CTET Paper 2 Social Science 22nd Dec 2021 (English-Hindi-Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

The phenomena of cognitive domains and Psychomotor domain is proposed by Benjamin Bloom in his Taxonomy in 1956.

• Bloom explains taxonomy in three domains such as:
• Cognitive Domains
• Psychomotor Domains
• Affective Domains : Most of the school learning programmes we intend to develop cognitive skills related to the learning. content and also to bring in changes in the affective domain of the learner like interests, Affective and attitudes, values etc. It is clear that cognitive as well as affective learning take place Psychomotor Learning and their Organisation simultaneously and with the same content of learning, there are several learning situations in which psychomotor learning occurs along with cognitive learning and for affective learning.

Key Points

• According to Bloom's Taxonomy, changes are going on throughout life, So human skills and domains are also developed or changed, that's why they can learn and remember new things. And also they can modify their skills, their talent, and their interest also.

Important Points

• Outcomes can not be changed easily, they can change by practicing, gaining knowledge, etc.
• That's why option (3) is the correct answer to this question.

Additional Information

• There are six steps in the Cognitive domain, such as:
• Knowledge
• Comprehension
• Application
• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Evaluation​
• ​​These steps are revised in 2001 by Anderson and Krathwohl as-
• Remembering
• Understanding
• Applying
• Analyzing
• Evaluating
• Creating

Development is the process in which a child develops through all the aspects such as physical, social, environmental, emotional, language, cognitive, moral, etc. It happens throughout life.

Key Points

• The development follows the principle of  Spiral advancement, it can be back and forth throughout life.
• The pace of development is different from age to age.
• Example:
• A child can learn their primary language faster than the secondary language.
• The growth and development of the body organs of the child in the infancy stage are faster than the growth of organs after adolescence.
• That's why option (2) is correct.

Important Points

• The principle of uniformity means that the development of every child is the same in all aspects such as Physical development, Social development, emotional development, etc, at the same pace. but it is not possible. that's why option (1) is incorrect.
• The principle of uni-directional means that development in the child is only one direction/aspect, which is wrong in the context of child development, child development is multi-directional with different aspects.
• The principle of discontinuity in child development refers to the development is not continuous but as we know that development in a child is a continuous process throughout life. So option (4) is also irrelevant.

Additional Information

• Development is not linear in shape, it is Spiral in shape.
• Development is the product of both 'Heredity' and 'Environment'.
• Development is from General to Specific.
• Development is from whole to part.

Socialization is a way of learning in which humans are interacting with friends, family members, teachers, television, smartphone, newspaper etc. to built their knowledge, learning and skills.

Key Points  

• As we are well-known Television is a part of media.​
• ​So that option (1) is correct.
• ​The child learns through the process of intimation in the social environment.

Additional Information

• Socialization is the process that is continuous throughout the life
• Primary Socialization- In the Initial years of One's life                                             (Infancy).
• In primary socialization Identity of a child is formed.
• Secondary Socialization- It takes place after Birth.

Progressive education is an education in which values are given to experiences and practical knowledge than rote learning and formal learning.

Key Points

• The main focus of progressive education is on learning by doing.
• The student should enjoy their studies and gain concepts, not get involved in rote learning.
• It is a Teacher centered to child-centered approach.
• Integrated curriculum, Problem-solving methods, Critical thinking are the main part of Progressive education which helps to develop the concepts in a child's mind.

 Additional Information

• The Father of Progressive education is John Dewey.
• ​Dewey is a professor at Chicago University and he proposed "Learning by doing" in 1894 in Chicago.

Jean Piaget studied cognitive development among children of different age groups in different developmental stages. 

Key Points

• These stages are (sequentially):
• Sensorimotor stage: (birth to 2 years)
• Pre-operational stage: (2 to 6 years)
• Concrete operational stage: (6 to 11 years)
• Formal operational stage: (11+ to adolescence and adulthood)

Additional Information

• Jean Piaget is a Psychologist from Switzerland who proposed that development is based on Physical environment and Biological abilities.
• He ignores Social aspects in development.

Jean Piaget studied cognitive development among children of different age groups in different developmental stages, According to Piaget, development is based on Physical environment and Biological abilities, he ignores social Aspects.

Key Points

• According to Jean Piaget:
• Formal operational Stage (11+ years to adolescence)
• ​Development of creative thinking and Hypothetical-deductions takes place in the life of a child.
• And in option (2), If A is greater than B and B is greater than C. What is the relation between A and C?, that's why option (2) is correct.

Additional Information

• The rest three stages of Jean Piaget are**:**
• Sensorimotor stage: (birth to 2 years)
• Pre-operational stage: (2 to 6 years)
• Concrete operational stage: (6 to 11 years).

Vygotsky’s theory of Sociocultural development is proposed by Lev Vygotsky. He is a Russian scientist and he emphasizes the role of society and culture in the development of the child.

Key Points

• According to Vygotsky, the main needs in the development of a child is-
• Social interaction
• ​​Children try to interact with people.
• Example: Peer groups, family members, etc.
• Culture
• ​Children adopt the culture by interaction.
• Language
• ​​Children can easily intimate their primary language through interaction or communication.
• Negative reinforcement is a method that is used to teach some specific behavior, like an escape, avoidance, etc which is not proposed by Lev Vygotsky.
• ​So that's why option (3) is correct.​

Additional Information

• Vygotsky also proposed a model of speech during the development of the child:
• Social speech ( from 2 years)
• Private speech ( from 3 years)
• **Silent speech (from 7 years).**​

Lev Vygotsky proposed the needs of a child in learning as:​

• ZPD (zone of proximal development)
• Scaffolding
• **MKO (more knowledgeable others)**​

Key Points

• Scaffolding:​
• Temporary help is given to a child in learning by their peers, family members, teachers, etc.
• That's why option (4) is correct.
• reinforcement:
• ​The theory of Reinforcement is proposed by B.F. Skinner.
• ​Conditioning and Modelling are irrelevant to the question.

Additional Information

• ZPD (zone of proximal development)
• The difference between the learning of child by self and the learning of a child with the help of others(society, culture, etc.)
• MKO (more knowledgeable others)-
• In this process only Hint is giving to the child by others to learn.

The child's Moral development theory is proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg in 1958. he describes the theory on 3 different levels

• Pre conventional level ( 0 to 6 years)
• Conventional level (7 years to 11 years)
• Post conventional level (Above 11 years)

​These 3 levels are further classified into 6 stages.

Key Points

• Stage 3 of Kohlberg's moral development theory is:
• Good boy /Good girl morality.
• In this stage, the child avoids disapproval or dislike from others, so this stage refers to a golden rule.
• The child wants to capture the attention of everyone towards himself.
• The child wants to show that he is the best and he did not have any shortage.
• So option (1) is correct.

Additional Information

• The social system is dependent on the performance of one's duties is related to Kohlberg's 4th stage of moral development.
• Right actions according to the norms, needs, and rights that are unanimously accepted by society are related to Kohlberg's 5th stage of moral development.
• The child keeps the norms in mind as same as universal principles are applicable is related to Kohlberg's 6th stage of moral development.​

Howard Gardner proposed the 'theory of Multiple Intelligence'  Intelligence is practical goal-oriented activity.

Theory of Multiple Intelligence by Howard Gardner says- Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have.

This theory challenged the traditional notion that there is one single type of intelligence, sometimes known as “g” for general intelligence, that only focuses on cognitive abilities.

Key Points He divided his theory into 8 types

Stereotypes are anything that categorizes a large group of people into having one or many characteristics that may or may not actually be representative of who they are. It is a “quick and easy way of labeling or categorizing the world around us and making it understandable.

Key Points

• Stereotype thoughts can be eliminated from the life of the students as:
• If the teacher helps the student to think about each condition critically.
• If the students analyze the situations and then move forward toward the conclusion.
• If they live in unity, engaged in teamwork, group discussion.
• If the learning of the student is done in an inclusive education classroom.
• so that option (2) is the correct answer.

Hint

• The teacher should never encourage the student to accept someone's face value, without analyzing it.
• The teacher should not encourage the students to reach direct collusion without knowing about the situation.
• The teacher should never promote the student to imitate in a stereotype behaviors
• That's why all other options are irrelevant except option (2).

Additional Information  ​There are many negative impacts of stereotypes thoughts in the life of school children are-

• They become gender-biased.
• they start to judge people by their wealth, race, etc.
• Stereotype thoughts impact the performance of the children.
• This type of thought interferes with the learning of the children also.

Jean Piaget said that "Thought comes first than language"

Key Points Jean Paiget (1896-1980) - The swiss psychologist stated cognitive theory of the development of children in 1936.

Jean Piaget was a constructivist theorist, he said that the child learns by doing himself

Piaget said that language doesn’t have a direct influence on the cognitive development of the child, but he said the language will develop once the cognitive development will take place.

Piaget has given four factors that influence the child's cognitive development

• Maturation
• Social experience
• Activity
• Equilibrium

Maturation- according to Piaget heredity have an influence on maturation which helps in cognitive development. The child will develop as it gets mature. That is the reason he gave these theories in stages.

Social Experience- As the child will grow he has physical interaction with the other. Like his parents, relatives. It is likely that child will have social interaction with others as it is  having physical interaction

Activity-  said that the children are little scientists, they learn by doing. When they do the activity they learn by themselves.

Equilibrium- Piaget says that when an organism fails to handle a new substance with its previous knowledge it creates an imbalance. To reduce the imbalance he focuses on the stimuli that have created an imbalance. This process of restoring the balance is called equilibrium

Additional Information Lev Vygotsky- He proposed the theory of Socio-cultural development.

B.F Skinner- Theory of operant conditions

Jerome Bruner- Theory of conditioned learner

Hint Vygotsky mentioned the effect of the language on the cognitive development of the child which he said as private speech in his theory of socio-cultural development.

The New Education Policy lays particular emphasis on the development of the creative potential of each individual. It is based on the principle that education must develop not only cognitive capacities - both the ‘foundational capacities ’of literacy and numeracy and ‘higher-order’ cognitive capacities, such as critical thinking and problem solving – but also social, ethical, and emotional capacities and dispositions. 

Key Points Following are the proposals made by National Education Policy 2020 (NEP):-

• a variety of methods and strategies such as group work and role plays be used for assessment.
• apart from assessment by the teacher, other ways such as self-assessment and peer-assessment should be encouraged.
• report card of the student should include progress in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.
• focus on regular formative assessment for learning rather than the summative assessment that encourages today’s ‘coaching culture.

​Thus, it is concluded that NEP 2020 proposes shift from formative to summative assessment regarding proposals made by National Education Policy 2020 (NEP) is not correct.

Inclusive education means creating effective classrooms where the educational needs of all children are addressed irrespective of ability or disability.

• No matter whether the student is a boy or a girl, intelligent or weak in academics, rich or poor, perfect or physically disabled, the education and treatment by the teachers for all the students are the same in all aspects.

Key Points

• According to inclusive education, teachers should have to treat all the students in same aspects, so that the categorization among the students as "slow learners", "brilliant",  and "average" possesses a negative impact on the students.
• Inclusive education doesn't allow the teacher to categorize the students by their abilities or disabilities.
• So, that option (2) is the correct answer.

Important Points

• Aims of inclusive education-
• Provide equal opportunities to all the students.
• Promotes Unity in diversity.
• Embrace all students irrespective of race, gender, disability, medical or other needs.
• Not categorized the students on the bases of their talent, performance, etc.

Diversity means collective differences, that is, differences that mark one group of people from another. These differences may be of any sort: biological, religious, abilities, physical conditions, appearances, cultural, linguistic, etc.

• . On the basis of biological differences, for example, we have racial diversity.
• On the basis of religious differences, we have religious diversity.

Key Points

• Socio-cultural diversity concerns aspects of culture that can influence an individual's interactions with others of different backgrounds.
• A teacher should have to pay respect and also have to include the socio-cultural diversity of students which helps students as-
• Emphasis on the ability to live in unity.
• Students can learn about different cultures when different types of students are there.
• Opportunity for the student to gain knowledge about engaging with different types of people who are different by language, gender, culture, and tradition.
• So that's why option (2) is the correct answer.​

Hint 

• ​Students should never be judged by the teachers by their physical appearances, economic conditions, disabilities, etc.
• ​Because this type of judgment harms students learning as well as their cognition.​

Learning disabilities are those types of disorders that affect the ability to understand problems in spoken or written language, in doing mathematical calculations, coordinate movements, or direct attention. Although learning disabilities occur in very young children, the disorders are usually not recognized until the child reaches school age.​

Key Points

• Dyslexia:
• ​This is a disability in which student faces difficulty regarding the spelling of words, difficulty in reading letters, unable to make the best arrangement of the alphabets in words, faces difficulty matching sounds. These are the common difficulties in Dyslexia.
• So option (3) is the correct answer.​

Important Point

• Dyspraxia:
• In this disability, the student faces difficulties related to their body movement, and body balancing, students are unable to do activities like, playing sports, jumping, dancing, etc
• ​Dyscalculia:
• Dyscalculia is the disability in which difficulties related to mathematical calculations are found in a student.
• Example: student faces difficulties during addition, multiplication, subtractions, etc.​​​
• ​Dysgraphia:
• ​Dysgraphia is a disability in which student faces difficulties related to writing, they can not write properly.
• Example: A student writes a number "0' in place of the alphabet "O".

A teacher can identify creative children in her class by their innovative style of thinking.

Creativity - It helps us to view and solve the problem more openly with the innovations. creativity opens minds.

When the child develops an innovative style of thinking, he is approaching the same problem with different ideas. These lead the child to develop creativity.

Key Point

Convergent thinking- When the solution to the problem can only be deduced by the established rules and logical reasoning.

Examples- MCQ types of the test don't allow to think, It focuses more on the memorisation of the fact.

Divergent thinking- It helps to develop the ideas beyond prescribed way and rote memory. It helps to think about the same problem in multiple ways.

Examples- Give the pile of blocks and ask them to create a different structure each time with that block.

Additional Information  Their popularity among the peers- This doesn't have any direct link with creativity as there are many reasons to be popular among the peers. Eg such a child might be good at sports.

Their selection of simple and recall based tasks-  This shows that the child depends on the rote memory, he selects the simple task which is easy to recall, This doesn't develop creativity because he is not using ideas for the problems.

HintConvergent thinking helps in developing uniformity.

Divergent thinking help in developing creativity.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a brain disorder that affects how you pay attention, sit, still, and control your behaviour. It happens in children and teens and can continue into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention and controlling impulsive behaviours. ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder in children.

Key Points

• The three main symptoms of ADHD include the following:
• ​Inattention: Short attention span for age (difficulty sustaining attention) Difficulty listening to others.
• Impulsivity: Has difficulty waiting for his or her turn in school and/or social games, Takes frequent risks, and often without thinking before acting.
• Hyperactivity: Has difficulty remaining in his/her seat even when it is expected, Fidgets with hands or squirms when in his or her seat; fidgets excessively.
• So Impulsivity, low attention span, fidgeting, and inability to sit for long are primary characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
• ​That's why option (3) is the correct answer.​

​​

Additional Information

• ADHD can't be prevented or cured. But spotting it early, plus having a good treatment and education plan, can help a child or adult with ADHD manage their symptoms.
• Medication, education, skills training, and psychological counselling can also help a student to reduce ADHD.

Ability Grouping

Ability grouping is a method in which a teacher looks at the ability of each student individually and places him/her in a group with other students possessing the same ability.

Key Points

• It is a group-learning approach used to achieve an extremely wide range of educational objectives, especially higher-cognitive objectives of all types like problem-solving, decision-making, and other complex life skills.
• Effective for group activities in subjects like mathematics and language.
• It gives challenging tasks to the high-ability group whereas the low-ability group is given simple tasks which makes the teaching-learning process biased.
• Due to this low ability groups don't participate in the activities and start building fear of missing out in the classroom.
• It is also an approach for developing creative thinking and other divergent thought processes.

Hence, we can conclude that Ability grouping does not promote Inclusion.

Additional Information

Strategies for inclusive education-

Differentiated Instruction- The teacher should give different instructions to students according to their needs. because every child is unique so common instructions will not be useful for every child.

Reasonable curriculum accommodation- The curriculum should be based on the need of the students and learned and should be flexible.

The eagerness in repeating the same task multiple times is not the characteristic of the gifted child.

• Gifted children do not like to do the same thing multiple times as doing the same things multiple times make them feel unattracted towards the problem.

Key Points Gifted Children- A child who is naturally empowered with a high level of general mental abilities or extraordinary abilities in the specific spare of knowledge.

The gifted children on the intelligent quotient IQ Scale

• Average-100
• Mildly gifted-115 to 130
• Moderately gifted- 130-144
• Highly gifted-145-159
• Exceptionally gifted-160-179

Additional InformationCharacteristics of the gifted children-

• High level of intensity
• Enjoys learning
• Depth of perception
• Keen sense of observation
• extraordinary memory
• Enjoys their own company
• Ability to recognise the more option
• Dislike repeating the same things which they know

Hint Gifted children are highly active children.

Classroom management does not mean a strict order but shaping of a positive environment in the classroom. The teacher's behavior is the main contributing factor. A skillful and efficient teacher manages the class in such a manner that he never faces discipline problems.

Key Points

• A good teacher should :
• give ample opportunities to children for self-reflection.
• be flexible in classrooms do not have rigid behavior for students.
• create an emotionally pleasant and stimulating environment
• set meaningful goals.
• make the subject matter meaningful.
• make unity among the student in diversity.
• try to avoid punishments for the students.
• give all the students the same and equal opportunities.

So for all the above reasons, option (4) is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Rigid or fearful behavior of the teacher demotivates the students, also increasing the fear of learning in the soul of students. 
• So that the behavior of teachers should be flexible and learning in the classroom should be child-centered instead of teacher-centered.
• ​The rigid rules should not be made by the teachers for the students to follow**, without question,** this type of behavior impacts students learning as well as increases the chance to make them rigid.

Concept development is an innovative process in which schools should design structure and systems to unleash the creative potential of the students in the schools. It is necessary to understand that being creative and innovative means not just novelty but essentially innovation incorporating a high degree of usefulness.

Key Points

• Ways to encourage conceptual development in children-
• By giving them best suitable examples related to the concepts.
• By organizing Hand-on-activities, group discussions, and experiments to build their concept best.
• By connecting the concept to the daily life and environment of the students, by which they can get it easily.
• By using teaching-learning materials, models, and projects.
• By using different methods of teaching such as Inductive method, deductive method etc.
• So by all the above point we conclude that option (3) is the correct answer.​

Important Points 

• Punishment is not a way to develop concepts in students, it can affect students' minds negatively.
• It is also possible that the student should be pushed towards rote or memorized learning by giving them rewards, surprises, etc.

Effective teaching is a term used to describe the knowledge, strategies, and conduct of a successful Teacher. It's the ability to make a positive impact on a student's life and academic career, including the capacity to teach important skills, introduce new concepts and manage any classroom concerns.

Key Points

• Characteristics of effective learning:
• ​It makes the thought process of the students conceptually.
• In this type of teaching, the teacher should value the emotional needs of the students.
• The teacher is flexible also makes the environment of the classroom flexible and helps the students where they need it.
• Teachers understand the needs of the students and arrange the classroom activities according to the needs of students.
• No rigidity in the classroom.
• Teaching-learning leads toward the holistic development of the students.
• So by all the above mention points, we can conclude that the correct answer is Option (2).

Hint

• Effective teaching doesn't have rigidity for the students, It is always done in favor of the students.
• In effective learning, the learning should be child-centered instead of teacher-centered.

Discovery learning is the type of learning in which students can learn by finding the correct approach for the problem through their cognition.

• Example: Find the river Ganga on the map.

Key Points

• Discovery learning helps students to think critically.
• Discovery learning helps to make commands of the problem conceptually.
• Discovery learning improves the skills of the students and makes their thinking divergent.
• It de-emphasis rote learning or learning based on the memorisation.
• Discovery learning is mostly based on activities, experiments, and critical thinking based which also encourages the interest in learning in students.
• No direct instruction is given to the students by the teachers in discovery learning, students can learn by making guesses or concepts through their cognition.
• So option (2) is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Rote memorization is defined as memorization by repetition, often without an understanding of the reasoning or relationships involved in the material that is learned.
• Direct instruction is where teachers use explicit teaching techniques to teach a specific skill to their students. This type of instruction is teacher-directed, where a teacher typically stands at the front of a room and presents information.
• ​​Example: Announcement by the teacher.
• Expository teaching is a lecture presentation or telling strategy used during instruction. The teacher is in control of presenting the subject matter and directs the students through the lesson.

A graphic organizer is a visual and graphic display that depicts the relationships between facts, terms, and or ideas within a learning task.

Key Points

• Graphic organizers are of value in developing/arranging ideas graphically.
• It is a concept of presentation of a concept and its sub-concepts in an interconnected manner.
• Four types of graphic organizers have been found appropriate for content area subjects. These are:
• The thematic map shows the elements and details of these materials.
• The sequential episodic map shows time to order.​
• The classification map shows relationships among concepts.
• The comparative-contrastive map compares and contrasts two or more groups or events.

Hence we conclude that the Presentation of a concept and its sub-concepts in a hierarchical and interconnected manner is called a graphic organizer.

Additional Information

• A mnemonic is a word, short poem, or sentence that is intended to help you remember things such as scientific rules or spelling rules.
• ​Example: Roy G. Biv is a name used to remember the colors of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
• Heuristics is totally based on previous memory and understanding and by using these phenomena a person can solve the correct facing problems.
• It is an interconnected way to the current problem with the previous knowledge.
• It is also hierarchical in a manner as problem facing, recalling by older understandings then coming to a conclusion.
• Algorithms are a set of instructions for solving a problem.
• ​Example: Recipe of the baking cape.

Learning level: Learning level is a minimum criterion that defines how much a student should learn according to age.

Example: A child of class 1st well known how to hold a pencil. If he faces any problem in holding a pencil then it may be considered that there is some learning problem with the child.

There are many factors that make a gap in the learning of the student such as-

• Their development.
• Their environment
• Their School system
• The way of teaching by which they are going through.
• Their Teachers, etc.

Key Points

• School system: School system plays an important role in the learning of the student, if a student is underperforming then the first unit to analyze is the school system. There are many major factors in the student that affect the learning of the student such as-
• The environment of the school.
• The behavior of the teachers.
• Teaching methods.
• Interaction with the students, etc.
• Because the failure of the students is the failure of the school system. So that we can say that "System" is the first unit that should be analyzed if the student is underperforming. Hence, Option (1) is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• There are many ways that make the learning of the student effective, these are-
• Inclusive classroom - Students of different abilities, and disabilities are learning under the same roof.
• Play-way method - Learning gaps can be reduced if the learning should be done in a play-way method, interesting activities, experimental based, etc.

Motivation: The term motivation has been derived from the Latin word ‘movere’, which means ‘to move. “the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms”.

Motivation is of two types, which are:

• Intrinsic Motivation.
• Extrinsic Motivation.

Key Points

• Intrinsic Motivation: Intrinsic motivation can be defined as “motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy”.
• Example: There could be an activity that an individual enjoys doing.
• These four components of intrinsic motivation are-
• Challenge- It relates to the extent to which an individual enjoys the excitement that accompanies a new challenge.
• Enjoyment- It relates to the pleasure that an individual may obtain from carrying out the task.
• Mastery- It relates to the sense of pride and accomplishment that an individual may experience when he/ she carries out a difficult task.
• Autonomy and self determination- It relates to the autonomy that an individual enjoys while carrying out the task, that is, the freedom with which the individual can determine what is to be done and how is it to be done.
• So by all these explanations, we can say that intrinsic motivation comes from the soul of the students, and it will be enhanced if the learning environment of the student fosters their sense of belonging and and intensity in their action.
• Hence, option (3) is the correct answer.

​

Additional Information

• Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic motivation can be defined as “motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises”.
• Example: reward, praise, money, feedback.

Meaningful learning: Meaningful learning results when a person consciously and explicitly ties new knowledge to relevant concepts they already possess. When meaningful learning occurs, it produces a series of changes within our entire cognitive structure, modifying existing concepts and forming new linkages between concepts.

Characteristics of Meaningful Learning:-

• It stresses the ability of the learner to apply what is learned because of the involvement of the learners.
• Meaningful learning is the human mechanism par excellence for acquiring and storing a vast quantity of ideas.
• Meaningful learning is possible only when learners make a deliberate effort to relate new knowledge to the relevant concept they already know.
• It is the active creation of knowledge structures from personal experience.

Key Points

• There are many emotions that facilitate the process of meaningful learning, these are-
• ​Happiness
• Hope
• Pride
• Curiosity
• Enjoyment
• ​Curiosity: The impulse/emotion or desire to investigate, observe, or gather information, particularly when the material is novel or interesting. It refers students to get the roots of the problem conceptually.
• So option (1) is the correct answer.​

Important Points 

• Hopelessness, shame, and fear are the emotions that did not facilitate meaningful learning, these emotions make a negative impact on the student toward learning.

Intuitive- Intuitive means having the ability to understand or know something without any direct evidence or reasoning process.

Characteristics of the Naive or Intuitive abilities-

• These abilities make the students think divergent.
• These abilities help the students to cover all the aspects related to the situations.
• These preconceptions help the student to influence their understanding in school.

Key Points

• Teachers should have to encourage students to share their thoughts, and their intuitions about the problem, which helps the students-
• to put their thoughts freely in the classroom.
• make them fearless to say something or to ask something.
• helps them to get motivated.
• help them to connect their pre-conceptions with the problems to make their learning better.
• so that option  (1) is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• A teacher should make their classroom environment as per the student's needs.
• Teachers should have to encourage the students which helps the student to get motivated.
• The classroom should be child-centered, not teacher-centered.

Socio-constructivism focuses on the collaborative nature of learning. Knowledge develops from how people interact with each other, their culture, and society at large.

In Socio-constructivist classroom students rely on others to help create their building blocks, and learning from others helps them construct their own knowledge and reality.

Characteristics of Socio-constructivist classroom:

• It emphasizes collaboration with others for learning.
• It allows learners to foster their own strategy of learning to perform an activity.
• It views learners as makers of meaning and creators of knowledge through social interaction.

Key Points

• Social-constructivist classroom gives primacy to:
• peer tutoring.
• group activity.
• Challenging environment.
• Emphasis on students to think divergently and critically.
• cooperative learning among the students.
• So option (1) is the correct answer.

Important Points

• In a socio-constructivist classroom, the student performs different tasks which helps them to make their thoughts divergent. There is no repetition of the task in socio-constructivist classrooms, hence option (2) is incorrect.
• Rote memorization, learning based on recalling, and repetition are not allowed in a socio-constructivist classroom, so option (3) is also incorrect.
• The classroom should be child-centered, not teacher-centered so that students are allowed to ask questions freely that's why option (4) is also incorrect.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

• Monsoon is a major wind system that seasonally reverses its direction.
• It blows for approximately six months from the Northeast and six months from the Southwest.
• They cause wet and dry seasons throughout much of the tropics.
• India is a tropical country.
• Therefore, most of the rain in India is brought by monsoon winds.

 Thus, we can say that India is located in the tropical region and therefore, most of the rain in India is brought by monsoon winds.

The correct answer is These are small pieces of rocks, moving around the Sun.

Key Points

• Meteoroids are lumps of rock or iron that orbit the Sun.
• They orbit the Sun among the inner planets, as well as the outer planets.
• Different meteoroids travel around the Sun at different speeds and in different orbits.
• They are even found on the edge of the solar system in the Kuiper belt.

 Thus, we can say that Meteoroids are small pieces of rocks, moving around the Sun.

The correct answer is the Arctic Ocean.

Key Points

• A strait is a narrow piece of the sea that joins two larger seas.
• The Bering Strait is a strait between the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.
• The strait separates the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska.
• The strait resembles a triangle with its apex to the north.
• Its area is about 890,000 square miles, including its islands.

 Thus, we can say that the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean are connected by Bering Strait.

The correct answer is Mangrove forests.

Key Points

• Mangrove forests grow along the coasts in the salt marshes, tidal creeks, mudflats and estuaries.
• In India, Mangrove forests are spread over 6,740 sq. km.
• They are highly developed in the Andaman and Nicobar islands and the Sunderbans of West Bengal.
• This vegetation can survive in saline water.
• Sundari is a well-known species of trees of this vegetation.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements are features of Mangrove forests.

• Climate is the average weather condition in a place over a long period of time like 25 years .
• Factors that affect climate are:
• Latitude or distance from the equator
• Prevailing wind
• Altitude or height above sea level
• Distance from the sea
• Relief

Thus, we can say that although the distance from the sea and relief affect the climate of a place they are not the only factors that affect it. Hence B is false.

The correct answer is Troposphere.

Key Points

• Our atmosphere is divided into five layers:
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere
• The troposphere is the most important layer of the atmosphere.
• Its average height is 13 km.
• Almost all weather phenomena like rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur in this layer.

Thus, we can say that a phenomenon like rainfall and fog occurs in the Troposphere.

The correct answer is B and C are correct and A is incorrect.

Key Points

​ Igneous Rocks:

• Igneous rocks are rocks that are formed due to the cooling of magma that are released usually due to volcanic activity. Thus, statement A is incorrect.
• There are two types of Igneous rocks:
• Intrusive Igneous Rocks: These are formed when the magma cools in the cracks inside the earth’s crust. Example: Granite
• Extrusive Igneous Rocks: These are formed when the magma cools outside the earth's crust. Example: Basalt
• Thus, statement C is correct
• In other words, Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes, either at volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust.
• All magma develops underground, in the lower crust or upper mantle, because of the intense heat there.
• Thus, statement B is correct

 Thus, we can say that B and C are correct and A is incorrect.

The correct answer is It is enclosed by the Karakoram range in the south and the Zaskar mountains in the north,

Key Points

• Ladakh is enclosed by the Karakoram range in the north and the Zaskar mountains in the south.
• Several glaciers are found in Ladakh, the Gangri glacier is an example.
• As Ladakh lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas, there is little rainfall here.
• The rainfall is as low as 10 cm per year.
• Leh is the capital of Ladakh.
• It is connected to the Kashmir Valley through the Zoji La pass.

 Thus, we can say that Ladakh is enclosed by the Karakoram range in the north, not in the South and the Zaskar mountains in the South and not in the North.

The correct answer is Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

Key Points

• The Golden Quadrilateral Express is a national highway network connecting most of the major industrial, agricultural and cultural centres of India.
• It connects the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
• The total distance of the Golden Quadrilateral Highway in India is 5846 km.
• It forms a quadrilateral, Delhi in the North, Mumbai in the west, Chennai in the South and Kolkata in the East.
• It is managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI).

 Thus, we can say that the Golden Quadrilateral Expressway connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

The correct answer is Waves scrape across the ocean surface.

Key Points

• When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternately, they are called Waves.
• Waves are formed when winds scrape across the ocean surface.
• The stronger the winds blow, the bigger the waves become.
• During the storm, the winds blow at very high speed and therefore huge waves are formed which are very destructive.

 thus, we can say that the waves are caused when winds scrape across the ocean surface.

The correct answer is A and B are false.

Key Points

• Metallic minerals are minerals containing one or more metals.
• All pure metals are non-ferrous except iron.
• Therefore, not all metallic minerals are non-ferrous.
• As iron is a metal and it is a ferrous mineral.
• Mica is a non-metallic mineral.

 Thus, we can say that not all metallic minerals are non-ferrous and mica is an example of a non-metallic mineral and not a metallic mineral.

The correct answer is the Fish oil manufacturing industry.

Key Points

Industries based on raw materials are divided into:

• agro-based industries;
• mineral industries;
• forest-based industries; and
• marine-based industries
• Agro-based industry uses plant and animal-based products as their raw materials.
• Food processing, oil, cotton textiles, dairy products and leather industries are examples of agro-based industries.
• Manufacturing fish oil and processing seafood are examples of marine based industries.

Thus, we can say that the Fish Oil manufacturing industry is not an agro-based industry.

Confusion Points

• Examples of agro-based industries include food processing, textile manufacturing, leather industry, paper industry, and biofuel production.
• The leather industry is considered an agro-based industry because it uses animal hides and skins as raw materials for its products.
• The hides and skins are sourced from animals that are typically raised for their meat, such as cows, goats, and sheep.
• In addition to using animal hides and skins as raw materials, the leather industry also relies on agricultural products such as vegetable oils, fats, and waxes to finish and preserve the leather.
• These materials are often derived from crops such as soybeans, canola, and corn.

The correct answer is Tidal energy

Key Points

• Non-conventional energy, also known as renewable energy, is energy that is derived from natural sources that are constantly replenished. This means that non-conventional energy sources are sustainable and will not run out. For example, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, etc.

Additional Information

• The sources of energy which have been in use for a long time are called conventional sources of energy.
• Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered to be the conventional sources of energy.

The correct answer is Drilling.

The oil and Natural gas well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth with an oil rig. A steel pipe (casing) is placed in the hole, to provide structural integrity to the newly drilled wellbore. Holes are then made in the base of the well to enable oil to pass into the bore.

Key Points

• Petroleum and natural gas are Non-Renewable energy sources.
• Fossil fuels include petroleum and natural gas.
• Natural gas is the most environmentally friendly fossil fuel.

Important Points ​Extraction of Minerals There are three methods of extraction i.e 

1. Mining - The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth’s surface like coal, gold, or iron ore.

• Open Cast Mining - Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer,
• Shaft Mining - Deep bores, called shafts, have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depths

1. Drilling - Deep wells are bored to take them out like petroleum.
2. Quarrying -  Minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out like sand, stones.

The story of Silk Route:

• China first invented the technique of making silk.
• The method used by China was kept as a secret for thousands of years.
• People from China who went to distant lands on foot, horseback, and on camels, carried silk with them.
• The paths they followed came to be known as the Silk Route.

Additional Information

• The Silk route was controlled by the Kushanas, who ruled over central Asia and north-west India around 2000 years ago.
• Their two major centres of power were Peshawar and Mathura.
• Taxila was also included in their kingdom.
• During their rule, a branch of the Silk Route extended from Central Asia down to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk was shipped westwards to the Roman Empire.

The correct answer is B.

Urbanization gave opportunities to poor and low castes to get away from the oppressive hold they lived and the daily humiliation they suffered.

Urbanization is the shifting of the population from rural to urban areas.

Key Points 

​Urbanization increased because of

• Employment opportunities attract people from rural areas to seek a better livelihood.
• People get better facilities in cities like Health, education, sanitation, and living standards to lead a good lifestyle.
• Industrial development increases the urbanization process, heavy industry work gives regularly paid employment.

The correct answer is 4. 

Key Points

• Idgah is an open place reserved for Eid prayers.  It is usually a public place that is not used for prayers at other times of the year. The term Eidgah is of Indian origin, the open space outside a mosque, or other open grounds where Eid prayers are performed.
• Dargah is a tomb or shrine of a Muslim saint. Tomb built over the grave of a revered religious saint, often Sufi Saint. They usually include a mosque, meeting rooms, Islamic religious schools (madrassas) residences for a teacher or caretaker, hospitals, and other buildings for community purposes.
• Khanqa is a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood. Khanqahs were houses of rest for travelers especially kept by a religious order.
• Cul-de-suc is a street that is closed at one end.

Indian Textile during British India:

• Textile industry had just begun to develop in England in the early 18th century.
• The wool and silk producers in England found themselves unable to compete with Indian textiles.
• They wanted to secure market within the country by preventing the entry of Indian textiles. Therefore, they protested against its import.
• The development of cotton industries in Britain affected the textile producers in India in various ways:
• British textiles were now giving competition to Indian textiles in the European and American markets. Hence, statement A is incorrect.
• Export of textiles to England became more and more difficult because the British Government imposed high duties on Indian textiles. Hence, statement B is correct.
• In the beginning of the 19th century, cotton textiles made in Britain successfully ousted Indian goods from their traditional markets in Africa, America and Europe.
• Thousands of weavers in India were now thrown out of employment. English and Europeans companies stopped to buy Indian goods.
• Their agents no longer gave out advances to weavers to secure supplies.
• Thousands of rural spinner women were rendered jobless​.

Both the statement is true.

Paintings and images are art which influenced by the world around it. Various episodes of British imperial history were projected dramatically through such paintings.

Key Points

The British history paintings in India reflected the attitudes of imperial conquerors in the following ways:

• History painting was another category of imperial art.
• Through visual representation, the artists depicted the accounts of battles, victories, and supremacy of the monarchy.
• British victories in India served as rich material for history painters in Britain.
• The painting dramatizes the event and glorifies the British triumph.

Additional Information Colonial rule introduced several new art forms, styles, materials, and techniques which were creatively adapted by Indian artists for local patrons and markets like: 

• a grand public building with domes,
• columns and arches;
• a scenic landscape,
• the realistic human image in a portrait.

The correct answer is Political Democracy.

Right to vote establishes Political Democracy in India. Right to vote is the constitutional right of India.

Key Points

• Since 1950 all adult citizens ( 18 years or above) recognized by the constitution of India without any discrimination.
• Under Article 326 Universal Suffrage was adopted by the constitution of India.

Additional Information  In Political Democracy 

• Constitution vests supreme power to people and protects fundamental rights,
• provide universal adult franchise in the election
• give responsible government where the executive is answerable to legislature and legislature elected by people.

In Social Democracy 

• support social development, ensure social security, and economic welfare
• support the idea of a welfare state based on redistribution
• they believe in the liberal institution of representative democracy.

A tribe is a social division in a traditional society consisting of families linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture.

Key Points Major tribes in India 

Khonds - 

• Khonds are the people of the hills and jungles of Odisha state.
• They speak Kui and its southern dialect, Kuwi, of the Dravidian language family.
• Most Khond are now rice cultivators, but there are still groups, such as the Kuttia Khond, who practice slash-and-burn agriculture.

Nyishi - 

• Nyishi community is the largest ethnic group in Arunachal Pradesh
• The Nyishi language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family
• The houses are raised from the ground on bamboo and wooden pilings to protect the floor of the house from the dampness of the soil below.
• the economy depends upon livestock breeding, animal husbandry, and agriculture.

Banjara - 

• they are found in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh.
• They are basically found everywhere in India.
• Banjara follow nomadic life (  who lives by traveling from place to place)

Gaddis - 

• The Gaddis are a tribe living mainly in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh (Kullu) and Jammu and Kashmir.
• Gaddis is generic name and it includes Khatri, Brahmin, and Rajputs.

The correct answer is South.

In the 'river-front gardens' designed during the Mughal regime, the mausoleum was placed on a terrace and the garden to its

Key PointsArchitecture became more complex during the Mughal period. Many Mughal rulers like, Babur, Humayun, Jahangir, Akbar, and especially Shah Jahan.

Shah Jahan took a keen interest in literature, art, and architecture.

• He adapted the river-front garden for the layout of the Taj Mahal.
• It was the grandest architectural accomplishment during his reign.
• In this, the white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river. The garden was to its south.

The period between 1206 A.D. and 1526 A.D. in India’s history is known as the Delhi Sultanate period. During this period of over three hundred years, five dynasties ruled in Delhi.

Important Points

The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of India. Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially

1. Slave (1206-1290 CE) -

• Qutub-ud-din Aibak Founded the Slave dynasty. It is also known as Mamluk
• Aibak is considered as the real founder of Muslim rule in India.

1. Khaliji (1290-1320 CE)

• ​Khalji nobles headed by Jalaldduin overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in 1290 & Est. Khalji dynasty.
• This event is called the ‘Dynastic Revolution’ of 1290

1. Tughlaq (1320-1413 CE) -

• The first ruler is Giyasudin Tughlaq.
• He was succeeded by Mohammad_bin-Tughalaq who know for his misadventure related to administration and war

1. Saiyyad (1414-1451 CE) -

• Khizr khan founded saiyyad dynasty.
• he was governor of Multan.

1. Lodhis (1451-1526 CE)

• Bahlol Lodhi founded the Lodhi dynasty.
• The Lodhis/Lodis was the last ruling dynasty of the Sultanate period and the first to be headed by the Afghans, who ruled over Sirhind when the Sayyids ruled in India.

Both statements is true.

In the medieval period, temples were built by rulers to demonstrate their devotion and purest their cultural activities such as dance, music, and wrestling bouts.

Key PointsVarious communities were involved with the temples like: Saliya weavers of Thanjavur and Uraiyur for producing cloth for flags. Sthapatis of Svamimalai for bronze idols and metal lamps.

Thanjavur, situated on the Kaveri river delta was the capital of the Chola Empire.

• Rajarajeshvara temple was situated in this beautiful town.
• It was designed by Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan. It had a massive Shiva linga inside.
• Besides the temple, there were other architectural splendors also.

Archaeologists are who study objects made and used in the past. Archaeology is the study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains.

Key Points

 Archaeology is the scientific study of the million-year-old fossils of our earliest human ancestors.

• Archaeology analyzes the physical remains of the past in pursuit of a broad and comprehensive understanding of human culture.
• Most archaeologists focus on a particular region of the world or a specific topic of study.​
• Archaeologists study human remains (bioarchaeology), animals (zooarchaeology), ancient plants (paleoethnobotany), stone tools (lithics),
• They examine the cultures, languages, archaeological remains, and physical characteristics of people in various parts of the world.

Important Points Palaeontologists - 

• A paleontologist is a scientist who studies the history of life on Earth through the fossil record.
• Fossils are the evidence of past life on the planet and can include those formed from animal bodies or their imprints (body fossils)

Museologists - 

• Museology or museum studies is the study of museums.
• Museologists are the science of collecting and arranging objects for museums.

Historians - 

• A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it.
• Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time.

Hence, we can say that People who study objects made and used in the past are called archaeologists.

The correct answer is Garbage Dumps and drainage.

Ring wells found in the Mahajanapadas seem to have been used as Garbage dumps and drainage.

Key PointsRings Well -

• Rings well were first constructed under the Mauryas in Gangetic plains.
• Rings wells were constructed as a row of pots or ceramic rings which are arranged one over the other.
• In several Mahajanpad cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one on top of the other.
• These ring wells were usually found in individual houses.
• Water from these wells had multiple uses apart from drinking and washing.
• Because of Terracotta Rings, it called Rings well. Some of them seem to have been used as Toilets in some cases.

Important Points

 The Mahajanapadas were the major kingdoms of Vedic India.

• Mahajanapadas were sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE during the second urbanization period.
• Mahjanpad had an oligarchical system of governance.
• In this system unlike monarchies, where a hereditary king rules, the administration was run by an elected king
• with the help of a large council or assemblies comprising heads of all important clans and families.

Garbhagriha is the room where the image of the temple deity is placed.

Key Points The basic form of the Hindu temple comprises the sanctum (garbhagriha).

• It was a small cubicle with a single entrance and grew into a larger chamber in time.
• The garbhagriha is made to house the main icon which is itself the focus of much ritual attention.
• Garbhagriha was the inner chamber of the temple where the main deity was placed.

Additional Information

• A hall inside the temple where people could assemble called mandapa;
• An important small box placed at the center of the temple called Stupa.
• The structure built on top of the temple is called Shikhar in North India and a pyramidal tower, called a vimana, in South India.

The Preamble is the first page of the Constitution and is knowns as the Spirit of the Indian Constitution. The preamble sets out the tone and tenor of the entire Constitution.

Important Points 

• Original Preamble of Indian Constitution contains words  Democratic, Republic, and Sovereign.
• In the 42nd Amendment  Act 1976, three new words were added, i.e

1. Socialist
2. Secular
3. Integrity

• The preamble of India was adopted on 26 November  1946.

Thus, we can say that options A and C are correct.

Confusion Points Option D is also correct. But, option D is not mentioned in the options and this is a Previous Year Paper Question.

The correct answer is Block

Key PointsJanpad Panchayat works at the Block level of administration in India. The 3- tier structure of the Indian administration for rural development is known as Panchayati Raj.

• Janpad panchayat - 
• ​This is the local government body at the tehsil or taluka or block level.
• All the villages under a tehsil (block) form the Development Block.
• The Block Panchayat works as a link between the Gram Panchayat and the Zila Parishad.

Additional Information

• District administration run under District collector.
• State administration governs under the chief minister.

There is three level of Panchayati Raj.

• Gram Panchayat
• Janapad Panchayat or Block level
• Zila Parishad

The correct answer is Rajya sabha.

 Important Points

• Legislature of the Union, which is called Parliament, consists of the President and two Houses.
• Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and House of the People (Lok Sabha).
• Each House has to meet within six months of its previous sitting.
• A joint sitting of two Houses can be held in certain cases.

Additional Information

Rajya sabha - 

• Rajya Sabha shall consist of 250 members, of which 12 members shall be nominated by the President
• Nomination among persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service.
• Elections to the Rajya Sabha are indirect,  members representing States are elected by elected members of legislative assemblies of the States in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

 

Lok Sabha - 

• The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is now 552
• 530 members to represent States, 20 to represent Union Territories, and two members of the Anglo-Indian community to be nominated by the President.
• However, In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Parliament and State Legislatures of India were abolished by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.
• Election to Lok sabha is direct election on the basis of adult suffrage.

The first General Election was held in India in 1951-52.

Important Points

• The General Election of 1951-52 was held from 25 October 1951 till 21 February 1952.
• This was the first Lok Sabha election after India's independence in August 1947.
• Jawaharlal Nehru led the interim cabinet and consisted of 15 members from different groups.
• Indian National Congress won 364 out of 489 seats, 45% of the total votes polled.
• Jawahar Lal Nehru was elected democratically first Prime Minister of independent India.

In the Indian judicial system, the supreme court has the power to intervene in case of a dispute between the center and state.

Key Points Indian judiciary is a single integrated and unified system of Courts for the Union as well as the States, which administers both the Union and State laws.

• Article 131 gives the Supreme Court exclusive and original jurisdiction in a dispute between the Union and a State, or between one State and another.
• PILs (Public Interest Litigation) can be filed on behalf of those whose rights have been violated.
• If the accused has not been given a chance to defend himself, it would not be considered a fair trial.
• The right to water has been interpreted as a part of the fundamental right to life as part of the Right to Life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Indian constitution.

The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to protect women from domestic violence. The law came into effect in 2006 in India 

Key Points The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 

• It was enacted by the Indian government and Ministry of Women and Child Development on 26 October 2006.
• It has allowed women fighting domestic violence cases the right to reside in the ‘shared household’.
• It helps in the protection of women from violence Including physical and mental ill-treatment.
• Primarily meant for the protection of wife or female live-in partners.
• It is a civil law meant primarily for protection orders, rather than criminal enforcement.

Additional Information Prevention of Sexual Harassment Act 2013 - 

• It s a legislative act in India that seeks to protect women from sexual harassment at their place of work.
• It is also referred to as the “POSH Act”
• ‘PoSH Act’ is an Indian law enacted with the objective of making workplaces safer for women by preventing, prohibiting and redressing acts of sexual harassment against them in the workplace.
• The PoSH Act, as mandatary compliance, requires every company having more than ten employees to constitute an Internal Complaints Committee.

The Hindu Succession Act - 

• The Hindu Succession Act of 1956 was passed by the Indian Parliament to alter and codify the law of intestate or unwilled succession among Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs.
• The Act lays down a uniform and comprehensive system of inheritance and succession into one Act.
• Any property possessed by a Hindu female is to be held by her absolute property and she is given full power to deal with it and dispose of it as she likes.
• Parts of this Act were amended in 2005 by the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005.

Punishment of Dowry Death Act - 

• Punishment of Dowry Death Act was passed on 1961 in India.

The correct answer is 14.

Key Points

Right against exploitation Article ( 23, 24) is the fundamentals rights of India.

• Article 23 says " Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor."
• Article 24 says "no  child shall be employed to work in a factory or mine or engaged in hazardous employment below the age of fourteen years."

Additional Information 

• In Part-III of the Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights are the basic human rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India. There are SIX fundamental Rights in India, These are -

1. Right to equality ( Art 14-18 )
2. Right to Freedom ( Art 19-22)
3. Right Against exploitation ( Art 23-24 )
4. Right to Freedom of Religious ( Art 25-28 )
5. Educational  and cultural rights ( Art 29-30 )
6. Constitutional remedies ( Art 32)

The correct answer is Joothan.

Joothan: A Dait's Life is the book name of Omprakash Valmiki's autobiography in which he narrates a story of caste discrimination.

Important Points

Omprakash Valmiki was an Indian writer and poet. Well known for his autobiography, Joothan, considered a milestone in Dalit literature.

• One such Dalit autobiography is ‘Joothan’, written by Omprakash Valmiki.
• He was born at the village of Barla in the Muzzafarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh.
• The autobiography was written in Hindi, later its translation in English by Arun Prabha Mukherjee.
• Joothan is a collection of memoirs.

Additional Information Achhut - Baluta, a book written by famous Dalit Maharashtran poet and writer Daya Pawar.

• one of the first Dalit autobiographies in India.
• Written in Marathi in the year 1978 the book casts light not only on the act of untouchability and atrocities committed on the Mahar community in Maharashtra
• Also brings out the pride that the Dalit community holds for itself.

Tirskaar - This book was written by Kailash Nath, is an Indian Dalit writer and dramatist.

Government is one part of the state. The government is regarded as an essential element of the state.

 Key PointsState represents a wider and more stable entity than 'government'. The image of the state inspires unity among the people and provides them with an identity as a nation. The state has Four elements - 

• Population :
• A state is a community of persons.
• It is a human political institution.
• Territory :
• The definite territory is its essential component.
• A territory upon which they permanently reside.
• The whole territory of the state is under the sovereignty or supreme power of the State
• All persons, organizations, associations, institutions, and places located within its territory are under the sovereign jurisdiction of the State.
• Government :
• A political organization or agency through which the collective will of the population is expressed.
• Governments exercise all authority and functions on behalf of the state.
• Government is an agency of the State that formulates the will of the state into laws, implements the laws of the state, and ensures conformity to the laws of the state.
• The state exercises its sovereign power through its government.
• Sovereignty :
• The right of a state to be the only law-making body for the population inhabiting a given territory.
• The state has the right to construct and impose laws free of any external involvement by other states or bodies.
• It must be the sole law-making and law-enforcing authority for a territory.

Thus, we can say that Government is one of the elements of the state.

The correct answer is Judiciary.

There are three organs of government i.e. Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary. together they perform the function of government.

Key Points The Judiciary is the system of courts that judge legal disputes, interpret, and defends. 

• Supreme Court is the apex of the judiciary and all courts of India.
• Supreme Court is the protector and final interpreter of the Constitution.
• Judicial review is present in the Indian constitution which is performed by Supreme Court.
• Under articles 13, 32, 131-136, 226, 246 supreme court has the power to review any law.

Thus we can say that the Judiciary is the final interpretation of the Constitution in India.

Federalism refers to the existence of more than one level of government in a country. 

Main points

• Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various divisions of the country.
• Generally, a federation has two levels of government.
• One is the government of the country as a whole, which is generally responsible for some aspect of national interest.
• The rest are governments at the provincial or state level, which take care of most of the day-to-day running of their state.
• India, Spain and Belgium  are examples of this type of 'holding together' federation.

Additional information

 Some salient features of federalism are:

• There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
• Indian federalism is similar to the "Canadian model" .

So, the correct answer is option 4.

Over the years, India has developed its own unique concept of secularism:

• In India, neither in law nor in practice any 'wall of separation' between religion and the State exists.
• In India, both state and religion can, and often do, interact and intervene in each other's affairs within the legally prescribed and judicially settled parameters.
• In other words, Indian secularism does not require a total banishment of religion from the State affairs.
• In India, the state provides all religious minorities the right to establish and maintain their own educational institutions which may receive assistance from state.
• In Indian secularism, state shall interfere in religion so as to remove evils in it.
• India has intervened by enforcing legislation against the practices of sati or widow-burning, dowry, animal and bird sacrifice, child marriage, and preventing Dalits from entering temples.
• In India, state has the policy of setting up Departments of Religious Endowments, Wakf Boards, etc. It is also involved in appointing Trustees of these boards.

Government policies were adopted to prohibit manual scavenging bans on the construction of dry latrines.

Important PointsManual scavenging is the practice of removing human excreta by hand from sewer or septic tanks. 

• India banned the practice under the prohibition of employment as a Manual Scavenger and their Rehabilitation Act 2013 (PEMSR).
• Any person who has been employed to handle undecomposed human waste from an insanitary latrine, open drain or pit, or railway track is a manual scavenger under this law.
• The Act bans the use of any individual for manually cleaning, carrying, or disposing of human excreta.

**Textbook-**It is the teaching-learning resource, which is used by the teacher as a support material in the process of teaching students.

 Key Points

Advantages of the textbooks-

• Textbooks provide a balanced, chronological presentation of information.
• Good textbooks are excellent learning resources for both teachers and students
• The textbook is very helpful for beginner teachers as they contain courses to be dealt with in the class and the design of each lesson is carefully elaborated.
• According to NCF 2005, the textbook is not the only source of instruction material, NCF 2005 focused more on the needs of the learners, NCF2005 propagates to go beyond the textbook and focus on the experience of the learner.
• In the elementary class, the textbook in history is called our pasts, to make learners aware of our pasts so that the learners would able to connect with our culture and heritage
• It is done to develop the sense of understanding among the learner in the young stage towards our pasts. by teaching history through multiple sources. and that the children can learn through specific events and dates.

Hence statements A and B are correct.

The domestication of animals is the mutual relationship between animals and the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction. 

Important Points Domestication is the name given to the process in which people grow plants and look after animals.

• The primary sources like Manuscripts, Cave paintings, and Burials claims the first animals to be domesticated.
• Evidence from several sites suggests that wild precursors of domesticated sheep, goat and cattle were being exploited by man about 16,000 years back.
• The continuing presence of sheep and goat bones in good quantities in early phase of Neolithic culture in that area (dated to c. 7000-10000 B.C.)
• They select plants that yield large-size grain, and have strong stalks, capable of bearing the weight of the ripe grain.
• Some of the earliest plants to be domesticated were wheat and barley.
• The earliest domesticated animals include sheep and goat.

Additional Information Manuscripts : 

• A manuscript is a handwritten composition on paper, bark, cloth, metal, palm leaf or any other material. It has scientific, historical or aesthetic value.

 Cave paintings : 

• Cave or Rock Paintings are paintings on cave or rock walls and ceilings, usually dating to prehistoric times. The earliest known rock paintings are dated to the Upper Paleolithic, approximately 40,000 years ago.

Burials :

• A burial is the act or ceremony of putting a dead body into a grave in the ground

Hence the correct answer is option 3.

The Sangam literature is historically known as 'the poetry of the noble ones. The above poem describes the goods brought into Puhar, an important port on the east coast**. It presents** Early coastal trade in India.

Important Points 

• Historians find evidence of the trade in Sangam poems (or literary works).
• Traders explored several sea routes. Some of these followed the coasts.

Additional Information Sangam literature - 

• It is the literature produced during the Sangam period in ancient southern India known as Tamilakam from c. 300 BCE to 300 CE.
• The Tamil tradition and legends link it to three literary gatherings around Madurai.

Social science- It is a science of dealing with human behaviors in their social and cultural aspects.

Key Points

• Social sciences are included as compulsory subjects in our school curriculum
• the approach to the inclusion of social sciences in the school curriculum differs functionally from one stage of the school curriculum to another stage the school curriculum
• At the primary stage in classes 1-5, the social science is taught as the Environmental science, which is the integrated component of social sciences, general sciences, and/or many other subjects.
• There is no distinction between the subjects, In the  Environmental science subject(both social science and science concepts are taught)
• The main reason for teaching students social science is to prepare students to face different socio-economic and political challenges of the nation.

Hence the most appropriate reason to teach social science in Elementary schools is that it initiates interest in the social and political issue

A map is a selective, symbolized, and generalized representation of the whole or part of the earth at a reduced scale

Key Points

Advantages of teaching maps in school-

• Maps are the best resources to teach geography,
• Maps are a useful pedagogical tool
• They help students learn concepts, synthesize and integrate ideas, and draw reasonable inferences and observations
• By assigning the task of mapping the local industries that is present around the school the teacher is developing the inquiry, comparison, and analysis skills of the children

Hence statements A, B, and C are correct

A social science teacher uses several methods and techniques in teaching various contents of social sciences.

Key Points

• The choice of these methods and techniques depends on the nature of contents to be taught to students
• In learner-centered methods, learners play a significant role in comparison to teachers in the transaction of learning experiences.
• Methods and techniques used in teaching social science are based on the learner-centered approach.
• Demonstration
• Field Work
• Discussion
• Problem-solving
• Debate
• In order to build empathy and sensitize toward the domestic help in students, the best approach will be to let the students get to know someone who works as domestic help and write the story according to their experience.
• This is the best method because the learner will do Fieldwork in this case, he will analyze, plan and execute the steps of interaction. the learner is actively engaged in the field,
• This work will help the learner to develop his communication skill, creative skills, and social skill when learners will be interacting with the domestic helpers.

Hence we can conclude that option 4 is more appropriate.

Gender-responsive pedagogy refers to teaching and learning processes that pay attention to the specific learning needs of girls and boys. As gender is the social norm, the roles are assigned by society.

 Key Points

• Gender is the social norm means that the roles and duties assigned to gender are on the basis of their sex, It is a pre-determined set of roles, based on the sex these roles are assigned to.  Men and women are used to represent gender.
• Male and female are biological term used for identification of the sex.
• Ex:- Women should engage in cooking, and take care of the role assigned here by the norms of society.
• In the theme "Valuing Housework", the teacher should teach about gender equality by depicting the housework.
• Gender Equality refers to the equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. It doesn't mean that men and women become the same; only that access to opportunities and life changes is neither dependent on nor constrained by their sex.

Important Points

 By teaching about the value of housing a teacher should focus on depicting housework as:-

• as an important work that is to be valued:- The teacher is providing an important message of appreciation of the work done in the house because we tend to ignore the things which happen around us one of the things is our house and the work needs to be valued.
• as a work that can be done by both women and men:- By teaching that the housing work can be done by both women and men, the teacher is promoting gender equality.

Hence, it is concluded that options C and D are correct in regard to the above statement.

Geography- is the study of the distribution of the phenomena that affect the human-environment relationship.

Key Points

• Nature of Geography
• Geography is the discipline that seeks to explain the character of places and the distribution of features and events as they occur and change the surface of the earth.
• geography is the study of the physical environment on the one hand and human activities on the other.
• Usage of textbooks in the learning process of geography
• Textbooks in geography, based on NCF-2005, encourage students to engage in questioning and inquiry
• In-text questions, content enrichment through information given in boxes, visual-based questions, and fun activities like puzzles
• These activities are helpful in enhancing their learning capabilities and in generating interest in the subject.

Hence we can conclude that the textbook in the geography is contemplation and wondering

Social interaction- It is the part of the curriculum in social studies, to build the skills of social interaction with the people or community to know about the there problems so that the students are able to analyze the situation, and come up with solutions to solve the issues.

Key Points

• When the students are interacting with the elderly people in the neighborhood while collecting information about land use. It helps the students in building empathy and helps in building relationships with people and society.
• In conducting the activity to talk to some elderly in the neighborhood and collect information about land use, the students would be acquiring skills of: 
• Questioning and recording:- Exchange of ideas takes place on land, the student learns about the various uses of land, and they know about the problems which are related to the land and ask various questions related to it and record it for further use.
• Listening and inquiring:- They try to inquire about the causes of the problems this helps in the listening skills.
• Inferring and negotiating:- After listening and inquiring, they start inferring and negotiating the things.

Hence we can conclude that statements A, B, and C are correct regarding the above situation.

Social movement- This is the movement or the change started by the common people with aim of achieving a common objective of changing the practice that exists in the society.

Key Points

• Bhakti and Sufi movements are the two movements that occurred in history to develop the love of people for gods and with the help of songs, they used to develop the harmony among the people for developing the friendship and brotherhood among the different communities.
• While explaining the theme of the Bhakti and Sufi movements the teacher is actually depicting these movements as challenging the practice of social indifference existing at that time.
• The movements were based on the songs to bring people together so the significance of the songs, poems, and dance as an expression of devotion will also be known by the students.

Thus, it is concluded that both statements A and B are correct.

Field Visit provides opportunities for the first-hand investigation of people in their environment to awaken students to the diversity of environments and cultures.

Key Points In the project work on the "visit to a factory" the students will visit the field

• It teaches students to learn and develop skills of inquiry that sharpen their observations, and measure, record, and evaluate the findings.
• Fieldwork help in inquiry-based in line with the aims of objectives of the school curriculum.
• It involves students in the identification of an issue or problem in a specific area, collecting, presenting, learning, and developing the skills.

Thus, it is concluded that statements B and C are correct.

**Individual difference-**It can be defined as the variation we tend to observe among members of any group of individuals in a particular characteristic, such as language, caste, gender, culture or religion

Key Points

• As the classroom is a mini world, we find the diverse group of learners present in the classroom, as every learner is unique in terms of understanding, behaviors, social status
• When there is different kinds of the individual are present in one place, there is a chance of the conflict same things happen in society,
• As social science is the science of dealing with humans with their society.
• The conflicting issue related to caste and gender should be discussed according to the ability of students and standards, so the students are sensitized toward the topics,
• This can be done by keeping the open-ended and allowing the students to discuss the issue with the usage of facts, and evidence rather than using emotions.
• The conflict starts when confusion arises, in order to discuss the conflicting issue, a teacher should provide proper and clear instruction about the objectives.

Hence we can conclude that Keeping an open-ended discussion from different dimensions will help in teaching conflicting issues.

Civics- This is a subject that deals with the needs and development of fellow citizens in a country in terms of rules and laws.

Key Points

• Political science is the social science that deals with politics, government, and the system of governance.
• The nomenclature changed from the civics to political science has done to the objective to develop the deliberative citizen as
• the civics deals with the aspects and needs of the citizen, whereas the political science with the governance, so by changing the nomenclature wants to bring both the aspects together to form better citizens.
• The deliberate citizen is the citizen who is thoughtful and thinks about the development of society.

Hence we can conclude that the Change in nomenclature help in developing the deliberative citizen.

Gender is about a society's expectations of people of different sexes.

Key Points

• Gender differences are not fixed but vary over time, from place to place, and in different traditions or religious beliefs.
• The recommendation of 'gendering' the social science curriculum is reflected in the textbooks in the form of:
• increased references to women and their issues:-  Social science curriculum as a reference to gendering shows the issues and concerns related to women more.
• including the perspective of women to both historical and contemporary concerns:- To help the women to be independent and create their own identities so women need to be included in both historical and contemporary concerns.

Thus, it is concluded that Both A and B  statements are correct.

Additional Information Status of women in society.

• It denotes her position in terms of their rights and obligations in comparison with men.
• In discussions on women's status in any society, the general convention has been to assess their roles in relation to men.
• The recommendation of 'gendering' the social science curriculum is a step toward the empowerment of women and gender Equality.
• Gender Equality- It makes the chance of equal opportunity for both men and women are, Gender equality does not mean that men and women are equal, It provides the equal opportunity in taking decisions, for marriage, occupation, education, and all the domain where the men are provided with the opportunity.
• Women Empowerment- It is the process of preparing women to be ready for the opportunity, by providing them with powers such as
• Having decision-making power.
• Having access to information and resources
• Assertiveness.
• Learning to develop to think critically and see things differently.

Teaching-Learning materials- These are the materials used to support the teaching and learning process by helping the learners in creating the experience.

Key Points

• Teaching-learning materials used in social science are
• Atlas
• Textbook
• Map
• Pictures
• AV Programmes
• CDs
• Multimedia
• Historical films and contemporary documentaries come under audio and video programs because both the Auditory and visual senses of the learner are engaged in creating the experiences**.**
• Historical films and contemporary documentaries should be used for interpretation and analysis for provoking interest and discussion. because the engagement of the learner is more in this activity.

Hence statements C and D are correct

**curriculum-**It is also called the plan of learning, It has a definite structure through which the vision of the planners can be translated into learning experiences for the learner.

Key Points

• The social sciences curriculum includes three broad composite instructional areas.
• .history, geography, and social and political life. Social and Political Life draws its contents mainly from three disciplines
• The social science curriculum should be focused on the inclusion of all the facts, concepts, and information and including relevant concepts to enable an analysis of socio-political realities
• the inclusion of socio-political realities in the curriculum helps the learners to understand and analyze the connection between society and politics.

Hence options A and B are correct

Teaching-Learning material- These are the tools that are used as reinforcements to support the process of Learning in creating a vivid experience for the learners.

Key Points

• Advantages of textbooks in social studies teaching
• They are very helpful for beginner teachers as they contain courses to be dealt with in the class and the design of each lesson is carefully elaborated.
• They provide a balanced, chronological presentation of information.
• They provide organized units of work; they provide you with ideas for planning your instructional process.
• The textbooks should be flexible, and they are one of the instruction materials used in the class by the teacher
• Hence we can conclude that
• Hence statement B is correct, The prescribed textbooks are one of the sources as we need to incorporate infinite contexts.

Additional Information

• The prescribed textbooks are the only source to be used, as the syllabus is finite- The textbooks are not the only source to be used, as instruction materials, and the syllabus is not finite. We use the TLM according to the needs of the learners. Eg using timelines.
• The provision of supplementary material is an unnecessary burden for teachers.- This is false, the role of supplementary material is to provide and strengthen the learning process.

Critical understanding is used to define the process through which the person can develop the process of formulating and understanding a complex problem in a different set of ideas to come to a decision in any situation.

Key Points

• While techniques and skills should be emphasized to assess students' critical understanding of advertisements are 
• Students need to analyze and report on the existing advertisements in terms of their values for a better understanding of advertisements.
• They need to develop advertisements for a specific cause or product for the awareness of the customer.
• Students must be aware of how advertisements influence our thoughts and lives.

Thus, it is concluded that statements A, B, and C are correct.

Map-It is the selective, generalized, and symbolized representation of a whole or a part of the earth in reduce scale.

Key Points

• Maps are useful pedagogical tool. They help students learn concepts, synthesise and integrate ideas, and draw reasonable inferences and observations.
• Maps can facilitate the learning of concepts if learners are made to observe, compare, correlate and analyse maps
• The significant aspects of a map that should be taught to students are:
• Landforms
• Water forms
• Human factors
• Distances
• Political factors
• Directions
• Climate and resources
• Transportation
• Location, namely the longitude and latitude of a place.

Hence we can conclude that options A, B, and C are correct. the teachers should focus on the concepts of  Distance and scaling, Sketch and exact measurement and  Direction and location.

Historical understanding- It helps the individual to investigate the evidence, and to form a hypothesis about the past. and connect with contemporary society.

Key Points Steps needed to develop the historical understanding are

• The first step is to pose the question about a particular historical event
• Investigate the present location.
• Analysis the source
• Through the evidence collected through the source, prepare a detailed report about its present condition.
• So, to develop students' skills of inquiry and historical understanding of various craft centers, they can be given tasks to locate these centers on a map and identify their present location and find out and compare the past and present conditions of these centers in the form of a report.

Thus, it is concluded that statements A and B are correct.

The correct answer is 'better job opportunities there'.

Key Points

• As we can see in the first paragraph of the passage, it is clearly mentioned that "Cases of flight abroad caused by political persecution apart, people emigrate mostly for economic betterment".
• Refer to these lines too: And where they have spread, they have whetted the appetite for a better life so much that salaries from jobs in the Bengaluru back offices or call centres of international companies may not be able to meet. Most illegal Indian immigrants seem to be from Punjab, one of the most prosperous states in the country.
• It can be inferred that people migrate to other countries because of better job opportunities there.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is 'poor people will stop going to the rich countries'.

Key Points

• As we can see in the first paragraph of the passage, it is clearly mentioned that "Cases of flight abroad caused by political persecution apart, people emigrate mostly for economic betterment.
• Pundits predict that with the advance towards a globalised economy, this sort of migration will become unnecessary".
• It can be inferred that when economy becomes globalised poor people will stop going to the rich countries or some other countries for economic betterment.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is 'people are demanding higher salaries'.

Key Points

• As we can see in the first paragraph of the passage, it is clearly mentioned that "The rewards of globalisation have spread unevenly.
• And where they have spread, they have whetted the appetite for a better life so much that salaries from jobs in the Bengaluru back offices or call centres of international companies may not be able to meet".
• It can be inferred that globalisation has resulted in whetting the appetite of people for a better life and inspite of getting good amount of salaries they are not able to meet their demands.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is 'by 'loosening up' the foreigners.'

Key Points 

• As we can see in the second paragraph of the passage, it is clearly mentioned that "Illegal immigration cannot be stopped. It can only be checked. For this, without doubt, border control regimes in the developed world that seek to keep out foreigners have to first loosen up".
• It can be inferred that illegal immigration can be stopped loosening up the foreigners and for that there needs to be a strict border control.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'Both A and B are right'.

Key Points

• As we can see in the first paragraph of the passage, it is clearly mentioned that "And where they have spread, they have whetted the appetite for a better life so much that salaries from jobs in the Bengaluru back offices or call centres of international companies may not be able to meet".
• It can be inferred that statement (A) is true.
• As we can see in the second paragraph of the passage, it is clearly mentioned that "More than this, the realisation that they could be stranded without an adequate work force in the years to come has already spurred an awareness in many host countries that their immigration laws need to be relaxed". 
• It can be inferred that statement (B) is true.

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Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'Conjunction'.

Key Points

• Here the underlined word 'Yet' is a conjunction i.e. a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g. and, but, if ).
• Yet means up until the present or a specified or implied time; by now or then; but at the same time; but nevertheless.
• For example:- (1) The path was dark, yet I slowly found my way.
• Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (e.g., gently, quite, then, there ).
• Adjective a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.
• Interjection is an abrupt remark, especially as an aside or interruption.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'Adjective'.

Key Points

• Here the underlined word 'sending' is an adjective i.e a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen. 
• Sending means an unpleasant or evil thing or creature supposedly sent by someone with paranormal or magical powers to warn, punish, or take revenge on a person.
• For example:- (1) He logged into the computer and clandestine website, sending Damian an urgent message
• Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (e.g., gently, quite, then, there ).
• Conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g. and, but, if ).
• Interjection is an abrupt remark, especially as an aside or interruption.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'increased'.

Key Points

• Whetted means excite or stimulate (someone's desire, interest, or appetite).
• For example:- (1) My curiosity may be whetted, if not satisfied.
• Increased means become or make greater in size, amount, or degree.
• For example:- (1) Quinn, who remained silent most of the morning, showed increased interest.

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Hence, increased is similar in meaning to the word whetted.

  

Additional Information

• The meaning of the other given words are as follows:-
• Moistened - wet slightly.
• Flowed- (of a liquid, gas, or electricity) move steadily and continuously in a current or stream.
• Reduced - make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size.

The correct answer is 'helpful'.

Key Points

• Facilitating means make (an action or process) easy or easier
• For example:- The task for each target is to suppress the enemy with the purpose of facilitating the attack through the defile.
• Helpful means giving or ready to give help.
• For example:-  He is always helpful whenever I have any problem.

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Hence, helpful is similar in meaning to the word facilitating .

  

Additional Information

• The meaning of the other given words are as follows:-
• Important - of great significance or value.
• Regular - arranged in or constituting a constant or definite pattern, especially with the same space between individual instances.
• Irritating -causing annoyance, impatience, or mild anger.

The correct answer is 'firing of a cannon'.

Key Points

• Refer to these lines of the excerpt: "Did ye not hear it? No; it was but the wind, or the car rattling over the stony street;".
• We can say that the narrator heard the sound of firing of a cannon which was ignored by everyone as they thought it was the sound of the wind or that of a rattling car over the stony street.
• It is because at that time people were enjoying themselves in the ballroom while dancing.​

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Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'Dancing.

Key Points 

• By referring to the line of the excerpt: "On with the dance! Let joy be unconfined;", we can say that the young men were dancing.

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Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is 'dance and war'.

Key Points

• Refer to the lines of the excerpt: "On with the dance! Let joy be unconfined; No sleep till morn, when youth and pleasure meet **But hark!___ that heavy sound breaks in once more, **As if the clouds its echo would repeat;".
• We can say that two contrasting images pictured in these lines are dance and war as the beginning of the excerpt shows the cheerful mood of the people dancing in the party and a little later, there is a rapid succession specifying hurry and movement.

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Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'roar of the gun'.

Key Points

• By referring to the lines of the excerpt: "As if the clouds its echo would repeat; **And nearer, clearer, deadlier, than before! **Arm! Arm! It is_it is __ the cannon's opening roar!", we can say that the clouds would echo roar of the gun.

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Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'Onomatopoeia'.

Key Points

• Onomatopoeia is the  figure of speech used in the marked phrase 'the car rattling over the stony street' i.e rthe formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g. cuckoo, sizzle ).
• For example:- boing, gargle, clap, zap, and pitter-patter.
• Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase denoting one kind of object or action is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them
• Personification is the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.
• Assonance is the resemblance of sound between syllables of nearby words, arising particularly from the rhyming of two or more stressed vowels, but not consonants (e.g. sonnet, porridge ), but also from the use of identical consonants with different vowels (e.g. killed, cold, culled ).

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Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is 'Assonance'.

Key Points

• Assonance is the  figure of speech used in the marked phrase 'And nearer, clearer, deadlier than before' i.e resemblance of sound between syllables of nearby words, arising particularly from the rhyming of two or more stressed vowels, but not consonants (e.g. sonnet, porridge ), but also from the use of identical consonants with different vowels (e.g. killed, cold, culled ).
• For example:- She seems to beam rays of sunshine with her eyes of green.
• Onomatopoeia is the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (such as buzz, hiss)
• Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase denoting one kind of object or action is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them
• Personification is the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

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Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

Connotative means something suggested or implied by a word or thing, rather than being explicitly named or described.

• The connotative meaning of a word is symbolically based on implication, suggestion, or shared emotional association with a word.
• For example- His singing voice can best be described by the connotative word “velvet.”

Key Points

• A word's connotative meaning includes shades of meaning, such as emotions, associated with the term.
• Connotative words can only be understood in an implicit manner, so they cannot be explicit.
• These words are understood by the user when used in a proper way, so it is not abstract. An abstract word has different meanings to different users which is not correct for connotative words.
• For example, while defining man, rationality and animality are the two essential qualities (attributes) that are considered. Hence man is defined as a rational animal.
• It consists of the attributes which describe, a question arises as to which attributes are meant by the connotation.

Thus, it is concluded that connotative meaning of a word is symbolic.

Language teaching offers students to learn and explore how different languages are learned. It teaches them to learn different languages. The teaching of English is to cater to the various needs of the learners.  The learners need to be prepared to use English globally. Keeping these aims in mind, the strategies for teaching is formed. 

Key Points Task-based language teaching:

• Task-based teaching is especially conducive to group learning. Learning a language as a group is also a very important contributor to effective retention. Collaborating with others and becoming confident with the language within a group is a key step in acquiring that language.
• It focuses on the use of authentic language and on asking students to do meaningful tasks using the target language and believes in learning form through message focus.
• It uses a lesson structure that incorporates different activities to solve a task. The task can span the length of an entire lesson or, if it’s project-based learning, it can take up several lessons to complete.

​Thus, it is concluded that the Task-based teaching method of teaching believes in 'learning form through message-focus'.

Additional Information

• The Direct Method: The Direct Method is also known as the Oral or Natural method. It’s based on the active involvement of the student in both speaking and listening to the new language in realistic everyday situations. The process consists of the gradual acquisition of grammatical structure and vocabulary.
• Structural approach:-  It is a language tool that helps the learner to master the structure or pattern of sentences and improves the fundamental skill of language learning and corrects the learner's speech habits.

Language is a symbolic, rule-governed system, shared by a group of people to express their thoughts and feelings. In a child, language development takes place through language acquisition and language learning.

Key Points In this situation, Rohit Irfan is learning Spanish and he knows the native language Kannada for different purposes. So, he is learning Spanish and acquiring Kannada.

• Language acquisition is a natural process whereby children acquire language by observing and repeating what they hear in their native environment.
• Language acquisition does not require any formal instruction, children acquire the language without being taught. Here, the learner is acquiring Kannada.
• Language learning refers to the result of deliberate and conscious effort in a formal/tutorial environment, for a better understanding of foundational skills of language learning. It refers to having a basic knowledge of grammatical rules and their use in communication. Here, the learner is learning Spanish.

Thus, it is concluded that Rohit Irfan learning Spanish and acquiring Kannada.

Language learning is the process of learning to speak and understand a foreign language. It helps children to acquire practical commands of language. It is a result of deliberate and conscious effort for a better understanding of foundational skills of language learning.

Key Points

• Here, the learners in groups have to interact and order the food item to eat on the above condition. This is known as a task in teaching-learning.
• A task is an activity where the target language is used by the learner for a communicative purpose. It is a 'piece of work' undertaken for oneself or others, freely or for some reward.
• It involves the engagement of learners with language.
• It ensures the growth of learners' knowledge and assesses their level of understanding. It is an authentic source to determine that the classroom teaching is resulting in actual knowledge enhancement of the learners.
• The task in language learning should provide an opportunity of learning by doing as students learn to the maximum extent by doing themselves.

Thus, it is concluded that the above-given piece of work in language teaching-learning is known as a task.

Language is a symbolic, rule-governed system, shared by a group of people to express their thoughts and feelings. In a child, language development takes place through language acquisition and language learning.

Key Points

• A language may have many dialects. Dialects may be regional or social class\ caste varieties of a language. British and American English are regional dialectal varieties, just as within Britain, also, there are numerous dialects of English- the Lancashire dialect, the Scottish dialect, the Yorkshire variety, and so on.
• All languages have grammar and structures.
• Having or not having a script is not the criteria for considering language as dialect.
• Every sign language has a comprehensive vocabulary and its own grammatical rules. These grammatical rules are different from that of spoken languages.

Thus, from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that 'b' is true and 'a', 'c', and 'd' are not true.

Reading has been defined as a process whereby one looks at and understands what has been written, the reader does not necessarily need to look at everything in a given piece of writing. The reader actively works on the text and is able to arrive at understanding it without looking at every letter and word. 

Key Points

• Three phases of reading are pre-reading phase while reading phase, and post-reading phase.

Post-reading phase:-

• "Post-reading" (after, follow-up, beyond reading) exercises first check students' comprehension and then lead students to a deeper analysis of the text when warranted.
• The exercises/activities in this section do not directly refer to the text but grow out of it.
• The aims of post-reading exercises are:-
• To consolidate and reflect upon what has been read
• To relate the text to the learner's own previous knowledge, interests, or views.
• To mesh new information into what one already knows.
• These exercises should contribute, in a coherent manner, to the writing, speaking, and listening skills.
• For example:- After reading the text, the students are creating a subtext from the jumbled sentences. The students analyze, draw a conclusion, and join the new information with their prior knowledge to build their concepts.

Thus, it is concluded that creating a subtext from the given jumbled sentences is a post-reading activity. 

Additional Information

• Pre-reading Phase: This phase consists of a variety of tasks. These tasks arouse learners’ interest in the topic and encourage them to predict and deal with difficult vocabulary.
• While-reading Phase: This phase draws on the text, rather than the learners’ ideas previous to the reading activity.
• Silent reading: It is a skilled process that refers to accessing meaning without voicing the words that help the reader to comprehend the core sense of the written text.

Readers draw on the three cueing systems to make sense of and understand what they are reading. The three cueing system consists of semantic, syntactic, and grapho-phonic cues. During the comprehending process, effective readers use three cues i.e. Semantic Cues, Syntactic Cues, and Grapho-phonic cues interdependently.

Key Points

• When the reader reads a text or story and uses knowledge of the structure. This is known as syntactic cues.
• Syntactic cues involve word order, rules and patterns of language (grammar), and punctuation.
• It assists a reader in determining the meaning of a word via the structure of a phrase.
• For example, the position a word holds in a sentence will cue the listener or reader as to whether the word is a noun or a verb. Conversely, listeners and readers use their intuitive knowledge of grammar to predict what words are likely to appear next.

​Thus, it is concluded that When we read a text or a story we use our knowledge of the structure of the language to predict what would come next. This is known as Syntactic cues.

Additional Information

• Semantic cues refer to the meaning in language that assists in comprehending texts, including words, speech, signs, symbols, and other meaning-bearing forms.
• Graphophonic cues involve the letter-sound or sound-symbol relationships of language.

Dictation refers to the practice of speaking or reading aloud words to be noted down by others. It has been regarded as a technique to train pupils to listen carefully, concentrate for the time being and retain what is being spoken, and reproduce it in good handwriting at a reasonable speed.

Key Points

• In this situation, the teacher read the text and asks them to recreate the text, this is known as composition dictation.
• Composition dictation includes at the first hand, dictation by the teacher followed by the composition of a new text by the students on a similar line.
• It is so-called because the composition refers to the formation of compound words from separate words.

​Hence, it is concluded that the above mentioned strategy is known as composition dictation.

Additional Information

• Mutual dictation is a group activity where the students are divided into pairs and are asked to dictate parts of the text to each other and then collectively combine the total text.
• Grammar dictation is a creative or innovative methodology of dictation where the speech is presented at a normal speed. i.e. not with an intention of word-to-word speech to text conversion.

Poetry is a form of literature in which thoughts and feelings are expressed through the aesthetic qualities of language. It is the most interesting genre for children.

Key Points

• Poetry teaching is generally meant for enjoyment and delight. Poetic words and phrases are always a source of keen pleasure to the learners to develop a genuine feeling and real enjoyment so that learners get interested in learning.

Other Aims of Teaching Poetry:

• Helps in learning poetical devices.
• Developing interest and providing fun to learners.
• Promoting imaginative and creative ability in the learners.
• Making learners aware of ethics, norms, and values of society.
• Increasing learners' vocabulary, listening, and critical thinking skills.

Thus, it is concluded that poetry teaching-learning helps in learning poetical devices and poetry teaching-learning is for enjoyment and delight are true of teaching of poetry in the language classroom.

A portfolio assessment is a systematic and organized collection of evidence used by the teacher and student to monitor the growth of the student's knowledge, skills, and attitudes in a specific subject area.

Key Points

• The portfolio is a collection of students' work representing a selection of performances. It often documents a student's best work. It may also include information such as drafts of his\her work, his\ herself assessment of work, and parents' assessment.
• It fosters students' reflection and helps them to self-monitor their learning.
• Portfolio assessment requires students to collect and reflect on examples of their work providing both instructional components to the curriculum and offering the opportunity for authentic assessment. It provides evidence of a student's learning and uses it as an assessment of learning.

Thus, it is concluded that portfolio assessment is collection of instances of learning by the teacher and using it for assessment of learning. 

Additional Information 

Portfolios can contain the following items:

• Completed assignments and Evaluation
• Journal writings
• Reflections on discussions that have been held in or out of class
• Photos, sketches, and other visuals
• Summary statements made at different points regarding what has been learned
• Self-assessment statements

There are two major aspects of language proficiency that must be acquired by second language learners. Jim Cummins has identified these as Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS), or conversational proficiency, and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP), or academic proficiency.

Key Points

• BICS stands for Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills. These language skills are needed in social situations.
• It refers to the language that is necessary for day-to-day living, including conversations with friends, and informal interactions.
• It is context embedded. Context embedded means that the conversation is often face-to-face, and offers many cues to the listener such as facial expressions, gestures, and concrete objects of reference.
• It is a cognitively undemanding language, i.e. it is easy to understand, deals with everyday language and occurrences, and uses a simple language structure.

Thus, it is concluded that BICS stands for Basic interpersonal communication skills.

Additional Information CALP: 

• CALP stands for 'Cognitively Advanced Language Proficiency'. It refers to the idea of developing second language skills is essential for academic learning.
• CALP refers to formal academic learning. It includes listening, speaking, reading, and writing about subject area content material.
• It is context-reduced. Context reduced is the language of the classroom in which there are fewer non-verbal cues and the language is more abstract.
• It is a Cognitively demanding language that relates to abstract concepts, has specialized vocabulary, and uses a more complex language structure.

Comprehensible input’ refers to using language that children are capable of understanding, and at the same time holds challenges for them. An important part of making this language comprehensible is providing it in natural, communicative situations that are meaningful to children and this will help children in meeting the challenge.

Key Points

• In Theory of Second Language Acquisition, Stephen Krashen proposed the five main hypotheses, the input hypothesis is one of them.
• According to the Input hypothesis, comprehensible input refers to the input somewhat above the learner's current level of mastery.
• It helps learners in language learning by making them able to communicate efficiently, acquire language naturally and understand the text effectively.
• Language is acquired not when the input is repeated several times, but when that input is understood, when the learner understands what it means and can make use of it.
• The use of graphic organizers, gestures, facial expressions, and other visual aids can assist with comprehensible input.
• For example, if children in your class know some words in English then ‘comprehensible input’ might mean using these words in sentences that are meaningful for them.

Hence, it is clear that comprehensible input means in language learning is exposure to meaningful oral and written language somewhat above the learner's current level of mastery.

Teaching Learning Material (TLM), also known as instructional aids, facilitate a teacher in achieving the learning objectives formulated by her/him before starting teaching-learning activities. These are used by teachers to help learners to learn concepts with ease and efficiency.

 

Key Points

• Teaching-learning materials provide a range of learning experiences to learners from direct to indirect.
• TLM generally includes all the collections of things and objects which help the teacher and student in the learning process.
• Such material can be used to make the language learning experience more meaningful and to make it more enjoyable.
• Materials for language teaching learning includes textbook and supplementary readers, newspapers, and audio recorded stories which makes teaching-learning effective.

Thus, it is concluded that computer programming is not considered as materials for language teaching-learning.

Additional Information

• Computer programming is a set of instructions to facilitate specific actions.

Multilingualism is the ability to use more than two languages. Multilingualism is constitutive of the identity of a child and a typical feature of the Indian linguistic landscape must be used as a resource, classroom strategy, and a goal by a creative language teacher.

Key Points

• Multilingualism in school education advocates to the understanding of the multilingual characteristics of the country and is used as a resource in teaching-learning of languages and content subjects.
• It helps in recognizing the different characteristics of the country.
• It is used as a resource to teach a new language to the child with the help of a mother tongue or other known language.
• It is also a way of ensuring that every child feels secure and accepted and that no one is left behind on account of his / her linguistic background.
• Multilingual children are capable of greater cognitive flexibility and creativity and perform better academically than monolingual.

Thus, it is concluded that Multilingualism in school education in India refers to Recognising the multilingual characteristics of the country and using it as a resource in teaching-learning of languages and content subjects.

Sign language is a visual language that uses handshapes (the shape of the hand for different words or letters of the alphabet), movements, facial expressions, and body language to convey meaning.

 

Key Points

• Every sign language has a comprehensive vocabulary and its own grammatical rules.
• These grammatical rules are different from that of spoken languages.
• Sign language is a natural language used by people with different degrees of hearing loss.
• Communities of individuals with hearing impairment throughout the world use their own sign language.
• Each sign language has developed separately and each is a distinct language.
• The facial expressions and body movements involved too differ from one sign language to another.
• The Indian Sign Language (ISL) is the sign language used by the deaf community in India. It is one language. Like all other languages, it has grown over time and has developed regional variations.

Hence, it is concluded that Sign Language has grammar and a natural language is true of sign language.

The correct answer is that advertisement are a mixed blessing.

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Key Points

• Refer to some of the lines from the passage:
• 'They provide us with free information on the products and services.'
• 'Advertisements are actually very useful though we sometimes feel annoyed when they interrupt our favorite television programs.'
• 'Most of the advertisements aim to sell only. Faults of the products or services are usually hidden from the consumers. Hence, sometimes, we feel deceived if the product or service we bought does not turn out the way the advertisements claim to be.'
  
• Option 1) is wrong as we see from the few about the positive and negative effects of advertisements. Hence, we can't consider this option.
• Option 2) is wrong as the passage is not about the products but is completely based on the positive side and negative sides of advertisements.
• Option 3) is wrong as the passage not only tells us about the shortcomings of advertisements but also the positive impacts of advertisements.
• Option 4) is true as the whole passage tells us about the positive and negative effects of advertisements on our life as we also concluded from the given lines.

The correct answer is they are sometimes informative.

Key Points

• Refer to the few lines from the passage:
• ' They provide us with free information on the products and services.'
• ' The informative advertisements are the ones which provide us with the details of the products or services. This information is especially useful if the product or service is new. For instance, when we need to buy a computer, advertisements describing the latest models and their different functions would be extremely helpful.'
• ' However, only a minority of the advertisements are informative ones.'
• Option 3) is correct as it tells advertisements are sometimes informative so from the above two points it is clear that it provides information but from the third point it is clear that a minority of advertisements are informative which concludes majority are not informative.
• Thus, we can't consider other options.
• Hence, option 3) they are sometimes informative is the correct answer.