Read the following passage and answer the questions below:
Originally, over two-fifth of the land area of the earth, exclusive of the Polar Regions, or about 1,200 million hectares was covered with natural forests. But, not more than one-third of this area has been robbed by man of its natural protective cover and has been turned into barren land.
One of the main reasons of deforestation is commercial felling of trees. According to an estimate, about 1,600 million cubic metres of wood have been used for various purposes in the world. Therefore, cutting should be regulated by adopting methods like clear cutting, selective cutting, and shelter wood cutting. This process is to be followed in rotation. The time gap between these cuttings is helpful in re-growth of trees.
Destruction or loss of forest by fire is fairly common; because trees are highly exposed to fire and once started it becomes difficult to control. Sometimes, the fire starts by natural process, i.e., by lightning or by friction between trees during speedy winds. While in most cases it is started by man either intentionally or unintentionally. Fresh afforestation programmes should be started. New plantations will not only increase the forest cover but also help in making up the eco-balance.
There are tribes in some parts of Asia, Africa and South America, where shifting cultivation is still a part of their system of land procurement. According to an estimate, about 40 million sq km of land is used for this purpose by 200 million tribals of the world.
The existing forests should be protected. Apart from commercial cutting, unorganized grazing is also one of the reasons. Forests can easily be used or developed as tourist centres which can earn substantial foreign exchange. The concepts of ‘national park’ and ‘gane sanctuary’ have now become popular and every country has developed its unique forest area as a ‘national park’. This scheme is a good method of forest conservation.