DSSSB Court Attendant Official Paper (Held On 01 Jun, 2026 Shift 2) (Previous Year Paper)

'सिनेमा से उन्हें बहुत प्रेम न था' वाक्य उदाहरण है: परिमाणवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण का

Key Points

• 'सिनेमा से उन्हें बहुत प्रेम न था' में बहुत परिमाणवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण है। यह क्रिया (प्रेम होना) के परिमाण/मात्रा का बोध कराता है।
• जिन अविकारी शब्दों से क्रिया की मात्रा या परिमाण का बोध हो, वे परिमाणवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- कम, अधिक, थोड़ा, पर्याप्त, पर्याप्त, काफी, बिल्कुल, तनिक आदि।
• उदाहरण - आज मैंने कम खाना खाया।

Important Pointsअर्थ के आधार पर क्रिया-विशेषण के भेद-

• स्थानवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण
• कालवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण
• परिमाणवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण
• रीतिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण

Additional Information

‘बड़ा बनने की इच्छा रखने वाला’ वाक्यांश के लिए सार्थक शब्द है - महत्वाकांक्षी।

Key Points

• दिए गए वाक्यांश के लिए सही एक शब्द महत्वाकांक्षी है।
• महत्वाकांक्षी का अर्थ है—वह व्यक्ति जिसके मन में उन्नति करने, उच्च पद प्राप्त करने या बड़ा बनने की तीव्र इच्छा हो।
• अनेक शब्दों के स्थान पर एक सार्थक शब्द का प्रयोग भाषा को संक्षिप्त, सुंदर और प्रभावशाली बनाता है।
• यह शब्द विशेष रूप से उन व्यक्तियों के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है जो जीवन में श्रेष्ठ लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति हेतु प्रयासरत रहते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

तद्भव शब्द नहीं है- शिथिल

[FINAL ANSWER]

Key Points

• 'शिथिल' एक तत्सम शब्द है, जिसका तद्भव रूप 'ढीला' होता है।
• तत्सम - संस्कृत के वे शब्द जो हिंदी में अपने मूल रूप में ही प्रयोग किए जाते हैं, तत्सम कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दुग्ध, अग्नि, सूर्य।
• तद्भव - संस्कृत के वे शब्द जो कुछ रूप परिवर्तन के साथ हिंदी में प्रचलित हुए हैं, तद्भव कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दूध, आग, सूरज।

अन्य विकल्प-

• ताव: यह तद्भव शब्द है। इसका तत्सम रूप 'ताप' है।
• ताँवा: यह तद्भव शब्द है। इसका तत्सम रूप 'ताम्र' है।
• जौ: यह तद्भव शब्द है। इसका तत्सम रूप 'यव' है।

Additional Information 

 कुछ महत्वपूर्ण ​तत्सम और तद्भव शब्द -

दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटिपूर्ण भाग का सही उत्तर है- आदमी ने

Key Points

• 'तीन आदमी ने' वाक्यांश अशुद्ध है क्योंकि यहाँ संख्यावाचक विशेषण 'तीन' के साथ विशेष्य 'आदमी' का बहुवचन रूप 'आदमियों' प्रयुक्त होना चाहिए। अतः शुद्ध रूप 'तीन आदमियों ने' होगा।
• वाक्य शुद्धि का अर्थ वाक्य को व्याकरण के नियमों के अनुसार शुद्ध एवं सार्थक रूप में व्यवस्थित करना है।
• उदाहरण 1: 'सभा में अनेक लोग उपस्थित थे।'
• उदाहरण 2: 'उसके पास दस रुपए हैं।'

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Pointsवाक्य अशुद्धि के मुख्य भेद-

1. वचन संबंधी अशुद्धि
2. कारक संबंधी अशुद्धि
3. विशेषण-विशेष्य संबंधी अशुद्धि
4. क्रिया संबंधी अशुद्धि

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है - गुड़ाई

Key Points

• पूर्ण वाक्य: किसान गन्ने की गुड़ाई कर रहा है।
• वाक्य में 'गुड़ाई' के प्रयोग से कृषि संबंधी क्रिया का बोध होता है, जो गन्ने की फसल की देखरेख और खेती के संदर्भ में सबसे सटीक और प्रसंगानुकूल शब्द है।
• 'गुड़ाई' का अर्थ - पौधों की जड़ों के पास की मिट्टी को खुरपी या कुदाल से ढीला करना ताकि पौधों को हवा और नमी मिल सके; जैसे- वर्षा के बाद पौधों की गुड़ाई करना आवश्यक होता है।

Additional Informationउठाई-

• अर्थ: किसी वस्तु को ऊपर उठाने की क्रिया या मजदूरी।
• जैसे - मजदूरों ने सामान की उठाई शुरू कर दी है।

भलाई-

• अर्थ: परोपकार, नेकी या हित करने का भाव।
• जैसे - हमें हमेशा दूसरों की भलाई के बारे में सोचना चाहिए।

बिकाई-

• अर्थ: बेचने की क्रिया या भाव (प्रायः बिक्री के संदर्भ में)।
• जैसे - इस बाजार में सामान की बिकाई बहुत तेज है।

सही उत्तर है- ब, द, अ, स

Key Points

• दिए गए वाक्यों का तार्किक क्रम 'ब, द, अ, स' है। इस क्रम में व्यवस्थित करने पर एक पूर्ण और सार्थक वाक्य बनता है: 'जुलूस रोज-रोज नहीं निकलता है लेकिन विचारधारात्मक संघर्ष रोज-रोज होता है, इसलिए दलबंदी से ज़्यादा जरूरी है वैचारिक रूप से प्रतिबद्ध और जागरूक होना।'
• वाक्य के उचित क्रम के लिए तार्किकता और संयोजक शब्दों (जैसे- लेकिन, इसलिए) पर ध्यान देना आवश्यक है।
• यहाँ 'लेकिन' (द) दो विपरीत स्थितियों को जोड़ रहा ��ै और 'इसलिए' (अ) निष्कर्ष की ओर ले जा रहा है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Points 

 वाक्य व्यवस्थापन (Sentence Rearrangement) के नियम-

1. विषय की पहचान: सबसे पहले मुख्य कर्ता या विषय वाले वाक्य को चुनें।
2. संयोजक शब्द: 'किंतु', 'परंतु', 'इसलिए', 'चूंकि' जैसे शब्दों के अंतर्संबंधों को समझें।
3. अर्थपूर्ण प्रवाह: वाक्यों के बीच कारण और प्रभाव का संबंध स्थापित करें।

Additional Information

इसका सही उत्तर "ने, को" है।

Key Points

कारक चिह्न के नियमानुसार,

• दिए गए वाक्य में 'अकरम' कर्ता है, और भूतकाल की सकर्मक क्रिया होने के कारण कर्ता के साथ 'ने' विभक्ति का प्रयोग होगा।
• 'भिखारी' यहाँ सम्प्रदान/कर्म के रूप में है जिसे कुछ दिया जा रहा है, अतः यहाँ 'को' कारक चिह्न का प्रयोग सटीक है।
• पूर्ण वाक्य: अकरम ने भूखे भिखारी को अपना भोजन दे दिया।
• इसलिए, सही उत्तर ने, को है।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्प:

का, ने -

• 'का' संबंध कारक है और 'ने' कर्ता कारक, जो इस वाक्य के क्रम में व्याकरणिक रूप से अशुद्ध हैं।

ने, से -

• 'से' का प्रयोग करण या अपादान के लिए होता है, जो किसी को वस्तु देने के संदर्भ में यहाँ अनुपयुक्त है।

ने, का -

• 'का' संबंध दर्शाता है, जबकि यहाँ भिखारी को भोजन देने की क्रिया संपन्न हो रही है।

इसका सही उत्तर "करवाया" है।

Key Points

वाक्य के अनुसार,

• दिए गए वाक्य में 'शिक्षक वर्ग' (कर्ता) स्वयं कार्य न करके 'वैज्ञानिकों' (प्रेरित कर्ता) के माध्यम से कार्य संपन्न करा रहा है।
• जब कर्ता स्वयं कार्य न करके किसी अन्य को कार्य करने के लिए प्रेरित करता है, तो वहाँ प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया होती है।
• 'पुनर्मूल्यांकन' शब्द पुल्लिंग है, अतः इसके साथ पुल्लिंग क्रिया 'करवाया' का प्रयोग व्याकरण की दृष्टि से शुद्ध है।
• अतः पूर्ण वाक्य होगा: शिक्षक वर्ग ने वैज्ञानिकों से शोध पत्र का पुनर्मूल्यांकन करवाया।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्प:

बनवाई -

• यह स्त्रीलिंग क्रिया है और 'बनाना' धातु से बनी है, जो यहाँ संदर्भ के अनुसार अनुचित है।

सुनवाया -

• यह 'सुनना' क्रिया का प्रेरणार्थक रूप है, जबकि यहाँ कार्य 'करने' (मूल्यांकन) से संबंधित है।

करवाई -

• यह भी प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया है, किंतु यह स्त्रीलिंग है। 'पुनर्मूल्यांकन' पुल्लिंग होने के कारण यह विकल्प गलत है।

सही उत्तर है - अन्याय का बोलबाला

Key Points

• 'अंधेर नगरी चौपट राजा' का अर्थ - अन्याय का बोलबाला या जहाँ शासन व्यवस्था भ्रष्ट हो।
• प्रयोग - उस विभाग में तो अंधेर नगरी चौपट राजा वाली स्थिति है, जो रिश्वत देता है उसी का काम पहले होता है।
• लोकोक्ति - लोक-अनुभव, शिक्षा या सत्य को व्यक्त करने वाली प्रचलित पूर्ण उक्ति को लोकोक्ति कहते हैं। यह स्वतंत्र वाक्य के रूप में प्रयुक्त होती है।
• उदाहरण - 'अधजल गगरी छलकत जाए' का भावार्थ - कम ज्ञान होने पर दिखावा करना। प्रयोग - नया-नया काम सीखने वाला व्यक्ति बहुत बातें बना रहा है, सच है अधजल गगरी छलकत जाए।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है - छू

Key Points

• रिक्त स्थान की पूर्ति के बाद सार्थक वाक्य: देवेंद्र संस्कारी है इसलिए वह वृद्धों के चरण छू रहा है।
• वाक्य में 'छू' के प्रयोग से क्रिया का प्रसंगानुकूल अर्थ प्रकट होता है क्योंकि भारतीय संस्कृति में सम्मान प्रकट करने हेतु 'चरण छूने' (स्पर्श करने) की परंपरा है।
• 'छू' का अर्थ - स्पर्श करना; जैसे- हमें प्रतिदिन अपने माता-पिता के चरण छूकर आशीर्वाद लेना चाहिए।

Additional Informationगिन-

• अर्थ: गणना करना या संख्या की जानकारी करना।
• जैसे - वह अपनी हथेली पर अपनी उँगलियाँ गिन रहा है।

गिर-

• अर्थ: ऊपर से नीचे की ओर आना या पतन होना।
• जैसे - तेज हवा चलने के कारण पेड़ से फल नीचे गिर रहे हैं।

देख-

• अर्थ: आँखों से किसी वस्तु या दृश्य का अवलोकन करना।
• जैसे - बालक बहुत ध्यान से सुंदर खिलौने को देख रहा है।

इसका सही उत्तर "योग्य" है।

Key Points

वाक्य के अनुसार:

• रिक्त स्थान में 'योग्य' शब्द का प्रयोग करने पर वाक्य पूर्ण होता है: "सामान्य-ज्ञान प्रतियोगी परीक्षा में योग्य विद्यार्थी उत्तीर्ण हुए।"
• 'योग्य' एक गुणवाचक विशेषण है, जो विद्यार्थियों की विशेषता (योग्यता या गुण) को प्रकट कर रहा है।
• गुणवाचक विशेषण: वे शब्द जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के गुण, दोष, रंग, आकार, स्वभाव आदि का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें गुणवाचक विशेषण कहते हैं।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्प:

हजारों -

• यह एक संख्यावाचक विशेषण (अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक) है, जो विद्यार्थियों की संख्या का बोध कराता है, गुण का नहीं।

बहुत -

• यह भी एक अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक या परिमाणवाचक विशेषण की श्रेणी में आता है, जो मात्रा या अनिश्चित संख्या को दर्शाता है।

कुछ -

• यह अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण है, जिसका प्रयोग अनिश्चित संख्या का बोध कराने के लिए किया जाता है।

सही उत्तर है- परिमाणवाचक

Key Points

• दिए गए वाक्य में 'आधा लीटर' शब्द दूध की मात्रा (तौल) का बोध करा रहा है, इसलिए यह परिमाणवाचक विशेषण है।
• जो शब्द किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की माप, तौल या मात्रा का ज्ञान कराते हैं, उन्हें परिमाणवाचक विशेषण कहते हैं।
• उदाहरण: दो किलो चीनी, थोड़ा पानी।

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Points 

 विशेषण के मुख्य भेद-

1. गुणवाचक विशेषण
2. परिमाणवाचक विशेषण
3. संख्यावाचक विशेषण
4. सार्वनामिक विशेषण

Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों में अशुद्ध वाक्य का सही उदाहरण है- तुम अपना दैतव निभाओ।

Key Points

• 'तुम अपना दैतव निभाओ' वाक्य अशुद्ध है क्योंकि इसमें 'दैतव' शब्द की वर्तनी अशुद्ध है। इसका शुद्ध रूप 'दायित्व' होगा। अतः शुद्ध वाक्य होगा- 'तुम अपना दायित्व निभाओ।'
• वाक्य शुद्धि का अर्थ वाक्य को व्याकरण के नियमों के अनुसार शुद्ध एवं सार्थक रूप में व्यवस्थित करना है।
• उदाहरण 1: 'आशीर्वाद' की जगह 'अशिर्वाद' लिखना वर्तनी संबंधी अशुद्धि है।
• उदाहरण 2: 'उज्ज्वल' शब्द में प्रायः वर्तनी संबंधी त्रुटि देखी जाती है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Pointsवाक्य अशुद्धि के मुख्य भेद-

1. वर्तनी संबंधी अशुद्धि
2. पदक्रम संबंधी अशुद्धि
3. पुनरुक्ति दोष
4. कारक संबंधी अशुद्धि

Additional Information

दिए गए वाक्यांश के लिए सार्थक शब्द है - अवैतनिक।

Key Points

• ‘जो बिना वेतन के काम करे’ वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द अवैतनिक है।
• यह शब्द ‘वेतन’ में ‘अ’ उपसर्ग और ‘इक’ प्रत्यय के मेल से बना है, जिसका अर्थ है बिना पारिश्रमिक के सेवा देना।
• किसी विस्तृत विचार, कथन या वाक्यांश को संक्षिप्त और प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए प्रयुक्त एक शब्द को ‘वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द’ कहते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

सही उत्तर है - दुर्लभ वस्तु होना

Key Points

• 'गूलर का फूल होना' का अर्थ - दुर्लभ वस्तु होना या जो कभी दिखाई न दे।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - आजकल शुद्ध देसी घी तो जैसे गूलर का फूल हो गया है।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे रूढ़ वाक्यांश जो सामान्य अर्थ के स्थान पर विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करते हैं, ��ुहावरे कहलाते हैं। इनका प्रयोग भाषा को सजीव और प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण - 'ईद का चाँद होना' का अर्थ - बहुत दिनों बाद दिखाई देना। वाक्य प्रयोग - सरकारी नौकरी क्या लगी, तुम तो बिल्कुल ईद का चाँद हो गए।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information

‘शोभन’ एक तत्सम शब्द है।

[FINAL ANSWER]

Key Points

• ‘शोभन’ एक तत्सम शब्द है, जिसका तद्भव रूप ‘सोहन’ होता है।
• तत्सम - संस्कृत भाषा के वे शब्द जो हिंदी में अपने मूल रूप में ही प्रयुक्त होते हैं, तत्सम कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दुग्ध, अग्नि, सूर्य।
• तद्भव - संस्कृत के वे शब्द जो प्राकृत, अपभ्रंश से होते हुए हिंदी में रूप बदलकर आए हैं, तद्भव कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दूध, आग, सूरज।

अन्य विकल्प-

• देशज: वे शब्द जिनकी उत्पत्ति का पता नहीं चलता और जो स्थानीय बोलियों से हिंदी में आए हैं, जैसे- लौटा, खिड़की।
• तद्भव: ‘शोभन’ का तद्भव रूप ‘सोहन’ होता है। तद्भव शब्द सरल उच्चारण वाले होते हैं।
• विदेशज: अन्य भाषाओं (जैसे अरबी, फारसी, अंग्रेजी) से हिंदी में आए शब्द, जैसे- अखबार, डॉक्टर।

Additional Information 

 कुछ महत्वपूर्ण ​तत्सम और तद्भव शब्द -

तत्सम शब्द है- विराम

[FINAL ANSWER]

Key Points

• 'विराम' एक तत्सम शब्द है, जिसका अर्थ ठहराव या विश्राम होता है।
• तत्सम - संस्कृत से बिना या लगभग बिना रूप-परिवर्तन के हिंदी में आए शब्द तत्सम कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दुग्ध, अग्नि, सूर्य
• तद्भव - संस्कृत मूल से समय के साथ ध्वनि/रूप परिवर्तन द्वारा विकसित शब्द तद्भव कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दूध, आग, सूरज

अन्य विकल्प-

• प्यास: यह तद्भव शब्द है। इसका तत्सम रूप 'पिपासा' है।
• रहन: यह तद्भव शब्द है। इसका तत्सम रूप 'रक्षण' या रहने की क्रिया के संदर्भ में देखा जाता है।
• बालू: यह तद्भव शब्द है। इसका तत्सम रूप 'बालुका' है।

Additional Information 

 कुछ महत्वपूर्ण ​तत्सम और तद्भव शब्द -

'रंग' का अनेकार्थी है- वर्ण, शोभा

Key Points

• 'रंग' के प्रमुख अनेकार्थ - वर्ण, शोभा, रूप, प्रेम, रंग-मंच, मनोविनोद आदि।
• अनेकार्थी शब्द - ऐसे शब्द जिनके एक से अधिक अर्थ होते हैं, अनेकार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• वाक्य प्रयोग के आधार पर इन शब्दों के अर्थ बदल जाते हैं, जैसे 'रंग' का अर्थ चित्रकला के संदर्भ में 'वर्ण' है तो सभा के संदर्भ में 'शोभा' या 'रौनक' होता है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Informationकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण अनेकार्थी शब्द :-

सही उत्तर है - नाम के अनुरूप होना

Key Points

• 'यथा नाम तथा गुण' का भावार्थ - नाम के अनुरूप होना।
• प्रयोग - विदुषी का व्यवहार वास्तव में विद्वानों जैसा ही है, इसे कहते हैं - 'यथा नाम तथा गुण'।
• लोकोक्ति - लोक-अनुभव, शिक्षा या सत्य को व्यक्त करने वाली प्रचलित पूर्ण उक्ति को लोकोक्ति कहते हैं।
• उदाहरण - 'ऊँची दुकान फीका पकवान' का भावार्थ - केवल बाहरी प्रदर्शन होना। प्रयोग - उस बड़े होटल का नाम ही सुना था, खाना तो साधारण था; सच है 'ऊँची दुकान फीका पकवान'।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है - विनाश के समय का निकट आना।

Key Points

• 'चींटी के पर निकलना' का अर्थ - विनाश के समय का निकट आना या मृत्यु के समीप होना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - जब रावण ने साधु वेश में सीता का हरण किया, तभी समझ आ गया था कि अब चींटी के पर निकल आए हैं।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे रूढ़ वाक्यांश जो सामान्य अर्थ के स्थान पर विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करते हैं, मुहावरे कहलाते हैं। इनका प्रयोग भाषा को सजीव और प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण - 'मिट्टी में मिलना' का अर्थ - बर्बाद हो जाना। वाक्य प्रयोग - गलत संगति के कारण उस अमीर जमींदार की सारी प्रतिष्ठा मिट्टी में मिल गई।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information

इसका सही उत्तर "बहुत ज़रूरी" है।

Key Points

गद्यांश के अनुसार,

• गद्यांश में उल्लेख किया गया है कि लोकतंत्र की सफलता के लिए नागरिकों का जागरूक और शिक्षित होना अनिवार्य है।
• यहाँ 'अनिवार्य' शब्द का प्रयोग उस संदर्भ में किया गया है जिसके बिना कोई कार्य संभव न हो या जो अत्यंत आवश्यक हो।
• अतः गद्यांश के संदर्भ में 'अनिवार्य' का अर्थ 'बहुत ज़रूरी' या 'अपरिहार्य' है।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

जिसे करना मना हो -

• इसके लिए सही शब्द 'वर्जित' या 'निषिद्ध' होता है।

थोड़ा सा -

• इसका अर्थ मात्रा में कम होना है, जिसे 'अल्प' या 'न्यून' कहा जाता है।

जो टाला जा सके -

• यह अनिवार्य का विलोम शब्द है, जिसे 'वैकल्पिक' या 'टालने योग्य' कहा जा सकता है।

इसका सही उत्तर "राजतंत्र" है।

Key Points

गद्यांश और व्याकरण के अनुसार:

• लोकतंत्र का अर्थ है 'जनता का शासन', जहाँ शासन की शक्ति जनता के हाथ में होती है और वे अपने प्रतिनिधियों का चुनाव करते हैं।
• राजतंत्र का अर्थ है 'राजा का शासन', जहाँ शासन की सर्वोच्च शक्ति एक ही व्यक्ति (राजा या रानी) के पास होती है और यह पद अक्सर वंशानुगत होता है।
• चूँकि लोकतंत्र में शक्ति जनता में निहित है और राजतंत्र में एक शासक में, इसलिए ये दोनों शब्द एक-दूसरे के विपरीत या विलोम हैं।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्प:

नागतांत्रिक -

• यह एक निरर्थक शब्द है और इसका भाषा या राजनीति विज्ञान में कोई मानक अर्थ नहीं है।

लोगतंत्र -

• यह लोकतंत्र का ही एक अशुद्ध रूप या समानार्थी शब्द प्रतीत होता है, विलोम नहीं।

प्रजातंत्र -

• यह लोकतंत्र का पर्यायवाची (Synonym) शब्द है। प्रजातंत्र और लोकतंत्र दोनों का अर्थ जनता का शासन ही होता है।

इसका सही उत्तर 'जगत' है।

Key Points

शब्द 'संसार' का विश्लेषण:

• गद्यांश की प्रथम पंक्ति में 'संसार' शब्द का प्रयोग हुआ है: "लोकतंत्र संसार की सर्वश्रेष्ठ शासन प्रणाली मानी जाती है।"
• व्याकरणिक दृष्टि से 'संसार' और 'जगत' दोनों एक-दूसरे के समानार्थी (पर्यायवाची) हैं, जिनका अर्थ 'दुनिया' या 'विश्व' होता है।
• अतः दिए गए विकल्पों में से 'जगत' ही सही पर्यायवाची शब्द है।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

वायु -

• इसका अर्थ हवा, समीर, या पवन होता है। यह संसार का पर्यायवाची नहीं है।

आकाश -

• इसका अर्थ नभ, गगन, या अम्बर होता है, जो पृथ्वी के ऊपर के विस्तार को दर्शाता है।

पाताल -

• पौराणिक कथाओं और भूगोल के संदर्भ में यह पृथ्वी के नीचे के लोक को माना जाता है।

इसका सही उत्तर "लोकतंत्र का महत्त्व" है।

Key Points

गद्यांश के अनुसार:

• संपूर्ण गद्यांश लोकतंत्र की परिभाषा, इसकी कार्यप्रणाली और समाज में इसके महत्त्व पर केंद्रित है।
• गद्यांश में बताया गया है कि लोकतंत्र विश्व की सर्वश्रेष्ठ शासन प्रणाली है और यह जनता के अधिकारों, समानता तथा विकास का आधार है।
• इसमें लोकतंत्र की सफलता के लिए नागरिकों की जागरूकता और शिक्षा की अनिवार्यता पर बल दिया गया है, जो इसके व्यापक महत्त्व को दर्शाता है।
• अतः, इस गद्यांश के लिए सबसे सटीक और उपयुक्त शीर्षक 'लोकतंत्र का महत्त्व' होगा।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

भारत की जनसंख्या:

• गद्यांश में जनसंख्या के आँकड़ों पर चर्चा नहीं की गई है, केवल भारत को एक विशाल लोकतांत्रिक देश बताया गया है।

अब्राहम लिंकन का जीवन:

• अब्राहम लिंकन के प्रसिद्ध कथन का उल्लेख केवल लोकतंत्र को परिभाषित करने के लिए किया गया है, यह उनके जीवन की जीवनी नहीं है।

चुनाव की प्रक्रिया:

• चुनाव का उल्लेख लोकतंत्र के एक हिस्से के रूप में हुआ है, लेकिन पूरा गद्यांश केवल चुनाव की तकनीकी प्रक्रिया पर आधारित नहीं है।

इसका सही उत्तर "नागरिकों की जागरूकता से ही लोकतंत्र सफल होता है" है।

Key Points

गद्यांश के अनुसार,

• लोकतंत्र को जनता का शासन माना गया है, जिसमें अब्राहम लिंकन के प्रसिद्ध कथन 'जनता का, जनता के लिए और जनता द्वारा' को रेखांकित किया गया है।
• गद्यांश स्पष्ट करता है कि लोकतंत्र की सफलता केवल सरकार पर निर्भर नहीं करती।
• लोकतंत्र का वास्तविक विकास और सफलता तब होती है जब नागरिक जागरूक, शिक्षित होते हैं और अपने मत (Vote) का सही प्रयोग करते हुए कर्तव्यों का पालन करते हैं।
• इसलिए, पूरे गद्यांश का मुख्य भाव लोकतंत्र की सफलता में नागरिकों की भूमिका और उनकी जागरूकता को दर्शाना है।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

मतदान करना समय की बर्बादी है -

• यह कथन गद्यांश की मूल भावना के विपरीत है, क्योंकि गद्यांश मत के सही प्रयोग पर बल देता है।

लोकतंत्र में केवल नेताओं की जिम्मेदारी होती है -

• गद्यांश के अनुसार, लोकतंत्र केवल सरकार या नेताओं पर नहीं बल्कि नागरिकों पर भी निर्भर करता है।

भारत एक छोटा देश है -

• गद्यांश में भारत को विश्व का सबसे विशाल लोकतांत्रिक देश बताया गया है, न कि छोटा।

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The sentence requires the use of an indefinite article before the word hour to indicate a singular quantity.
• The choice between a and an is determined by the sound of the following word, not just the letter it starts with.
• In the word hour, the letter h is silent, and the word begins with a vowel sound (/aʊər/).
• Because the word starts with a vowel sound, the correct article to use is an.

Therefore, the correct answer is an.

Correct Sentence: 'He arrived an hour late to the meeting, causing a delay in the schedule.'

Additional Information

• The: This is a definite article used for specific or previously mentioned nouns. It is not suitable here as the speaker is referring to a general duration of one hour.
• A: This article is used before words starting with a consonant sound. Even though hour starts with a consonant letter, it does not start with a consonant sound.
• No article: This is incorrect because hour is a singular countable noun that requires a determiner in this context.

The correct answer is: immense.

Key Points

• The word 'iminanse' provided in the sentence is incorrectly spelt. The intended word is 'immense', which means extremely large or great, especially in scale or degree. (अत्यधिक/बहुत बड़ा)
• Example: The project was an immense success, exceeding all our expectations.
• The word 'immense' is the correct spelling, derived from the Latin 'immensus', meaning immeasurable. (विशाल)
• Example: The immense pressure at the bottom of the ocean makes exploration difficult.
• Hence, we can infer that the option that rectifies the spelling is 'immense'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: immense.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• imense (गलत वर्तनी): This is an incorrect spelling of the word immense.
• Example: This spelling is not recognized in standard English.
• immence (गलत वर्तनी): This is an incorrect spelling often confused due to the 'ce' sound at the end.
• Example: Students often write immence instead of the correct immense.
• imence (गलत वर्तनी): Similar to the second option, this is a misspelled version lacking the double 'm'.
• Example: Always double-check for the double 'm' in immense.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The sentence requires a definite article because it refers to a specific curtain in the room where the child was present.
• The definite article 'the' is used to point out a particular person or thing already known to the speaker or listener, or identified by the context.
• In this context, the child is hiding behind a specific object (the curtain) available in that specific room, making it a definite noun.
• Using 'a' or 'an' would imply any random curtain, which is less likely in a descriptive narrative of a specific incident.

Therefore, the correct answer is the.

Correct Sentence: 'The child quickly hid behind the curtain when the stranger entered the room.'

Additional Information

• a: This is an indefinite article used before singular countable nouns starting with a consonant sound when the identity is not specific.
• an: This is an indefinite article used before singular countable nouns starting with a vowel sound.
• no article: This is used for general plural nouns, uncountable nouns in a general sense, or proper nouns, which does not apply to the specific object 'curtain' in this sentence.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Direct Speech: The supervisor said, ‘We carefully cleaned the snack plant machines yesterday evening to maintain hygiene and ensure safe food production.’
• Key Conversions:
• ‘We’ becomes ‘they’
• The first-person plural pronoun in direct speech changes to the third-person plural in indirect speech to match the reporting subject.
• ‘cleaned’ (Simple Past) becomes ‘had cleaned’ (Past Perfect)
• When the reporting verb is in the past tense (said), the Simple Past tense in the direct speech changes to the Past Perfect tense in indirect speech.
• ‘yesterday evening’ becomes ‘the previous evening’
• Time expressions change in indirect speech: ‘yesterday’ shifts to ‘the previous day’ or ‘the day before’. Therefore, ‘yesterday evening’ becomes ‘the previous evening’.
• Reporting Verb and Conjunction:
• The reporting verb said remains the same, followed by the conjunction that to introduce the subordinate clause.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct Sentence: ‘The supervisor said that they had carefully cleaned the snack plant machines the previous evening to maintain hygiene and ensure safe food production.’

Additional Information

• Option 1: Uses ‘have carefully cleaned’ (Present Perfect) and ‘yesterday evening’. Tense and time expression are both incorrect for indirect speech.
• Option 3: Uses ‘would carefully clean’ (Future in the past), which changes the meaning from a completed action to a conditional or future intent.
• Option 4: Fails to change the tense from Simple Past to Past Perfect and fails to update ‘yesterday evening’ to ‘the previous evening’.

The correct answer is: Corruption.

Key Points

• The underlined phrase 'the misuse of authority or power' refers to dishonest or unethical conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery or the improper use of one's position for personal gain. (अधिकार या शक्ति का दुरुपयोग)
• Example: The government promised to implement stricter laws to prevent the misuse of authority by public officials.
• 'Corruption' is the specific term used to describe dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, involving the subversion of rules or the misuse of resources and authority. (भ्रष्टाचार)
• Example: The investigation revealed widespread corruption within the city council's planning department.
• Hence, we can infer that the best word to replace the underlined phrase is 'corruption'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Corruption.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Maturation (परिपक्वता): The action or process of maturing or reaching a state of full development.
• Example: The maturation of the project took several years of dedicated research and testing.
• Manipulation (हेरफेर): The action of handling or controlling something in a clever or unscrupulous way.
• Example: The stock market was affected by the unethical manipulation of prices by a group of investors.
• Dominance (प्रभुत्व): Power and influence over others.
• Example: The company has maintained its dominance in the tech industry for over a decade.

The correct answer is 'be chosen'.

Key Points

• The sentence uses the future tense structure to indicate a possibility or necessity.
• The phrase 'another person will _____' requires a passive voice construction because the person is the receiver of the action (being picked), not the doer.
• In the Future Simple Passive, the structure used is will + be + past participle (V3).
• The past participle of the verb 'choose' is 'chosen'. Therefore, 'be chosen' is the correct grammatical fit.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Complete Sentence: 'He will continue to work or another person will be chosen.'

Additional Information

• Option 1: 'choosing' is the present participle and would require a continuous tense (e.g., will be choosing), which implies the person is doing the choosing.
• Option 2: 'chosen' cannot follow 'will' directly without the auxiliary verb 'be' or 'have'.
• Option 4: 'choose' is the base form; 'will choose' would mean the person is performing the action of choosing someone else, which does not fit the logical context of the sentence.

The correct answer is: mankind.

Key Points

• The phrase 'the entire human race' refers to all human beings considered as a collective group, regardless of gender or nationality. (संपूर्ण मानव जाति)
• Example: The invention of the wheel was a significant milestone for the entire human race.
• 'mankind' is the most suitable single-word substitute as it encompasses all humans collectively. (मानव जाति)
• Example: Medical advancements in vaccines have been a great service to mankind.
• Hence, we can infer that the most appropriate substitute for 'the entire human race' is 'mankind'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: mankind.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• population (जनसंख्या): All the inhabitants of a particular place.
• Example: The population of the city has grown rapidly over the last decade.
• society (समाज): The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
• Example: Every individual has a responsibility toward the well-being of society.
• generation (पीढ़ी): All of the people born and living at about the same time.
• Example: The younger generation is very comfortable with digital technology.

The correct answer is: The students received their grades on Friday.

Key Points

• The sentence requires the correct spelling of the word 'received', which means to be given, presented with, or paid something. (प्राप्त किया)
• Example: She received a beautiful bouquet of flowers on her birthday.
• 'Received' follows the grammar rule 'I before E except after C'. Since the letters follow the letter 'c', the 'e' must come before the 'i'. (सही वर्तनी)
• Example: The company received many complaints about the new product.
• Hence, we can infer that the sentence with the correct spelling is 'The students received their grades on Friday.'

Therefore, the correct answer is- The students received their grades on Friday.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained with their spelling errors:

• Recieveed (गलत वर्तनी): This is an incorrect spelling as it adds an extra 'e' at the end and swaps the 'i' and 'e'.
• Example: Incorrect spelling cannot be used in formal writing.
• Recieved (गलत वर्तनी): This is a common misspelling that violates the rule of placing 'e' before 'i' after the letter 'c'.
• Example: Many people mistakenly write 'recieved' instead of 'received'.
• Reçeived (गलत वर्तनी): This uses the character 'ç' (cedilla), which is not used in the standard English spelling of this word.
• Example: The letter 'ç' is found in languages like French or Turkish, but not in the English word 'received'.

The correct answer is When I reached the station, the train had left..

Key Points

• The sentence describes two actions that took place in the past at different times: reaching the station and the train departing. Past Perfect Tense is used to indicate the action that happened first.
• The Past Perfect Tense is formed using had + past participle (V3). In this context, the train leaving occurred before the arrival at the station, necessitating the use of had left.
• The Simple Past Tense is used for the action that happened later in the timeline. The verb reached correctly identifies the subsequent action of arriving at the station.
• The structure When + Simple Past, Past Perfect is a standard grammatical construction used to show the completion of one past event before another past event began. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

 Additional Information

• Tense Analysis of Incorrect Options:
• Option 1: Uses reach (Present Tense) with had left (Past Perfect), creating a tense mismatch as both actions must be in the past to use the perfective aspect for the earlier event.
• Option 3: Uses reached and left, both in Simple Past. While grammatically possible in some contexts, it fails to clearly establish the sequence of events where one action was already completed before the other started.
• Option 4: Combines reached (Simple Past) with has left (Present Perfect). This is grammatically incorrect because Present Perfect cannot be used to describe an action that was completed before a specific point in the past.

The correct answer is The host has sent the invitations.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the Passive Voice because it follows the structure: Object (The invitations) + have been + Past Participle (sent) + by + Subject (the host).
• The sentence is in the Present Perfect Tense, as indicated by the auxiliary verb have been followed by the V3 form of the verb.
• To convert a Present Perfect passive sentence into Active Voice, the structure must change to: Subject + has/have + Past Participle (V3) + Object.
• In this transformation, The host (singular) becomes the subject, necessitating the use of the singular auxiliary verb has.
• The verb sent remains in its V3 form, and the invitations becomes the direct object.
• Therefore, the active form is The host has sent the invitations. Hence, the fourth option is the correct conversion.

 Additional Information

• Comparison with other options:
• The host had sent the invitations: This is in the Past Perfect Tense (had + V3), which changes the original tense of the sentence.
• The host was sending the invitations: This is in the Past Continuous Tense (was + V-ing), which is used for ongoing actions in the past.
• The host sends the invitations: This is in the Simple Present Tense (V1 + s/es), used for habitual actions or general truths.
• In Active Voice, the doer of the action is the subject, whereas in Passive Voice, the receiver of the action becomes the subject.

The correct answer is The principal gave him the prize.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in Passive Voice and follows the structure of the Simple Past Tense (Past Indefinite).
• The structure of a Passive Voice sentence in the Simple Past Tense is: Subject (Object of active) + was/were + Past Participle (V3) + by + Object (Subject of active).
• The original sentence 'The prize was given to him by the principal' contains the auxiliary verb was followed by the Past Participle form given, indicating it is the passive form of the simple past.
• To convert this into Active Voice, the object of the passive sentence (the principal) becomes the subject of the active sentence.
• The Past Participle 'given' is changed back to its Simple Past (V2) form, which is gave.
• The structure for Active Voice in Simple Past is: Subject + V2 + Object.
• Applying this transformation results in: The principal (Subject) + gave (V2) + him (Indirect Object) + the prize (Direct Object).

 Additional Information

• Simple Present Tense:
• Uses the base form or 's/es' form of the verb (gives). This does not match the past tense auxiliary 'was' used in the original sentence.
• Present Continuous Tense:
• Uses is/am/are + V1 + ing (is giving). This represents an ongoing action in the present, which is contextually different from the simple past event described.
• Present Perfect Tense:
• Uses has/have + V3 (has given). This denotes an action completed in the recent past with a connection to the present, whereas the original sentence focuses on a completed historical action.

The correct answer is 'at'.

Key Points

• The preposition 'at' is used to indicate a specific point in time or a precise time on the clock.
• In the given sentence, '5 p.m.' is a specific time, which necessitates the use of 'at'.
• Option 1, 3, and 4 do not fit the grammatical rules for denoting specific clock times.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Complete Sentence: "We will meet at 5 p.m. at the café."

Additional Information

• Option 1: 'on' is used for days and dates (e.g., on Monday, on June 5^th).
• Option 3: 'in' is used for months, years, centuries, and long periods (e.g., in October, in 2023, in the morning).
• Option 4: 'over' is usually used to indicate movement across something or a duration of time, but not a specific starting point like 5 p.m.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The structure of the Simple Future Tense is: Subject + will/shall + base form of the verb (V1).
• In the given sentence, the verb 'going' is used incorrectly after 'will'. To express a future action, the base form 'attend' should follow the modal verb 'will'.
• Option 3 correctly follows this rule: 'She' (Subject) + 'will' + 'attend' (Base Form).
• The other options use incorrect verb forms like the past participle (attended), third-person singular (attends), or present participle (attending) directly after 'will'.

Therefore, the correct answer is She will attend the meeting tomorrow.

Additional Information

• Option 1: 'will attended' is incorrect because 'will' is never followed by a past tense verb.
• Option 2: 'will attends' is incorrect because modal verbs are followed by the root form, not the 's/es' form.
• Option 4: 'will attending' is incorrect as it requires the auxiliary verb 'be' (will be attending) to form the Future Continuous Tense.

The correct answer is R S Q P T.

Key Points

• The fixed opening phrase After months of hard work sets a prepositional context that requires a subject to follow it to complete the independent clause. Segment R (the scientists finally) provides the subject (the scientists) and an adverb (finally), making it the logical first part of the sequence. Hence, statement R is the first segment.
• The subject in segment R requires a transitive verb to indicate the action performed. Segment S (announced the discovery) contains the past tense verb (announced) and its direct object (the discovery). Hence, statement S follows R.
• The noun phrase 'the discovery' in segment S needs a prepositional phrase to specify what was discovered. Segment Q (of a new species) functions as an adjective phrase modifying the noun 'discovery'. Hence, statement Q follows S.
• Segment P (which astonished) introduces a relative clause beginning with the relative pronoun 'which', which refers back to the antecedent (the discovery of a new species). Hence, statement P follows Q.
• The transitive verb 'astonished' in segment P requires an object to complete the thought. Segment T (the scientific community) provides this noun phrase object, concluding the sentence logically. Hence, statement T follows P.
• The complete coherent sentence formed is: After months of hard work, the scientists finally announced the discovery of a new species which astonished the scientific community.

 Additional Information

• Sentence Structure Analysis:
• Subject-Verb Agreement: The plural subject (scientists) is paired with the past tense verb (announced), which is grammatically consistent.
• Relative Clauses: The use of which in segment P initiates a non-defining relative clause (though here used without a comma in the options) to provide additional information about the discovery.
• Syntactic Flow: The arrangement follows a standard Subject + Verb + Object + Modifier pattern, which is the foundational structure of English syntax.
• Clutter-free transitions: Each segment ends in a way that naturally demands the specific grammatical category provided by the subsequent segment (e.g., a preposition 'of' needing a noun 'species').

The correct answer is small saplings in the park to celebrate Environment Day and learned how trees contribute to cleaner air.

Key Points

• The fixed starting segment S establishes the subject (The children) and the transitive verb (planted). This requires a direct object to complete the initial thought. Hence, segment B (small saplings in the park) logically follows S as it provides the necessary object.
• Segment D (to celebrate Environment Day) acts as an adverbial phrase of purpose, explaining why the children planted the saplings. This fits perfectly after B to describe the occasion.
• Segment C (and learned how trees) introduces a compound predicate using the coordinating conjunction and. It connects the second action (learned) to the same subject (The children). This must follow the completion of the first action and its context.
• Segment A (contribute to cleaner air) serves as the subordinate clause completing the verb learned. It explains the specific knowledge the children acquired.
• The logical sequence B-D-C-A creates a coherent narrative: The children planted small saplings in the park to celebrate Environment Day and learned how trees contribute to cleaner air.

 Additional Information

• Sentence Structure Rules:
• Subject-Verb-Object (SVO): The primary structure must identify who did what before adding why or how.
• Conjunctions: The word and in segment C is a vital marker indicating a second activity performed by the children.
• Environment Day: In general knowledge context, World Environment Day is observed globally on June 5^th to encourage awareness and action for the protection of the environment.
• Photosynthesis and Air Quality: The phrase contribute to cleaner air refers to the biological process where trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, acting as natural carbon sinks.

The correct answer is: Every cloud has a silver lining.

Key Points

• The highlighted phrase 'something good comes out of every misfortune' refers to the idea that every difficult or negative situation has a positive aspect or potential benefit. (हर मुसीबत में कुछ अच्छा छिपा होता है)
• Example: Although his business failed, he learned valuable lessons that helped him succeed later, proving that something good comes out of every misfortune.
• 'Every cloud has a silver lining' is a proverb which means that every unpleasant or difficult situation has a positive side or provides a reason for hope. (हर मुश्किल के पीछे सुख की एक किरण होती है)
• Example: Losing the match was disappointing, but every cloud has a silver lining because it gave the team more time to practice for the finals.
• Hence, we can infer that the proverb that best substitutes the highlighted segment is 'Every cloud has a silver lining'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Every cloud has a silver lining.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• A friend in need is a friend indeed (सच्चा वही जो विपत्ति में काम आए): A person who helps at a difficult time is a truly reliable friend.
• Example: When Rahul helped me with my medical bills, I realized that a friend in need is a friend indeed.
• All that glitters is not gold (हर चमकती चीज़ सोना नहीं होती): Not everything that looks precious or true from the outside is actually so.
• Example: The job offer looked amazing on paper, but the working conditions were terrible; all that glitters is not gold.
• Actions speak louder than words (कथनी से करनी भली): What someone actually does is more significant than what they say they will do.
• Example: He keeps promising to help, but he never shows up; actions speak louder than words.

The correct answer is: bite the bullet.

Key Points

• The highlighted phrase 'undergo the procedure despite her anxiety' describes a situation where someone decides to do something difficult or unpleasant that they have been avoiding. (अपनी चिंता के बावजूद प्रक्रिया से गुजरना)
• Example: Even though he was terrified of flying, he decided to face his fear and board the plane.
• 'Bite the bullet' is an idiom that means to accept something difficult or unpleasant because it is unavoidable. (कठिन परिस्थिति का साहस के साथ सामना करना)
• Example: I am going to have to bite the bullet and tell my boss that I cannot finish the project on time.
• Therefore, the correct answer is- bite the bullet.

Therefore, the correct answer is: bite the bullet.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Cry over spilled milk (बीती बातों पर पछताना): To dwell on past misfortunes that cannot be undone.
• Example: It is no use crying over spilled milk; we just need to figure out how to fix the error now.
• Burn the midnight oil (देर रात तक कड़ी मेहनत करना): To work late into the night.
• Example: She has been burning the midnight oil every night to prepare for her final exams.
• Throw caution to the wind (सावधानी छोड़ देना/जोखिम उठाना): To do something without worrying about the risks or negative results.
• Example: He decided to throw caution to the wind and quit his stable job to start his own business.

The correct answer is: Flexible.

Key Points

• The word 'rigid' means unable to bend or be forced out of shape; not flexible. It can also refer to people or rules that are not able to be changed or adapted. (कठोर)
• Example: The school maintains rigid rules regarding the dress code.
• 'Flexible' refers to something that is capable of bending easily without breaking, or a person/system that is ready and able to change or adapt to different circumstances. (लचीला)
• Example: My working hours are flexible, so I can start later if I need to.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'rigid' is 'flexible'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Flexible.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Stern (सख्त): Serious and unrelenting, especially in the assertion of authority and discipline.
• Example: The father gave his son a stern look after he broke the vase.
• Inflexible (अनम्य): Unwilling to change or compromise; similar in meaning to rigid.
• Example: The inflexible nature of the contract made it difficult to negotiate better terms.
• Strict (कठोर): Demanding that rules concerning behavior are obeyed and observed.
• Example: Our teacher is very strict about handing in assignments on time.

The correct answer is: Friendly.

Key Points

• The word Hostile means showing or feeling opposition or dislike; unfriendly. (शत्रुतापूर्ण)
• Example: The crowd grew hostile as the speaker continued to ignore their concerns.
• Friendly refers to being kind, pleasant, or acting like a friend; it describes a welcoming and positive attitude. (अनुकूल/मैत्रीपूर्ण)
• Example: The locals were very friendly and helped us find our way back to the hotel.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of hostile is friendly.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Friendly.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Angry (क्रोधित): Feeling or showing strong annoyance, displeasure, or hostility.
• Example: He was angry with himself for making such a silly mistake.
• Indifferent (उदासीन): Having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned.
• Example: They seemed completely indifferent to the suffering of others.
• Suspicious (संदेहजनक): Having or showing a cautious distrust of someone or something.
• Example: The police became suspicious when he changed his story several times.

The correct answer is: Rude.

Key Points

• The word 'polite' means having or showing behavior that is respectful and considerate of other people. (शिष्ट / विनम्र)
• Example: The waiter was very polite and helpful during our dinner.
• 'Rude' refers to being offensively impolite or bad-mannered; it is the direct opposite of being polite. (असभ्य / बदतमीज)
• Example: It is extremely rude to interrupt someone while they are speaking.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'polite' is 'rude'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Rude.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Calm (शांत): Not showing or feeling nervousness, anger, or other strong emotions.
• Example: She stayed calm even though the situation was very stressful.
• Formal (औपचारिक): Done in accordance with rules of convention or etiquette; suitable for official occasions.
• Example: The invitation requested formal attire for the wedding ceremony.
• Friendly (मित्रवत / अनुकूल): Kind and pleasant; acting like a friend.
• Example: The locals were very friendly and showed us the way to the hotel.

The correct answer is Artificial Trees: The Cost of Pulling Carbon.

Key Points

• The passage introduces Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology, describing the machines as artificial trees that scrub carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to reverse industrial pollution.
• A significant portion of the text is dedicated to the economic and ethical costs associated with this technology, noting that it is energy-intensive and prohibitively expensive.
• The narrative explores the moral hazard debate, where critics argue that such techno-fixes might lead to a delay in the transition to renewable energy by treating symptoms rather than causes.
• The conclusion emphasizes the necessity of both carbon reduction and carbon removal, highlighting that the future depends on managing the complexities and costs of these artificial systems.
• The passage explicitly mentions, Critics argue that relying on 'techno-fixes' creates a 'moral hazard,' giving corporations an excuse to delay the transition to renewable energy, which centralizes the debate on the costs and implications of the technology.

 Additional Information

• Direct Air Capture (DAC)
• Function: Uses giant fans and chemical processes to extract CO₂ from ambient air.
• Storage: Captured gas is pumped into basalt rock formations for mineralization.
• Usage: Can be utilized to produce sustainable aviation fuels.
• The Mineralization of Basalt Rock
• While the passage mentions basalt rock, it is only a specific technical detail regarding the storage of captured carbon and does not reflect the broader thematic debate.
• Renewable Energy
• The passage mentions a transition to renewable energy, but it does not discuss its history; instead, it focuses on modern carbon removal technologies.

The correct answer is It mineralizes into stone.

Key Points

• According to the passage, the Direct Air Capture (DAC) process involves using giant fans to extract carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere to mitigate industrial pollution. Hence, the statement regarding carbon capture is correct.
• The passage explicitly states that one method of dealing with the captured carbon is to pump it underground into basalt rock formations. Hence, the destination of the carbon is identified.
• The text further clarifies the transformation process by stating, 'where it mineralizes into stone'. This directly confirms the physical change the carbon undergoes when in contact with basalt. Hence, the correct answer is supported by the specific line in the passage.
• Alternative uses for the captured carbon mentioned in the text include being repurposed for sustainable aviation fuels, but this is distinct from the basalt rock process. Hence, the distinction between mineralization and fuel production is clear.

 Additional Information

• Direct Air Capture (DAC):
• It functions as an artificial tree system designed to scrub the sky.
• The technology is currently energy-intensive and prohibitively expensive, which limits its immediate global scalability.
• Critics highlight a moral hazard, suggesting such technologies might allow corporations to delay switching to renewable energy.
• Incorrect Options Analysis:
• Sustainable Petrol: The passage mentions aviation fuels, not petrol, and this occurs during repurposing, not during basalt pumping.
• Powering Giant Fans: The fans require energy to operate, making the process energy-intensive; the captured carbon itself does not power the fans.
• Not released back: While true that sequestration aims to prevent release, the question specifically asks what happens to the carbon (the process), for which mineralization is the precise scientific description provided.

The correct answer is Ambivalent.

Key Points

• The passage presents a balanced perspective on Direct Air Capture (DAC), highlighting both its innovative potential and its significant drawbacks. It describes the technology as artificial trees capable of reversing industrial pollution by turning captured carbon into stone or sustainable aviation fuels.
• Simultaneously, the text acknowledges heavy criticism, noting that the process is energy-intensive and prohibitively expensive. The passage specifically mentions the moral hazard argument, where critics fear DAC might serve as an excuse for corporations to delay renewable energy transitions.
• The concluding sentiment suggests a necessity for both emission reduction and carbon removal, stating we no longer have the luxury of choosing between the two. This inclusion of conflicting viewpoints—scientific necessity versus economic and ethical concerns—demonstrates an ambivalent tone, which is defined by having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas. Hence, the tone is Ambivalent.

 Additional Information

• Analysis of Incorrect Tones:
• Dismissive: This tone would involve rejecting DAC as unworthy of consideration. However, the author calls it a potential sky scrubber and notes that the future of the climate may depend on it.
• Aggressive: An aggressive tone would use forceful, attacking language. The passage remains objective and analytical, reporting the arguments of both critics and proponents without hostility.
• Sarcastic: Sarcasm involves irony to mock or convey contempt. The passage uses technical metaphors like Carbon Curators and techno-fixes in a serious, descriptive context rather than a mocking one.
• Direct Air Capture (DAC) Process:
• Mineralization: The process where CO₂ is pumped into basalt rock to turn it into stone.
• Tipping Points: Refers to critical thresholds in the climate system that, when exceeded, lead to large-scale and irreversible changes.

The correct answer is Cheaply.

Key Points

• The term prohibitively is an adverb used to describe a cost or price that is so high it prevents people from doing or buying something. In the context of the passage, it highlights that Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology is currently too expensive for widespread adoption.
• The word Cheaply refers to something that can be acquired or done at a low cost or with little expenditure. It represents the direct opposite of being expensive or unaffordable.
• An antonym is a word that carries the opposite meaning of another word. Since prohibitively implies a state of being exorbitant or excessively priced, Cheaply serves as the most accurate lexical opposite.

 Additional Information

• Non affordably:
• This is a synonym rather than an antonym. It describes something that cannot be paid for easily due to high costs, aligning with the meaning of prohibitively.
• Slowly:
• This adverb relates to speed or tempo. While DAC might be developing at a slow pace, this word does not relate to the financial aspect implied by the target word.
• Strictly:
• This term refers to rigidity, precision, or the enforcement of rules. It does not carry a connotation related to monetary value or affordability.

The correct answer is The shift from purely 'preventing' damage to 'active restoration'.

Key Points

• A Text-to-World connection involves relating the content of the passage to broader global trends or strategies; in this context, the passage highlights a fundamental shift in how humanity addresses environmental degradation.
• The passage explicitly states that because traditional emission cuts (prevention) are proving insufficient, scientists are turning to Direct Air Capture (DAC) to scrub the sky and reverse decades of industrial pollution (active restoration). Hence, the shift from purely 'preventing' damage to 'active restoration' is the correct connection.
• The text emphasizes that proponents believe we no longer have the luxury of choosing between reduction and removal, indicating a dual-strategy world where active intervention is mandatory. Hence, the statement regarding active restoration aligns with the text's core message.
• The passage identifies DAC as a means to turn air into stone, illustrating a proactive, technological restoration of the atmosphere rather than just stopping current emissions. Hence, this reflects the world's moving toward restorative climate action.

 Additional Information

• Direct Air Capture (DAC):
• Function: Uses giant fans to extract carbon dioxide directly from the ambient air.
• Storage: Involves pumping carbon underground into basalt rock formations for mineralization.
• Challenges: It is currently energy-intensive and prohibitively expensive, which limits immediate large-scale deployment.
• Moral Hazard:
• Definition: The risk that relying on techno-fixes like DAC might lead corporations to delay the transition to renewable energy.
• Debate: Critics worry this addresses symptoms rather than the root cause (fossil fuel reliance) of climate change.
• Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF):
• The passage mentions repurposing captured carbon for aviation fuels, showing a circular economy application of carbon removal technology.

The correct answer is Vellore Revolt.

Key Points

• The Vellore Revolt occurred on 10 July 1806 and is recognized as the first instance of a large-scale and violent mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company.
• The primary cause of the uprising was the introduction of new military dress regulations by Sir John Cradock, which offended the religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
• Specific grievances included the mandatory wearing of a round hat (resembling a European cap), the prohibition of caste marks or jewelry on the forehead, and the requirement for sepoys to shave their beards and trim their moustaches.
• The rebels seized the Vellore Fort and proclaimed Fateh Hyder, the son of Tipu Sultan, as their ruler, hoisting the Tiger Flag of Mysore.
• The mutiny was swiftly and brutally suppressed by British troops led by Colonel Gillespie, resulting in the deaths of approximately 800 sepoys.

 Additional Information

• Chuar Rebellion
• This was a series of peasant movements between 1766 and 1816 in the Midnapore district of Bengal.
• It was led by local tribal communities against the exploitative land revenue policies and forest laws of the British.
• Santhal Rebellion
• Known as the Santhal Hool, this revolt took place in 1855-1856 in present-day Jharkhand and West Bengal.
• Led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, it targeted the Zamindari system and the British colonial administration.
• Paika Rebellion
• This armed uprising occurred in 1817 in Odisha under the leadership of Bakshi Jagabandhu.
• The Paikas were the traditional landed militia who revolted against the British land tenure system and the rise in salt prices.

The correct answer is They failed to achieve major political reforms.

Key Points

• The Moderates, who dominated the Indian National Congress from 1885 to 1905, relied on a policy of 'Prayers, Petitions, and Protests' to influence the British Government, but these methods yielded very limited results in terms of structural political change.
• The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was a major point of frustration, as it failed to provide substantial power to Indians in the legislative councils, leaving the Moderate leadership open to criticism regarding their effectiveness.
• By the early 20^th century, the lack of progress in achieving Self-Government or significant administrative reforms led to a loss of faith among the younger generation of nationalists in the Moderate ideology of Constitutional Agitation.
• The economic drain of India continued unabated despite the Moderates' detailed critiques, such as Dadabhai Naoroji's Drain Theory, further highlighting the inability of their methods to stop British exploitation.
• This growing dissatisfaction culminated in the rise of the Extremists (Radicals) like Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal, who advocated for Swadeshi, Boycott, and Passive Resistance.

 Additional Information

• Ideology of the Moderates:
• They believed in the British sense of justice and fair play, aiming for gradual reform within the framework of British rule.
• Key leaders included Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta, and Surendranath Banerjee.
• They successfully created national awakening and exposed the economic impact of British policies but struggled to mobilize the masses.
• Shift in National Movement (1905):
• The Partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Curzon served as the final catalyst that proved the Moderate methods of petitions were insufficient to stop reactionary British policies.
• The Surat Split of 1907 formally divided the Indian National Congress into Moderates and Extremists due to these fundamental disagreements over strategy and goals.

The correct answer is Santhanam Committee.

Key Points

• The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established in February 1964 by the Government of India through an executive resolution.
• The creation of this apex body was based on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, which was headed by Shri K. Santhanam.
• The Santhanam Committee was appointed in 1962 to review the existing instruments for checking corruption in the Central Government and to suggest practical steps to make them more effective.
• The CVC was conceived as an independent body to monitor all vigilance activity under the Central Government and advise various authorities in planning, executing, reviewing, and reforming their vigilance work.
• Following the Vineet Narain & Others vs. Union of India case (1997), the Supreme Court directed that statutory status be given to the CVC, which eventually led to the enactment of the Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003.

 Additional Information

• Justice Verma Committee:
• Formed in December 2012 following the Nirbhaya gang-rape case to suggest amendments to Criminal Law for quicker trial and enhanced punishment for sexual assault.
• Shah Commission:
• Appointed in 1977 by the Janata Party government to inquire into all the excesses committed during the Emergency (1975-1977).
• Sarkaria Commission:
• Established in 1983 to examine the relationship and balance of power between State and Central governments in the country and suggest changes within the framework of the Constitution of India.

The correct answer is Charminar, with its minarets.

Key Points

• The Charminar was constructed in 1591 by Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the fifth ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, to commemorate the end of a deadly plague in the city of Hyderabad.
• The monument is a classic example of Indo-Islamic architecture with significant Persian influences, characterized by its square structure measuring 20 meters on each side.
• It features four grand arches that face the four cardinal directions, which open into the surrounding streets of the old city.
• The structure is most famous for its four fluted minarets, each standing at a height of approximately 56 meters (about 184 feet), containing four stories and a spiral staircase inside.
• The top floor of the Charminar houses a mosque on the western side, which is one of the oldest surviving mosques in the Telangana region.

 Additional Information

• Falaknuma Palace:
• Built by Nawab Sir Vikar-ul-Umra and later purchased by the Nizam VI, it is known as the Mirror of the Sky and is famous for its Italian marble and Tudor-Italian architectural style.
• Qutb Shahi Tombs:
• Located in Ibrahim Bagh, these represent the final resting place of the rulers of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, featuring distinct bulbous domes and grey granite stonework.
• Golconda Fort:
• Originally a mud fort under the Kakatiya dynasty, it was later fortified by the Qutb Shahis; it is renowned for its acoustic effects, massive battlements, and as a former center for the diamond trade.

The correct answer is Exploitation of bonded labourers.

Key Points

• The landmark case of Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs. Union of India, decided in 1984, is a cornerstone of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India, primarily addressing the plight of bonded labourers working in stone quarries in Faridabad, Haryana.
• The Supreme Court of India, led by Justice P.N. Bhagwati, expanded the scope of Article 32 of the Constitution of India, ruling that any member of the public can approach the court to seek judicial redress for the violation of fundamental rights of those who, by reason of poverty or disability, cannot approach the court themselves.
• The court emphasized that the Right to Life under Article 21 includes the right to live with human dignity, free from exploitation, and mandated the strict implementation of the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.
• The judgment directed the Government of Haryana and the Central Government to identify, release, and rehabilitate bonded labourers, ensuring they are provided with basic amenities like clean drinking water, medical facilities, and fair wages.

 Additional Information

• Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976:
• This legislation was enacted to prevent the economic and physical exploitation of the weaker sections of society and to terminate the bonded labour system entirely.
• It renders all bonded debts extinguished and prohibits any fresh agreements that involve the rendering of bonded service.
• Article 23 of the Indian Constitution:
• Prohibits traffic in human beings and begar (forced labour) and other similar forms of forced labour.
• The Bandhua Mukti Morcha case reinforced this constitutional mandate by treating the failure to pay minimum wages as a form of forced labour.
• Role of Commissions:
• The court appointed commissioners to visit the sites and report on the living conditions, a practice that became a standard tool in social action litigation to gather evidence in human rights cases.

The correct answer is Tropic of Cancer.

Key Points

• The Tropic of Cancer is a significant line of latitude located at approximately 23.5 degrees North (23°26′ N) of the Equator.
• This parallel of latitude passes through the center of the Indian subcontinent, effectively dividing the country into almost two equal halves: the subtropical north and the tropical south.
• In India, the Tropic of Cancer passes through eight states, which are Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• The Mahi River is the only river in India that cuts the Tropic of Cancer twice, first in Madhya Pradesh and then in Gujarat.
• The city of Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand, is the nearest state capital to this latitude, while Udaipur in Tripura is also situated very close to it.

 Additional Information

• Tropic of Capricorn
• Located at 23.5 degrees South latitude.
• It passes through countries in the Southern Hemisphere such as Australia, Brazil, Chile, and South Africa, but does not touch India.
• Equator
• The 0 degree latitude that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
• While India lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, the Equator passes south of the Indian mainland, near the Indonesian archipelago and the Maldives.
• Prime Meridian
• The 0 degree longitude used as the reference for Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
• It passes through Greenwich, London, and intersects parts of Europe and Africa, but is geographically distant from the Indian subcontinent.

The correct answer is 69^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1991.

Key Points

• The 69^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1991 granted special status to the Union Territory of Delhi by designating it as the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.
• This amendment inserted Article 239AA and Article 239AB into the Constitution of India, providing for a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers for Delhi.
• The Legislative Assembly was empowered to make laws on subjects in the State List and Concurrent List, except for Public Order, Police, and Land, which remain under the jurisdiction of the Central Government.
• The amendment stipulated that the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 10 percent of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly.
• The Administrator of the NCT of Delhi was designated as the Lieutenant Governor (L-G), who operates with the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.

 Additional Information

• 61^st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1989:
• Reduced the voting age for elections to the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies from 21 years to 18 years.
• 71^st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992:
• Included Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, increasing the total number of scheduled languages to 18 at that time.
• 74^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992:
• Granted constitutional status and protection to the Urban Local Bodies (Municipalities) by adding Part IX-A and the 12^th Schedule to the Constitution.

The correct answer is Directive Principles of State Policy.

Key Points

• The promotion of international peace and security is explicitly mentioned under Article 51 of the Indian Constitution.
• Article 51 is a constituent part of Part IV, which encompasses the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
• This article mandates that the State shall strive to promote international peace, maintain just and honorable relations between nations, and foster respect for international law and treaty obligations.
• It also encourages the settlement of international disputes through the process of arbitration, reflecting India's commitment to global harmony and non-alignment principles.

 Additional Information

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
• These are borrowed from the Irish Constitution and are contained in Articles 36 to 51.
• While they are non-justiciable in nature, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
• Preamble
• Acts as the preface or introduction to the Constitution, outlining objectives like Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, but does not specifically detail international security clauses.
• Fundamental Rights
• Enshrined in Part III (Articles 12-35), these are justiciable rights guaranteed to citizens and individuals against the state.
• Fundamental Duties
• Listed in Part IV-A (Article 51A), these were added by the 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976, and prescribe the moral obligations of citizens toward the nation.

The correct answer is - Hepatitis

Key Points

• Hepatitis
• Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver, commonly caused by a viral infection.
• The yellowing of the skin and eyes is a clinical condition known as Jaundice.
• Jaundice occurs in Hepatitis because the damaged liver is unable to efficiently process bilirubin, a yellow pigment formed by the breakdown of red blood cells.
• The accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and tissues results in the characteristic yellow discoloration.

Additional Information

• Types of Viral Hepatitis
• Hepatitis A and E: Typically spread through contaminated food and water.
• Hepatitis B, C, and D: Usually transmitted through infected blood or body fluids.
• Other Diseases Mentioned
• Typhoid: A bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi, primarily affecting the intestines.
• Malaria: A disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, affecting red blood cells and the liver.
• Dengue: A viral infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, characterized by high fever, rash, and muscle pain.
• Liver Function
• The liver is the largest gland in the human body responsible for detoxification, protein synthesis, and the production of bile necessary for digestion.

The correct answer is

Compression.

Key Points

• A longitudinal sound wave travels through a medium by creating a series of compressions and rarefactions.
• In a density versus distance graph, the y-axis represents the density of the medium and the x-axis represents the distance.
• Compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are closest together, resulting in maximum density and maximum pressure.
• On the density-distance graph, these regions of maximum density are represented by the peaks or the topmost parts of the curve.
• Conversely, rarefaction is a region where the particles are spread apart, resulting in minimum density and minimum pressure, represented by the valleys or troughs of the curve.
• The distance between two consecutive peaks (compressions) or two consecutive troughs (rarefactions) is known as the wavelength.

Additional Information

• Amplitude: In this context, it refers to the maximum change in density or pressure from the mean value.
• Wavelength: It is the linear distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
• Sound Waves: These are mechanical waves that require a material medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate and cannot travel through a vacuum.
• The density and pressure variations are in phase for a sound wave; where density is highest, pressure is also highest.

The correct answer is Durgabai Deshmukh.

Key Points

• The Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) was established by the Government of India in August 1953 as a specialized agency to promote social welfare activities and implement programs for women and children.
• Durgabai Deshmukh was appointed as the first Chairperson of the Central Social Welfare Board in 1953, where she served until 1962.
• She is widely recognized as the Mother of Social Work in India due to her pioneering efforts in mobilizing voluntary organizations and creating a network of State Social Welfare Advisory Boards.
• Under her leadership, the board launched the Welfare Extension Projects to provide basic services like maternity care and craft training in rural areas, significantly impacting women's welfare and development.
• She was also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India and the Planning Commission, where she advocated for the inclusion of social welfare as a distinct sector in the Five-Year Plans.

 Additional Information

• Rajkumari Amrit Kaur:
• She served as the first Health Minister of independent India in 1947.
• She was instrumental in the establishment of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi.
• Sarojini Naidu:
• Known as the Nightingale of India, she was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress in 1925.
• She served as the first woman Governor of the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh).
• Kalpana Dutt:
• She was a prominent revolutionary and a member of the armed independence movement led by Surya Sen.
• She participated in the Chittagong Armoury Raid in 1930 and was later associated with the Communist Party of India.

The correct answer is Laws do not violate the constitution.

Key Points

• Judicial Review is a fundamental doctrine that empowers the Judiciary to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders of both the Central and State governments.
• The primary objective of this mechanism is to uphold the Principle of Constitutional Supremacy, ensuring that no law or administrative action contravenes the provisions of the Supreme Law of the Land.
• In the context of the Indian Constitution, although the term is not explicitly mentioned, the power is derived from various provisions such as Article 13, Article 32, and Article 226.
• If a law is found to be inconsistent with the Fundamental Rights or any other constitutional provision, the Supreme Court or High Courts can declare such laws as void, unconstitutional, or ultra vires.
• This process acts as a critical Check and Balance within a democracy, preventing the Legislature and Executive from exercising arbitrary power.

 Additional Information

• Scope and Limitations:
• The concept was famously established in the United States through the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) by Chief Justice John Marshall.
• In India, the Basic Structure Doctrine, established in the Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973), further strengthened judicial review by stating that Parliament cannot amend the essential features of the Constitution.
• It differs from Judicial Activism, as review is a reactive power exercised when a case is brought before the court, whereas activism involves a more proactive role in policy-making.
• The Ninth Schedule was originally created to limit judicial review over certain land reform laws, but the I.R. Coelho Case (2007) ruled that laws placed in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are still subject to review.

The correct answer is Krishna River.

Key Points

• The Koyna River is a significant right-bank tributary of the Krishna River, originating in Mahabaleshwar in the Satara district of Maharashtra.
• Unlike most rivers in the Deccan Plateau that flow east or west, the Koyna flows in a north-south direction for a considerable distance before turning east to join the Krishna River at Karad.
• The confluence of the Koyna and Krishna rivers is known as Preeti Sangam, which translates to the Confluence of Love.
• The river is famous for the Koyna Dam, which is one of the largest dams in Maharashtra and plays a vital role in hydroelectric power generation, often referred to as the Lifeline of Maharashtra.
• The Shivajisagar Lake, formed by the Koyna Dam, is a massive reservoir that supports irrigation and fishing in the Western Ghats region.

 Additional Information

• Krishna River:
• It is the fourth-largest river in India in terms of water inflows and river basin area, following the Ganges, Godavari, and Brahmaputra.
• Other major tributaries include the Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima, Musí, and Panchganga.
• Son River:
• A major southern tributary of the Ganges, originating near Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh.
• Amaravati River:
• A significant tributary of the Kaveri River, flowing primarily through the state of Tamil Nadu.
• Hemavati River:
• An important tributary of the Kaveri River, originating in the Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka.

The correct answer is Red Fort.

Key Points

• The Red Fort, also known as Lal Qila, was commissioned by the fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638 when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi.
• The fort was designed by the architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori, who also designed the Taj Mahal, and it represents the zenith of Mughal creativity and architectural refinement.
• Constructed using massive red sandstone walls, the fort served as the main residence of the Mughal Emperors for nearly 200 years until the Rebellion of 1857.
• The structure is located along the banks of the Yamuna River and is famous for its intricate marble work, floral decorations, and double domes.
• In 2007, the Red Fort Complex was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its cultural and architectural significance.

 Additional Information

• Tughlaqabad Fort
• Built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty, in 1321.
• It is a ruined fort in Delhi, characterized by its massive stone fortifications and sloping walls typical of Tughlaq architecture.
• Purana Qila
• One of the oldest forts in Delhi, its current form was largely built by Sher Shah Suri and completed by Humayun.
• It is situated on the site of the ancient city of Indraprastha and features the Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque.
• Qila Rai Pithora
• A fortified city built by the Chauhan king Prithviraj Chauhan in the 12^th century.
• It is often considered the First City of Delhi and was later expanded by the Mamluk Dynasty.

The correct answer is Mandal Panchayat.

Key Points

• The Ashok Mehta Committee was appointed by the Janata Government in December 1977 to examine the working of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and suggest measures to strengthen them.
• The committee submitted its report in August 1978, making 132 recommendations to revive the declining Panchayati Raj system in India.
• A primary recommendation was the replacement of the three-tier system (established by the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee) with a two-tier system.
• The committee proposed the Zilla Parishad at the district level and the Mandal Panchayat at the grassroots level, consisting of a group of villages with a total population of 15,000 to 20,000.
• The Mandal Panchayat was intended to be the basic unit of administration and planning below the district level, ensuring better coordination and economic viability for rural development.

 Additional Information

• Zilla Parishad:
• Under the Ashok Mehta model, the Zilla Parishad was to be the executive body and made responsible for planning at the district level.
• It was envisioned as the first point of decentralization below the State level.
• Nyaya Panchayat:
• The committee recommended that Nyaya Panchayats should be kept as separate bodies from development panchayats.
• They were to be presided over by a qualified judge to ensure impartial justice at the local level.
• Other Recommendations:
• The committee suggested official participation of political parties at all levels of Panchayat elections.
• It advocated for compulsory powers of taxation for PRIs to mobilize their own financial resources.
• It proposed the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes based on their population.