king's capital.
• The horse was then sacrificed in a grand ceremony.
• The priests would recite Vedic hymns, and the horse would be killed with a golden sword.
• The horse's flesh was then cooked and eaten by the priests and the king's family.
• The Ashvamedha yajna was a powerful symbol of the king's power and authority.
• It was a way of demonstrating to the kingdom and to the world that the king was a powerful ruler who was not to be challenged.
• The Ashvamedha yajna was also a way of ensuring the king's prosperity and success.
• The Ashvamedha yajna was a controversial ritual, and it was eventually abandoned by most Hindu kings.
• However, it remains an important symbol in Hindu culture, and it is still sometimes performed today.

​Therefore the correct answer is Horse.

The Kandariya Mahadev Temple was built under the Chandellas of Bundelkhand.

Key Points

• The Kandariya Mahadev Temple was built under the patronage of the Chandela dynasty, which ruled over Bundelkhand from the 9th to the 13th centuries.
• The temple is dedicated to Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction and regeneration.
• It is one of the most important surviving examples of Chandela architecture, and is renowned for its intricate carvings and sculptures.
• The temple was built in the 10th century, during the reign of King Vidyadhara.
• It is the largest and most ornate temple in the Khajuraho group of temples, and is considered one of the finest examples of Hindu temple architecture in India.
• The temple is built on a high platform, and has a spire that rises to a height of over 30 meters.
• The exterior of the temple is covered in intricate carvings, depicting scenes from Hindu mythology, as well as erotic sculptures.
• The interior of the temple is divided into three sections: the mandapa, the antarala, and the garbhagriha.
• The mandapa is the largest hall, and is where religious ceremonies were held.
• The antarala is the smaller hall, and is where the image of Shiva was kept.
• The garbhagriha is the innermost sanctum, and is where the lingam of Shiva is worshipped.
• The Kandariya Mahadev Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is one of the most popular tourist destinations in India.
• It is a testament to the artistic and architectural achievements of the Chandela dynasty, and is a reminder of the rich cultural heritage of India.

​Therefore the correct answer is the Chandellas of Bundelkhand.

Ranging concepts is used in GPS for determining the position of objects.

Key Points

• The ranging concepts used in GPS are based on the following principles:
• ​The speed of light is constant.
• The time it takes for a signal to travel from a satellite to a receiver is equal to the distance between the satellite and the receiver divided by the speed of light.
• The time it takes for a signal to travel from a satellite to a receiver can be measured very accurately.
• By measuring the time it takes for signals from multiple satellites to reach a receiver, the receiver can determine its own position on Earth.
• This is done by triangulation, which is a method of determining the location of a point by measuring the distances to it from three known points.
• The ranging concepts used in GPS are very accurate, and they can be used to determine the position of an object to within a few meters.
• This makes GPS a valuable tool for a wide variety of applications, including navigation, surveying, and timekeeping.
• Here are some additional details about how ranging concepts are used in GPS:
• ​The satellites in the GPS constellation transmit signals that contain their precise time of transmission.
• When a receiver receives a signal from a satellite, it measures the time it takes for the signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver.
• The receiver then uses the speed of light to calculate the distance between the satellite and the receiver.
• The receiver repeats this process for multiple satellites, and then uses the information from all of the satellites to calculate its own position.
• The ranging concepts used in GPS are very accurate because the satellites in the GPS constellation are equipped with very precise atomic clocks.
• These clocks are synchronized to each other, so the time of transmission of the signals from the satellites is known very accurately.
• The receivers also have very precise clocks, so the time it takes for the signals to travel from the satellites to the receivers can be measured very accurately.
• The ranging concepts used in GPS are a critical part of the system, and they allow GPS to provide accurate positioning information.

​Therefore the correct answer is Ranging.

Shashi Tharoor's The Great Indian Novel is based on Mahabharata.

Key Points

• The Great Indian Novel is a satirical novel by Shashi Tharoor, first published by Viking Press in 1989.
• It is a fictional work that takes the story of the Mahabharata, the Indian epic, and recasts and resets it in the context of the Indian Independence Movement and the first three decades post-independence.
• Figures from Indian history are transformed into characters from mythology, and the mythical story of India is retold as a history of Indian independence and subsequent history, up through the 1970s.
• Some critics have identified an element of subversion in the novel.
• The novel is divided into 18 books, just as the Mahabharata has 18 books and the Battle of Kurukshetra lasted for 18 days.
• The characters in the novel are based on real-life figures from Indian history, such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Indira Gandhi.
• For example, Gandhi is represented by the character Dev Datta, Nehru is represented by the character Krishna, and Indira Gandhi is represented by the character Draupadi.
• The Great Indian Novel is a complex and thought-provoking novel that explores the themes of power, ambition, betrayal, and redemption.
• It is a story of India's struggle for independence and its subsequent journey as a nation.
• The novel is also a satire of Indian politics and society.

​Therefore the correct answer is Mahabharata.

Given:-

Principle = Rs.18000

Rate of interest = 8.5%

Time = 3 years

Formula used:-

SI = (P × R × T)/100

Calculation:-

SI = (18000 × 8.5 × 3)/100

SI = 459000/100

SI = Rs. 4590

∴ Simple interest is Rs. 4590.

Given:-

N_B : N_G = 4 : 5

Total students = 720

After adding new 20 girls

N'_B : N'_G = 4 : 3 

Calculation:-

Let the no. of Boys be 4x

and No. of Girls = 5x

∴ 4x + 5x = 720

⇒ 9x = 720

⇒ x = 80

∴ No. of Boys = 4 × 80 = 320

No. of Girls = 5 × 80 = 400

Now adding 20 New Girls,

N'_B : N'_G = (320 + B) : (400 + 20)

⇒ 4 : 3 = (320 + B) : 420

⇒ 4 × 420 = 3 × (320 + B)

⇒ 3B + 960 = 1680

⇒ 3B = 720

B = 240 = No. of Boys

∴ option 3 is right.

Given:-

4 × (1/x) × √x = 8

Calculation:-

⇒ 4 × (1/x) × √x = 8

⇒ 4 × 1/√x = 8 

⇒ √x = 4/8 

Squaring both sides

⇒ x = 16/64

⇒ x = 1/4

∴ option 3 is right.

Given: 

The No. of students having 'Punjabi' subject = 90

The No. of students having 'Others' subject = 60

Calculation:

The students having 'Punjabi' are more than those having 'Others' subject ⇒ 90 - 60 = 30

In terms of percentage,

⇒ (90 - 60)/60 × 100

⇒ 30/60 × 100

⇒ 50%

∴ 50% of students having 'Punjabi' are more than those having 'Others' subject.

Given: 

Ronak weight = 86.7 kg

Original weight : Reduced weight = 5 : 3

Calculation:

As per question,

Original Weight = 5 unit = 86.7

New weight = 3 unit = (86.7/5) × 3 = 52.02 kg

∴  The new weight will be 52.02 kg

Shortcut Trick

Relative Speed in same direction = 15 − 12 = 3 km/hr.

Required Distance = 10 km.

Time = Distance ÷ Relative Speed = 10 ÷ 3 hours.

To convert to minutes: (10 ÷ 3) × 60 = 200 minutes.

∴ The correct answer is 200 min.

Alternate Method

Given:

Speed of first man (S₁) = 12 km/hr

Speed of second man (S₂) = 15 km/hr

Required separation (D) = 10 km

Formula Used:

Relative Speed (Same Direction) = S₂ − S₁

Time = Distance ÷ Relative Speed

Calculations:

⇒ Relative Speed = 15 km/hr − 12 km/hr = 3 km/hr

⇒ Time (in hours) = 10 km ÷ 3 km/hr = 10/3 hours

⇒ Time (in minutes) = (10/3) × 60

⇒ Time = 10 × 20 = 200 minutes

∴ The correct answer is 200 min.

Additional Information

Relative Speed Concept

When two objects move in the same direction, relative speed is the difference of their speeds. When they move in opposite directions, it is the sum of their speeds.

Unit Conversion

To convert hours to minutes, multiply by 60. To convert km/hr to m/s, multiply by 5/18.

Distance Formula

Distance = Speed × Time. In problems involving two moving bodies, use Relative Speed in place of Speed.

Given:

Raju completed the science project in 20 days

Calculation:

The work efficiency ratio of Raju and Guru is

Raju : Guru = 4 : 5

Total work = 4 × 20 = 80 units

Guru completed the science project = 80/5

∴ Guru completed the science project in 16 days

Given

The no.of Samsung users = 2500

Calculation

50% of Samsung users = 1/2 × 2500 = 1250

Total MI users after 50% Samsung users shifts to it = 2200 + 1250 = 3450

The total sum of all users = 1200 + 2500 + 2200 + 2400 + 2000 + 1000

⇒ 11300

The percentage of MI users now among the total users = 3450/11300 × 100

⇒ 30.53%

The correct option is 4.

Given:

Selling Price of car = 180000

Loss occurred = 25%

Calculation:

When a car is sold for Rs. 180000, the owner loses 25%

⇒ 75% = 180000

In order to gain 25%,

⇒ 125% = (18000 × 125) / 75 = 300000

∴ In order to gain 25%,the owner must be sold the car Rs. 300000

Given

The no. of people playing cricket = 50

Calculation

Let the total no. of people playing sports be x.

Only 10% of the total are playing cricket = 0.1x

⇒ 0.1x = 50

⇒ x = 50/0.1

⇒ x = 500

The total number of person mentioned playing the given sports = 50 + 70 + 90 + 40 + 60 + 30

⇒ 340

The number of persons not playing any sports = The total no.of people playing sports - Total sum of above-mentioned sports

The number of persons not playing any sports = 500 - 340

⇒ 160

The correct option is 2.

Calculation:

x% of (35% of 600) = 35.7

⇒ x% of 210 = 35.7

⇒ x = (35.7 × 100) / 210 

⇒ x = 17

∴ The value of x is 17

Given:

The HCF of two numbers is 13.

Concept used:

HCF is the factor of LCM.

Calculation:

According to Question,

HCF = 13

When we find LCM of the numbers it contain HCF of the number

∴ LCM is multiple of 13

Option 1:

⇒ 65 = 13 × 5

Option 3:

⇒ 52 = 13 × 4

Option 4:

⇒ 78 = 13 × 6

There is only option 2 that is 62 which is not a multiple of 13.

∴ 62 can never be their LCM

∴ The Required answer is 62.

Shortcut Trick

To find the least number of vessels, the capacity of each vessel must be the HCF of the given volumes.

HCF of 1755, 3783, 1599:

Difference between 1755 and 1599 = 156. Factors of 156 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 13, 26, 39, 52, 78, 156.

Checking divisibility, HCF = 39 litres.

Total vessels = (1755 + 3783 + 1599) ÷ 39 = 7137 ÷ 39 = 183.

∴ The correct answer is 183 vessels.

Alternate Method

Given: Volumes are 1755 litres, 3783 litres, and 1599 litres.

Formula: Total Vessels = ∑(Volumes) ÷ HCF(Volumes)

⇒ Step 1: Find HCF using prime factorization or division method.

⇒ 1599 = 3 × 13 × 41

⇒ 1755 = 3³ × 5 × 13

⇒ 3783 = 3 × 13 × 97

⇒ Common factors are 3 and 13. So, HCF = 3 × 13 = 39 litres.

⇒ Step 2: Calculate vessels for each type.

⇒ Vessels for Type 1 = 1755 ÷ 39 = 45

⇒ Vessels for Type 2 = 3783 ÷ 39 = 97

⇒ Vessels for Type 3 = 1599 ÷ 39 = 41

⇒ Total vessels = 45 + 97 + 41 = 183.

∴ The correct answer is 183 vessels.

Additional Information

HCF (Highest Common Factor)

The largest number that divides two or more numbers without leaving a remainder. For least number of containers, we always maximize the container size using HCF.

HCF by Difference Method

The HCF of a set of numbers is always a factor of the difference between any two numbers in the set.

LCM vs HCF in Word Problems

Use LCM when looking for a future common event (e.g., bells tolling together). Use HCF when dividing items into the largest possible equal groups.

Given:

Expression is given in the form = 7.46464646______

Calculation:

Let X = 7.464646 = 7 + .464646

Let Y = .46464646 _______(1)

Multiplying Y by 100,

⇒ 100 Y = 46.464646 _______(2)

Now (2) - (1)

⇒ 100 Y - Y = 46.46464646 - 0.46464646

⇒ 99 Y = 46

⇒ Y = 46/99

X = 7 + 46/99

X = 739/99

∴ 7.46464646 = 739/99

Given:

We have to find the average of the first 10 multiples of 11 

Concept used:

Average = Sum of all observations/Number of observations

The Sum of the first n natural number = n(n + 1)/2

Calculation:

Sum of first 10 multiples of 11 = 11 × [10(10 + 1)/2]

⇒ 11 × 55 = 605

Average of the First 10 multiples of 11 is = 605/10 = 60.5

∴ The average of first 10 multiples of 11 is 60.5

Given: 

The longest pole that can be placed in a room is 25 m.

Length of the floor(L) = 24m

Calculation:

D = Length of the pole

D² = L² + h² 

h² = 25² - 24² 

h² = 625 - 576

h² = 49

h = 7m

∴  The height of the room is 7m

Given:

Surface area of  sphere = 1232 cm2

Formula: 

The surface area of the sphere = 4πr²

Calculation:

4πr2 = 1232

⇒ πr2 = 308

⇒ r² = 98

⇒ r = √98

⇒ r = 7√2 cm

∴ Diameter = 7√2 × 2 = 14√2 cm

Given: 

Ratio between the speeds of two car is 5 : 8

The car runs 180 km in 2.5 hours

Formula:

Speed = Distance/time 

Calculations:

Let the speed of the bus and car be 5x and 8x

Speed = Distance/Time

Speed of the car = 180/2.5 = 72

⇒ 8x = 72

⇒ x = 9

Speed of the bus = 5 × 9 = 45 km/hr

∴ The speed of the bus is 45 km/hr.

Concept Used:

We substitute the values in the given equation and solve it using the BODMAS rule:

Solution

⇒ 45% of 1050 - 72.5

⇒ 9/20 × 1050 - 72.5

⇒ 9 × 52.5 - 72.5

⇒ 472.5 - 72.5

⇒ 400

The correct option is 2.

Concept Used:

a² - b² = (a +b) (a -b)

Solution:

⇒ (4p - 3) × (4p × p + 4p + 9) × (9p × p - 16)

In the given question we first simplify the given expression,

⇒ (4p - 3) × (4p × p + 4p + 9) × {(3p)² - 4²)

⇒ (4p - 3) × (4p × p + 4p + 9) × {(3p + 4) × (3p - 4)}

Putting the value of p = 4/3 into the expression

⇒ (4p - 3) × (4p × p + 4p + 9) × {(3p + 4) × (3 × 4/3 - 4)}

⇒ (4p - 3) × (4p × p + 4p + 9) × {(3p + 4) × (0)}

⇒ 0

The correct option is 4.

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 ‘जी खोलकर खर्च करना’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

• मुहावरा-  ‘थैली खोलना’ अर्थ – जी खोलकर खर्च करना।
• वाक्य- अपने भाई की शादी में रमेश ने थैली खोल दी।
• नोट- शाब्दिक रूप से मुहावरा शब्द का अर्थ अभ्यास होता है।

अन्य विकल्प:

इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 'घटिया' है। अन्य विकल्प उपसर्ग से बने शब्द हैं।

Key Points 

• 'घटिया' शब्द में उपसर्ग नहीं है।

अन्य विकल्प:

• अन्य विकल्पों में क्रमशः 'परि','कु' और ''न"  उपसर्ग  लगा है।

Additional Information 

सदाचार,  व्यंजन सन्धि का उदाहरण है। सत् + आचार इसका सही विकल्प है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

व्यंजन संधि को संस्कृत में हल् भी कहते हैं, क्योंकि यह माहेश्वर सूत्र में आये ह से लेकर ल् के बीच के वर्णों से सम्बन्धित है।

• जैसे - सत् + आचार = सदाचार।
• संधि (सम् + धि) शब्द का अर्थ है 'मेल' या जोड़। दो निकटवर्ती वर्णों के परस्पर मेल से जो विकार उत्पन्न होता है, वह संधि कहलाता है l

Additional Information

• संधि तीन प्रकार की होती है:-
• स्वर संधि,
• व्यंजन संधि,
• विसर्ग संधि l
• व्यंजन संधि के कुछ उदाहरण:-
• दिक् + अम्बर = दिगम्बर
• अभी + सेक = अभिषेक
• दिक् + गज = दिग्गज

'दुरात्मा' शब्द में ​बहुव्रीहि समास है, जिसका सही विग्रह विकल्प 2 'बुरी आत्मा वाला' है। 

Key Points 

 

 

 

Additional Information

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "फूट होना" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points 

• आठ कनौजिए नौ चूल्हे
• अर्थ :- फूट होना
• वाक्य प्रयोग
• पूँजीवादी व्यवस्था में समाज इतना स्वार्थी हो गया है कि आठ कनौजिये नौ चूल्हे वाली स्थिति दिखाई देती है।

Additional Information 

• डरें लोमड़ी से नाम शेर खाँ
• अर्थः- विपरीत आचरण।
• तीन लोक से मथुरा न्यारी
• अर्थः- सबसे अलग।
• इन तिलों में तेल नहीं
• लाभ की आशा न होना।
• अंधे की लकड़ी
• बेसहारे का सहारा
• अपना रख पराया चख
• निजी वस्तु की रक्षा एवं अन्य वस्तु का उपभोग।
• ऊंट के गले में बित्ली
• अनुचित, अनुपयुक्त या बेमेल संबंध विवाह।
• ऊंट दूल्हा गधा पुरोहित
• एक मूर्ख या नीच द्वारा दूसरे मूर्ख या नीच की प्रशंसा पर उक्ति(वाक्य/कथन)।
• ओठों निकली कोठों चढ़ी
• जो बात मुंह से निकल है, वह फैल जाती है, गुप्त नहीं रहती।

सही उत्तर अनलदग्ध​ है।

Key Points 

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से ‘आग से झुलसा हुआ’ के लिए एक शब्द अनलदग्ध है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है। अतः सही विकल्प अनलदग्ध है।
• अन्य विकल्प

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 ‘झगड़ा’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points 

• दिए गए शब्दों में 'झगड़ा' पुल्लिंग शब्द है अन्य सभी शब्द स्त्रीलिंग हैं।
• झगड़ा अर्थात किसी बात पर होने वाली कहा-सुनी या विवाद।
• विचारों में मतभेद होने पर झगड़ा सही नहीं होता है।

अन्य विकल्प :

• हथेली पर सरसों जम गई।
• नाक कट गई।
• यह तुला सही माप बताती है।

Additional Information 

दिए गये विकल्पों में व्रण-वर्ण का सही शब्द युग्म 'दांत-ख़राब' होगा।

• रद का अर्थ : दांत।
• रद्द का अर्थ : ख़राब।

Key Points

अन्य महत्वपूर्ण शब्द युग्म

Additional Information 

उपरोक्त विकल्पों में 'गरुड़' का पर्यायवाची शब्द विघ्नेश नहीं है। अत: विकल्प 3 - विघ्नेश इसका सही उत्तर है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। 

Key Points 

• गरुड़ के सभी पर्यायवाची शब्द खगेश, हरियान, पन्नगारी, वातनेय, पक्षिराज आदि।

अन्य विकल्प :

• विघ्नेश का पर्यायवाची- एकदंत, लंबोदर, गणेश, वक्रतुंड, विनायक, गजानन।

Additional Information

उपर्युक्त शब्दों में से 'अक्षत' शब्द बहुवचन है।

Key Points

• व्याकरण के अनुसार कुछ शब्द के वचन men परिवर्तन नहीं होता है।
• अक्षत शब्द का बहुवचन 'अक्षत' ही होगा।
• अक्षत अर्थात जिसे क्षति न पहुंची हो।
• अक्षत का अर्थ समूचा या बिना टूटा हुआ होगा।

<br>

अन्य विकल्प-

• गली - गलियाँ
• बुराई - बुराइयाँ
• सोना - सोना एकवचन शब्द है इसका बहुवचन शब्द नहीं होता।

Additional Information

सही उत्तर 'बहुत परेशान कर देना' हैं।

• 'नचा देना​' मुहावरे का सही अर्थ: 'बहुत परेशान कर देना' हैं।
• वाक्य प्रयोग-  उसने काम के लिए मुझे खूब नचा दिया है।

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

Additional Information 

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 माताजी ने बच्चों से कहा, "जो मेरी बात मानेगा उसे मिठाई मिलेगी।" है। इस वाक्य में विराम चिह्नों का उचित प्रयोग किया गया है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points 

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही विराम चिह्न युक्त वाक्य है - माताजी ने बच्चों से कहा, "जो मेरी बात मानेगा उसे मिठाई मिलेगी।"

अन्य विकल्प :

• माताजी ने बच्चों से कहा जो मेरी बात मानेगा उसे मिठाई मिलेगी। : इस वाक्य में उद्धरणचिह्न का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है।
• माताजी ने बच्चों से कहा, जो मेरी बात मानेगा, उसे मिठाई मिलेगी। : इस वाक्य में उद्धरणचिह्न का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है तथा साथ ही अल्प विराम चिह्न का अनुचित प्रयोग हुआ है।
• माताजी ने बच्चों से कहा-जो मेरी बात मानेगा उसे मिठाई मिलेगी। : इस वाक्य में उद्धरणचिह्न का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है तथा साथ ही योजक चिह्न का अनुचित प्रयोग हुआ है।​

Additional Information 

• जब किसी शब्द की विशिष्टता अथवा विलगता सूचित करनी होती है, तो इकहरे उद्धरण चिह्न का प्रयोग होता है।
• जब किसी कथन को जैसा का तैसा उद्धृत करना होता है, तब दोहरे उद्धरण चिह्न का प्रयोग होता है।
• जैसे- राम ने कहा, ''सत्य बोलना सबसे बड़ा धर्म है।''
• वाक्य में जहाँ थोड़ा रुकना हो या अधिक वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों आदि को अलग करना हो वहाँ अल्प विराम ( , ) चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 
• जैसे - राम, लक्ष्मण, भरत और शत्रुघ्न राजमहल में पधारे।
• दो शब्दों में परस्पर संबंध स्पष्ट करने के लिए तथा उन्हें जोड़कर लिखने के लिए योजक-चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• जैसे- जीवन में सुख-दुःख तो चलता ही रहता है।

उपरोक्त विकल्प में उत्तम पुरुष वाचक सर्वनाम का सही विकल्प है- 'हम'

Key Pointsउत्तमपुरुष:- 

• जिन शब्दों का प्रयोग  बोलने वाला खुद के लिए करता है।
• इसके अंतर्गत मैं, मेरा, मेरे, मेरी, मुझे, मुझको, हम, हमें, हमको, हमारा, हमारे, हमारी  आदि आते हैं।
• जैसे- मैं फुटबॉल खेलता हूँ।

Additional Information मध्यम पुरुष:-

• जिन शब्दों का प्रयोग सुनने वाले के लिए किया जाता है।
• इसके अंतर्गत तू, तुझे, तुझको, तेरा, तेरे, तेरी, तुम, तुम्हे, तुमको, तुम्हारा, तुम्हारे, तुम्हारी, आप आदि आते हैं।
• जैसे- तुम बहुत अच्छे हो।

अन्य पुरुष:- 

• जिन शब्दों का प्रयोग किसी तीसरे व्यक्ति के बारे में बात करने के लिए होता है।
• इसके अंतर्गत यह, वह, ये, वे आदि आते हैं।
• जैसे- वह पढाई में बहुत तेज़ है।

जहाँ भाषओं का ________ होता है, वहाँ वास्तव में विभिन्न जनपदों के ह्रदय ही मिलते हैं। इस वाक्य में रिक्त स्थान के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द 'मिलन' होगा। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points 

सही उत्तर मिथ्या है। 

Key Points 

• 'सत्य' का विलोम शब्द मिथ्या है।
• सत्य का अर्थ- सच, यथार्थ।
• मिथ्या का अर्थ- असत्य, झूठा।

अन्य विकल्प - 

• असत्य - सत्य
• झूठ - सच
• गलत -

अनुच्छेद के अनुसार लक्ष्य के बिना जीवन दिशाहीन तथा व्यर्थ है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​लक्ष्य के बिना जीवन दिशाहीन तथा व्यर्थ ही है। बिना लक्ष्य के जीवन में इधर-उधर भटकते रहिये कुछ भी प्राप्त नहीं कर पाओगे।

Key Points

• लक्ष्य - निशान, उद्देश्य, निर्दिष्ट स्थान, ठिकाना, मंजिल।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अलक्ष्य'

Additional Informationमित्र:- 

• अर्थ: सखा, दोस्त, सहचर, सुहृद, साथी, बंधु, हमदर्द, शुभचिंतक, संगी, मनमीत, फ़्रेंड।

परिवार:-

• अर्थ: कुटुंब, कुल, कुनबा, खानदान, घराना।

नौकरी:-

• अर्थ: वेतन के रूप में की जानेवाली सेवा।

लक्ष्य का समानार्थी शब्द नहीं है - 'अलक्ष्य'

• लक्ष्य का समानार्थी शब्द है - ध्येय, उद्देश्य, प्रयोजन, निशान, निर्दिष्ट स्थान, ठिकाना, मंजिल।
• विलोम शब्द - **'**अलक्ष्य'

Key Points

• जिन शब्दों के अर्थ में समानता होती है, उन्हें हम पर्यायवाची शब्द अथवा  समानार्थी शब्द कहते हैं ।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण समानार्थी शब्द:-

• अनादर - अपमान, अवज्ञा, अवहेलना, अवमानना, परिभव, तिरस्कार।
• इच्छा - अभिलाषा, आकांक्षा, कामना, लालसा, उत्कण्ठा, रूचि।
• उचित - ठीक, सीचीन, मुनासिब, संगत, वाजिब, उपयुक्त।
• ओज - बल, ताक़त, जोर, दम, पराक्रम, वीर्य, शक्ति।
• कृपा - प्रसाद, करुणा, अनुकम्पा, दया, अनुग्रह।
• खतरा - भय, डर, खौफ, आशंका, खटका, अंदेशा।
• गुलाम - दास, सेवक, नौकर, अनुचर, परतंत्र, पराधीन, परवश।

जीवन को सार्थक जीवन कहा गया है - 'जिसमें परिस्थितियों को बदलने की हिम्मत है।' 

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• यदि कुछ करना चाहते तो पहले अपना एक लक्ष्य बनाओ और उस पर कार्य करो। वास्तव में जीवन उसी का सार्थक है जिसमें परिस्थितियों को बदलने का साहस है। ​

Key Points

• परिस्थिति - चारों ओर की स्थिति, माहौल, वस्तुस्थिति, वातावरण।
• हिम्मत -  साहस, पराक्रम, बहादुरी, वीरता।

Additional Informationलक्ष्य:-

• अर्थ: निशान, उद्देश्य, निर्दिष्ट स्थान, ठिकाना, मंजिल।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अलक्ष्य'

पथभ्रष्ट:-

• अर्थ: जो अपने उचित मार्ग या व्यवहार आदि के प्रतिकूल हो गया हो।

प्रत्येक व्यक्ति अपना लक्ष्य अपनी क्षमता के अनुसार निर्धारित करता है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• हर इंसान की अपनी-अपनी क्षमता होती है और उसी के अनुसार वह लक्ष्य निर्धारित करता है।
• जैसे विधार्थी का लक्ष्य है सर्वाधिक अंक प्राप्त करना तो नौकरी करने वालों का लक्ष्य होगा पदोन्नति प्राप्त करना। ​

Key Points

• क्षमता - सामर्थ्य, शक्ति, कूव्वत, योग्यता।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अक्षमता'

Additional Informationदुर्बलता:- 

• अर्थ: दुर्बल होने की अवस्था या भाव, कमज़ोरी, दुबलापन।
• विलोम शब्द - 'सबलता'

पद:-

• अर्थ: पग, पाँव, पैर, चरण।

अंक:-

• अर्थ: संख्या, गिनती, क्रमांक, निशान, चिह्न, छाप।

इस अनुच्छेद का कोई उपयुक्त शीर्षक- 'जीवन में लक्ष्य का महत्त्व'

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
• ​जीवन में लक्ष्य होने से मनुष्य को मालूम होता है कि उसे किस दिशा की ओर जाना है। यह उसे लक्ष्य ही बताता है। अर्थात जीवन में लक्ष्य का बहुत महत्त्व होता है।

Key Points

• लक्ष्य - निशान, उद्देश्य, निर्दिष्ट स्थान, ठिकाना, मंजिल।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अलक्ष्य'

Additional Informationपदोन्नति:- 

• अर्थ: पद में होने वाली उन्नति या तरक्की, पदवृद्धि, (प्रमोशन)।

परिस्थिति:- 

• अर्थ: चारों ओर की स्थिति, माहौल, वस्तुस्थिति, वातावरण।

सफल:-

• अर्थ: जिसने उद्देश्य सिद्ध कर लिया हो, कामयाब, पूर्णकाम।
• ​विलोम शब्द - 'असफल'

The correct answer is: 'Assuage'.(शांत करना)

Key Points

• **Assuage- To provide relief either physically or mentally, relieve(**शारीरिक या मानसिक रूप से राहत प्रदान करने के लिए) 
• EXAMPLE- The company tried to assuage investor's fears.
• Disenable- deprive of the ability or capacity to do something (कुछ करने की क्षमता या क्षमता से वंचित होना)

 

Additional Information

• Maim-  To hurt somebody so badly that part of her/his body can no longer be used. (किसी को इतनी बुरी तरह से चोट पहुँचाना कि उसके शरीर का कोई हिस्सा इस्तेमाल न किया जा सके)
• Disable- Having a physical or mental condition that limits their movements, senses or activities. (एक शारीरिक या मानसिक स्थिति होना जो उनकी गतिविधियों, इंद्रियों या गतिविधियों को सीमित करता है)
• Prostrate- A condition in which a person is so tired or weak that he/she is unable to do anything. (एक ऐसी स्थिति जिसमें व्यक्ति इतना थका हुआ या कमजोर हो जाता है कि वह कुछ भी करने में असमर्थ होता है।)

The correct answer is: 'Drop the ball'

Key Points

• The most appropriate idiom of the given meaning 'To make a mistake' is 'Drop the ball'.
• Let's look at the meaning and example of the given idiom.
• Drop the ball- To make a mistake.(एक गलती करने हेतु)
• EXAMPLE- She really dropped the ball when she forgot to call back.

Additional Information

• Done to death- To do or repeat something so often that it becomes boring or unhappily**.** (किसी काम को इतनी बार करना या दोहराना कि वह उबाऊ या अप्रसन्न हो जाए।)
• Doggy bag- A container or bag for leftover food to be carried home from a meal eaten at a restaurant**.** (एक रेस्तरां में खाए गए भोजन से बचे हुए भोजन को घर ले जाने के लिए एक कंटेनर या बैग)
• Dark horse- A person who is not expected to succeed in or unexpectedly wins. (एक व्यक्ति जिसके सफल होने या अप्रत्याशित रूप से जीतने की उम्मीद नहीं है)

The correct solution is 'Something good that isn't recognized by first'. 

Key Points

• An idiom is a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words.
• Option 2. 'Something that is very pricey; expensive' is an expression of the idiom 'To cost an arm and a leg'.
• Option 3, 'Something that's abundant in quantity and/or cheap; something that's easily acquired' is an expression of the idiom 'dirt cheap'.
• Option 4, 'An action or task that is simple to do' is an expression of the idiom 'no brainer'.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'relavent'. 

Key Points

• The correct spelling for option 3, 'relavent' would be 'relevant' which means 'having significant and demonstrable bearing on the matter at hand'.
• Option 1, 'prevail' is correctly spelt which means 'to gain ascendancy through strength or superiority'.
• Option 2, 'rescind' is correctly spelt and it means 'to take away '.
• Option 4, 'repudiate' is also a correctly spelt word which means 'refuse to accept or reject.'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct solution is 'that it'd been raining since that afternoon'. 

Key Points

• The sentence given in the question is in an indirect speech format.
• In an indirect speech we report the message of the speaker in our own words and we do not need to use any punctuation mark unless the main body of the sentence requires it.
• Even in the sentence given above, we do not need to use coma after the word 'that' as the phrase 'He said that' is not an independent clause.
• We only need to use coma to separate an independent clause from the rest of the sentence.
• The correct sentence would be 'He said that it'd been raining since that afternoon'.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is 'between Sara and I is in'

Key Points

• In the above given sentence, 'I' will be replaced by 'Me'.
• When the pronoun is connected by a conjunction (and/or) with some other word in the accusative case, always use 'Me' instead of 'I'.
• EXAMPLE- The presents are for you and me. (Not 'I')

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct sentence is -  The essential difference between Sara and me is in our attitude to money.

The correct solution is 'SQRP'. 

Key Points

• While arranging a jumbled sentence, we have to carefully analyze the Options to find a common pattern to form a sentence.
• In the question above, we have the static portion of the sentence, 'So many children'. 
• Option S. 'who commit violent' comes next as it continues to refer to the children mentioned in the static part of the sentence.
• Option Q, 'crimes have' follows as the previous option mentions the word 'commit violent' which naturally indicates that the next phrase should be 'crimes'.
• Option R, 'themselves been' comes next as it continues to indicate the subject of the sentence, 'the children'.
• Option P, 'brutalized by years' finally follows as it indicates the deed done to the children .
• The sentence ends with the another static portion 'of abuse and neglect'.
• The correct sentence becomes, 'So many children who commit violent crimes have themselves been brutalized by years of abuse and neglect'.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'bucolic'.

Key Points

• In the sentence given above, we have to fill in the blank with the word with the most appropriate meaning. 
• Option 1, 'bucolic' is the correct option as it indicates 'relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle' and the sentence is exactly talking about the same.
• Option 2*, 'audacious'* is an incorrect option as it means 'showing a willingness to take surprisingly bold risks' and have no relation with the rest of the sentence.
• Option 3, 'artless' is a wrong option as it means 'without guile or deception' which is not related to a pastoral life the sentence is talking about.
• Option 4, 'bombastic' is also an incorrect option as it means 'high-sounding but with little meaning' which is not appropriate to describe a pastoral life.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'adjure'. 

Key Points

• In order to select the correct answer, we have to look at the meaning of all the options:
• Option 1, 'Endowment' means 'the act of providing with a quality, ability, or asset' and is an incorrect option.
• Option 2, 'Elegy' means '(in modern literature) a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead' and is an incorrect option.
• Option 3, 'Gazette' means 'a journal or newspaper' and is also an incorrect answer.
• Option 4, 'Adjure' means 'Urging or requesting (someone) solemnly or earnestly to do something' and is the correct answer.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'coalesce'. 

Key Points

• The word 'coalesce' means 'come together to form one mass or whole.'
• All the other options such as:
• Option 2, coalecse.
• Option 3, 'coelesce.
• Option 4, coalase.
• They are incorrect spelling of the word 'coalesce'.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'RQPS'. 

Key Points

• In order to arrange the sentence to make sense, we have to read all the options and find a pattern which shows what the passage is trying to say.
• From the static portion, 'Early in the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler, Anne's father, Otto Frank (1889-1980), a German businessman, took his wife and two daughters to live in Amsterdam.' we know that the sentence is trying to talk about the life of Anne Frank. 
• Option R, 'In 1941, after German forces occupied the Netherlands, Anne was compelled to transfer from a public school to a Jewish one.' is the next sentence as it begins describing the life of Anne.
• Option Q, ' On June 12, 1942, she received a red-and-white plaid dairy for her 13th birthday.' is the next sentence as it tells us how Anne got her first diary from which she began to be known worldwide.
• Option P, ' That day she began writing in the book: "I hope I will be able to confide everything to you, as I have never been able to confide in anyone, and I hope you will be a great source of comfort and support." is the next sentence as it describes what Anne does with her dairy.
• Option S, 'When Anne's sister, Margot, was faced with deportation (supposedly to a forced-labour camp), the Frank's food-products business.' is the next sentence as it describes the tragedy faced by Anne's family and is also suitable to be joined with the last static part of the sentence, 'with the aid of a few non-Jewish friends, among them Miep Gies, who smuggled in food and other supplies, the Frank family and four other Jews-Hermann and Auguste van Pels and their son, Peter, and Fritz Pfeffer-lived confined to the "secret annex."
• Hence. the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'admonish'. 

Key Points

• In the sentence given in the question, we have to fill in the blank with the word that fits in the most from the given options. 
• Option 1, 'aggrandize' means 'increase the power, status, or wealth of' and is an incorrect option as it has no relation with the rest of the sentence.
• Option 2, 'admonish' means 'warn or reprimand someone firmly.' and is the correct answer as it perfectly describes the subject's action towrads the object of the sentence.
• Option 3*, 'abscond*' means 'leave hurriedly and secretly' and has no relation with the meaning of t he sentence.
• Option 4, 'abate' means '(of something unpleasant or severe) become less intense or widespread.' and is also an incorrect option.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct solution is 'contribute'. 

Key Points

• In order to find the Synonym of the word 'subsidize' which means '(of an organization or activity) supported financially', let us look at meaning of all the options. 
• Option 1, 'arbitrary' means based on random choice or personal whim
• Option 2, 'waggish' means  (of a person) funny in a clever way
• Option 3, 'erratic' means not even or regular in pattern or movement; unpredictable
• Option 4, 'contribute' means give (something, especially money) in order to help achieve or provide something.
• The meaning which is closest to the word subsidize is therefore option 4, 'contribute'.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'summonses and pursuing people for non-payment'. 

Key Points

• In the given sentence above, it talks about the action of the local authority i.e., the court.
• The third section of the sentence 'summonses and pursuing people for non payment' is incorrect as the word 'summonses' does not exist in the English grammar.
• The correct word would be 'summon' which means 'an order to appear before a judge or magistrate, or the writ containing such an order.'.
• The correct sentence would be, 'My local authority spends a lot of money simply trying to issue a court summon and pursuing people for non-payment.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct solution is 'He kept many old flivver on'. 

Key Points

• In the given sentence above, the bracketed portion 'he kept many an old flivver on' is incorrect as the article 'an' is incorrectly placed.
• In English grammar, the indefinite articles (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known.
• In the given sentence, the noun 'old flivver' is specific and not general.
• The correct sentence would be 'A natural-born mechanic and tinkerer, he kept many old flivver on the road.'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'are about 20 different kinds'.

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be found on the fourth sentence of the passage*,' There are about 20 different kinds of amino acid in proteins'.*
• From the passage. we know that amino acids are particles or molecules of protein in the form of long chain substances and that there are about 20 different kinds of amino acids in proteins.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.

The correct solution is 'two'.

Key Points

• For this question. refer to the first sentence of the passage. 'All viruses are made up of two kinds of substance'.
• This sentence tells us that there exist two kind of substance which makes viruses.
• The first of this substance is 'protein' as mentioned in the passage which again encloses the second kind of substance found in all viruses which is the nucleic acid.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct solution is 'Proteins are chemical substances that occur in all living creatures of the animal kingdom only. 

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be inferred from the third sentence of the passage, 'Proteins are chemical substances that occur in all living creatures'.
• Since the questions asks us an incorrect statement, let us consider the options:
• Option 1, 'All viruses are made up of proteins.' is a correct statement as we can see from the first and second sentence of the passage that all viruses are made up of two substance of which one is a protein.
• Option 2, 'The second type of substance found in all viruses is nucleic acid.' is also a correct statement as the last sentence of the passage informs us that the first substance 'protein' encloses the second substance which is found in all viruses, the nucleic acid.
• Option 3, 'Different kinds of plant or animal contain proteins with different arrangements of amino acids.' is also a correct statement as the same exact statement can be found in the sixth sentence of the passage
• Option 4, ' Proteins are chemical substances that occur in all living creatures of the animal kingdom only.' is an incorrect statement as the third sentence of the passage infers that proteins not only exist in the animal kingdom but in all living creatures.
• Hence the correct statement is Option 4.

The correct solution is 'are found in all living creatures'. 

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be inferred from the third sentence of the passage, 'Proteins are chemical substances that occur in all living creatures'.
• Option 1, 'are the only substance found in viruses' is a wrong answer as the first sentence of the passage mentions that viruses are made up of two substance.
• Option 2, 'are also known as amino acids'  is also a wrong option as amino acids are just part of the protein which make up the virus.
• Option 4, 'are not found in plant based life forms' is again a wrong option as proteins are found in all living creatures as mentioned in the third sentence and not just on the plant kingdom.
• Hence the correct answer is Option 3.

The correct solution is '20'.

Key Points

• The answer to this question can be found in the fifth sentence of the passage, 'There are about 20 different kinds of amino acid in proteins'.
• Here it is clearly mentioned that one of the substance of which viruses are made is protein and that virus contains amino acids of about 20 different kinds.
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The socio-cultural environment, within which a child grows, has a significant impact on his/her learning. In fact, all learning occurs with special reference to the cultural context of an individual. The social constructivist view of psychology holds that all learning is culturally oriented and guided.

Key PointsSocio-cultural factors affecting learning process:

• Family
• Income level
• Neighbourhood
• Language
• Community
• Gender
• Class
• Caste
• Religion
• Ethnicity

Hence, we can conclude that handwriting is "not" a socio-cultural factor affecting learning process.

Piaget identified that children actively construct their own cognitive words. To make sense of the word, they organize their experiences and adapt their thinking to include new information.

Key Points

• Assimilation: Assimilation means fitting new information into existing schemas or what we already know. For example, A child may have a schema about a type of animal, ex : Dog. Suddenly, the child went awestruck when he encounters a new, big and different breed of dog again. So, in this case the child is assimilating the new information into his existing schema about dog.

Additional Information​Some other Key concepts of Piaget’s Theory:

• Schemas: Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world.
• Adaptation: Piaget saw adaptation as a fundamentally biological process. All living things adapt, even without a nervous system or brain. Assimilation and accommodation are the two sides of adaptation process.
• Accommodation: Accommodation involves altering existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process.
• Equilibration: Piaget believed that all children try to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation, which is achieved through a mechanism Piaget called equilibration.

Hence, we can conclude that a child may have a schema about a type of animal, ex : Dog. Suddenly, the child went awestruck when he encounters a new, big and different breed of dog again. So, in this case the child is assimilating the new information into his existing schema about dog.

Affective domain is related to the attitudinal domain of educational objectives. Learning in the affective domain pertains to changes in interest, attitudes, values, and to the development of appreciation and adequate adjustment needed for effective learning.

Key PointsThe affective domain includes the manner in which we deal the things emotionally.  This is a higher level of learning, and it has a close relationship with cognitive and behavioral changes. Stages of affective learning:

• Reception: It refers to the learner's willingness to attend to particular phenomena or stimuli (textbook, activities, etc).
• Responding: It refers to the active participation on the part of the distance learner. The learner is sufficiently motivated to actively respond to the stimuli.
• Valuing: The behavior of a learner shows that a situation /an object/ phenomenon, has value or worth for him/her.
• Organization: In this context we can infer that organization is concerned with bringing together different values, resolving conflicts between them, and building an internally consistent value system.
• Characterization by a value or value complex: At this level, the values which have a place in the individual's value hierarchy, are organized into some kind of internally consistent system. This system controls the behavior of an individual.

Hence, we can conclude that the affective domain includes the manner in which we deal the things emotionally.

A society is a collection of people who are sufficiently organized to create conditions necessary to live together with a common identification. It is an organized network of social interactions and patterned behavior. Every society has its own identity based on the nature of its social institutions.

Key Points"Locality and neighbourhood" comes under social factor that affects learning:

• "Locality and neighbourhood" play a vital role in affecting learning.
• The neighbourhood and Locality in which one lives also have a potent impact on what one learns and acquires.
• Many attitudes, habits, beliefs, perceptions, stereotypes and social roles and responsibilities are shaped directly or indirectly by our experiences with the persons in our neighburhod.
• These persons include our peers and age-mates and all the elders wound us.
• Through conditioning, social learning, direct instruction and modeling we learn a number of things from them.

Hence, we can conclude that "Locality and neighbourhood" comes under social factor that affects learning.

A conducive school atmosphere is essential for effective learning as it creates the right conditions for students to thrive academically and personally.

Key Points

• The word conducive means making a certain situation or outcome likely or possible.
• A conducive environment integrates positivity, harmony, and discipline to ensure that students are motivated, focused, and supported throughout their educational journey.
• By fostering such an environment, schools can significantly enhance the learning process and contribute to the holistic development of their students.
• In the context of a school atmosphere, if the environment is not conducive, it means it is not supportive or favorable for learning.
• This negatively impacts the learning process, as students may find it difficult to focus, engage, and absorb information effectively.

Hence, we can conclude that if the school atmosphere is not conducive, it adversely affects the learning process.

Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo or fetus, gestates during pregnancy, from fertilization until birth. Often, the terms fetal development, foetal development are used in a similar sense.

Key PointsPre-natal period:

• This is the most important and first period of development in the life span.
• It is the first but shortest period for the new born baby or infancy, which starts from the conception and ends at the birth time of baby. This period is approximately 270 to 280 days or nine months of a calendar.
• During the prenatal period, proportionally greater growth and development take place than any other time throughout the entire life of human.
• During the prenatal period, the attitudes of people towards the newly created individual has significant impact on the development. For example the mother’s positive attitude is essential to the normal development of the newly created individual.

Hence, we can conclude that the time period of pre-natal period starts from the conception and ends at the birth time of baby.

The psychomotor domain includes those objectives which deal with manual and motor skills. It covers the aspects of the physical development.

Key Points

• In psychomotor domain the hierarchy ranges from reflexes and basic movement to non discursive communication and meaningfully expressive activity.
• This domain pertains to the manipulative or psychomotor skills which can be developed under the supervision or guidance of an expert or skilled person.
• For example, the skill of driving a car can be acquired effectively under the direct supervision of a skilled instructor.
• Learning psychomotor skills has three characteristics:
• ​Responsive chains: Learning of skills involve a chain of motor responses i.e. one muscular movement leads to another muscular movement.
• Coordination: The coordination of perception and motor act is essential in skill learning. For example ,a person who learns the skill of driving a car has to coordinate movements of various parts of his body.
• Response Patterns: Skill learning involves organization of stimulus and response patterns. For example, a child with mastery on riding a bicycle commits minimum errors while riding a bicycle.

​Hence, we can conclude that in psychomotor domain the hierarchy ranges from reflexes and basic movement to non discursive communication and meaningfully expressive activity.

The social environment, within which a child grows, has a significant impact on his/her learning. In fact, all learning occurs with special reference to the cultural context of an individual. The social constructivist view of psychology holds that all learning is culturally oriented and guided. 

Key Points

• "Peer-Pressure" is a type of social factor that affects learning.
• Students create social relationship with peers and the learn many things from each-other.
• A healthy peer relationship plays an important role in learning.
• Student relationship in the classroom, school, society, etc. creates a particular type of emotional climate.
• A sound peer relationship provides a tension free environment to the student to learn more and to compete in the class.
• If the relationship among peers in not good, it adversely affects their learning.

Hence, we can conclude that "Peer-Pressure" is a type of social factor that affects learning.

The word Toddler is derived from "to toddle", which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this age.

Key Points

• The period just after the babyhood for about a year and a half is known as toddlerhood.
• Erickson's stage of autonomy vs shame and doubt is known as toddlerhood age.
• This is an important period of “hold and let go”.
• As children gain control over eliminative functions and motor abilities, they begin to explore their surroundings.
• If parents and caregivers encourage self-sufficient behavior, toddlers develop a sense of autonomy that is a sense of being able to handle many problems on their own.
• But if caregivers demand too much too soon, refuse to let children perform tasks of which they are capable, children may instead develop shame and doubt about their ability to handle problems.

Hence, we can conclude that the period just after the babyhood for about a year and a half is known as toddlerhood.

Learning is defined as a process of behavior modification through experiences, exercise and effort.

Key Points

• Synthesis: Synthesis refers to the ability to put parts together to form a new whole. This may involve the production of a unique communication, a plan of operations (research proposal) etc. The specific learning outcomes are : categorizes, combines, designs, rearranges, summarizes, writes, and reconstructs.

Additional Information

• ​Analysis: It refers to the ability to break down a complex concept material into its component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood. This may include the identification of the parts, finding out relationships between parts, and explaining the organizational principles involved. The specific learning outcomes are : identifies, illustrates, sub-divides and differentiates.
• Evaluating: Making judgments based on criteria and standards through checking and critiquing.
• Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; recognizing elements into a new pattern of structure through generating, planning, or producing.

Hence, we can conclude that the ability to put parts together to form a coherent or unique new whole is known as Synthesis.

Lev Vygotsky gave an alternative view to Piaget's approach to construction of knowledge. He proposed that the stages of development as described by Piaget may not be true for all children

Key Points

• Vygotsky argued that learning is rooted in the sociocultural set up of the child where the child is not alone.
• Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning explains that learning occurs during social interactions between individuals.
• For Vygotsky, learning is a social process of knowledge construction and does not take place merely due to being at the different stages of development and in isolation from the socio-cultural settings.
• According to Vygotsky, all fundamental cognitive activities including language take place in a matrix of social history.
• He believed that cognitive skills and patterns of thinking are not determined by innate factors but are the product of the interaction between the individual and the socio-cultural institution where the individual grows up.

Hence, we can conclude that Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning explains that learning occurs during social interactions between individuals.

The desirable outcome of learning experiences - the way individuals are to act, think or feel as a result of participating in some instructional activities - can be classified into three domains, viz. Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor

Key PointsCognitive Domain: This domain includes learning objectives which deal with the 'recall' or 'recognition' of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and skills. This is known as the knowledge component of educational objectives. Given below are the six stages of cognitive learning:

• Knowledge: Knowledge is defined as the remembering of previously learned material.
• Understanding: It is defined as the ability to grasp the meaning of material.
• Application: It refers to the ability to use learned material in new and concrete situations.
• Analysis: It refers to the ability to break down material into its component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood.
• Synthesis: Synthesis refers to the ability to put parts together to form a new whole.
• Evaluation: It is concerned with the value judgement of any statement, achievement of the learner and material.

Hence, we can conclude that the cognitive domain involves Knowledge and the development of intellectual skills.

Piaget’s theory proposes that Cognitive Development universally follows a pattern of four stages. As a person progresses to higher stages, her/his thinking becomes more refined and evolved. The first three stages span from birth to about eleven years; that is mainly during early to late childhood. Fourth stage is the highest stage of cognitive development and is primarily located during pre-adolescence age till adulthood.

Key Points

• The first stage of Piaget theory of development is called Sensori-motor Stage.
• The time period of this stage is 0 to 2 years. This period is called infancy period of a baby.
• An important development that takes place during this stage is object permanence.
• In the initial years of this phase, the infant’s thinking is not developed enough to understand that objects continue to exist even if he cannot see/sense them.
• It is very easy to distract a baby and take away some object from her.
• However, by the time she reaches 2 years of age, she is able to look for her toys, even if she can’t see them. This is called object permanence.

Hence, we can conclude that "Object Permanence" is a major characteristic of Infancy period of child development.

Human behavior has a dynamic quality, i.e. it keeps changing in response to various stimuli it receives from the environment.

Key PointsAffective domain: This is related to the attitudinal domain of educational objectives. Learning in the affective domain pertains to changes in interest, attitudes, values, and to the development of appreciation and adequate adjustment needed for effective learning. Stages of affective learning:

• Reception:  It refers to the learner's willingness to attend to particular phenomena or stimuli (textbook, activities, etc).
• Responding: It refers to the active participation on the part of the distance learner. This refers to the learners active attention to the stimuli and his/her motivation to learn.
• Valuing: The behavior of a learner shows that a situation has value or worth for him/her.
• Organization: In this context we can infer that organization is concerned with bringing together different values, resolving conflicts between them, and building an internally consistent value system.
• Characterization: At this level, the values which have a place in the individual's value hierarchy, are organized into some kind of internally consistent system.

Hence, we can conclude that Responding refers to the learners active attention to the stimuli and his/her motivation to learn.

The cultural environment, within which a child grows, has a significant impact on his/her learning. In fact, all learning occurs with special reference to the cultural context of an individual. The social constructivist view of psychology holds that all learning is culturally oriented and guided.

Key Points

• Children in a democratic culture tends to acquire democratic values and attitudes. This statement clarifies the role of cultural factor affecting learning.
• The spirit of culture is reflected in its social and educational institutions.
• Children's learning, therefore, is greatly determined by the demands and expectations of their culture.
• Thus, for instance, in an industrialized culture the emphasis mostly centres mechanical science and preparing children for highly mechanized vocations.
• On the other hand, in an agriculture based community, the educational process focuses on preparing its members for those skills which are suited to the needs of an agrarian community.
• The philosophical elements of culture also influence the spirit of children's learning.

Hence, we can conclude that children in a democratic culture tends to acquire democratic values and attitudes. This statement clarifies the role of cultural factor affecting learning.

Piaget tried to provide a satisfactory explanation of the development of thinking in individuals through the successive stages of cognitive development.

Key PointsPre-operational stage:

• In this stage infants acquire the ability to forms mental images of objects and events.
• They start to think in terms of verbal symbols.
• Language development is one of the hallmarks of this period.
• Though their thought processes are advanced than the previous stage, they are limited by ego centrism: they have difficulty understanding that others may perceive the world differently than they do.
• They lack seriation- ability to arrange objects in order along some dimension.
• They do not have the knowledge of conservation- knowledge that certain physical attributes of an object remain unchanged even though the outward appearance of the object is altered.

Hence, we can conclude that according to Jean Piaget, the child acquires the skill of using symbols, languages at Pre-operational stage.

Additional Information

The field of child development is concerned with the changes in the behavior of children over time and explains why and how it occurs.

Key PointsAdolescence:

• Adolescence is a phase of life of a person when he is no more a child and not yet adult.
• World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescence as a phase of life between 10-19 years of age characterized by physical growth, emotional, psychosocial and behavioral changes, thus, bringing about transformation from childhood to adulthood.
• Adolescence is a time of sudden diverse, confusing, frightening mood swings.
• According to Stanley Hall “Adolescence is a period of great stress, storm and strike”.
• Emotional reactivity and instability makes it difficult for adolescents to control their behavioral responses, which at times may be inappropriately extreme viz., excitement, anger, sadness, depression and embarrassment. This often gives rise to feelings of ridicule, humiliation and embarrassment and adolescents feel disgusted and ashamed of themselves.

Hence, we can conclude that adolescence is a time of sudden diverse, confusing, frightening mood swings.

Additional Information

Piaget’s stage theory describes the cognitive development in children. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive process and abilities. In Piaget’s view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations.

Key PointsPiaget concerned the cognitive development in terms of four stages:

• Sensory motor stage: The first stage is the sensorimotor stage which lasts from birth to about two years old. The infant uses his or her senses and motor abilities to understand the world, beginning with reflexes and ending with complex combinations of sensorimotor skills.
• Preoperational stage: The preoperational stage lasts from about two to about seven years old. Now that the child has mental representations and is able to pretend, it is a short step to the use of symbols. Language development is one of the hallmarks of this period.
• Concrete operations stage: The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age twelve. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. They begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.
• Formal operational stage: The formal operational stage begins at approximately age twelve to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning.

Hence, we can conclude that Jean Piaget theory of cognitive development has four stages.

Psycho-motor domain pertains to the manipulative or psychomotor skills of educational competency. Face-to-face teaching within the overall framework of distance teaching can ensure learning of this kind.

Key PointsThe psycho-motor domain includes physical movements, coordination and use of the motor skills. Psychomotor learning has three characteristics:

• Response chains: Learning of skills involves a chain of motor responses, i.e. the muscular movements in swimming or driving or writing.
• Movement coordination: Coordination of perception and motor skills is necessary here. For example, a child starts riding a bicycle by acquiring this coordination.
• Response patterns: Organization of stimulus-response chains into large response patterns. For example, a child can ride a bicycle or motorcycle without making an error after he/she masters the skill in question.

Hence, we can conclude that the psycho-motor domain includes physical movements, coordination and use of the motor skills.

Additional Information

• There are seven stages of psychomotor-learning. They are:
• Perception,
• Set
• Guided
• Response
• Mechanism
• Complex overt response
• Adaptation and origination

Piaget tried to provide a satisfactory explanation of the development of thinking in individuals through the successive stages of cognitive development.

Key PointsConcrete operational stage:

• The time period of this stage is 7 to 11 Years.
• The mastery of conservation marks the beginning of the stage of concrete operations.
• Kids at this stage understand that if you break a candy into smaller pieces it will be the same amount as when the candy was whole.
• They come to understand reversibility-the fact that physical changes can be undone by a reversal of the original action.
• Children at this stage think more like adults than like younger children at earlier stages.
• They gain understanding of relational terms and seriation.
• They also begin to use concepts in describing and thinking about the physical world.
• Children in this stage begin to engage in logical thinking.

Hence, we can conclude that in concrete operational stage, kids understand that if you break a candy into smaller pieces it will be the same amount as when the candy was whole.

Inclusion expresses commitment to educate each child, to the maximum extent appropriate, in the school and classroom he/she would otherwise attend. 

Key Points

• It supports civil rights because RTE Act clarifies that the act includes disabled children, who are also entitled to free and compulsory education from 6-14 years age group. This law says that placement of special needs children in general classrooms is a civil right.
• Inclusion also promotes real acceptance- that is powered not by feelings of rejection or pity or overprotection but by an understanding of them as equals with slightly different needs. For example, you can help a child in a wheelchair to participate in sports by pushing his/her wheelchair to the sports ground and you can also include him/her to be a referee or score-keeper; in games like football, cricket and also as referee or any other role like line-man, cheerleaders, etc.
• It ameliorates learning experiences because it is concerned with overcoming barriers to participation that may be experienced by any student; it is a never-ending process dependent on continuous pedagogical and organizational development with the mainstream.

​Hence, it can be concluded that  "It makes differences more "different" is the incorrect statement about the importance of "Inclusive Education".

The Latin meaning of the term 'curriculum' is a racecourse used by chariots. It is any path or course of study to be undertaken by an educational institution, to be covered in a specified timeframe.

Key Points

• The traditional curriculum was centered around subject-centered and teachers predominates in it.
• In traditional curriculum, the subject's knowledge occupies the central position.
• The purpose of traditional curriculum is to transmit to the younger generation that knowledge is most ‘important’ to all humankind.
• In traditional curriculum, teacher-directed instructional activities and procedures to impart knowledge, skills, and attitudes.
• In this curriculum, the teacher plays a pivotal role in this type of instruction, he carries out instructional planning and its implementation.

Hence, we can conclude that the traditional curriculum was centered around subject-centered and teachers predominates in it.

Dyslexia is reading and language difficulty. Two types of disabilities in reading are basic reading problems and difficulty in understanding the written matter. The former occurs when there is difficulty in understanding the relationship between sounds, letters and words. 

Key Points

Characteristics of dyslexia

• Inability to distinguish rhyming words from nursery rhymes
• Letters and/or reversing of words while reading (d/b, p/q, saw/was)
• Difficulty with spellings, inability to copy correctly, and often shows phonic versions in spellings like phone- fon.
• Difficult to remember spellings
• Difficulty in recalling known words
• Slow in reading and general lack of vocabulary

Hence, Priyanka will show the characteristic of inability to read fluently.

The idea of gender inequality came to public attention in 1792, with the publication of Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women. She argued in favor of equality between women and men on the basis of a common rational capacity.

Key PointsCorrect way to stop gender inequality:

• By promoting human rights.
• By using gender-neutral language when appropriate.
• By creating equal job opportunities.
• By providing comprehensive training.
• By ceasing child marriages.
• By Providing equal wages.

Hence, we can conclude that By setting different gender roles and duties is "not" a correct way to stop Gender Inequality.

The socio-cultural environment, within which a child grows, has a significant impact on his/her learning. In fact, all learning occurs with special reference to the cultural context of an individual. The social constructivist view of psychology holds that all learning is culturally oriented and guided. 

Key Points

• Socio-cultural factors can influence a child learning in both ways negative as well as positive ways because for example a sound peer relationship provides a tension free environment to the student to learn more and to compete in the class. If the relationship among peers in not good, it adversely affects their learning.
• The neighbourhood and community in which a child lives also have a potent impact on what he/she learns and acquires. Many attitudes, habits, beliefs, perceptions, stereotypes and social roles and responsibilities are shaped directly or indirectly by child’s experiences with the persons in his/her neighbourhood.
• If the child-parents relationship is based on mutual respect and faith, it can provide the child a congenial atmosphere which in turn can facilitate his/her learning. A distorted and unhealthy environment, on the other hand, adversely affects the learning of the student.

​Hence, it can be concluded that socio-cultural factors can influence a child learning in both positive and negative ways.

Over the years, the government has launched various programmes and schemes to meet its commitments towards the education of children with disabilities. Among the first of these efforts was the Project Integrated Education of the Disabled Children (PIED) launched in 1987 in collaboration with UNICEF.

Key Points

• Taking note of the outcomes and recommendations of the PIED, the Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) scheme, which was initially launched in 1974, was subsequently revised in 1992.
• With India becoming signatory to the Salamanca Statement (UNESCO, 1994), the 1990s saw the rapid incorporation of the term 'inclusive education' in various official documents, reports published by institutions such as the NCERT and media.
• Project Integrated Education for the Disabled was launched by the Government of India to fulfill the provisions of the NPE for the handicapped that states: Wherever feasible, the education of children with motor handicaps and other mild handicaps will be in common with that of others.
• According to the text of the NPE, “the indicators of integration are that handicapped persons enjoy the same right as the rest, have opportunity for growth and development in environmental conditions available to the rest, have access to the quality of life like any other citizen, and are treated as equal partners in the community”.

Hence, it can be concluded that PIED stands for Project Integrated Education For The Disabled.

Through the SSA, India for the first time, is attempting to translate its commitments into a programme of UEE, which provides for greater democratic participation and community involvement; decentralised planning and management with a view to the specific requirements and needs of the disadvantaged regions, social groups, girls and the children in difficult circumstances.

Key Points

• The SSA, launched in the year 2000, covers all the districts of the country now.
• The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the flagship programme for achieving the goals of EFA, envisages the use of mainstream management structures for implementing the programme.
• At the national level, however, a separate Department of Elementary Education and Literacy has been created in order to focus efforts on EFA activities and provide the framework for achieving UEE and attaining 75 % sustainable literacy.
• In order to facilitate convergence and build a holistic perspective, a National Mission for Elementary Education (NMEE) has been constituted.
• The Prime Minister, with the Minister for Human Resource Development as its Vice-Chairperson, heads the General Council of the Mission. At the sub-national levels, the State Mission Authorities for UEE and District Implementation Societies have been established for implementing the EFA programmes.

Hence, it can be concluded that SSA is the comprehensive and integrated flagship programme, of the Government of India, to attain Universal Elementary Education (UEE) in the country in a mission mode.

Curriculum development is a specialized area of work that expects a teacher to have a deep understanding of the underlying concept of curriculum and also the skill to systematically design learning experiences to achieve the socially desired goals set by the society we live in. 

Key PointsCurriculum development includes:

• Selecting the content: Once the content is identified it needs to be appropriately organized. If the curriculum is a plan for learning as indeed it is, its content should be logically selected so that it facilitates the attainment of educational objectives. One of the most potent factors that determine the way learning takes place is the selection of the curriculum. If a curriculum has not been systematically selected, it shall lack direction and it shall not help attain the objectives on which it was supposedly based.
• Organizing the learning experiences: It refers to the teaching-learning process, the methods followed and the activities planned to facilitate the teaching-learning process. Various teaching methods are used by teachers such as lectures, and discussions. the project, demonstration, etc. Similarly, there are various learning activities, such as viewing films, conducting experiments, undertaking field trips, taking notes, working on assignments, participating in discussions, etc. The teaching methods generate learning activities. On the contrary, both the content and learning experiences comprise the overall curriculum.
• Evaluating the learning outcomes: Evaluation is meant to gauge the extent to which the objectives of the curriculum are achieved through the implementation of the curriculum. The aim of the evaluation is to produce empirical evidence about the nature, direction, and extent of behavioral changes which arise from educational endeavors. This evidence can then be used as a guide to modify any phase of the curriculum process.

Hence, we can conclude that Curriculum development "does not" include writing research papers.

The sociocultural environment, within which a child grows, has a significant impact on his/her learning. In fact, all learning occurs with special reference to the cultural context of an individual. The social constructivist view of psychology holds that all learning is culturally oriented and guided. 

Key Points 

• The neighborhood and community in which a child lives also have a potent impact on what he/she learns and acquires. Many attitudes, habits, beliefs, perceptions, stereotypes, and social roles and responsibilities are shaped directly or indirectly by a child’s experiences with the persons in his/her neighborhood.
• Each society has its own culture which consists of the customs, values, attitudes, beliefs, habits, languages, and other forms of interaction between the members of the society.
• As language is also a part of the culture of a particular society, there is a chance that if multiple languages are known or spoken by a particular society the child is also expected to speak and understand multiple languages.
• If the child-parents relationship is based on mutual respect and faith, it can provide the child with a congenial atmosphere which in turn can facilitate his/her learning. A distorted and unhealthy environment, on the other hand, adversely affects the learning of the student.

Hence, it can be concluded that a child who can understand multiple languages shows the importance of socio-cultural factors influencing learning.

Till about the 20th-century linguistic diversity was considered to be a problem and various efforts were made to deal with this problem. However, for the past few years this linguistic diversity is being considered heritage and efforts are being made to use this heritage for the development of society and language itself.

Key Points 

• A language is usually associated with a particular geographical area. Linguistically it refers to far greater differences than mere pronunciation which pertains to accents. For instance, take the case of Hindi spoken in different parts of India. We can find differences at the level of sounds, as well as vocabulary and grammar.
• Language may also vary due to the socioeconomic status of the speakers although the situation appears to be much more fluid in this respect. A number of research studies have shown that certain phonological or grammatical differences in the speech of groups of people give an indication of the social class to which they belong. When these differences vary in a systematic way, it gives rise to social class dialects.
• In fact, the main criterion for whether something is a dialect of another language or a separate language is the relative political power of the speakers of that language/ dialect. The so-called language is what is also known as the Standard Dialect. The decisions about what are ‘languages’ and what are not are thus political decisions.

Hence, it can be concluded that moral cause is "not" a cause of linguistic differences in our country.

According to Giddings, “Society itself is a union, it is an organization and the sum of the practices in which the cooperators are related to one another.”

Key Points

• A contemporary Society is defined as a setting characterized by technological innovation and increasing human interconnection and globalization.
• It brings about changes such as increased life expectancy, literacy, and gender equality, bringing a natural equilibrium.
• The main feature of contemporary Society is to develop universalization in the social and economic life of all countries.
• It brings peace and security both collectively and individually.
• It develops self-respect in citizens.

Hence, we can conclude that a contemporary Society is defined as a setting characterized by technological innovation and increasing human interconnection and globalization.

Inclusive education means the education of all students, where all students are equal participants in the learning process. The provision of inclusive

education involving students with disabilities is based on the belief that those with disabilities should not have to depend on specialized services alone, to benefit from educational resources, activities, and practices that are otherwise available to all. 

Key Points

• Inclusivity is maintained when all members of a group are able to participate in its activities, which means, provisions made are considerate of all members and not just those from specific groups or, with special abilities, disabilities, and/or needs.
• As members of a group or a community, all have equal rights to participate; the practices and services must thus be inclusive of all. This right is also upheld by the Indian Constitution, which assures all Indians the right of Equality of Status and Opportunity.
• Thus, while it is the responsibility of the society and community to involve and treat all its members as equals, the Indian Constitution also guarantees the provision of equal access to opportunities.
• Inclusive Education is an approach to educate all children who are at risk for neglect in the education system. It expects that all learners learn together through access to common educational provisions.

​Hence, it can be concluded that Inclusive education is the act of ensuring that all children despite their differences, receive the opportunity of being part of the same classroom as other children of their age."

ARTICLE 45 - Being a very significant Article in the Directive Principles, this Article laid down the foundation of free and compulsory education in the country. The Article states that “the State shall endeavor to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years”.

Key Points

• Consequent upon the insertion of Article 21A, making elementary education a fundamental right of all children between the age group of 6-14 years, Article 45 has been amended so as to restrict its scope to pre-primary education up to 6 years of age.
• No article in the Constitution works in isolation. The same is true for Article 45. It ensures equality of educational opportunity to all on the lines of Article 29(2) according to which, admissions cannot be denied to anyone on the basis of race, caste, or language in any institution maintained by the State.
• Article 21(A) which makes free and compulsory education to all a fundamental right attaches utmost importance to Article 45. Also the five
  

Articles - 15, 29(2), l5(3), 46, and 29(1) entrust the responsibility of equalization of educational opportunity in all parts of the country to the Government of India and to that end, give special assistance to the backward areas or States.

Hence, it can be concluded that article 45 provides the provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of 6 years.

Diversity means variety. For all practical purposes, it means a variety of groups and cultures. We have such a variety in abundance in India. We have here a variety of races, of religions, languages, castes, and of cultures. For the same reason, India is known for its sociocultural diversity.

Key PointsThe importance of diversity:

• It helps people to share their experiences.
• Diversity drives creativity and innovation
• It fosters the feeling of unity.
• Diversity promotes tolerance and understanding between different cultures.
• It helps to empathize with people.
• It enriches our community through shared experiences with different people.
• Diversity provides better opportunities for creativity and problem-solving.
• It reduced negative emotions and prejudices.

Hence, we can conclude that it creates emotional disharmony among people "does not" comes under the importance of diversity.