The correct answer is R Venkataraman.

Key Points

• R Venkataraman served as the 8^th President of India from 25 July 1987 to 25 July 1992.
• He was elected as President by the Electoral College of India, consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies of States and Union territories.
• Prior to his presidency, Venkataraman held significant positions, including Vice President of India and Minister of Defence.
• He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1988 for his services to the nation.
• Venkataraman played a crucial role in India’s political landscape during his tenure, emphasizing stability and constitutional values.

Additional Information

• Electoral College
• The President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies of States and Union territories.
• The election follows the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.
• The process ensures uniformity in representation of different states.
• Vice President of India
• The Vice President is the second-highest constitutional office in India, succeeding the President.
• The Vice President also serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
• The term of the Vice President is five years, and they can be re-elected.
• Padma Vibhushan
• The Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award in India.
• It is awarded for exceptional and distinguished service in any field including government service.
• The awards are announced every year on Republic Day (26^th January).
• Constitutional Values
• Constitutional values refer to the fundamental principles and ideals upon which the Indian Constitution is based.
• These include justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
• Presidents of India play a crucial role in upholding these values through their office and actions.

The correct answer is Sri Lanka.

Key Points

• The Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa are ancient Buddhist texts written in Pali.
• These texts are considered the earliest historical records of Sri Lanka.
• The Mahavamsa was composed in the 5^th century AD, while the Dipavamsa predates it, being compiled in the 4^th century AD.
• Both texts provide detailed accounts of the history of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, as well as the island's political and cultural history.
• These chronicles are essential sources of historical information about the reign of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka and his role in the spread of Buddhism.

Additional Information

• Dipavamsa
• The Dipavamsa, meaning "Chronicle of the Island," is the earliest extant chronicle of Sri Lanka.
• It provides accounts of the early history of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, including the arrival of Buddhism on the island.
• The text is believed to have been compiled by Buddhist monks of the Mahavihara tradition.
• It serves as a precursor to the more comprehensive Mahavamsa.
• Mahavamsa
• The Mahavamsa, meaning "Great Chronicle," was composed by the Buddhist monk Mahanama in the 5^th century AD.
• This chronicle covers the history of Sri Lanka from the legendary past up to the reign of King Mahasena (334-361 AD).
• The Mahavamsa is divided into three parts: the Mahavamsa, the Culavamsa, and the modern continuation of the chronicle.
• It is considered a vital source for understanding the historical and cultural development of Sri Lanka.
• Role of Emperor Ashoka
• Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Dynasty played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism to Sri Lanka.
• He sent his son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhist teachings.
• The Mahavamsa provides detailed accounts of their missions and the establishment of Buddhism on the island.
• Pali Language
• Pali is the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism and was used to compose the early Buddhist scriptures.
• The Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa are significant historical texts written in Pali.
• Pali is closely related to Sanskrit and was widely used in ancient India and Sri Lanka.

The correct answer is Magadha.

Key Points

• Nalanda University was an ancient center of higher learning in the Indian state of Bihar, located in the region historically known as Magadha.
• The university was established during the Gupta Empire in the 5^th century CE.
• Nalanda was a renowned Buddhist monastery and educational institution that attracted scholars from across Asia.
• It is considered one of the first residential universities in the world, providing accommodation to both students and faculty.

Additional Information

• Historical Significance: Nalanda University was an esteemed seat of learning and intellectual exchange in ancient India.
• Courses Offered: The university offered studies in various fields such as theology, grammar, logic, astronomy, metaphysics, and medicine.
• Library: Nalanda had a vast library called "Dharmaganja," which housed numerous manuscripts and texts.
• Destruction: The university faced destruction around the 12^th century during the invasions by Turkic Muslim invaders, particularly Bakhtiyar Khilji.
• Revival: Efforts to revive Nalanda University have been undertaken in modern times, with the establishment of a new Nalanda University in 2010.

The correct answer is 1928.

Key Points

• India won its first Olympic gold medal in hockey in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics.
• The Indian hockey team defeated the Netherlands with a score of 3-0 in the final match.
• Legendary player Dhyan Chand was a significant contributor to the victory, scoring two out of the three goals.
• This victory marked the beginning of India's dominance in field hockey, leading to multiple gold medals in subsequent Olympics.

Additional Information

• Dhyan Chand
• Dhyan Chand is widely regarded as one of the greatest field hockey players of all time.
• His extraordinary goal-scoring ability earned him the nickname "The Wizard" or "The Magician of Hockey."
• He played a pivotal role in securing gold medals for India in the 1928, 1932, and 1936 Olympics.
• Indian Hockey Team's Olympic Success
• India's men's hockey team has won a total of eight Olympic gold medals (1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1980).
• The team set an Olympic record by winning six consecutive gold medals from 1928 to 1956.
• Field Hockey in the Olympics
• Field hockey has been a part of the Summer Olympics since 1908 for men and 1980 for women.
• It is one of the oldest team sports in the Olympic Games.
• Evolution of the Game
• Field hockey has evolved significantly over the years with changes in rules, equipment, and playing surfaces.
• Modern field hockey is played on artificial turf, which allows for faster and more dynamic gameplay.

The correct answer is Only (i) is true.

Key Points

• High Powered Money, also known as the monetary base, consists of currency in circulation and cash reserves held by the banks.
• It includes the total currency issued by the central bank and held by the public plus the deposits held by commercial banks with the central bank.
• Demand deposits are not included in High Powered Money; they are part of the broader money supply categories such as M1, M2, etc.
• High Powered Money is crucial because it serves as the foundation upon which the money supply is built through the banking system.

Additional Information

• Monetary Base (High Powered Money)
• It is the sum of currency in circulation and reserves held by banks with the central bank.
• It is a critical measure used by central banks to control the money supply and manage economic stability.
• Money Supply
• The total amount of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time.
• Common measures of money supply include M1 (currency and demand deposits), M2 (M1 plus savings deposits), etc.
• Central Bank Reserves
• Deposits that commercial banks hold with the central bank as part of their required reserves.
• These reserves are used to meet the liquidity needs and regulatory requirements.
• Currency in Circulation
• The physical money (coins and paper currency) held by the public and businesses, excluding the reserves held by banks.
• It forms part of the broader money supply and is directly controlled by the central bank.

The correct answer is NABARD.

Key Points

• The task force on Supportive Policy and Regulatory Framework for MicroFinance in India was set up by NABARD in 1999.
• The initiative aimed at promoting and regulating microfinance institutions (MFIs) in the country.
• NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) plays a pivotal role in the development of microfinance in rural areas.
• Recommendations from this task force have helped shape the microfinance sector in India significantly.
• The task force included experts from various fields to ensure a comprehensive approach to policy formulation.

Additional Information

• NABARD
• Established on 12 July 1982 by a special Act of the Parliament.
• It is an apex development financial institution in India, headquartered in Mumbai.
• The primary objective is to provide and regulate credit for the promotion of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, and other rural crafts.
• It also plays a key role in implementing various government schemes and initiatives aimed at rural development.
• Microfinance
• Microfinance refers to financial services, such as microloans, savings, insurance, and fund transfers, offered to low-income individuals or groups.
• It aims to provide access to financial resources for those who do not have access to traditional banking services.
• Microfinance institutions (MFIs) play a crucial role in the economic development of underserved communities.
• It has been recognized as an effective tool for poverty alleviation and economic empowerment.
• Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)
• MFIs are financial institutions that provide microfinance services to the underserved population.
• They include a variety of entities such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), cooperatives, and commercial banks.
• The primary focus is on providing small loans (microloans) to individuals or groups, usually to start or expand small businesses.
• MFIs also offer other financial services such as savings accounts, insurance, and money transfer services.
• Role of NABARD in Microfinance
• NABARD provides financial support and capacity-building for MFIs.
• It facilitates the formation and nurturing of Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
• NABARD also provides refinance support to banks for lending to the microfinance sector.
• It has been instrumental in the development and implementation of various microfinance models in India.

The correct answer is Microtubules.

Key Points

• Microtubules are rigid hollow rods that are approximately 25 nm in diameter.
• They play a crucial role in the cell cycle by forming the mitotic spindle.
• Microtubules are composed of tubulin proteins, specifically alpha and beta tubulin.
• They help in maintaining cell shape, enabling intracellular transport, and separating chromosomes during cell division.

Additional Information

• Intermediate filaments
• Intermediate filaments are about 10 nm in diameter and provide mechanical support for the cell.
• They are composed of various proteins such as keratins, vimentin, and lamins.
• Actin filaments
• Actin filaments, also known as microfilaments, are about 7 nm in diameter and are composed of actin protein.
• They are involved in cell movement and shape changes, as well as muscle contraction.
• Cell cycle
• The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitotic phase (M phase).
• Microtubules are critical during the M phase for the separation of chromosomes.
• Tubulin
• Tubulin is the protein building block of microtubules.
• Alpha and beta tubulin dimers polymerize to form the microtubule structure.

The correct answer is Meerut.

Key Points

• The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, began on 10 May 1857 in Meerut.
• The uprising was initiated by Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British East India Company's army.
• Meerut is located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, northern India.
• The immediate cause of the revolt was the introduction of the new Enfield rifle, which was rumored to use cartridges greased with cow and pig fat.

Additional Information

• The Revolt of 1857 was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising against British rule in India.
• Causes of the revolt included political, economic, social, and military grievances, alongside the immediate trigger related to the Enfield rifle cartridges.
• The rebellion spread to various parts of India, including Delhi, Kanpur, and Jhansi, among others.
• Key leaders of the revolt included Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Bahadur Shah II, Nana Sahib, and Tantia Tope.
• The aftermath of the revolt led to significant changes in British policies and the administration of India, including the end of the East India Company's rule and the establishment of direct British governance (the British Raj).

The correct answer is dairy products.

Key Points

• Annatto seeds and extracts are commonly used as coloring agents in dairy products, particularly in cheese and butter.
• The primary purpose is to give dairy products a consistent, appealing yellow to orange hue.
• Annatto is derived from the seeds of the achiote tree, native to tropical regions of the Americas.
• It is preferred as a natural coloring agent over synthetic dyes in the food industry.

Additional Information

• Color Additives in Foods
• Color additives are used to enhance the appearance of food and beverages, making them more appealing to consumers.
• Both natural and synthetic color additives are regulated by food safety authorities to ensure they are safe for consumption.
• Examples of natural color additives include beet juice, turmeric, and spirulina extract.
• Regulation of Food Adulteration
• Food adulteration involves the addition of substances to food products to increase quantity and reduce quality.
• Food safety authorities, such as the FDA in the United States and FSSAI in India, set strict guidelines to prevent adulteration.
• Consumers are encouraged to purchase food products from reputable sources to minimize the risk of adulteration.
• Health Impacts of Adulterants
• Consuming adulterated food can lead to health issues, including allergies, digestive problems, and long-term health risks.
• It is crucial to be aware of food labels and ingredient lists to identify potential adulterants.
• Identification of Natural Food Colors
• Natural food colors are often listed on ingredient labels under their specific names or as "natural color."
• Consumers seeking to avoid synthetic dyes can look for certifications such as "organic" or "non-GMO," which often use natural colorants.

The correct answer is Nilotpal Bora.

Key Points

• Nilotpal Bora is a renowned Indian singer and composer known for his contributions to Assamese music and Indian pop.
• The song 'Shaabaash' by Nilotpal Bora became the anthem for Indian athletes at the Commonwealth Games 2022.
• The anthem celebrates the spirit and achievements of Indian athletes, inspiring them to perform their best.
• Nilotpal Bora's music often blends contemporary and traditional elements, making his songs popular across various demographics.

Additional Information

• Commonwealth Games 2022
• The Commonwealth Games 2022 were held in Birmingham, England.
• India achieved significant success, winning numerous medals across various sports disciplines.
• The Games provided a platform for athletes from Commonwealth countries to compete and showcase their talents.
• Indian Athletes at Commonwealth Games
• Indian athletes have a history of strong performances at the Commonwealth Games.
• The Games serve as an important event for Indian athletes to gain international exposure and experience.
• India has consistently been among the top-performing nations in the Commonwealth Games.
• Role of Music in Sports
• Music plays a significant role in motivating athletes and enhancing their performance.
• Anthems and motivational songs can boost team spirit and unity among athletes.
• Such songs often become symbolic of the athletes' determination and national pride.

The correct answer is Indian Council Act, 1861.

Key Points

• The Indian Council Act of 1861 was a significant step towards the decentralization of legislative powers in British India.
• It restored legislative powers to the provinces, allowing them to make and amend laws for their respective regions.
• This Act introduced legislative councils at the provincial level, which included nominated Indian members, thereby giving Indians a limited role in governance.
• The Act was instrumental in laying the foundation for the creation of future legislative structures in India, leading to more autonomous provincial governance.

Additional Information

• Indian Council Act, 1892
• This Act increased the number of non-official members in the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils.
• It allowed for discussion of the budget and addressing questions to the executive.
• However, it did not grant any legislative powers to the members.
• Indian Council Act, 1909
• Also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, this Act introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
• It increased the size of legislative councils and expanded the role of Indians in the governance process.
• Regulating Act, 1773
• This was the first attempt by the British Parliament to regulate the East India Company's rule in India.
• It established a system of dual governance in Bengal and created the position of Governor-General of Bengal.

The correct answer is 61.

Key Points

• India won a total of 61 medals in the Commonwealth Games 2022.
• The medal tally included 22 gold, 16 silver, and 23 bronze medals.
• India ranked 4^th in the overall medal standings at the Commonwealth Games 2022.
• Sports where India excelled included weightlifting, wrestling, boxing, and badminton.
• India's performance was significantly driven by female athletes who won a majority of the medals.

Additional Information

• Commonwealth Games
• The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations.
• The event was first held in 1930 and has since grown to include over 70 nations.
• It takes place every four years and features a variety of sports including athletics, swimming, and cycling.
• The Commonwealth Games 2022 were held in Birmingham, England.
• The Games are known for promoting unity and friendly competition among Commonwealth countries.
• India's History in Commonwealth Games
• India has been participating in the Commonwealth Games since 1934.
• India's best performance was in the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games where it won 101 medals.
• Sports like shooting, wrestling, and weightlifting have traditionally been strong areas for India.
• India has consistently ranked among the top 5 nations in recent Commonwealth Games.
• Indian athletes have set several records in the Commonwealth Games over the years.
• Key Indian Athletes in 2022
• Mirabai Chanu won gold in weightlifting, setting a new Commonwealth record.
• PV Sindhu clinched gold in badminton women's singles.
• Bajrang Punia and Sakshi Malik secured gold in wrestling.
• Nikhat Zareen achieved gold in boxing.
• Several new talents emerged in athletics and swimming.
• Impact of Commonwealth Games on Indian Sports
• The Games have helped in promoting and developing sports culture in India.
• They provide a platform for Indian athletes to showcase their talent on an international level.
• Success in the Games often leads to increased funding and support for athletes.
• The performance of athletes in the Commonwealth Games serves as an inspiration for young and aspiring sportspersons.
• It contributes to the overall growth and popularity of various sports in India.

The correct answer is Manipuri.

Key Points

• Guru Bipin Singh was an acclaimed exponent and choreographer of the Manipuri dance, one of the major classical dance forms of India.
• He was instrumental in popularizing Manipuri dance both within India and internationally.
• Manipuri dance is characterized by its lyrical and graceful movements, often depicting themes of love and devotion.
• The Kalidas Samman is a prestigious arts award given annually by the government of Madhya Pradesh, recognizing exceptional contribution to classical music, dance, theatre, and visual arts.

Additional Information

• Manipuri Dance
• Originated in Manipur, a northeastern state of India.
• Known for its themes based on the Raas Leela and the love story of Radha and Krishna.
• Costumes are often vibrant with the female dancers wearing the traditional "Patloi" and "Kumin" attire.
• Music accompanying the dance includes traditional Manipuri instruments such as the Pung (drum) and Kartal (cymbals).
• Kalidas Samman Award
• Named after the classical Sanskrit author Kalidasa.
• One of the highest awards for arts in India, instituted in 1980.
• Awarded annually by the Government of Madhya Pradesh, Department of Culture.
• Honors outstanding achievement in the fields of classical music, classical dance, theatre, and visual arts.
• Guru Bipin Singh
• Regarded as a pioneer in the field of Manipuri dance.
• Founded the Manipuri Nartanalaya in Kolkata and Imphal.
• His contributions include choreographing numerous dance-dramas and training many prominent dancers.
• Recipient of several prestigious awards including the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award.

The correct answer is Bhupen Hazarika.

Key Points

• Bhupen Hazarika was an eminent Indian playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet, and filmmaker from Assam.
• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, posthumously in 2019.
• Hazarika's songs, written and sung mainly in the Assamese language, are marked by themes of humanity and universal brotherhood.
• He was also known for his contributions to Assamese cinema and his role in popularizing Assamese folk music.
• Bhupen Hazarika served as the chairman of the Sangeet Natak Akademi from December 1998 to December 2003.

Additional Information

• Bharat Ratna
• It is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India, instituted in 1954.
• The award recognizes exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavor.
• It does not carry any monetary grant but consists of a medallion and a certificate.
• As of 2023, only 48 individuals have been awarded the Bharat Ratna.
• Assamese Folk Music
• Assamese folk music includes various forms like Bihu songs, Borgeet, and Zikir.
• Bihu songs are traditionally sung during the Bihu festival, marking the Assamese New Year.
• Borgeet are devotional songs composed by Srimanta Sankardev and Madhavdev.
• Zikir are songs that promote communal harmony and were composed by Azan Fakir.
• Sangeet Natak Akademi
• It is India's national academy for music, dance, and drama.
• Established in 1952, it aims to promote and preserve India's cultural heritage.
• The Akademi conducts various programs, workshops, and awards to recognize excellence in performing arts.
• The chairman serves a term of five years and is appointed by the President of India.
• Posthumous Awards
• Posthumous awards are honors given after the recipient's death.
• They recognize the contributions and legacy of individuals who have significantly impacted their field.
• In India, several high-profile awards, including the Bharat Ratna, have been given posthumously.
• These awards serve as a tribute to the recipient's enduring influence and achievements.

The correct answer is Kuchipudi.

Key Points

• Guru Vempati Chinna Satyam was a renowned Indian classical dancer and teacher of the Kuchipudi dance form.
• He was instrumental in popularizing Kuchipudi both in India and internationally.
• Born in 1929 in Kuchipudi village, Andhra Pradesh, he was a dedicated practitioner and promoter of this traditional dance form.
• Guru Satyam established the Kuchipudi Art Academy in Chennai in 1963 to train students in the dance form.
• He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1998 for his contributions to Indian classical dance.

Additional Information

• Kuchipudi Dance:
• Kuchipudi is one of the eight major Indian classical dance forms, originating from Andhra Pradesh.
• It combines fast rhythms with fluid movements, creating a unique blend of control and abandon.
• The dance often includes storytelling through expressive gestures and intricate footwork.
• Traditionally, Kuchipudi was performed by male dancers in temples as a form of worship.
• It incorporates elements of drama and has a strong narrative aspect, often depicting mythological tales.
• Guru Vempati Chinna Satyam's Contributions:
• He formalized the teaching of Kuchipudi by introducing a structured syllabus.
• His choreographies include classical pieces such as "Bhama Kalapam" and "Rukmini Kalyanam."
• He trained numerous disciples who have carried forward his legacy globally.
• Guru Satyam's efforts have ensured that Kuchipudi gained recognition and respect as a classical dance form.
• Recognition and Awards:
• In addition to the Padma Bhushan, he received several other prestigious awards including the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award.
• His contributions were acknowledged by various cultural organizations in India and abroad.
• Kuchipudi Art Academy:
• Founded by Guru Satyam, the academy has been a pivotal institution in the propagation of Kuchipudi.
• It has produced many distinguished dancers and choreographers.
• The academy conducts regular classes, workshops, and performances to promote the dance form.

The correct answer is Liquidation.

Key Points

• Liquidation is the process of bringing a business to an end and distributing its assets to claimants.
• It typically occurs when a company is insolvent, meaning it cannot pay its obligations as and when they come due.
• The assets of the company are sold off and the proceeds are used to pay off debts, liabilities, and expenses.
• Any remaining funds are distributed to the shareholders of the company.
• Liquidation can be voluntary or involuntary, depending on whether the decision is made by the shareholders or forced by creditors through court action.

Additional Information

• Insolvency
• Insolvency is a state where an individual or organization can no longer meet its financial obligations with its lender or lenders as debts become due.
• Insolvency can lead to bankruptcy if the insolvent entity is unable to come to an agreement with creditors to restructure debt.
• Insolvency is of two types: cash-flow insolvency and balance-sheet insolvency.
• Bankruptcy
• Bankruptcy is a legal proceeding involving a person or business that is unable to repay their outstanding debts.
• The bankruptcy process begins with a petition filed by the debtor or on behalf of creditors.
• All of the debtor's assets are measured and evaluated, and the assets may be used to repay a portion of outstanding debt.
• Receivership
• Receivership is a legal process in which a receiver is appointed by a court to manage the property, business, or assets of a financially distressed company.
• The receiver's role is to recover funds owed to creditors and distribute any remaining assets to stakeholders.
• Receivership is often seen as a last resort before liquidation.
• Voluntary Liquidation
• Voluntary liquidation occurs when the shareholders of a company decide to wind up its affairs and dissolve the company.
• This decision is often made when a company has fulfilled its purpose or when it is financially beneficial to dissolve the entity.
• The process involves selling off the company's assets, paying off creditors, and distributing any remaining funds to shareholders.
• Involuntary Liquidation
• Involuntary liquidation occurs when creditors force a company into liquidation through court action due to unpaid debts.
• This type of liquidation is often initiated when creditors believe they will not recover their funds through normal business operations.
• The court appoints a liquidator to sell off the company's assets and distribute the proceeds to creditors.

The correct answer is Minhaj-i Siraj.

Key Points

• Minhaj-i Siraj was a Persian historian of the 13^th century who wrote the Tabaqat-i Nasiri, a comprehensive history of the Islamic world.
• In his writings, Minhaj-i Siraj praised Raziyya Sultan, stating she was more capable and qualified than her brothers to rule the Delhi Sultanate.
• Raziyya Sultan was the first and only female Sultan of Delhi, reigning from 1236 to 1240.
• Minhaj-i Siraj's recognition of Raziyya's capabilities highlights her exceptional leadership qualities and administrative skills.

Additional Information

• Raziyya Sultan
• Raziyya Sultan was the daughter of Iltutmish, the third Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi.
• She ascended the throne after the death of her father in 1236, succeeding her brother Ruknuddin Firuz.
• Raziyya Sultan's reign was marked by efforts to consolidate the Sultanate's territories and improve administration.
• Her rule faced significant opposition from the Turkish nobility, who were unwilling to accept a female ruler.
• Minhaj-i Siraj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri
• The Tabaqat-i Nasiri is a historical chronicle written in Persian, covering the history of the Islamic world up to the 13^th century.
• It is divided into 23 sections (tabaqat), each detailing the reigns of various rulers and dynasties.
• The work is considered a valuable source of information on the history of the Delhi Sultanate and the Islamic world.
• Minhaj-i Siraj served as the chief Qazi (judge) and historian during the reign of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud of the Delhi Sultanate.
• Challenges faced by Raziyya Sultan
• Raziyya faced significant challenges from the Turkish nobility, who were opposed to her rule due to her gender.
• She was deposed in 1240 by a coalition of nobles and was subsequently killed in a battle against her enemies.
• Despite her short reign, Raziyya Sultan is remembered for her courage, administrative skills, and efforts to strengthen the Sultanate.

The correct answer is i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a.

Key Points

• Papaya Seeds - Black Pepper: Papaya seeds are used to adulterate black pepper as they are similar in size and colour.
• Argemone Seeds - Mustard Oil: Argemone seeds are used to adulterate mustard oil, which may make the oil toxic.
• Detergent – ​​Milk: Adding detergent to milk increases its density and is harmful for health.
• Yellow Aniline Dye – Turmeric: Adding yellow aniline dye to turmeric makes its colour bright, but it is harmful for health.

Additional Information

• Food Adulteration: Food adulteration can cause serious threat to the health of consumers and strict rules and regulations are required to prevent this.
• Identification of adulteration: Adulteration in food items can be identified by using various chemicals and natural elements.
• Consumer Awareness: Consumers should be cautious while purchasing food items and must buy only quality certified products.
• Role of Government: Government should take strict measures to stop adulteration of food items and punish the culprits.
• Health Effects: Consuming adulterated food items can cause poisoning, allergies, and other serious health problems.

The correct answer is light penalty.

Key Points

• The term 'chui' in judo is used to denote a light penalty.
• It is one of the penalties given for minor infringements of the rules during a judo match.
• Receiving multiple 'chui' penalties can lead to more severe penalties or disqualification.
• This penalty system is designed to ensure fair play and adherence to the rules of the sport.

Additional Information

• Shido
• It is another type of light penalty in judo, often given for minor rule violations.
• Accumulating several shido penalties can result in more serious consequences.
• Hansoku-make
• This is the most severe penalty in judo and leads to disqualification from the match.
• It is given for serious rule violations or unsportsmanlike behavior.
• Judo Scoring System
• Points in judo are awarded based on the effectiveness of throws, holds, and submissions.
• The main scoring terms are Ippon, Waza-ari, and Yuko.
• Judo Techniques
• Judo techniques are classified into throws (nage-waza), holds (osaekomi-waza), and submissions (shime-waza and kansetsu-waza).
• Each technique has specific rules and guidelines for proper execution.

The correct answer is Gosi Khurd dam.

Key Points

• The Gosi Khurd dam was not part of the First Five-Year Plan in India, which spanned from 1951 to 1956.
• The First Five-Year Plan focused primarily on large-scale projects like Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, and Mettur dams for improving irrigation and power generation.
• Gosi Khurd dam, located on the Wainganga river in Maharashtra, was sanctioned later and not during the First Five-Year Plan.
• The development of irrigation facilities during the First Five-Year Plan was crucial for India's agricultural sector and aimed at increasing food production.

Additional Information

• First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956)
• Launched by the Government of India with an emphasis on agricultural development.
• The plan aimed at addressing the severe food shortages in post-independence India.
• Significant investments were made in irrigation projects to boost agricultural productivity.
• It prioritized the construction of major dams like Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, and Mettur.
• Bhakra Nangal Dam
• Located on the Sutlej river in Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
• One of India's earliest and largest multi-purpose dams.
• Key objectives included irrigation, flood control, and hydroelectric power generation.
• Hirakud Dam
• Constructed on the Mahanadi river in Odisha.
• Recognized as the longest earthen dam in the world at the time of construction.
• Primarily aimed at flood control, irrigation, and power generation.
• Mettur Dam
• Built on the Cauvery river in Tamil Nadu.
• It is one of the oldest and largest dams in India.
• Serves as a major source for irrigation, drinking water, and power generation.

The correct answer is Indra.

Key Points

• Indra is one of the most prominent deities in the Rig Veda.
• He is often referred to as the breaker of forts due to his role in conquering and destroying enemy strongholds.
• Indra is celebrated for his martial prowess and is depicted as a warrior god who leads the Devas (gods) into battle.
• He is also known for his association with storms and rain, wielding the thunderbolt (Vajra) as his weapon.
• Indra's exploits are detailed in numerous hymns within the Rig Veda, highlighting his importance in Vedic mythology.

Additional Information

• Rig Veda
• The Rig Veda is the oldest of the four Vedas and consists of hymns dedicated to various deities.
• It is composed in early Sanskrit and is a foundational text for the Vedic religion.
• The Rig Veda is divided into ten books known as Mandalas, each containing hymns praising different gods.
• It provides insight into the spiritual, cultural, and social life of early Vedic civilization.
• Vedic Deities
• Vedic deities are gods and goddesses worshipped in the Vedic period, each with distinct attributes and roles.
• Besides Indra, other prominent deities include Agni (fire god), Varuna (god of water and cosmic order), and Soma (god of the sacred drink).
• These deities were invoked during rituals and sacrifices to seek their blessings and favor.
• The hymns in the Vedas often recount the myths and legends associated with these deities.
• Vajra (Thunderbolt)
• The Vajra is the weapon associated with Indra, symbolizing his power to create storms and rain.
• It is depicted as a thunderbolt, capable of destroying any obstacle or enemy.
• In later traditions, the Vajra also becomes a significant symbol in Buddhist philosophy.
• Its association with Indra highlights his role as a storm god and a warrior.
• Indra's Role in Vedic Rituals
• Indra was a central figure in Vedic rituals, often invoked for protection and victory in battles.
• He was believed to bring rain and prosperity, making him crucial for agricultural communities.
• Rituals dedicated to Indra included offerings and sacrifices meant to appease and gain his favor.
• His worship reflects the martial and agrarian aspects of Vedic society.

The correct answer is Articles 20-21.

Key Points

• Articles 20 and 21 of the Indian Constitution deal with the protection of certain rights regarding conviction for offenses and the protection of life and personal liberty.
• Article 20 provides protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person, ensuring the right against ex post facto laws, double jeopardy, and self-incrimination.
• Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, stating that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.
• During an emergency, these fundamental rights (Articles 20-21) cannot be suspended as per the provisions of the Constitution.
• The Supreme Court of India has reiterated the inviolability of these rights even during periods of emergency, maintaining their protection.

Additional Information

• Emergency Provisions in India:
• The Indian Constitution provides for three types of emergencies: National Emergency (Article 352), State Emergency (Article 356), and Financial Emergency (Article 360).
• During a national emergency, fundamental rights under Article 19 are suspended, but Articles 20 and 21 remain protected.
• State emergency, also known as President's Rule, can be imposed when a state government is unable to function according to the Constitution.
• Financial emergency can be declared if the financial stability or credit of India is threatened.
• Article 19:
• Article 19 guarantees six fundamental freedoms: speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession.
• These rights can be suspended during a national emergency.
• Article 19 is a critical component of the fundamental rights provided under Part III of the Constitution.
• Supreme Court Judgments:
• The Supreme Court has played a pivotal role in safeguarding fundamental rights during emergencies.
• Key judgments include the landmark case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, which expanded the interpretation of Article 21.
• In ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla, the Court initially upheld suspension of habeas corpus during emergency, but this was later criticized and overturned in subsequent judgments.
• Constitutional Amendments:
• The 44^th Amendment Act, 1978, was significant in ensuring that Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended even during emergencies.
• This amendment provided greater protection to the fundamental rights of individuals.

The correct answer is West Bengal.

Key Points

• The first jute mill in India was established at Rishra, near Kolkata, in the year 1855.
• Rishra is located in the Hooghly district of West Bengal.
• West Bengal became the hub for the jute industry due to its favorable climate and proximity to the Hooghly river.
• The mill was founded by George Acland, an Englishman, along with some Bengali partners.

Additional Information

• Jute Industry in India
• India is one of the largest producers of jute globally, second only to Bangladesh.
• Jute is referred to as the 'Golden Fiber' due to its versatility and eco-friendly nature.
• West Bengal, Bihar, and Assam are the primary jute-producing states in India.
• Jute products include bags, ropes, mats, and various handicrafts, which are important for both domestic use and export.
• Economic Importance
• The jute industry provides employment to millions of people in rural and semi-urban areas.
• Jute mills contribute significantly to the economy of West Bengal and play a crucial role in the region's industrial sector.
• Jute exports earn substantial foreign exchange for India, bolstering the country's trade balance.
• Environmental Benefits
• Jute cultivation helps improve soil quality and fertility due to its crop rotation benefits.
• Jute products are biodegradable and environmentally friendly, reducing pollution compared to synthetic fibers.
• Challenges
• The jute industry faces competition from synthetic alternatives like polypropylene.
• Fluctuations in raw jute prices and quality can impact the profitability of jute mills.
• Efforts are being made to modernize jute mills and improve production techniques to remain competitive.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

Key Points

• The Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range is located in Tughlaqabad, New Delhi, India.
• It was constructed and inaugurated for the 1982 Asian Games.
• The shooting range is named after Dr. Karni Singh, who was a renowned shooter and the first Indian to win a medal at the World Shooting Championship.
• The facility underwent significant renovations and upgrades before the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi.
• It is managed by the National Rifle Association of India (NRAI).

Additional Information

• National Rifle Association of India (NRAI)
• The NRAI is the national governing body for the sport of shooting in India.
• It was founded in 1951 and is affiliated with the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF).
• The NRAI organizes training camps, competitions, and oversees the selection of shooters for international events.
• It plays a crucial role in promoting and developing shooting sports in India.
• 2010 Commonwealth Games
• The 2010 Commonwealth Games were held in Delhi, India from October 3 to October 14, 2010.
• This was the first time the Commonwealth Games were held in India.
• The event featured athletes from 71 Commonwealth nations competing in various sports.
• India ranked second in the medal tally with a total of 101 medals, including 38 gold medals.
• Asian Games 1982
• The 9^th Asian Games were held in New Delhi, India from November 19 to December 4, 1982.
• The event marked a significant moment for Indian sports infrastructure development.
• It was the second time India hosted the Asian Games, the first being in 1951.
• The mascot for the 1982 Asian Games was Appu, an elephant.
• Dr. Karni Singh
• Dr. Karni Singh was an Indian shooter and a member of the Bikaner royal family.
• He won a silver medal in the trap shooting event at the 1962 ISSF World Shooting Championships in Cairo, Egypt.
• He was awarded the prestigious Arjuna Award in 1961 for his achievements in shooting.
• He also served as a Member of Parliament in India.

The correct answer is Baisakhi.

Key Points

• Baisakhi is celebrated as the foundation day of the Khalsa Panth by Sikhs.
• On April 13, 1699, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru, established the Khalsa Panth.
• The creation of the Khalsa was a pivotal moment, marking the establishment of a community dedicated to righteousness and equality.
• Baisakhi also marks the beginning of the new harvest season and is celebrated with great fervor in Punjab and other parts of India.

Additional Information

• Khalsa Panth
• The Khalsa Panth is a community of initiated Sikhs who adhere to the strict code of conduct and discipline defined by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• Initiated Sikhs, known as Khalsa, are required to wear the five Ks: Kesh (uncut hair), Kara (a steel bracelet), Kanga (a wooden comb), Kachera (cotton undergarments), and Kirpan (a ceremonial sword).
• The Khalsa Panth was formed to uphold justice, righteousness, and to protect the oppressed.
• Baisakhi Celebrations
• Baisakhi is celebrated with processions known as Nagar Kirtans, which include singing hymns and displaying martial arts.
• Gurdwaras, the Sikh temples, are decorated, and special prayers are held to mark the occasion.
• Community meals, known as Langar, are served to all visitors, emphasizing the Sikh principles of equality and community service.
• Harvest Festival
• Baisakhi also signifies the harvest festival for the farming community in Punjab.
• It is a time of joy and celebration as farmers reap the fruits of their hard work.
• Traditional folk dances like Bhangra and Gidda are performed to celebrate the harvest.

The correct answer is 1981.

Key Points

• The 1981 Census of India recorded the highest gap in male and female literacy rates.
• The male literacy rate in 1981 was significantly higher compared to the female literacy rate.
• The literacy rate gap was a reflection of the socio-economic disparities and gender biases prevalent in the country at that time.
• Efforts to bridge the literacy gap have since been a key focus in India's educational policies.

Additional Information

• Literacy Rate
• The literacy rate is the percentage of people who are able to read and write with understanding in a specific age group.
• It is a critical indicator of social and economic progress in a country.
• Gender Disparity in Literacy
• Gender disparity in literacy highlights the differences in literacy rates between males and females.
• This disparity can be attributed to socio-economic factors, cultural norms, and access to education.
• Educational Reforms in India
• India has implemented various educational reforms to improve literacy rates, including the Right to Education Act.
• Government initiatives like 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao' aim to address gender disparity in education.
• Impact of Literacy on Development
• Higher literacy rates are associated with improved economic development, better health outcomes, and increased social participation.
• Literacy empowers individuals to make informed decisions and improve their quality of life.

The correct answer is Suryakant Tripathi Nirala.

Key Points

• Suryakant Tripathi Nirala is a renowned Hindi poet, novelist, essayist, and story-writer.
• He is one of the prominent figures in modern Hindi literature.
• Nirala is known for his free verse and his contributions to Hindi poetry and prose.
• His works reflect a deep understanding of human emotions and societal issues.
• His famous novel 'Apsara' is a classic in Hindi literature.

Additional Information

• Chhayavaad Movement
• Suryakant Tripathi Nirala was a part of the Chhayavaad movement, a literary movement in Hindi literature.
• Chhayavaad is characterized by its romanticism and marked a significant shift in Hindi poetry.
• Other prominent figures of this movement include Jaishankar Prasad, Sumitranandan Pant, and Mahadevi Verma.
• Other Notable Works
• Nirala's other notable works include 'Saroj Smriti', 'Tulsidas', and 'Kukurmutta'.
• His poetry often dealt with themes of human suffering, social injustice, and philosophical musings.
• Literary Style
• Nirala is known for his unconventional and innovative literary style.
• His use of free verse in poetry was revolutionary at the time.
• He also experimented with different forms and genres in his prose works.
• Legacy
• Suryakant Tripathi Nirala's contributions to Hindi literature are celebrated and studied extensively.
• His works continue to inspire new generations of writers and poets.
• He is remembered as a pioneer who brought a fresh perspective to Hindi literature.

The correct answer is calcium sulphate hemihydrate.

Key Points

• Plaster of Paris is chemically known as calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO₄·½H₂O).
• It is produced by heating gypsum (calcium sulphate dihydrate) to a temperature of about 150°C.
• When mixed with water, Plaster of Paris rehydrates and hardens, making it useful for casting molds, sculptures, and medical casts.
• It is widely used in construction for coating walls and ceilings and in art for making sculptures and decorative items.

Additional Information

• Gypsum
• Gypsum is a naturally occurring mineral composed of calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO₄·2H₂O).
• It is used in the manufacture of plaster, drywall, cement, and as a soil conditioner in agriculture.
• Setting Time
• Plaster of Paris sets quickly, typically within 10 to 15 minutes, after being mixed with water.
• The setting time can be adjusted by adding various chemicals to the mixture.
• Medical Uses
• It is extensively used in orthopedics for making casts to immobilize broken bones while they heal.
• It provides a rigid structure that conforms to the shape of the injured limb.
• Historical Significance
• Plaster of Paris has been used since ancient times, with evidence of its use in Egyptian tombs and Roman buildings.
• Its name originates from the large deposits of gypsum found in Paris, France.

The correct answer is Ruskin Bond.

Key Points

• Ruskin Bond is a celebrated Indian author of British descent.
• He received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1992 for his novel "Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra".
• "Roads to Mussoorie" is one of his notable works, highlighting his life experiences and observations in Mussoorie, a hill station in India.
• Bond's writing often reflects his deep connection with nature and the simple life of the hills.

Additional Information

• Sahitya Akademi Award
• It is a literary honor in India, which the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in one of the twenty-four major Indian languages.
• Established in 1954, it is one of the most prestigious literary awards in India.
• The award includes a plaque and a cash prize.
• Mussoorie
• A hill station in the Dehradun District of Uttarakhand, India.
• Known for its scenic beauty and pleasant weather, it is also referred to as the "Queen of the Hills".
• It has been a popular destination for tourists and writers alike.
• Ruskin Bond's Literary Contributions
• Bond has written over 500 short stories, essays, and novels.
• His works are known for their simplicity and depth, often capturing the essence of life in the Indian hills.
• Some of his other notable works include "The Room on the Roof" and "The Blue Umbrella".

The correct answer is 51 A (h).

Key Points

• Article 51A of the Indian Constitution lists the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens.
• Clause (h) of Article 51A specifically mentions that it is the duty of every citizen to develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
• This clause was added by the 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976.
• Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by the courts for their violation.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Duties:
• The Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution by the 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
• Originally, 10 duties were listed, and an 11^th duty was added by the 86^th Amendment Act, 2002.
• 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976:
• Known as the "Mini-Constitution" due to its wide-ranging amendments.
• It added the Fundamental Duties and also introduced changes to the Preamble, among other significant changes.
• Scientific Temper:
• Scientific temper refers to an attitude of logical and rational thinking.
• It involves questioning, observing physical reality, testing, hypothesizing, analyzing, and communicating.
• Non-Justiciable Nature:
• Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law, unlike Fundamental Rights.
• They serve as moral obligations for the citizens to promote a spirit of patriotism and uphold the unity of India.

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh.

Key Points

• The Indira Sagar Multipurpose Project is situated in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.
• This project is located on the Narmada River near the town of Punasa in Khandwa district.
• It was inaugurated in 2005 and is one of the largest dam projects in India.
• The primary purposes of the Indira Sagar Project include irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water supply.
• The dam has a water storage capacity of approximately 12.22 billion cubic meters.

Additional Information

• Narmada River
• The Narmada River, also known as the Rewa, is one of the major rivers in central India and the fifth-longest river in the Indian subcontinent.
• It flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815 miles) before draining into the Arabian Sea.
• The river is often referred to as "the lifeline of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat."
• Hydroelectric Power Generation
• The Indira Sagar Project has a hydroelectric power station with an installed capacity of 1,000 MW.
• Hydroelectric power is a renewable source of energy generated by harnessing the potential energy stored in water.
• It is a clean source of energy that contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Irrigation Benefits
• The project provides irrigation benefits to an area of approximately 1.23 million hectares in Madhya Pradesh.
• It ensures the supply of water for agricultural activities, enhancing the productivity and livelihood of farmers in the region.
• Environmental and Social Impact
• Large dam projects like Indira Sagar can have significant environmental and social impacts, including displacement of local communities and changes in the ecosystem.
• Efforts are made to mitigate these impacts through resettlement and rehabilitation programs.

The correct answer is UNESCO.

Key Points

• Pradhan Mantri Grameen Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) is an initiative aimed at promoting digital literacy in rural India.
• The scheme was launched by the Government of India to bridge the digital divide and empower rural citizens with critical digital skills.
• UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is the international partner for the implementation of this initiative.
• UNESCO supports the program by providing technical assistance, resource material, and promoting best practices globally.
• PMGDISHA aims to train approximately 60 million rural citizens, focusing on marginalized communities and women.

Additional Information

• Digital Literacy:
• Digital literacy refers to the ability to use information and communication technologies to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information.
• It encompasses a range of skills including basic computer skills, internet navigation, and understanding of digital security.
• UNESCO's Role:
• UNESCO works towards promoting education, science, culture, and communication to foster peace and security.
• In the context of PMGDISHA, UNESCO provides educational resources and expertise to enhance digital literacy programs.
• Implementation Strategy:
• PMGDISHA is implemented through various training centers established in rural areas across India.
• These centers are equipped with necessary infrastructure and trained personnel to provide hands-on training.
• Target Audience:
• The program primarily targets rural populations, including marginalized sections, school dropouts, and women.
• The goal is to ensure that at least one person per household is digitally literate.
• Outcome and Impact:
• Improved digital literacy leads to better access to information, government services, and economic opportunities.
• The program aims to contribute to the overall socio-economic development of rural areas.

The correct answer is Part IV A.

Key Points

• Part IV A of the Indian Constitution deals with the Fundamental Duties of citizens.
• The obligation to defend the country and render national service when called upon is listed under Article 51A.
• Article 51A was added to the Constitution by the 42^nd Amendment Act in 1976.
• Fundamental Duties are borrowed from the Constitution of the erstwhile USSR and were inspired by the Japanese Constitution.
• These duties are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by the courts.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Duties:
• The Fundamental Duties are listed in Part IV A of the Constitution of India.
• These duties were added by the 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976, based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
• There are currently 11 Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A.
• 42^nd Amendment Act:
• Also known as the "Mini-Constitution" due to the extensive changes it introduced.
• It was enacted in 1976 during the Emergency period under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
• Swaran Singh Committee:
• Formed in 1976 to recommend the inclusion of Fundamental Duties in the Constitution.
• Headed by Sardar Swaran Singh, a senior Congress leader and former Union Minister.
• Non-Justiciability of Fundamental Duties:
• Unlike Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced by the judiciary.
• However, they serve as moral obligations for citizens to promote a spirit of patriotism and uphold the unity of India.

The correct answer is Swami Vivekananda.

Key Points

• Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission on 1 May 1897.
• The organization was established to carry forward the teachings of Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa, his spiritual teacher.
• The mission's headquarters are located at Belur Math, on the western bank of the Hooghly River, near Kolkata, India.
• The Ramakrishna Mission focuses on religious, educational, and philanthropic activities, emphasizing the philosophy of Vedanta.
• Swami Vivekananda's efforts aimed at promoting interfaith understanding and social reform through the mission's work.

Additional Information

• Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa
• He was a 19^th-century Indian mystic and saint whose teachings inspired the formation of the Ramakrishna Mission.
• He emphasized the unity of all religions and the importance of personal spiritual experience.
• His teachings were propagated by his disciple, Swami Vivekananda, who played a crucial role in spreading Vedanta philosophy in the West.
• Vedanta Philosophy
• Vedanta is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.
• It is based on the teachings of the Upanishads, ancient Indian scriptures that explore the nature of reality and the self.
• Vedanta emphasizes the idea of a single, unifying consciousness known as Brahman.
• Belur Math
• Belur Math is the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission.
• It was established by Swami Vivekananda in 1898.
• Belur Math is a pilgrimage site and an architectural marvel that symbolizes the unity of all religions.
• Interfaith Understanding
• Swami Vivekananda promoted the idea that all religions are different paths to the same divine goal.
• His famous speech at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893 emphasized religious tolerance and universal acceptance.
• Interfaith understanding is a core principle of the Ramakrishna Mission's activities.

The correct answer is Abul Fazl.

Key Points

• Abul Fazl was a prominent historian and courtier in the court of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
• He authored the three-volume history of Akbar's reign, known as the Akbar Nama.
• The Akbar Nama is a detailed chronicle of Akbar's life and the history of his reign, written in Persian.
• Abul Fazl was also one of the nine jewels (Navaratnas) in Akbar's court.

Additional Information

• Akbar Nama
• The work is divided into three volumes: the first volume deals with Akbar's ancestors, the second volume records the events of Akbar's reign, and the third volume is the Ain-i-Akbari, which provides detailed information about the administration of the empire.
• The Ain-i-Akbari is a valuable resource for understanding the administrative system, culture, and society of the Mughal Empire.
• The Akbar Nama is considered one of the most important sources of Mughal history.
• Abul Fazl's Contributions
• Besides the Akbar Nama, Abul Fazl also played a crucial role in the administration and cultural development of Akbar's empire.
• He was known for his intellectual prowess and was a key advisor to Akbar.
• Abul Fazl's writings reflect his deep knowledge of Persian literature, history, and governance.
• Navaratnas
• The Navaratnas were nine extraordinary men in Akbar's court, known for their talents in various fields.
• They included notable figures like Birbal, Tansen, and Raja Todar Mal.
• The Navaratnas played a significant role in the cultural and intellectual life of the Mughal court.

The correct answer is Shah Jahan.

Key Points

• Shah Jahan was the Mughal emperor known for his love of art and architecture.
• He designed a series of inlays behind his throne in the court at Delhi.
• These inlays depicted the legendary Greek god Orpheus playing the lute.
• The throne was placed in the Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience) in the Red Fort in Delhi.

Additional Information

• Shah Jahan's Reign
• Shah Jahan ruled from 1628 to 1658 and is best known for commissioning the Taj Mahal.
• His reign is considered the golden age of Mughal architecture.
• He also built the Peacock Throne, another iconic piece of Mughal artistry.
• Orpheus in Art
• Orpheus is a figure from Greek mythology known for his musical abilities.
• He is often depicted playing the lyre or lute, charming animals, and even inanimate objects.
• His story has been a popular subject in Western art for centuries.
• Diwan-i-Am
• It is the Hall of Public Audience in the Red Fort of Delhi, where the emperor would meet his subjects.
• It features a raised platform for the emperor's throne.
• The hall is richly decorated with intricate carvings and inlays.

The correct answer is hangul.

Key Points

• The Dachigam National Park, located in Jammu and Kashmir, India, is renowned for being the habitat of the hangul, also known as the Kashmir stag.
• The hangul is a critically endangered species and is the only surviving species of the Red Deer family in India.
• The park provides a crucial sanctuary for the hangul, which faces threats from habitat destruction, poaching, and human encroachment.
• Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect and increase the population of hangul in Dachigam National Park.

Additional Information

• Dachigam National Park
• Established in 1910, the park covers an area of approximately 141 square kilometers.
• It is divided into two parts: the Lower Dachigam and Upper Dachigam, each with distinct flora and fauna.
• The park's altitude ranges from 5,500 feet to 14,000 feet above sea level, offering diverse habitats.
• Hangul Conservation
• Several conservation projects, including captive breeding and habitat restoration, have been initiated to save the hangul.
• The Wildlife Institute of India and the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Department are actively involved in these efforts.
• Winter feeding programs and anti-poaching measures are crucial components of the conservation strategy.
• Biodiversity in Dachigam
• Besides the hangul, the park is home to species such as the Himalayan black bear, musk deer, and various bird species.
• The flora includes a mix of coniferous forests, alpine pastures, and meadows, supporting a rich ecosystem.
• The park also features several streams and lakes, adding to its ecological diversity.
• Tourism and Accessibility
• Dachigam National Park is accessible from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Tourists can visit the park throughout the year, with the best time being from April to October.
• Guided tours and trekking are popular activities for visitors to explore the park's natural beauty.

The correct answer is Article 32.

Key Points

• Article 32 of the Indian Constitution provides the right to individuals to move the Supreme Court directly for the enforcement of their fundamental rights.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar referred to Article 32 as the "heart and soul" of the Constitution, emphasizing its importance in upholding fundamental rights.
• Article 32 guarantees the right to constitutional remedies, empowering the Supreme Court to issue writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari for the enforcement of these rights.
• This provision ensures that the fundamental rights are not merely theoretical but can be practically enforced through the highest court in India.
• Any individual whose fundamental rights are violated can directly approach the Supreme Court without having to go through lower courts first.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Rights
• These are a set of rights granted to all citizens by the Indian Constitution, aimed at ensuring individual liberty and equality.
• There are six fundamental rights: Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies.
• Writs
• Habeas Corpus: A writ requiring a person to be brought before a judge or court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.
• Mandamus: A writ issued as a command to an inferior court or ordering a person to perform a public or statutory duty.
• Prohibition: A writ directing a subordinate to stop doing something the law prohibits.
• Quo Warranto: A writ requiring a person to show by what warrant an office or franchise is held, claimed, or exercised.
• Certiorari: A writ by which a higher court reviews a case tried in a lower court.
• Judicial Review
• The power of the judiciary to review and determine the validity of a law or an order.
• It helps in upholding the supremacy of the Constitution and ensuring the protection of fundamental rights.
• Supreme Court of India
• The apex judicial body in India, established in 1950.
• It has the power to interpret the Constitution and enforce the fundamental rights of citizens.
• The decisions of the Supreme Court are binding on all courts within India.

The correct answer is Egypt.

Key Points

• Abdel Fattah al-Sisi is the current President of Egypt, having assumed office on June 8, 2014.
• He served as the Chief Guest at India's Republic Day celebrations in 2023.
• India and Egypt have historically enjoyed strong bilateral relations, with cooperation in various sectors such as defense, culture, and trade.
• Al-Sisi's visit marks the deepening of ties between India and Egypt, reflecting mutual interests and shared values.

Additional Information

• Republic Day of India
• Celebrated on January 26^th every year to honor the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect in 1950.
• The day is marked with grand parades at Rajpath, New Delhi, showcasing India's military prowess and cultural heritage.
• The President of India unfurls the National Flag, followed by the Republic Day parade.
• The event includes a display of India's defense capabilities, cultural diversity, and various states' tableau.
• Bilateral Relations between India and Egypt
• India and Egypt share a long history of cultural and economic exchanges, dating back to ancient civilizations.
• The two countries have signed several agreements in fields such as trade, defense cooperation, and cultural exchanges.
• India is one of the largest trading partners of Egypt, with bilateral trade exceeding USD 5 billion.
• High-level visits and diplomatic engagements have strengthened the strategic partnership between the two nations.
• Role of Chief Guest at Republic Day
• The tradition of inviting a Chief Guest for Republic Day celebrations started in 1950.
• The Chief Guest is usually a head of state or government from a foreign country, symbolizing India's diplomatic outreach.
• It highlights the importance of international relations and India's commitment to global cooperation.
• Past Chief Guests include prominent leaders from various countries, reflecting India's diverse foreign policy engagements.
• Abdel Fattah al-Sisi's Presidency
• Al-Sisi has been in power since 2014 and is known for his efforts to stabilize Egypt's economy and security.
• His administration focuses on infrastructure development, economic reforms, and counter-terrorism measures.
• Under his leadership, Egypt has sought to enhance its role in regional and international affairs.
• Al-Sisi has also worked on strengthening ties with major global powers, including India.

The correct answer is Composite.

Key Points

• Mount Fuji is classified as a composite volcano, also known as a stratovolcano.
• Composite volcanoes are characterized by a conical shape formed from multiple layers of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash.
• They typically feature steep profiles and periodic, explosive eruptions.
• Examples of other well-known composite volcanoes include Mount St. Helens in the USA and Mount Vesuvius in Italy.

Additional Information

• Volcano Types
• Shield Volcano: These volcanoes have gentle slopes and are primarily built up by the flow of low-viscosity basaltic lava.
• Cinder Cone: These are the smallest type of volcanoes, built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent.
• Fissure Volcano: These volcanoes erupt from long cracks in the ground rather than a central vent, producing large quantities of basaltic lava.
• Volcanic Eruption Styles:
• Effusive Eruptions: Characterized by the outpouring of lava onto the ground.
• Explosive Eruptions: Involve the violent release of gases and pyroclastic material.
• Mount Fuji Facts
• Mount Fuji last erupted in 1707-1708, during the Edo period.
• It is a cultural icon of Japan and is frequently depicted in art and photography.
• Volcanic Hazards:
• Volcanic eruptions can produce lava flows, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, and volcanic bombs.
• Secondary effects include lahars (volcanic mudflows) and tsunamis.

The correct answer is Tansen.

Key Points

• Tansen, also known as Miyan Tansen, was one of the nine gems (Navratnas) in the court of Emperor Akbar.
• He is widely considered as a pioneer in the development of the classical genre of Hindustani music.
• Tansen was known for his ability to create ragas and for his mesmerizing performances.
• He is often credited with composing several new ragas and perfecting the dhrupad style of singing.
• His contributions significantly shaped the future of Indian classical music, making him a legendary figure in the field.

Additional Information

• Navratnas of Akbar's Court:
• The Navratnas were nine extraordinary talents in Akbar's court, each excelling in different fields such as literature, music, and administration.
• Other famous Navratnas included Birbal, Abul Fazl, and Raja Man Singh.
• Hindustani Classical Music:
• It is one of the two major traditions of Indian classical music, the other being Carnatic music from the South.
• Hindustani music places a strong emphasis on improvisation and exploring all aspects of a raga.
• Ragas:
• A raga is a complex structure of musical notes used as a framework for composition and improvisation in Indian classical music.
• Each raga evokes a specific mood and is associated with different times of the day and seasons.
• Dhrupad:
• Dhrupad is the oldest form of Hindustani classical music and is characterized by its solemn and spiritual nature.
• It often involves elaborate and intricate vocalizations and was popular in the royal courts of North India.

The correct answer is huge debts burden.

Key Points

• In 1991, India faced a severe economic crisis primarily due to a huge debt burden accumulated over the years.
• The country had high fiscal deficits and was unable to meet its external debt obligations.
• India's foreign exchange reserves were rapidly depleting, falling to levels that could barely cover three weeks' worth of imports.
• To avert the crisis, India had to secure an emergency loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) by pledging its gold reserves.
• This economic turmoil led to significant economic reforms and liberalization policies to open up the Indian economy.

Additional Information

• Fiscal Deficit
• Fiscal deficit occurs when a government's total expenditures exceed the revenue that it generates, excluding money from borrowings.
• It is an important indicator of a government's financial health and economic stability.
• Balance of Payments (BoP) Crisis
• The Balance of Payments crisis refers to a situation where a country cannot pay for essential imports or service its debt repayments.
• It often leads to a sharp decline in the value of the country's currency.
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• The IMF is an international financial institution headquartered in Washington, D.C.
• It aims to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment, and reduce poverty.
• Economic Liberalization in India
• The 1991 economic reforms marked a significant shift in India's economic policy, moving from a closed economy to an open-market economy.
• Key reforms included deregulation, reducing import tariffs, and opening up to foreign investments.
• The liberalization policies helped in accelerating economic growth and improving the overall economic health of the country.

The correct answer is Troposphere.

Key Points

• The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere and extends up to about 8-15 kilometers above sea level.
• It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor and aerosols.
• This layer is crucial for weather phenomena, including clouds, rain, and storms, which directly affect life on Earth.
• The troposphere supports life by providing the necessary gases like oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

Additional Information

• Stratosphere:
• The stratosphere is the second layer of Earth's atmosphere, situated above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.
• It contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters ultraviolet solar radiation, protecting living organisms from harmful UV rays.
• Mesosphere:
• The mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere, located above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.
• Meteors burn up in this layer due to the increased density of atmospheric gases.
• Thermosphere:
• The thermosphere is the fourth layer and lies above the mesosphere, extending up to the exosphere.
• This layer is characterized by high temperatures caused by the absorption of highly energetic solar radiation.
• Exosphere:
• The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere, where atmospheric particles are so sparse that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding.
• It gradually fades into outer space and is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium.

The correct answer is 14.

Key Points

• The process of nationalisation of banks during the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974) was a significant move in India's banking history.
• A total of 14 major commercial banks were nationalised by the Indian government on 19 July 1969.
• This move aimed to align banking operations with the economic and social goals of the country, ensuring better control over credit delivery.
• The nationalisation targeted banks with deposits of Rs. 50 crores or more, bringing them under the control of the government.
• It marked a pivotal step towards the expansion and spread of banking facilities across the rural and semi-urban areas of India.

Additional Information

• Nationalisation of Banks:
• Refers to the process where private sector banks are transferred into public ownership by the government.
• The primary objective was to ensure sufficient credit for agriculture, small industry, and exports, and to promote banking habits among the population.
• Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974):
• Focused on growth with stability and progressive achievement of self-reliance.
• It aimed at accelerating the process of industrialisation and growth of the agricultural sector.
• Impact of Nationalisation:
• Led to significant branch expansion and increased access to banking services in rural and semi-urban areas.
• Facilitated better implementation of government policies and schemes aimed at poverty alleviation and rural development.
• Subsequent Nationalisation:
• A second wave of nationalisation occurred in April 1980, when six more commercial banks were nationalised.
• This brought the total number of nationalised banks in India to 20.

The correct answer is Lakshadweep.

Key Points

• According to the Census of India 2011, Lakshadweep had a population of approximately 64,473.
• It is the smallest Union Territory of India in terms of population.
• The archipelago consists of 36 islands in the Arabian Sea, out of which only 10 are inhabited.
• The population density of Lakshadweep is about 2,013 persons per square kilometer, which is quite high due to its small land area.

Additional Information

• Daman and Diu
• It had a population of approximately 242,911 in the 2011 Census.
• It consists of two districts situated on the western coast of India.
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli
• Had a population of 343,709 according to the 2011 Census.
• It is located on the western side of India and is known for its lush greenery and tribal culture.
• Puducherry
• Had a population of 1,247,953 as per the 2011 Census.
• It comprises four distinct districts: Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe, and Yanam, located in different parts of India.

The correct answer is 64.32%

Key Points

• According to the Census of India 2011, the female literacy rate in Dadra and Nagar Haveli is 64.32%.
• The overall literacy rate in Dadra and Nagar Haveli was recorded at 76.2% during the same census period.
• The male literacy rate in the region was significantly higher, standing at 85.17%.
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a Union Territory in western India, known for its tribal population and diverse cultural heritage.
• The census data is crucial for understanding demographic trends and planning educational and social programs.

Additional Information

• Literacy Rate:
• Literacy rate refers to the percentage of people who can read and write in a specific population aged seven years and above.
• It is a crucial indicator of educational attainment and socio-economic development.
• Census of India:
• The Census of India is conducted every ten years by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.
• It provides comprehensive data on population, socio-economic characteristics, and other vital statistics.
• Union Territories:
• Union Territories are regions governed directly by the Central Government of India.
• They have a different administrative setup compared to states, often with a Lieutenant Governor as the administrative head.
• Educational Programs:
• Government initiatives aimed at improving literacy rates include schemes like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao.
• These programs focus on providing universal access to education and promoting gender equality in educational opportunities.

The correct answer is 5 years.

Key Points

• The President of India is elected for a term of 5 years according to Article 56 of the Indian Constitution.
• The election process for the President is outlined in Article 54 and Article 55 of the Indian Constitution.
• The term of the President can be extended if the elections are not completed before the expiry of the term, as per Article 56(1)(c).
• A President can be re-elected and there is no limit on the number of terms a person can serve as President.
• The President continues to hold office until his successor is duly elected and enters office.

Additional Information

• Election Procedure:
• The President is elected by an Electoral College consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament as well as the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of States and Union territories.
• The voting is done by secret ballot using the single transferable vote system.
• Eligibility Criteria:
• A candidate must be a citizen of India, at least 35 years old, and qualified to be a member of the Lok Sabha.
• He/she should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India, a state government, or any public authority.
• Impeachment:
• The President can be removed from office through a process called impeachment for violation of the Constitution.
• The impeachment process can be initiated in either House of Parliament and requires a two-thirds majority in both houses.
• Oath of Office:
• The President takes an oath or affirmation before entering upon the office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of India or the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court available.

The correct answer is 1878.

Key Points

• The Vernacular Press Act was enacted in 1878 by Lord Lytton, the then Viceroy of India.
• The Act was aimed at curbing the freedom of the Indian-language press and was considered a repressive measure.
• It empowered the government to confiscate the printing presses, paper, and other materials of the native press if it published anything that was deemed seditious.
• The Act was specifically targeted at the Indian press and excluded the English-language publications.
• The Vernacular Press Act was repealed in 1882 by Lord Ripon, who succeeded Lord Lytton as Viceroy of India.

Additional Information

• Background of the Act:
• The growing influence of the Indian press during the 1870s led the British government to introduce the Vernacular Press Act to control anti-British sentiments.
• Indian newspapers had started to criticize British policies, which alarmed the colonial administration.
• Impact on Indian Journalism:
• The Act imposed severe restrictions on the Indian press, leading to widespread protests and resentment among Indian journalists and nationalists.
• It marked a significant moment in the history of the Indian freedom struggle, emphasizing the need for freedom of expression.
• Repeal of the Act:
• Lord Ripon, known for his liberal policies, repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882, restoring press freedom to some extent.
• This repeal was welcomed by Indian leaders and helped to reduce some of the tensions between the British government and the Indian populace.
• Legacy:
• The Vernacular Press Act is often cited as an example of colonial repression, and its history is studied in the context of the freedom of the press in India.
• It remains a significant event that highlighted the power of the press and its role in shaping public opinion.

The correct answer is Diplomatic/Military powers.

Key Points

• The Governor of a state in India does not have any Diplomatic or Military powers.
• These powers are exclusively reserved for the President of India.
• The Governor's role is limited to the state level and does not extend to international or military affairs.
• Diplomatic powers include appointing ambassadors, entering into treaties, and conducting foreign relations, all of which are managed by the central government.
• Military powers include the command of the armed forces, which is vested in the President as the supreme commander.

Additional Information

• Judiciary Powers of Governor:
• The Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remission of punishment.
• He can also suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offense against state laws.
• Executive Powers of Governor:
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other ministers.
• He appoints the Advocate General and the State Election Commissioner.
• All executive actions of the state are taken in the name of the Governor.
• Legislative Powers of Governor:
• The Governor can summon, prorogue, and dissolve the state legislative assembly.
• He addresses the state legislature at the commencement of the first session after each general election.
• The Governor can reserve certain bills for the President's consideration.
• Financial Powers of Governor:
• The Governor ensures that the Annual Financial Statement (State Budget) is laid before the state legislature.
• No money bill can be introduced in the state legislature without the Governor's prior recommendation.

The correct answer is Kuchipudi.

Key Points

• Gaddam Padmaja Reddy is a renowned exponent of the Kuchipudi dance form, a classical Indian dance originating from Andhra Pradesh.
• She was awarded the Padma Shri in 2022 for her significant contributions to the Kuchipudi dance.
• Padmaja Reddy has been instrumental in popularizing Kuchipudi both in India and internationally through her performances and teachings.
• The Padma Shri is one of the highest civilian awards in India, recognizing distinguished contributions in various fields, including the arts.

Additional Information

• Kuchipudi Dance
• Kuchipudi is a classical dance form from Andhra Pradesh, known for its intricate footwork and expressive gestures.
• It combines dance, music, and acting, often depicting stories from Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
• This dance form was traditionally performed by male Brahmins in temples, but it is now practiced by both men and women.
• Key elements of Kuchipudi include rhythmic patterns (jatis), expressive dance (nritya), and dramatic storytelling (natya).
• Padma Awards
• The Padma Awards, comprising Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, are among the highest civilian honors in India.
• These awards are announced annually on the occasion of Republic Day and recognize achievements in various fields such as arts, literature, sports, medicine, social work, science, and public affairs.
• The Padma Shri is the fourth highest civilian award in India, honoring exceptional service in any field.
• Indian Classical Dance Forms
• India is home to several classical dance forms, each with its unique style, music, and cultural significance.
• Some of the prominent classical dance forms include Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Manipuri, Mohiniyattam, Kathakali, and Sattriya.
• These dance forms often incorporate elements of storytelling, devotional themes, and intricate choreography.
• Importance of Classical Dance
• Classical dance forms are a vital part of India's cultural heritage, preserving traditional art and storytelling.
• They play a significant role in promoting cultural awareness and appreciation both nationally and internationally.
• Classical dance training often involves rigorous practice and dedication, emphasizing discipline and artistic expression.

The figure which when put in place of '?' will logically complete the pattern is shown below:

Thus, option Figure 3 will logically complete the pattern given.

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

The correct mirror image of the given figure is:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (2^nd number - 15)² = 1^st number.

Now,

For, 64 : 23

⇒ (23 - 15)² = 8² = 64.

For, 121 : 26

⇒ (26 - 15)² = 11² = 121.

Similarly, for 256 : 31

⇒ (31 - 15)² = 16² = 256.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

Hence, "Option 4" is the correct answer.

Given: 6 + 108 ÷ 12 - 24 × 8 = 38

According to the question, after interchanging the signs:

Option 1) − and × 

6 + 108 ÷ 12 - 24 × 8 = 38 ⇒ 6 + 108 ÷ 12 × 24 - 8 = 38

⇒ 6 + 108 ÷ 12 × 24 - 8 = 38

⇒ 6 + 9 × 24 - 8 = 38

⇒ 6 + 216 - 8 = 38

⇒ 222 - 8 = 38

⇒ 214 ≠ 38 (LHS ≠ RHS)

Option  2) − and +

6 + 108 ÷ 12 - 24 × 8 = 38 ⇒ 6 - 108 ÷ 12 + 24 × 8 = 38

⇒ 6 - 108 ÷ 12 + 24 × 8 = 38

⇒ 6 - 9 + 24 × 8 = 38

⇒ 6 + 192 - 9 = 38

⇒ 198 - 9 = 38

⇒ 189 ≠ 38 (LHS ≠ RHS)

Option  3) ÷ and −

6 + 108 ÷ 12 - 24 × 8 = 38 ⇒ 6 + 108 - 12 ÷ 24 × 8 = 38

⇒ 6 + 108 - 12 ÷ 24 × 8 = 38

⇒ 6 + 108 - 0.5 × 8 = 38

⇒ 6 + 108 - 4 = 38

⇒ 114 - 4 = 38

⇒ 110 ≠ 38 (LHS ≠ RHS)

Option  4) + and ×

6 + 108 ÷ 12 - 24 × 8 = 38 ⇒ 6 × 108 ÷ 12 - 24 + 8 = 38

⇒ 6 × 108 ÷ 12 - 24 + 8 = 38

⇒ 6 × 9 - 24 + 8 = 38

⇒ 54 + 8 - 24 = 38

⇒ 62 - 24 = 38

⇒ 38 = 38 (LHS = LHS)

Hence, "Option 4" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is :-

From the given three different dices the adjacent sides are as shown below :

As # is common on both the dices I and II, it is clear that %, @, ?, and © are adjacent to it, and the remaining i.e. * will be opposite to it.

Opposite pairs:

% → ©

@ → ?

→ *

So, the opposite side of "*" will be side "#".

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

1) The shaded area is shifted clockwise subsequently.

Thus, the final series is:

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

​

Hence, "Option 2" is the correct answer.

The figure that will look like the paper when unfolded is shown below:

Thus, option Figure 4 will look like the paper when unfolded.

Hence, "Option 4" is the correct answer.

The figure which when put in place of '?' will logically complete the pattern is shown below:

Thus, option Figure 4 will logically complete the pattern given.

Hence, "Option 4" is the correct answer.

Given: Six students are seated around a circular table, all facing toward the center.

1. Yamini is the immediate neighbor of both Yojana and Yogita.

2. Yashmita is seated in the second position to the left of Yojana.

3. Yukti is seated in the second position to the right of Yamini.

4. Yashvi is seated in the third position to the right of Yogita. 

Thus, according to the final arrangement, Yogita is the immediate neighbor of both Yukti and Yamini.

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

1. First box series →

The 1^st and 2^nd column elements shift clockwise subsequently.

The 3^rd and 4^th column elements shift anticlockwise subsequently.

2) Second box series →

The elements at the corners shift clockwise subsequently.

The rest of the elements shift clockwise subsequently.

Thus, the final series is:

Hence, "Option 1" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is :-

From the given two different dices the adjacent sides are as shown below :

As L and J are common on both the dices, it is clear that the remaining will be opposites.

Opposite pairs:

K → M

So, the opposite side of "K" will be side "M".

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is :-

From the given two different dices the adjacent sides are as shown below :

As 5 is common on both the dices, it is clear that 2, 4, 3, and 6 are adjacent to it, and the remaining i.e. 1 will be opposite to it.

Opposite pairs:

4 → 6

2 → 3

5 → 1

So, the opposite side of "5" will be side "1".

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

Decoding signs:

Given: 8 B 8 A 4 C 5 D 3 = ?480÷0.3×5+500190+9×27÷1.6=2480÷0.3×5+500190+9×27÷1.6=2

According to the question, after replacing the letters:

8 B 8 A 4 C 5 D 3 = ? ⇒ 8 × 8 ÷ 4 + 5 - 3 = ?

⇒ 8 × 8 ÷ 4 + 5 - 3 = ?

⇒ 8 × 2 + 5 - 3 = ?

⇒ 16 + 5 - 3 = ?

⇒ 21 - 3 = ?

⇒ 18 = ?

Hence, "Option 4" is the correct answer.

The correct mirror image of the given figure is:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The logic followed here is:

BEAUTY is coded as 3-6-2-22-21-26

And,

CREAM is coded as 4-19-6-2-14

Similarly,

HONESTY is coded as

Hence, "Option 4" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

TRUE : RPSC

And,

COPY : AMNW

Similarly,

MIND : ?

Hence, "Option 2" is the correct answer.

The number of triangles in the given figure is shown below:

1) Number of triangles = (Number of parts × Number of diagonals)

= 4 × 2 ⇒ 8 

Here, as there are 3 same parts, therefore '8 × 3' = 24 triangles

2) Number of triangles as marked = 4

Thus, total number of triangles are 24 + 4 = 28

Hence, "Option 2" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

1. The '

' element shift anticlockwise subsequently.

2. The '

' elements shift left diagonally clockwise subsequently.

Thus, the final series is:

Hence, "Option 2" is the correct answer.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as shown below :

Conclusions:

1. Some novels are books → Follow (As all books are journals and all journals are novels. As whole books comes in journals which whole comes in novels, therefore it is true.)
2. Some poems are journals → Does not follow (As all journals are novels and some poems are novels. So it is possible but not definite.)
3. All the journals are books → Does not follow (As all books are journals. So it is possible but not definite.)

∴ Here, Only conclusion 1 follows.​

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The figure which when put in place of '?' will logically complete the pattern is shown below:

Thus, option Figure 3 will logically complete the pattern given.

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

The image embedded in the given figure is as shown below :

∴ Here, the given figure is embedded in the option figure 2.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (1^st number)² = 2^nd number; 2^nd number × 4 = 3^rd number.

Now,

For, (6, 36, 144)

⇒ 6² = 36; 36 × 4 = 144

For, (9, 81, 324)

⇒ 9² = 81; 81 × 4 = 324

Similarly, for (14, 196, 784)

⇒ 14² = 196; 196 × 4 = 784

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The figure that will look like the paper when unfolded is shown below:

Thus, option Figure 3 will look like the paper when unfolded.

Hence, "Option 3" is the correct answer.

Given:

A car covers a distance of 52 km in 1 hour 20 minutes 40 seconds moving at \(\dfrac{5}{8}\) of its original speed.

Formula used:

Speed = Distance / Time

Calculation:

Time taken = 1 hour 20 minutes 40 seconds = 1 + 20/60 + 40/3600 hours

⇒ Time taken = 1 + 1/3 + 1/90 = 1.3444 hours (approx)

Let the original speed be x km/h.

Given, the car is moving at \(\dfrac{5}{8}\) of its original speed.

Therefore, the speed = \(\dfrac{5}{8} \times x\) km/h

⇒ Distance = Speed × Time

⇒ 52 = \(\dfrac{5}{8} \times x \times 1.3444\)

⇒ x = \(\dfrac{52 \times 8}{5 \times 1.3444}\)

⇒ x = \(\dfrac{416}{6.722}\)

⇒ x = 61.88 km/h

∴ The correct answer is option (2).

Given:

The average marks of all the students in a class 10^th examination is 85.

The sum of the marks of all the girls is 3500.

The sum of the marks of the boys is 2025.

Formula used:

Average = Total Marks / Number of Students

Calculation:

Let the number of students be x.

Total marks of all students = Sum of marks of girls + Sum of marks of boys

Total marks = 3500 + 2025

Total marks = 5525

Average marks = 85

⇒ 85 = 5525 / x

⇒ x = 5525 / 85

⇒ x = 65

∴ The correct answer is option 2.

Given:

Marked price % above purchase price = 45%

Desired profit % = 16%

Formula Used:

Marked Price (MP) = Cost Price (CP) × (1 + Marked price %/100)

Selling Price (SP) = Cost Price (CP) × (1 + Profit %/100)

Discount % = ((Marked Price (MP) - Selling Price (SP)) / Marked Price (MP)) × 100

Calculations:

Let CP = 100

MP = 100 × (1 + 45/100)

⇒ MP = 100 × 1.45 = 145

SP = 100 × (1 + 16/100)

⇒ SP = 100 × 1.16 = 116

Discount = MP - SP

⇒ Discount = 145 - 116 = 29

Discount % = (Discount / MP) × 100

⇒ Discount % = (29 / 145) × 100

⇒ Discount % = 20%

∴ The discount should be 20%.

Given:

Number = 483y718

Divisible by = 11

y = digit

Formula Used:

A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits at odd places and the sum of the digits at even places is either 0 or a multiple of 11.

Calculations:

Number = 483y718

Digits at odd places (from right) = 8, 7, 3, 4

Sum of digits at odd places = 8 + 7 + 3 + 4 = 22

Digits at even places (from right) = 1, y, 8

Sum of digits at even places = 1 + y + 8 = 9 + y

Difference = |(Sum of digits at odd places) - (Sum of digits at even places)|

⇒ Difference = |22 - (9 + y)|

⇒ Difference = |13 - y|

For divisibility by 11, the difference must be 0 or a multiple of 11.

Case 1: Difference = 0

|13 - y| = 0

⇒ 13 - y = 0

⇒ y = 13 (Not a single digit)

Case 2: Difference = 11

|13 - y| = 11

⇒ 13 - y = 11 or 13 - y = -11

⇒ y = 13 - 11 or y = 13 + 11

⇒ y = 2 or y = 24 (Not a single digit)

From Case 2, y = 2 is a single digit.

∴ The value of y is 2.

Given:

Principal (P) = ₹54,000

Time (t) = 2 years

Difference between CI and SI = ₹1,215

Formula used:

CI - SI for 2 years = P\((\dfrac{r}{100})^2\)

Where, r = rate

Calculations:

1,215 = 54,000\((\dfrac{r}{100})^2\)

⇒ \(\dfrac{1,215}{54,000} = (\dfrac{r}{100})^2\)

⇒ \(\dfrac{1,215}{54,000} = \dfrac{r^2}{10,000}\)

⇒ \(\dfrac{1,215}{54,000} \times 10,000 = r^2\)

⇒ \(\dfrac{225}{1} = r^2\)

⇒ \(r = \sqrt{225}\)

⇒ r = 15

∴ The correct answer is option (3).

Given:

Divisors = 60, 135, 235

Same remainder in each case.

Formula Used:

If a number N gives the same remainder R when divided by a, b, and c, then (a - b), (b - c), and (c - a) will exactly divide (N - R).

The greatest such number is the HCF of (a - b), (b - c), and (c - a).

Calculations:

a = 60, b = 135, c = 235

a - b = 60 - 135 = -75

|a - b| = 75

b - c = 135 - 235 = -100

|b - c| = 100

c - a = 235 - 60 = 175

We need to find the HCF of 75, 100, and 175.

Prime factorization of 75 = 3 × 5 × 5 = 3 × 5²

Prime factorization of 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 2² × 5²

Prime factorization of 175 = 5 × 5 × 7 = 5² × 7

The common prime factor with the lowest power is 5².

HCF(75, 100, 175) = 5² = 25

∴ The greatest number is 25.

Given:

Isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC

Altitude AD = 9 cm

Area of triangle ABC = 36 cm²

Formula used:

Area of triangle = 1/2 × base × height

Pythagorean theorem: a² + b² = c²

Calculations:

Area = 1/2 × base × height

⇒ 36 = 1/2 × BC × 9

⇒ BC = 8 cm

In right triangle ABD, AD is the altitude:

Let BD = x cm

Then BC = 2x = 8 cm ⇒ x = 4 cm

Using Pythagorean theorem in triangle ABD:

AB² = AD² + BD²

⇒ AB² = 9² + 4²

⇒ AB² = 81 + 16

⇒ AB² = 97

⇒ AB = √97 cm

Perimeter of triangle ABC = AB + AC + BC

⇒ Perimeter = 2AB + BC

⇒ Perimeter = 2×√97 + 8

⇒ Perimeter = 8 + 2√97 cm

∴ The correct answer is option (3).

Shortcut Trick

Factorize the numbers: 148 = 4 × 37 and 205 = 5 × 41.

Since there are no common prime factors, the numbers 148 and 205 are co-prime.

The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of co-prime numbers is their product.

LCM = 148 × 205 = 30340.

∴ The correct answer is 30340.

Alternate Method

Given: The two numbers are 148 and 205.

Formula Used: LCM = Product of the highest powers of all prime factors present in the numbers.

Prime factorization of 148:

⇒ 148 = 2 × 74

⇒ 148 = 2 × 2 × 37 = 2² × 37¹

Prime factorization of 205:

⇒ 205 = 5 × 41 = 5¹ × 41¹

Finding the LCM:

⇒ LCM = 2² × 5¹ × 37¹ × 41¹

⇒ LCM = 4 × 5 × 37 × 41

⇒ LCM = 20 × 1517

⇒ LCM = 30340

∴ The correct answer is 30340.

Additional Information

Relationship between HCF and LCM

For any two positive integers a and b, HCF(a, b) × LCM(a, b) = a × b.

LCM of Co-prime Numbers

Two numbers are co-prime if their HCF is 1. For such numbers, the LCM is always the product of the numbers.

Division Method for LCM

LCM can also be found by dividing the numbers by common prime factors until all quotients are 1, then multiplying the divisors.

Given:

Winning candidate votes percentage = 60%

Winning candidate votes difference = 18,600

Formula used:

Let total votes be V

Winning candidate votes = 0.60V

Losing candidate votes = 0.40V

Difference = Winning candidate votes - Losing candidate votes

Calculation:

Difference = 0.60V - 0.40V = 18,600

⇒ 0.20V = 18,600

⇒ V = 93,000

Losing candidate votes = 0.40V

⇒ Losing candidate votes = 93,000 × 0.40

⇒ Losing candidate votes = 37,200

∴ The correct answer is option (3).

Given:

Total bananas = 12

Bananas sold at 20% profit = x

Bananas sold at 20% loss = 12 - x

Overall profit % = 10%

Formula Used:

Profit = Selling Price (SP) - Cost Price (CP)

Profit % = (Profit / CP) × 100

Overall Profit = Total SP - Total CP

Overall Profit % = (Overall Profit / Total CP) × 100

Calculations:

Let CP per banana be ₹1.

Total CP = ₹12.

SP of x bananas at 20% profit = x × (1 + 20/100) = x × 1.2 = 1.2x

SP of (12 - x) bananas at 20% loss = (12 - x) × (1 - 20/100) = (12 - x) × 0.8 = 9.6 - 0.8x

Total SP = 1.2x + 9.6 - 0.8x = 0.4x + 9.6

Overall Profit % = 10%

10 = ((0.4x + 9.6) - 12) / 12 × 100

⇒ 10 × 12 = (0.4x - 2.4) × 100

⇒ 120 = 40x - 240

⇒ 120 + 240 = 40x

⇒ x = 360 / 40

⇒ x = 9

∴ The value of x is 9.

Given:

A pipe is cut into two pieces. The smaller piece is 40% of the length of the pipe.

Formula used:

Percentage by which the smaller piece is shorter than the larger piece = (Difference in lengths / Length of larger piece) × 100

Calculations:

Let the total length of the pipe be 100 units.

Smaller piece = 40 units

Larger piece = 100 - 40 = 60 units

Difference in lengths = 60 - 40 = 20 units

⇒ Percentage = (20 / 60) × 100

⇒ Percentage = \(33\frac{1}{3}%\)

∴ The correct answer is option 1.

Given:

There are 36 words in 9 lines printed in a column of a book.

We need to find the number of words in a column of 51 lines.

Formula used:

Number of words per line = Total words / Number of lines

Total words in 51 lines = Number of words per line × Number of lines

Calculation:

Number of words per line = 36 / 9

⇒ Number of words per line = 4

Total words in 51 lines = 4 × 51

⇒ Total words in 51 lines = 204

∴ The correct answer is option (3).

Given:

Side a = 3 cm

Side b = 6 cm

Side c = 7 cm

Formula used:

Heron's formula: Area = \(\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)} \)

Where s = semi-perimeter = \(\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\)

Calculations:

s = \(\dfrac{3+6+7}{2}\)

⇒ s = 8 cm

Area = \(\sqrt{8(8-3)(8-6)(8-7)} \)

⇒ Area = \(\sqrt{8 \times 5 \times 2 \times 1} \)

⇒ Area = \(\sqrt{80} \)

⇒ Area = \(4\sqrt{5} \) cm²

∴ The correct answer is option (4).

Given:

Principal (P) = ₹1,300

Simple Interest (SI) = ₹650

Time (t) = 10 years

Formula used:

SI = \( \frac{P \times r \times t}{100} \)

Where, r = rate

Calculation:

650 = \( \frac{1300 \times r \times 10}{100} \)

⇒ 650 = \( 130 \times r \)

⇒ r = \( \frac{650}{130} \)

⇒ r = 5%

∴ The correct answer is option (4).