CTET Paper 1 - 4th Feb 2023 (English-Hindi) (Previous Year Paper)

Development refers to the process of growth, change, and maturation that individuals experience throughout their lifespan. Human development encompasses various aspects of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur from birth to old age.

Key Points

• Development is a continuous process: Development does not happen overnight. It is a gradual process that takes place over time.
• Development is orderly: Development follows a predictable pattern. There are certain milestones that children typically reach at certain ages.
• Development is individual: No two children develop at the same rate or in the same way. There is a great deal of variation in development.
• Development is influenced by both nature and nurture: Development is influenced by both genetics and environment.
• Development is multidimensional: Development involves many different aspects of a person's life, including physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development.

Hence, we can conclude that heredity is the only cause of development is not correct statement about development.

The cognitive domain of development is one of the three main domains of development, along with the psychomotor domain and the affective domain.

Key Points

• Human capabilities such as intelligence, problem-solving, and critical thinking fall within the cognitive domain of development.
• All of these capabilities are essential for learning and development. Intelligence allows us to learn new things and to understand the world around us, problem-solving allows us to overcome challenges and to achieve our goals critical thinking allows us to make informed decisions and to avoid being misled.
• The cognitive domain refers to the mental processes and abilities that individuals use to acquire, process, understand, and apply knowledge.
• This domain encompasses various cognitive skills and intellectual capacities that play a central role in how individuals learn, reason, and interact with the world around them.

Hence, we can conclude that human capabilities such as – intelligence, problem-solving and critical thinking come directly under purview of cognitive domain of development.

Key Points

Assertion (A) is false because, 

• This is false because children acquire skills, values, and customs from a variety of sources, including their families, peers, communities, and the media.
• Formal schooling is one important source of socialization, but it is not the only one.
• For example, children learn about their culture and values from their families. They learn about social norms and expectations from their peers. They learn about the world around them from the media. And they learn about different skills and talents from a variety of sources.

​Reason (R) is also false,

• Socialization is a complex and lifelong process. It is not a simple, linear process that happens in a single direction.
• Children are constantly interacting with their environment and learning new things.
• They are also constantly being influenced by their peers, their families, their communities, and the media.
• This means that their socialization is constantly evolving.

​Hence, we can conclude that Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are false.

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a foundational framework in developmental psychology that explains how children's thinking and understanding of the world evolve as they grow. 

Key Points

• As per Jean Piaget, individuals continually keep searching for a solution to achieve the state of equilibration by using two fundamental processes: assimilation and accommodation.
• Equilibration is a state of balance or harmony in which an individual's existing cognitive structures (schemas) are in harmony with new experiences and information they encounter in the environment.
• Achieving equilibration leads to cognitive growth and the refinement of understanding.

Hence, we can conclude that as per Jean Piaget, individuals continually keep searching for a solution to achieve the state of Equilibration.

Additional Information

• Assimilation: Assimilation involves incorporating new experiences or information into existing cognitive structures, or schemas.
• Accommodation: Accommodation, on the other hand, involves modifying or creating new cognitive structures (schemas) to fit new experiences or information that do not easily fit into existing frameworks.
• Disequilibrium: When individuals encounter new experiences or information that do not easily fit into their existing schemas, they experience a state of disequilibrium, or cognitive discomfort.

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss psychologist and one of the most influential figures in the field of developmental psychology. He is best known for his pioneering work on cognitive development in children and his theory of cognitive development, which has had a profound impact on our understanding of how children learn and think.

Key Points

• Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is a type of reasoning that involves developing hypotheses and testing them through deductive logic.
• It is a characteristic feature of the formal operational stage of cognitive development, which typically begins around the age of 11 or 12.
• In the formal operational stage, children develop the ability to think abstractly and to reason logically about hypothetical situations.
• They can also think about multiple possibilities at once and to consider the consequences of their actions.
• This allows them to develop hypotheses and to test them through deductive logic.

Hence, we can conclude that Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is a characteristic feature of formal Operational Stage.

Additional Information

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist known for his groundbreaking work in the field of cognitive development. He proposed a comprehensive theory that described how children's thinking evolves as they interact with their environment, encounter new experiences, and construct their understanding of the world.

Key PointsStages of Jean Piaget theory:

• Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years): In this stage, infants explore the world through their senses and actions. They gradually develop object permanence and begin to coordinate sensory experiences with motor actions. In his stage children begin to move from reflexive actions to intentional activity.
• Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 Years): Children in this stage are highly imaginative but lack concrete operational reasoning. They engage in symbolic play, develop language rapidly, and start to use mental symbols and representations.
• Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 Years): During this stage, children become more capable of logical thinking and conservation (understanding that the quantity of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes).
• Formal Operational Stage (11 Years and Onward): Adolescents and adults in this stage can think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and consider possibilities beyond concrete experiences.

Hence, we can conclude that according to Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, at sensorimotor stage do children begin to move from reflexive actions to intentional activity.

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a comprehensive framework that outlines how individuals progress through distinct stages of moral reasoning as they mature.

Key Points

• Gurpreet's response to the Heinz dilemma, where he believes that Heinz should steal the money because he needs it, indicates that he is at the "Preconventional Stage" of moral reasoning, specifically at the first level of moral development, as proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg.
• In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, there are three levels, each consisting of two stages. The first stage of his theory is Preconventional Level and it is divided in two sub-stages: Obedience and Punishment Orientation and Instrumental Relativist Orientation
• Gurpreet's response reflects the second stage of the Preconventional Level, where he believes Heinz should steal the money to fulfill his personal need, showing a focus on individualism and personal gain rather than abstract moral principles or societal norms.

Hence, we can conclude that at instrumental Relativist Orientation of moral reasoning is children’s judgement of right and wrong determined by personal needs and wants.

Additional InformationKohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Development:

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who is considered one of the most influential figures in the field of education. He developed a sociocultural theory of cognitive development that emphasizes the importance of social interaction and culture in learning.

Key Points

• Vygotsky believed that children learn through a process of social mediation, in which they interact with more knowledgeable others and gradually internalize their knowledge and skills.
• He called this process the zone of proximal development, which is the difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with the help of others.
• This theory emphasizes the role of social interaction, cultural context, and language in shaping individuals' cognitive development.
• It suggests that learning is a socially mediated process that takes place within a cultural context and through interactions with others.

Hence, we can conclude that Lev Vygotsky’s theory is referred to as a Socio-cultural theory.

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who developed a theory of cognitive development that is known as sociocultural theory. Vygotsky's theory is based on the idea that learning is a social process that takes place in a cultural context.

Key Points

• According to Lev Vygotsky, language facilitates cognitive processes among children.
• He believed that language is a tool that children use to think and to learn.
• Language plays a role in the zone of proximal development in several ways. First, language allows children to communicate with more capable adults and peers.
• Second, language allows children to think about their own thinking. This is called metacognition. Metacognition is the ability to think about your own thoughts and to plan your own learning.
• Third, language allows children to make connections between different concepts. This is called categorization. Categorization is the ability to group things together based on common properties.

Hence, we can conclude that according to Lev Vygotsky language facilitates cognitive processes among children.

Child-centric education, also known as student-centered education or learner-centered education, is an approach to teaching and learning that places the needs, interests, and abilities of individual students at the forefront of the educational process.

Key Points

• Child-centric education focuses on the needs, interests, and developmental stages of individual learners, creating an engaging and effective learning environment.
• Rote memorization is a learning method that focuses on memorizing facts and information without understanding the underlying concepts.
• Activity-based learning is a learning method that focuses on hands-on experiences and problem-solving.
• It is often used in child-centered education settings, where students are encouraged to explore their interests and learn at their own pace.
• The shift from rote memorization to activity-based learning is a fundamental aspect of making education child-centric.

Hence, we can conclude that from rote memorization to activity-based learning is required to make education child-centric.

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggests that intelligence is not a singular, monolithic trait but rather a collection of distinct abilities that humans possess to varying degrees.

Key Points

• Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is a model of intelligence that proposes that there are eight different intelligences, each of which is relatively independent of the others.
• As per Howard Gardner’s Views on intelligence each individual has varied levels of different intelligences.
• Gardner believes that everyone has all eight intelligences, but that each person has different levels of each intelligence.
• This means that some people may be stronger in linguistic intelligence, while others may be stronger in logical-mathematical intelligence. This also means that people can learn and develop their intelligences in different ways.
• The theory of multiple intelligences has been influential in education, as it has led to a more individualized approach to teaching.

Hence, we can conclude that as per Howard Gardner’s Views on intelligence each individual has varied levels of different intelligences.

Additional InformationHoward Gardner's multiple intelligence theory:

• Linguistic intelligence: The ability to use language to communicate effectively, both verbally and in writing.
• Logical-mathematical intelligence: The ability to think logically and solve problems mathematically.
• Spatial intelligence: The ability to think in three dimensions and visualize spatial relationships.
• Musical intelligence: The ability to appreciate and create music.
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: The ability to use one's body to solve problems and express oneself.
• Interpersonal intelligence: The ability to understand and interact effectively with others.
• Intrapersonal intelligence: The ability to understand oneself and one's own thoughts and feelings.
• Naturalist intelligence: The ability to recognize and identify patterns in nature.

Key Points

Assertion (A) is true because,

• A teacher should encourage students to verbalize their thoughts working on a problem.
• This is because verbalizing thoughts helps students to clarify their thinking and to identify any gaps in their understanding.
• It also helps them to organize their thoughts and to develop strategies for solving problems.

Reason (R) is also true and also the correct explanation of (A),

• Private speech is the internal dialogue that children engage in when they are working on a task or problem. It is a form of self-talk that helps children to regulate their behavior and to think through problems.
• Studies have shown that private speech is associated with better cognitive development in children. It helps children to focus their attention, to plan their actions, and to solve problems more effectively.
• Therefore, it is important for teachers to encourage students to verbalize their thoughts when they are working on a problem. This will help them to learn and develop more effectively.

Hence, we can conclude that Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Gender stereotypes are preconceived notions or beliefs about the roles, behaviors, attributes, and characteristics that are expected or deemed appropriate for individuals based on their perceived gender.

Key Points

• Music, dance, and cooking are all activities that can be enjoyed by people of all genders.
• However, they are often seen as being more appropriate for one gender than the other. For example, music is often seen as being more feminine, while dance is often seen as being more masculine.
• Cooking is sometimes seen as being more feminine, but there are also many male chefs.
• A teacher can counter prevalent social gender stereotypes by making all genders participate in music, dance, and cooking competitions.
• This can help to break down the idea that these activities are only appropriate for one gender.
• It can also help students to develop their talents and interests, regardless of their gender.

Hence, we can conclude that a teacher can counter prevalent social gender stereotypes by making all genders participate in music, dance and cooking competitions.

Critical thinking is a cognitive process that involves analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information, ideas, or situations to make informed decisions and solve complex problems.

Additional Information

• It is important to give ample opportunities to corroborate different information to think divergently on a problem in order to develop critical thinking among learners.
• Giving learners ample opportunities to corroborate different information helps them to develop critical thinking skills in a few ways.
• First, it helps them to learn how to evaluate information. When learners are presented with different sources of information on a topic, they need to be able to assess the credibility of each source and to determine which sources are more reliable.
• Second, giving learners ample opportunities to corroborate different information helps them to think divergently. When learners are presented with a problem, they need to be able to come up with many different possible solutions. This requires them to think outside the box and to consider possibilities that they may not have thought of before.

Hence, we can conclude that to develop critical thinking among learners, it is important to give ample opportunities to  corroborate different information and  to think divergently on a problem.

Constructivism is an educational philosophy and approach that emphasizes active, experiential learning, where students actively build their own understanding and knowledge through interactions with the environment, experiences, and social interactions.

Key Points

• Constructivism is a learning theory that emphasizes the active role of the learner in the construction of knowledge.
• In a constructivist classroom, teachers create an environment where students can explore and discover new information for themselves.
• In a constructivist classroom, the teacher emphasizes formative assessment because it is a way to help students learn more effectively.
• They use formative assessment to gather information about students' learning progress and make adjustments to their instruction as needed.

Hence, we can conclude that in a constructivist classroom, teacher emphasizes upon formative assessment.

Additional Information

• Norm-referenced assessment is a method of evaluating an individual's performance by comparing it to the performance of a group of peers, commonly referred to as a "norm group."
• Summative assessment is an evaluation method used to measure and judge the overall understanding, knowledge, and skills that a learner has acquired at the end of a specific instructional period, such as a unit, course, semester, or school year.

Inclusive education refers to an educational approach that aims to provide equal opportunities and access to quality education for all students, regardless of their backgrounds, abilities, or differences.

Key PointsInclusive education is a type of education that ensures that all students, regardless of their background, abilities, or disabilities, have the opportunity to learn and succeed. This means that inclusive education requires the elimination of multiple means of discrimination. Here are some examples of multiple means of discrimination that can be eliminated to create inclusive education:

• Racism: Racism is the belief that one race is superior to another. It can lead to discrimination against people of color, including in the classroom.
• Sexism: Sexism is the belief that one sex is superior to another. It can lead to discrimination against girls and women, including in the classroom.
• Ableism: Ableism is the discrimination against people with disabilities. It can lead to students with disabilities being excluded from the classroom or being given less opportunities than their non-disabled peers.
• Classism: Classism is the discrimination against people based on their social class. It can lead to students from low-income families being excluded from the classroom or being given less opportunities than their peers from higher-income families.

Hence, we can conclude that inclusive education requires elimination of multiple means of discrimination.

Inclusive education is a philosophy of education that values and includes all learners, regardless of their differences. It is based on the belief that all learners can learn and that they should be given the opportunity to learn together.

Key PointsWhen a classroom has students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds, it is important for teachers to use inclusive language. Here are some examples of inclusive language that a teacher can use in a classroom with students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds:

• Instead of saying "your parents" or "your family," say "your loved ones."
• Instead of saying "the rich kids" or "the poor kids," say "students from different backgrounds."
• Instead of saying "my school" or "my class," say "our school" or "our class."
• Avoid using gendered language, such as "boys and girls."

Hence, we can conclude that in a classroom having students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds, a teacher should use inclusive language such as ‘our school’, ‘our class’.

Visual impairment refers to a condition in which an individual experiences a significant reduction in their ability to see and perceive visual information.

Key PointsFor successful inclusion of students with visual impairment, a teacher should:

• Use large print materials
• Verbalize all written materials
• Provide Braille materials
• Use assistive technology
• Make sure that all classroom materials are accessible
• Be patient and understanding
• Encourage students to ask questions

Hence, we can conclude that for successful inclusion of students with visual impairment, a teacher should verbalize all written materials.

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in sustaining attention, controlling impulses, and regulating hyperactivity.

Key Points

• Students with ADHD may face challenges in staying organized, managing their time, and completing tasks.
• It can make it difficult for them to stay on task, complete assignments on time, and keep track of their belongings.
• In order to successfully include students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a teacher should help students to develop time-management and organizational habits.
• Here are some ways that teachers can help students with ADHD develop time-management and organizational habits:
• ​Break down tasks into smaller steps
• Set realistic deadlines
• Provide regular breaks
• Use visual aids
• Encourage students to get organized
• Provide positive reinforcement

Hence, we can conclude that in order to successfully include students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a teacher should help students to develop time-management and organizational habits.

A learning disability (LD) is a neurological disorder that makes it difficult for someone to learn in a typical way. People with LDs have normal intelligence, but they have difficulty with certain types of learning. LDs can affect a person's ability to read, write, speak, listen, think, reason, and organize.

Key PointsSome common types of learning disabilities:

• Dyslexia: Dyslexia is a learning disability that makes it difficult to read. People with dyslexia often have difficulty decoding words, and they may also have difficulty with spelling and writing.
• Dysgraphia: Dysgraphia is a learning disability that makes it difficult to write. People with dysgraphia often have difficulty forming letters, and they may also have difficulty with spelling and grammar.
• Dyscalculia: Dyscalculia is a learning disability that makes it difficult to do math. People with dyscalculia often have difficulty with basic math concepts, such as addition and subtraction, and they may also have difficulty with more complex math concepts, such as multiplication and division.
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a person's ability to pay attention, control impulsive behaviors, and manage their energy levels. People with ADHD may have difficulty paying attention in class, following directions, and staying on task.

Hence, we can conclude that ‘Dyslexia’ poses direct challenges in comprehension of written text.

Learning is the process of acquiring new knowledge, skills, behaviors, or understanding through experience, study, instruction, or exposure to information.

Key Points

• A teacher should adopt pedagogies which are culturally relevant to facilitate effective and meaningful learning.
• Culturally relevant pedagogy is a teaching approach that is based on the idea that students learn best when they can see themselves and their culture reflected in the learning process.
• There are several reasons why culturally relevant pedagogy is important for effective learning.
• It helps students to see themselves as capable learners.
• It helps students to connect with the material.
• It helps students to develop critical thinking skills.
• It helps students to develop a sense of agency.

Hence, we can conclude that to facilitate effective and meaningful learning, a teacher should adopt pedagogies which are culturally relevant.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a comprehensive framework for reforming and transforming the education system in India. Approved by the Indian government in July 2020, the NEP aims to bring about significant changes in various aspects of education, from early childhood to higher education.

Key PointsThe National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) emphasizes on experiential learning, digital learning, scientific learning, and learning by doing.

• Experiential learning is a pedagogy that involves learning by doing. Students are given opportunities to apply what they are learning in real-world situations. This can be done through internships, apprenticeships, service learning, or even just hands-on activities in the classroom. Experiential learning helps students to develop problem-solving skills, critical thinking skills, and the ability to apply their knowledge to real-world problems.
• Digital learning is a pedagogy that uses technology to facilitate learning. This can include using computers, tablets, smartphones, and other digital devices to access information, collaborate with others, and create content. Digital learning can help students to learn at their own pace, to access information from a variety of sources, and to collaborate with others from all over the world.
• Scientific learning is a pedagogy that focuses on teaching students how to think like scientists. This includes learning how to ask questions, gather evidence, and draw conclusions. Scientific learning helps students to develop critical thinking skills, to be skeptical of information, and to be able to think for themselves.
• Learning by doing is a pedagogy that involves learning by actively engaging with the material. This can be done through hands-on activities, experiments, and projects. Learning by doing helps students to understand concepts more deeply, to develop problem-solving skills, and to be more creative.

Hence, we can conclude that the National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) emphasizes on experiential learning, digital learning, scientific learning, and learning by doing.

The acquisition of learning refers to the process by which learners acquire new knowledge, skills, and abilities. It is a complex process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including the learner's prior knowledge, the learning environment, and the teaching methods used. 

Key PointsThere are many ways that a teacher can utilize to make learners more skilled. Here are a few of the most effective methods:

• Provide opportunities for practice
• Promoting self-questioning and self-assessment among students
• Provide feedback
• Set challenging goals
• Break down complex tasks into smaller steps
• Use a variety of teaching methods
• Create a positive learning environment

Hence, we can conclude that by Promoting self-questioning and self-assessment among students a teacher utilize to make learners more skilled​.

Problem solving refers to the process of finding solutions to challenges, issues, or complex situations. It involves identifying a problem, analyzing its underlying causes, and devising strategies or actions to address and overcome it.

Key Points

• A teacher should discourage the use of response sets among learners if they want them to become effective problem-solvers.
• Response sets are memorized patterns of responses that students use to solve problems without actually understanding the underlying concepts.
• Response sets are often used by students who are under pressure to perform well on tests.
• There are several reasons why response sets can hinder problem-solving skills:
• It can lead to inaccurate answers.
• It can prevent students from developing critical thinking skills.
• It can make students less confident in their problem-solving abilities.

Hence, we can conclude that to become effective problem-solvers a teacher should discourage use of response sets among learners.

Additional Information

• Heuristics are simple and practical mental strategies that facilitate decision-making but can sometimes result in less accurate judgments.
• Analogies are comparisons between two things that highlight their similarities in order to help understand a concept or solve a problem.
• Algorithms are step-by-step procedures or sets of instructions designed to solve specific problems or perform tasks.

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss psychologist and one of the most influential figures in the field of developmental psychology. He is best known for his pioneering work on cognitive development in children and his theory of cognitive development, which has had a profound impact on our understanding of how children learn and think.

Key Points

• Rani's response that "tap" and "shower" are the main sources of water represents her understanding formed on the basis of her experience.
• She is likely only familiar with these two sources of water because they are the ones that she uses most often.
• She may not be aware of other sources of water, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.
• Rani's response is also consistent with Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
• In the preoperational stage, children are egocentric and tend to see the world from their own perspective.
• They may not be able to understand that other people may have different experiences than they do.

Hence, we can conclude that Rani responds that ‘tap’ and ‘shower’ are the main sources of water. Her response represents her understanding formed on basis of her experience.

Metacognitive skills refer to the ability to think about and regulate one's own cognitive processes. In other words, metacognitive skills involve understanding and managing how you think, learn, and solve problems.

Key PointsSome key components of metacognitive skills include:

• Self-awareness: Recognizing your own thought processes, strengths, and limitations. This involves understanding what you know and what you don't know.
• Self-monitoring: Keeping track of your own cognitive activities while engaged in a task. This can involve checking your comprehension, evaluating your progress, and recognizing when you're making errors.
• Planning: Creating strategies and approaches for tackling tasks or problems. This could involve setting goals, breaking down tasks, and determining the steps required to achieve those goals.
• Problem-solving strategies: Employing different problem-solving techniques based on the nature of the task. Metacognitive individuals can reflect on past experiences to choose appropriate strategies.
• Evaluating: Evaluating metacognitive skills involves assessing an individual's ability to understand, monitor, and control their own thinking processes during tasks and problem-solving.

Hence, we can conclude that passively imitating is not a part of metacognitive skills.

Emotion refers to a complex psychological and physiological response to a stimulus, event, or situation that involves a combination of subjective feelings, physiological changes, and expressive behaviors and Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, understanding, and using information from the environment.

Key Points

• The statement "Information processing skills are influenced by mood" is correct about emotions and cognition.
• Our mood can have a significant impact on our information processing skills.
• When we are in a positive mood, we are more likely to be open to new information and to think creatively. We are also more likely to remember information that is consistent with our mood.
• On the other hand, when we are in a negative mood, we are more likely to be closed off to new information and to think more negatively. We are also more likely to remember information that is consistent with our mood.

Hence, we can conclude that information processing skills are influenced by mood is correct about emotions and cognitions.

Mastery-oriented goals, also known as mastery goals or learning goals, refer to the type of goals that focus on improving one's skills, knowledge, and understanding of a subject or task.

Key Points

• A teacher should promote mastery-oriented goals to keep students motivated to learn.
• Mastery-oriented goals are goals that focus on learning and understanding, rather than on performance or achievement.
• When students have mastery-oriented goals, they are more likely to be motivated to learn because they are interested in the material and they want to understand it.
• There are several reasons why mastery-oriented goals are more effective for motivation than performance-oriented goals.
• Mastery-oriented goals are more intrinsic
• Mastery-oriented goals are more challenging
• Mastery-oriented goals lead to deeper learning

Hence, we can conclude that to keep students motivated to learn, a teacher should promote mastery-oriented goals.

A curriculum refers to a structured and organized plan for learning that outlines the goals, content, methods, and assessment strategies for an educational program or course.

Key PointsRigid curriculum can hinder children’s success in school in a few ways:

• It can make it difficult for children to learn at their own pace: Rigid curriculums often have a set pace that all students are expected to follow. This can be difficult for children who learn more slowly or more quickly than their peers.
• It can make it difficult for children to be creative: Rigid curriculums often focus on teaching students specific facts and skills. This can make it difficult for children to be creative and to think outside the box.
• It can make it difficult for children to be engaged in learning: Rigid curriculums can be boring and repetitive for children. This can lead to students losing interest in learning and to disengagement in school.
• It can lead to stress and anxiety for children: Rigid curriculums can put a lot of pressure on children to perform well. This can lead to stress and anxiety, which can interfere with learning.

Hence, we can conclude that Rigid curriculum hinders children’s success in school.

Additional Information

• Constructive pedagogy, is an educational approach rooted in constructivist learning theory. It emphasizes active student participation, collaboration, and the construction of knowledge through personal experiences and interactions.
• Assessment for Learning, also known as formative assessment, refers to the ongoing process of gathering and using information about students' learning progress to inform instructional decisions, provide feedback, and improve learning outcomes.

Key Points

Assertion (A) is true because,

• Students are more likely to remember and understand concepts that they can relate to their own lives.
• For example, if you are teaching students about the solar system, you could connect it to their everyday lives by talking about how the sun provides us with light and heat. This will make the material more interesting and relevant to students, and they are more likely to remember it.

​Reason (R) is false because,

• Learning is most effective when it is done through active engagement.
• This means that students need to be actively involved in the learning process, not just passively listening to a lecture or reading a textbook.
• When students are actively engaged, they are more likely to understand the material and to remember it.

Hence, we can conclude that Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.

Calculation :

5/2 - 2/5

⇒ 25 - 4/10

⇒ 21/10

⇒ 2\(\frac{1}{10}\)

∴ The correct answer is  2\(\frac{1}{10}\).

Calculation :

Greatest 5 digit number = 99999

Smallest 3 digit number = 100

Sum = 99999 + 100 = 100099

∴ The correct answer is 100099.

Calculation :

According to question,

⇒ 11 \(\frac{1}{4}\)  = n × 3/4

⇒ 45/4 = n × 3/4

⇒ n = 15

∴ The correct answer is 15.

Calculation :

(13 hundreds + 13 ones and 13 tens - one thousand) 

⇒ 1300 + 130 + 13  - 1000

⇒ 1443 - 1000 = 443

∴ The correct answer is 443.

Calculation :

0.239 + 2.93 - 1.29 = 3.92 - k

⇒ 0.239 + 1.64 = 3.92 - k

⇒ 1.879 = 3.92 - k

⇒ k = 2.041

Now,

⇒ k + x = 3

⇒ 2.041 + x = 3

⇒ x = 3 - 2.041

⇒ x = 0.959

∴ The correct answer is 0.959.

Calculation :

HCF of (60, 72 and 84) = 12

LCM of (60, 72 and 84) = 3 × 2² × 5,  3² × 2³, 3 × 2² × 7 = 72 × 35 = 2520

Now, Sum = 2520 + 12 =  2532

∴ The correct answer is 2532.

Given :

Total number of notes = 25

Amount of money = Rs. 1600

Calculation :

According to question,

Let the number of Rs.50 notes be x.

And the number of Rs.100 notes be y.

⇒ x + y = 25 ------(1)

⇒ 50x + 100y = 1600 --------(1)

Now, multiplying eq ( 1 ) with 50 we get,

⇒ 50x + 50y = 1250

Now solving eq( 1 ) and eq( 2 ) ,

⇒ 50 y = 350 

⇒ y = 7

∴ The correct answer is 18 and 7.

Calculation:

According to the question,

Savita reaches school at 9:30 am - 15 minutes = 9:15 am.

Her colleague is half an hour later than her, which means her colleague

reaches at 9:15 am + 30 minutes = 9:45 am.

If the colleague is 35 minutes late for the meeting, then the scheduled time of

the meeting was 9:45 am - 35 minutes = 9:10 am.

So, the answer is 9 : 10 am.

Shortcut Trick

Total bottles = (Rooms × Plants per room × Water per plant × Days) ÷ Bottle capacity

Bottles = (28 × 6 × 180 × 3) ÷ 840

Since 28 × 3 = 84, the equation becomes:

Bottles = (84 × 6 × 180) ÷ 840 = (1 × 6 × 180) ÷ 10

Bottles = 1080 ÷ 10 = 108

∴ The correct option is A.

Alternate Method

Given:

Number of rooms = 28

Plants per room = 6

Water per plant per day = 180 mL

Capacity of one bottle = 840 mL

Total duration = 3 days

28 Rooms

× 6

168 Plants

× 180 × 3

90720 mL

÷ 840

108

⇒ Total plants in school = 28 × 6 = 168 plants

⇒ Water needed for all plants in 1 day = 168 × 180 = 30240 mL

⇒ Total water needed for 3 days = 30240 × 3 = 90720 mL

⇒ Number of bottles required = Total water ÷ Capacity of one bottle

⇒ Bottles = 90720 ÷ 840

⇒ Bottles = 9072 ÷ 84 = 108

∴ The correct option is A.

Additional Information

Unitary Method

It involves finding the value of a single unit first and then multiplying it by the required number of units to find the total value.

Capacity Conversion

Standard metric conversion for liquid volume: 1 Liter (L) = 1000 Milliliters (mL).

Total Value Calculation

Total Quantity = Number of items × Quantity per item × Frequency/Time.

Given :

Perimeter of square and rectangle equal.

Perimeter of square = 48 cm

Breadth of rectangle 4 cm less than side of square.

Formula used : 

Perimeter of square = 4a

Perimeter of rectangle = 2 × (L + B)

Area of rectangle = L × B

Calculation : 

According to question,

⇒ 48 = 4a

⇒ a = 12

Breadth = 12 - 4 = 8 cm

Now, 

⇒ 2 × (L + B) = 48

⇒ L + B = 24

⇒  L = 16

Area of rectangle = 16 × 8 = 128 cm²

∴ The correct answer is 128 cm².

Calculation : 

1. Five and one-third of right angles.

⇒ \(5\frac{1}{3}\) × 90° = 16/3 × 90° = 480° 

⇒ \(5\frac{2}{3}\) × 90° = 17/3 × 90° = 510° 

⇒ \(5\frac{1}{2}\) × 90° = 11/2 × 90° = 495°

⇒ \(5\frac{1}{6}\) × 90° = 31/6 × 90° = 465°

Number of degrees = 465° -  440° = 25° 

∴ The correct answer is 25°.

Calculation :

According to question,

⇒ 6.75 × 4.5 = n × 45 × 45 

⇒ 6.75 × 4.5 × 10000 = n × 45 × 45

⇒ 675 × 45 × 10 = n  × 45 × 45

⇒ n =150

∴ The correct answer is 150.

Calculation :

 45.2, 44.8, 42.5, 44, 46, 43, 46.8, 45.8, 44.4, 47.3, 49.2, 52.2, 47.8, 54.4, 50,

52.1, 50.3, 48, 49, 46, 53.5

Children have their weights between 45 kg to 50 kg = 45.2, 46, 46.8, 45.8, 47.3, 49.2, 47.8, 48, 49, 46

∴ The correct answer is 10.

Calculation :

Number of vehicles sold by dealer in Jan and March = 225 + 272 = 497

Number of vehicles sold by dealer in February, April and May = 318 + 180 + 178 = 676

⇒ 676 - 497 = 179

∴ The correct answer is 179.

Calculation : 

Logic : Result + Next Prime Number 

⇒ 42 + 17 = 59

⇒ y = 59, x = 17

⇒ (x + y) = 59 + 17 = 76

∴ The correct answer is 76.

Key Points

• The NCF 2005 emphasizes a child-centric and activity-based approach to teaching mathematics at the primary stage.
• It suggests that mathematics should be taught in a way that allows children to build a strong foundation in the subject.
• The activities should begin with concrete experiences and gradually move towards more abstract concepts, allowing students to understand mathematical concepts deeply.

Thus, it is concluded that According to National Curriculum Framework 2005, at primary stage, teaching and learning of mathematics should include activities that proceed from concrete to abstract.

Key Points

• Use manipulatives like an abacus: Manipulatives can be effective tools to explain the place value system and represent decimal numbers visually.
• I would use an abacus or any other suitable manipulative to show how each digit's position affects the value of the number.
• By visually seeing the difference between 7.37 and 7.4 on the abacus, students can better grasp the concept of comparing decimal numbers.
• By using these approaches together, the children can develop a deeper understanding of comparing decimal numbers and rectify their error confidently.
• Additionally, it's crucial to create a positive learning environment where students feel comfortable asking questions and seeking clarification on any doubts they might have.

Thus, it is concluded that Use manipulatives like abacus to explain the place value system to represent decimal numbers is the correct answer.

Key Points

• By using approximation, the student can quickly estimate the sum of the given numbers and compare it with their original answer.
• If the approximation closely matches their original answer, it may indicate that the solution is correct.
• However, if the approximation significantly differs from their original answer, it would indicate that there might be an error in their calculations.
• This method can be helpful for the student to identify and rectify their mistake in a more efficient manner.

Thus, it is concluded that option 2 is the correct answer.

Tessellations are arrangements of shapes that fit together perfectly to cover a surface without any gaps or overlaps. Using tessellations in primary classes can be a fun and engaging way to introduce children to basic concepts of geometry, patterns, and symmetry.

Key Points Creating patterns using geometrical shapes through tessellations can help children understand and explore the following concepts:

• Recognition of shapes and their properties.
• Understanding symmetry and its role in creating tessellations.
• Identifying and extending repeating patterns.
• Developing spatial reasoning and visualization skills.
• Using tessellations as a pedagogical tool can encourage creativity and critical thinking while introducing foundational concepts in geometry.

Thus, it is concluded that For creating patterns using geometrical shapes is the correct answer.

The NEP 2020 aims to encourage holistic and multidisciplinary education, focusing on the overall development of students, rather than merely preparing them for exams. It emphasizes skill development, creativity, and analytical abilities to prepare students for the challenges of the 21^st century.

 Key Points

• One of the key objectives of NEP 2020 is to shift the focus of education from rote learning and memorization to promoting a deeper understanding of concepts.
• By reducing the curriculum content, students are given more time and space to explore subjects in greater depth and engage in experiential and application-based learning.
• This approach encourages critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a deeper understanding of the subject matter rather than simply memorizing facts for examinations.

Thus, it is concluded that option 4 is the correct answer.

The NCF 2005 emphasizes a child-centric and activity-based approach to teaching mathematics at the primary stage. It suggests that mathematics should be taught in a way that encourages exploration, discovery, and understanding rather than rote learning or memorization of procedures.

Key Points

• Using mathematical games, puzzles, and activities can make learning enjoyable and engaging for students.
• It helps them develop problem-solving skills, critical thinking, and creativity.
• These hands-on activities allow students to understand mathematical concepts more deeply and apply them to real-life situations.
• NCF 2005 encourages teachers to teach these skills in a meaningful context rather than through mindless memorization. The focus should be on understanding the principles behind mathematical operations rather than merely memorizing procedures.

Thus, it is concluded that According to National Curriculum Framework 2005, mathematics teaching and learning at primary level should focus on mathematical games, puzzles and activities to introduce a concept.

Key Points

• The formulation of a new and comprehensive National Curricular Framework for School Education, NCFSE 2020-21, will be undertaken by the NCERT.
• The NCFSE (National Curriculum Framework for School Education) document shall henceforth be revisited and updated once every 5-10 years, taking into account frontline curriculum
• The NCFSE is a comprehensive framework that provides guidelines for school education in India, spanning from pre-school to secondary education.
• It outlines the vision, principles, and strategies for curriculum development and pedagogy to improve the overall quality of education across different stages of schooling.

Thus, it is concluded that According to National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, NCFSE stands for National Curriculum Framework for School Education.

Key Points

• To show rolling and sliding of 3-d objects like sphere, cylinder, cube, etc., using a plank:- This method provides a hands-on and practical approach for students to understand the difference between plane surfaces and curved surfaces.
• By physically demonstrating the rolling and sliding of different 3-D objects on a flat surface (plank), students can observe and experience how curved surfaces interact differently with the flat surface compared to plane surfaces.
• This activity will help them visualize and grasp the concept better, leading to a deeper understanding of the distinction between plane and curved surfaces.

Thus, it is concluded that the most useful method to help students distinguish between plane surfaces and curved surfaces is to show rolling and sliding of 3-D objects like sphere, cylinder, cube, etc., using a plank.

Key Points

• Students need to focus and value highly on understanding the procedures than just accurate reproduction of learned procedures emphasizes the significance of understanding mathematical procedures rather than just reproducing them accurately.
• Understanding the procedures allows students to apply their knowledge flexibly to different scenarios and real-life situations.
• When students understand the "why" and "how" of a mathematical concept or procedure, they are better equipped to solve problems creatively and make connections between different mathematical concepts.

​Thus, it is concluded that Only (c) is the correct answer.

Hint

• Students need to wait for the teacher to tell them how to solve a particular question:- This option suggests that students should rely solely on the teacher to provide them with solutions to specific problems. This approach does not promote independent thinking or problem-solving skills.
• Students need to go through the solved problems and remember the algorithm:- Memorizing algorithms or procedures without understanding the underlying concepts is a common practice in traditional rote learning. While solving problems is an essential part of learning mathematics, it is equally important to understand why and how those methods work.

Key Points 

• Parvez, the primary class mathematics teacher, is trying to develop the cardinal sense of numbers.
• By providing various sets of objects and asking students to determine the total number of objects in each set, Parvez is helping them develop their understanding of cardinality.
• Cardinality refers to the concept of understanding that the last number counted in a set represents the total quantity or the cardinal number of that set.
• This skill is fundamental in early mathematics as it lays the foundation for counting and basic arithmetic operations.

Thus, it is concluded that option 4 is the correct answer.

Activity-based evaluation involves assessing students based on their active participation in hands-on activities, problem-solving tasks, and projects. This approach can be more engaging and motivating for students who might feel disinterested in traditional assessment methods like class tests or examinations.

Key Points

• Activity-based evaluation allows students to showcase their understanding of mathematical concepts in practical and creative ways.
• It focuses on the process of learning rather than just the final outcome. Students get the opportunity to explore mathematics in real-life situations, which can help them see the relevance and application of mathematical concepts, thus making learning more meaningful and enjoyable.
• By incorporating activity-based evaluation, educators can create a positive and inclusive learning environment, encouraging even unmotivated students to actively participate and develop a better understanding of mathematics.

Thus, it is concluded that activity based evaluation is the correct answer.

The inclusion of stories, poems, riddles, and games in mathematics textbooks aims to make the subject more relatable and relevant to children's daily lives.

 Key Points

• By presenting mathematical concepts in familiar and enjoyable contexts, students can better understand the practical applications of mathematics in the world around them.
• Integrating real-life scenarios, stories, and games into mathematics learning not only fosters interest and engagement but also helps students see the connections between abstract mathematical concepts and their everyday experiences.
• It allows children to appreciate the significance of mathematics in solving problems and making informed decisions in their day-to-day lives.

Thus, it is concluded that The primary level NCERT mathematics textbooks include a variety of stories, poems, riddles and games. The most appropriate purpose of including them is to relate mathematics to daily life children.

In a Constructivist classroom, the focus is on active learning, where students actively construct their understanding of concepts through hands-on activities, exploration, and problem-solving. This approach emphasizes engaging students in meaningful learning experiences that build upon their existing knowledge and experiences.

Key Points Following are examples of mathematical activities in a Constructivist classroom:

• A child sorting different shapes: This involves categorizing and classifying shapes based on their attributes, which helps the child develop an understanding of geometry concepts.
• A child creating a story based on a mathematical concept: This activity encourages the child to apply mathematical ideas in a creative context, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• A child drawing graphs based on the collected data: This involves collecting and organizing data, and then representing it graphically, which reinforces understanding of data handling and visualization in mathematics.

Thus, it is concluded that option 4 is the correct answer.

Hint Copying questions from the blackboard, does not involve active learning or conceptual understanding. It is a passive task that does not promote deeper engagement with mathematical concepts or encourage students to construct their knowledge actively.

A Diagnostic test is designed to assess a student's strengths and weaknesses in a particular subject or area of study.

 Key Points

• Its primary purpose is to identify the areas where a student may be struggling or lacking understanding.
• By identifying these gaps, educators can provide targeted support and personalized learning experiences to help the student improve in those specific areas.
• Diagnostic test serves the crucial purpose of identifying gaps in a student's understanding, which is vital for effective teaching and learning.

Thus, it is concluded that Helps to know the gaps in the child's understanding is most appropriate for a Diagnostic test.

Key Points

• By asking about finding the area of a room that is not a rectangle or a square, the child is showing curiosity and critical thinking skills. The child is seeking to explore the concept of area beyond the specific shapes introduced by the teacher, which indicates an inquisitive and analytical mindset.
• This question reflects the child's desire to extend their understanding of the concept of area to more complex or irregular shapes.
• It presents an opportunity for the teacher to engage the child in a discussion about how the concept of area can be applied to other shapes and how different methods might be used to calculate the area in such cases.

Thus, it is concluded that the child is posing a meaningful and logical mathematical problem behaviour is being displayed by the child.

The correct answer is Kerala

Key Points

• The observation mentioned in the statement is about the lifestyle of people in rural areas of a state.
• The statement mentions that people in rural areas grow eatables such as tapioca and coconut in their courtyards and enjoy eating food prepared using these eatables.
• Kerala is a state known for its agriculture and coconut cultivation.
• Kerala is a state located on the southwestern coast of India known for its natural beauty, backwaters, and coconut trees.

Additional Information

• Assam is a state in northeastern India known for its tea cultivation, silk production, and wildlife.
• Telangana is a state in southern India known for its spicy cuisine, pearl cultivation, and historic monuments.
• Odisha is a state in eastern India known for its tribal culture, handicrafts, and ancient temples.

The correct answer is A, B, and E.

Key Points

• Jhoom farming is also known as slash-and-burn agriculture.
• It is a traditional method of farming practiced in the hilly regions of Northeast India.
• The land is cleared by cutting and burning the vegetation, and the ash is used as a natural fertilizer.
• This method of farming is sustainable if done in moderation, but overuse can lead to deforestation and soil degradation.
• Statement (a) is correct as leaving the land fallow for a few years allows the soil to regenerate and regain its fertility.
• Statement (b) is correct as cutting and burning the vegetation is a common practice in Jhoom farming to clear the land.
• Statement (c) is incorrect as Traditional Jhoom farming does not usually involve ploughing the land deeply before sowing seeds. The seeds are typically sown in the ashes left after burning the vegetation, without the need for ploughing.
• Statement (d) is incorrect as Jhoom farming relies on natural fertilizers like ash and compost, and pesticides are not used.
• Statement (e) is correct as Jhoom farming involves growing multiple crops on the same land to maximize its productivity.

The correct answer is Pepper.

Key Points

• The riddle is describing black pepper, which is small and round like a pearl and has a sharp and spicy taste.
• Pepper can be ground finely or coarsely, which changes its appearance to black.
• Pepper is often added as a special seasoning to both salty and sweet dishes.
• It is a commonly used spice in many cuisines around the world and is derived from the berries of the Piper nigrum plant.

Additional Information

• Cardamom is a spice with a warm, sweet flavor that is often used in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine.
• Mustard is a condiment made from the seeds of the mustard plant and has a sharp, tangy flavor.
• Clove, is a spice with a strong, sweet, and slightly bitter taste that is often used in baking and cooking.

The correct answer is Silkworm.

Key Points

• Silkworm can find their mate from a distance of several kilometers through pheromones.
• Pheromones are chemical substances produced by organisms to communicate with each other, especially for mating purposes.
• Eagles have a keen sense of vision and can spot their prey from a great distance, but they do not rely on smell to find their mates.
• Mosquitoes use their sense of smell to detect carbon dioxide and body odor of their potential hosts, but not for finding their mates.
• Butterflies also use pheromones to attract their mates, but they may not be able to detect them from several kilometers away, unlike silkworms. Additional Info: - Silkworms are the larvae of silk moths and are used for silk production in many countries. - Eagles are birds of prey found in many parts of the world and are known for their sharp vision and hunting skills. - Mosquitoes are small flying insects that feed on the blood of animals, including humans, and are known to transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Zika. - Butterflies are colorful insects with wings and are known for their beauty and role in pollination of flowers.

The correct answer is Srinagar.

Key Points

• Srinagar is located in the northern region of India and is known for its traditional Kashmiri Kahwa tea which is made with saffron, cardamom, and almonds.
• Shillong is a city located in the northeast region of India and is known for its tea plantations, but the locals do not have a specific preference for Kahwa tea.
• Mysore is a city located in the southern region of India and is known for its filter coffee, not Kahwa tea.
• Hyderabad is a city located in the central region of India and is known for its Irani chai and biryani, not Kahwa tea.

The correct answer is Assam.

Key Points

• The state being described in the statement is Assam, as it is known for its heavy rainfall and the use of bamboo in construction.
• The fact that the houses are elevated on strong bamboo pillars is a common practice in Assam due to the frequent flooding in the region.
• The use of ladders to enter the houses and removing them at night is also a safety measure against wild animals like tigers and elephants.
• The use of wood for the interiors and sloping roofs is also typical of traditional Assamese architecture.

Additional Information

• Mizoram also uses bamboo in construction but their houses are not typically elevated on pillars and do not require ladders to enter.
• Himachal Pradesh is known for its traditional wooden architecture, but its houses are not typically elevated on bamboo pillars.
• Jharkhand is known for its tribal culture and traditional hut-like structures made of mud and thatched roofs.

The correct answer is 21 kilometeres.

Key Points

• Scale is a ratio that shows the relationship between a distance on a map and the corresponding actual distance on the ground.
• In this case, the scale is 1 cm = 990 meters, meaning that for every 1 centimeter on the map, the actual distance is 990 meters.
• To find the actual distance between two places on the map, we need to multiply the measured distance by the scale factor.
• The scale factor in this case is 990 meters/1 cm = 99000 meters/1 inch.
• The measured distance between the two places on the map is 21.2 cm. To find the actual distance, we need to multiply 21.2 cm by the scale factor of 99000 meters/1 inch.
• 21.2 cm * 99000 meters/1 inch = 2,095,200 meters.
• Converting meters to kilometers, we get 2,095,200 meters / 1000 = 2095.2 kilometers.
• Rounding off to the nearest kilometer, the actual distance between the two places is 2095 kilometers, which is closest to option 2 (21 kilometers).

The correct answer is Eagle and Vulture.

Key Points

• Eagle:
• Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the bird order Accipitriformes.
• More than 60 species of eagles are in the world, predominantly found in Eurasia and Africa.
• Eagles are notable for their size, powerful build, and heavy, hooked bill.
• They have strong muscular legs, powerful talons, and large, hooked beaks which enable them to rip flesh from their prey.
• Eagles' eyes are extremely powerful and can spot prey from a very long distance.
• The species of eagles include the bald eagle, golden eagle, and sea eagles.
• Some species of eagles are considered endangered due to habitat loss, poaching, and pesticides.
• Vulture:
• Vultures are scavenging birds of prey.
• Their ecological role involves cleaning up the environment by feeding primarily on dead animal carcasses (carrion), which they locate using their keen eyesight or sense of smell.
• Vultures have a bare head, which is usually bald or sparsely feathered, which might help to keep them clean when they're digging into their food.
• There are about 23 species of vultures worldwide, divided into Old World vultures found in Africa, Asia, and Europe, and New World vultures found in the Americas.
• Unfortunately, many vulture species are threatened or endangered due to various human-related impacts such as poisoning, collision with power lines, and habitat loss.
• Eagles and vultures have excellent sight and can see things distinctly four times as far as humans can.
• This ability is due to their large eyes and high concentration of photoreceptor cells in their retinas.

Additional Information

• Crows and kites also have good eyesight, but not as strong as eagles and vultures.
• Sunbirds are known for their colorful plumage and ability to hover in mid-air, but their eyesight is not particularly exceptional.

The correct answer is Jharkhand.

Key Points

• 'Torang':-
• It is used for jungle in the local language of the state.
• 'Torang' is a word from the Ho language, which is spoken by the Ho tribe in Jharkhand.
• Jharkhand:-
• It is a state in eastern India, which was formed in the year 2000 after being separated from Bihar.
• The state is known for its rich mineral resources, forests, and tribal culture.

Additional Information

• Mizoram:-
• It is a state in northeastern India, known for its lush green hills, forests, and diverse tribal culture.
• The state has a high literacy rate and is one of the most peaceful states in the country.
• Arunachal Pradesh:-
• It is another state in northeastern India, which is known for its scenic beauty, diverse culture, and rich biodiversity.
• The state has a large forest cover and is home to several indigenous tribes. -
• Chhattisgarh:-
• It is a state in central India, which is known for its mineral resources, forests, and tribal population.
• The state was formed in the year 2000 after being separated from Madhya Pradesh.

The correct answer is North-West.

Key Points 

The student starts from point X and goes through points A, B, and C and finally reaches point Y.

From the provided information, the student's journey can be represented as follows:

X (Start) ↓ 60 m

A → 60 m

B ↓ 50 m

C → 60 m

Y (School)

This describes a path that forms a rectangle with the sides being 60m by 50m.

⇒ Placement of the points suggests that point X is 60 meters north of point A, which is directly above point B.

⇒ Point B is to the east of point A and is directly to the right of point C.

⇒ Then point C is to the south of point B and directly below point Y.

⇒  Lastly, point Y is to the east of point C and is the endpoint.

⇒ In this journey from X to Y, the student adds 60 meters to the south, 60 meters to the east, 50 meters to the south, 60 meters to the east.

⇒ This totals to 120 meters to the south and 120 meters to the east from his initial position X.

⇒ This means that the student's house (X) would be to the Northwest of the school (Y).

The correct answer is 62 km/h.

Key Points

From 20:30 on November 22^nd to 20:30 on November 23^rd = 24 hours

⇒From 20:30 on November 23^rd to 03:00 on November 24^th = 6.5 hours

⇒ Adding those together you get 24 hours + 6.5 hours = 30.5 hours (in decimal hours).

⇒The formula to calculate average speed is distance/time. If we plug in our given values of:

⇒ Distance = 1877 kilometers

⇒ Time = 30.5 hours ⇒1877 km / 30.5 hours = 61.54 ≈ 62  km/h

So, the average speed of the train is approximately 62 km/h.

The correct answer is Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra.

Key Points

• Gujarat shares its border with Madhya Pradesh in the west, Rajasthan in the northwest, and Maharashtra in the south.
• These three states are located at a distance from Madhya Pradesh.
• Gujarat:-
• It is located on India's western coastline, is known for its diverse culture and entrepreneurial spirit.
• Its largest city, Ahmedabad, is famous for its textiles and is a significant industrial hub.
• Gujarat is home to the world's largest white desert, the Rann of Kutch, and Gir National Park, the only place where Asiatic Lions are found.
• The state celebrates many vibrant festivals, including Navratri and Uttarayan (kite festival). Gujarati is the primary language spoken in the state.
• Rajasthan:-
• In Northwestern India, it is known for its rich history and colorful culture.
• The state is home to an array of architectural wonders, including numerous forts (such as those in Jaipur and Jodhpur), palaces (like City Palace and Lake Palace), and the distinctive "havelis" of Jaisalmer.
• Jaipur, the capital city, is a part of the Golden Triangle Tourist Circuit along with Delhi and Agra.
• Rajasthan is famous for its distinct music, dance forms, traditional art, and cuisine. The primary language spoken is Rajasthani.
• Maharashtra:-
• It is a state in the western peninsula region of India.
• The state has a rich history, diverse culture, and myriad tourist attractions, including the Ajanta and Ellora caves, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
• The state's capital, Mumbai, is the financial hub of India and the pivotal base of the Indian film industry, Bollywood.
• Maharashtra is known for its significant contribution to the Indian economy. It is a mix of cosmopolitan cities and traditional rural areas. The primary language spoken is Marathi. The cuisine of
• Maharashtra is varied and rich, including popular dishes like Vada Pav, Puran Poli, and Misal Pav.

The correct answer is Kerala, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.

Key Points

• Kerala:-
• It is often referred to as 'God's Own Country,' is located on the southwestern coast of India.
• It's known for its scenic beauty, plentiful coconut groves, backwaters, and rich spices.
• Kerala is home to diverse flora and fauna, with several wildlife reserves and national parks, such as Periyar and Silent Valley.
• The language spoken primarily is Malayalam. It's notable for its high literacy rate and health standards compared to other Indian states.
• The state is a major tourist destination with a robust tradition of arts and culture, including Kathakali and Mohiniyattam dances.
• Karnataka:-
• It is located on the Western coast as well.
• It is known for its significant contribution to Indian culture, history, and technology.
• Its capital, Bangalore, or Bengaluru, renowned as the 'Silicon Valley of India,' is a center of IT and startups.
• The state has magnificent Hoysala temples at Belur and Halebid, the world heritage site of Hampi, Mysuru Palace, and coastal regions like Mangalore.
• Kannada is the primary language spoken. Karnataka is also known for classical music (Carnatic) and diverse cuisang.
• Maharashtra:-
• It is a state in the western peninsular region of India, known for being an economic powerhouse and the home of Bollywood.
• It has several bustling cities like Mumbai, the financial hub of India and the nation's largest city.
• Pune, another significant city in Maharashtra, is a cultural and educational center.
• Maharashtra has a rich history, diverse culture, and various tourist attractions, including the Ajanta and Ellora caves, the beaches of Goa, and hill stations like Mahabaleshwar.
• The primary language spoken is Marathi. The cuisine of Maharashtra is varied and rich, including dishes like Vada Pav, Puran Poli, and Misal Pav.

Additional Information

• Arabian Sea:-
• It is a significant water body located in the western part of the Indian Ocean.
• It is bounded on the northwest by the Arabian Peninsula (hence the name), on the west by Africa (Somalia), and on the east by the Indian subcontinent.
• With a total surface area of approximately 3,862,000 square kilometers, the Arabian Sea is the world's third-largest oceanic division.
• The Arabian Sea is fairly deep, with an average depth of 2,734 meters.
• The deepest point, called the Wheatley Deep, is about 4,652 meters deep.

The correct answer is Nagaland and Ladakh,

Key Points

• Nagaland:-
• Nagaland is a state situated in Northeast India. It shares its border with the Indian states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Manipur. It also has an international border with Myanmar to the east.
• The capital city of Nagaland is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur.
• The official language is English, which is widely spoken and used for conducting administrative, political, and judicial work. There are also over a dozen tribal languages spoken across the state.
• The state is famous for its festivals. Hornbill Festival, one of the most celebrated, showcases the rich cultural heritage of the tribes.
• Ladakh:-
• Location: Ladakh is a region administered by India as a union territory. It is located in the northernmost part of the Indian subcontinent in the larger region of Kashmir, between the Kunlun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south.
• The capital city of Ladakh is Leh. Another major town in the region is Kargil.
• Ladakh is popular for its Buddhist monasteries or gompas, which are a symbol of the region's rich Buddhist heritage. Some of the famous monasteries include Hemis, Thiksey, Diskit, and Alchi Monastery.

Additional Information

• Lakshadweep is a Union Territory located off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian Sea, while Puducherry is also a Union Territory located on the southeastern coast of India.
• Chandigarh is a Union Territory and the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana, located in the northern part of India. Delhi is a National Capital Territory and the capital of India.
• Manipur and Meghalaya are both States in the northeast of India, with Manipur located to the east of Nagaland and Meghalaya located to the south of Assam. Additional information: •

In the context of Rama's reference to attention, memory, problem-solving, and planning, she was focusing on cognitive processes.

Key Points

• Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and understanding through thinking, perceiving, remembering, problem-solving, and decision-making.
• Peer pressure: Peer pressure refers to the influence that peers or friends may have on an individual's behavior or decisions. It is not related to the mental processes of attention, memory, problem-solving, or planning.
• Social skills: Social skills refer to the ability to interact effectively with others, including communication, empathy, and cooperation. While social skills are important for interacting with peers, they are not directly related to cognitive processes like attention, memory, problem-solving, or planning.
• Collaborative skills: Collaborative skills involve working together with others to achieve a common goal or complete a task. While collaboration may require some cognitive processes, it is not a specific focus on the mental processes of attention, memory, problem-solving, or planning as described in the question.

Thus, it is concluded that  Rama's focus on attention, memory, problem-solving, and planning suggests that she was discussing cognitive processes involved in learning and understanding.

When the EVS teacher instructs children to group fallen leaves based on various characteristics such as shape, size, texture, etc., the primary objective is to develop their observation and classification skills.

 Key Points

• This activity encourages students to closely observe the leaves and notice the differences and similarities between them.
• By categorizing the leaves based on specific attributes, children engage in a process of classification, which is an essential cognitive skill.
• Observation skills involve using the senses to gather information from the environment, while classification skills involve sorting objects or data into groups based on shared characteristics.
• Both these skills are crucial in the study of environmental science and the broader scientific inquiry process.

Thus, it is concluded that the purpose of the teacher is to enhance observation and classification skills.

To make students aware of the environment and develop a perspective for the environment, the EVS teacher can implement multiple strategies that involve a holistic approach to environmental education.

Key Points

• Teacher will tell about limited availability of biological and physical resources for making objects of daily life: This approach helps students understand the importance of sustainable resource use and conservation. By learning about the limited availability of resources, students can develop a perspective on the need for responsible consumption and ecological balance.
• Teacher will tell about the effect of human behavior on flora and fauna around them: This approach raises awareness about human impacts on the environment, such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Understanding the consequences of human behavior on flora and fauna helps students recognize their role in environmental conservation.
• Teacher will show national and international documentary films: Documentary films can be a powerful medium to show real-world environmental issues, success stories, and conservation efforts. Visual presentations can stimulate students' interest, empathy, and understanding of environmental challenges faced globally.
• Teacher will tell the importance of deforestation for industries: This option is not appropriate because it focuses on the importance of deforestation, which is contrary to environmental conservation. Instead, teachers should emphasize the adverse effects of deforestation and promote sustainable practices to protect forests and their ecological significance.

Thus, options A, B, and C are suitable approaches that the EVS teacher can employ to make students aware of the environment, foster a perspective for the environment, and promote environmentally responsible attitudes and behaviors.

Activity-based learning is an educational approach that emphasizes active participation and engagement of students in the learning process through various hands-on activities, experiments, projects, and practical experiences.

 Key PointsFollowing are the steps involved in practicing activity-based learning:- 

• Planning: This step involves designing and organizing the activity-based learning experience. The teacher outlines the objectives, learning outcomes, resources needed, and the procedure for conducting the activity.
• Conducting the activity: In this step, the teacher implements the planned activity in the classroom. Students actively participate and engage in the hands-on learning experience.
• Reflecting on the process: After the activity, students and teachers take time to reflect on the learning process. They discuss their observations, experiences, and insights gained from the activity.
• Revising: Based on the reflections and feedback received during the reflection phase, the teacher may decide to make revisions to the activity or the teaching approach. This step aims to improve the activity and enhance the learning experience for future implementations.

Thus, it is concluded that C-A-D-B is the correct answer.

EVS is an interdisciplinary subject that integrates knowledge from various fields, including Science, Social Science, and Environmental Education. It emphasizes a holistic approach to understanding the environment, society, and their interrelationships.

Key Points

• Drawing insights from the concepts of Science, Social Science, and Environmental Education: This situation reflects the integrated nature of EVS. It involves using knowledge and concepts from multiple disciplines to gain a comprehensive understanding of environmental issues and their broader implications.
• Inviting an environmentalist in the classroom for a speech: While inviting an environmentalist can be an enriching experience and provide valuable insights, it does not necessarily represent the integrated nature of EVS on its own. It may focus on specific aspects related to environmental expertise but not necessarily draw from multiple disciplines.
• Inviting separate teachers for Science and Social Science for a speech: This situation indicates separate presentations by teachers from different subject areas (Science and Social Science). While it may offer diverse perspectives, it does not inherently indicate an integrated approach to EVS.
• Preparing different lesson plans for Science and Social Science: Creating separate lesson plans for different subjects (Science and Social Science) does not inherently represent an integrated approach to EVS. An integrated EVS curriculum aims to combine relevant topics and concepts from multiple disciplines in a cohesive manner.

Thus, Drawing insights from the concepts of Science, Social Science, and Environmental Education - represents the integrated nature of EVS, as it involves incorporating knowledge from different disciplines to foster a comprehensive understanding of environmental issues.

Riddles are included in EVS and various other educational contexts with the aim of promoting cognitive development and logical thinking in students. Riddles are puzzles or enigmas that require creative and critical thinking to solve.

 Key Points

• When students engage in solving riddles, they are encouraged to analyze information, draw inferences, and use deductive reasoning to arrive at the correct answers.
• By solving riddles, students enhance their problem-solving skills, develop their ability to think critically and sharpen their logical reasoning.
• Additionally, riddles can be fun and engaging, making the learning process enjoyable for students.

Thus, it is concluded that developing logical ability in students is the objective of riddles.

Key Points

• By asking students to collect information on various festivals celebrated in different parts of the country and displaying it in the classroom, the main objective is to sensitize students about the diversity of culture in India.
• This activity helps students understand and appreciate the rich cultural heritage of their country, as different regions and communities celebrate various festivals with unique traditions, rituals, and significance.

Thus, it is concluded that option 2 is the correct answer.

Hint

• Know about the most popular festival in the country: The activity does not specifically focus on identifying the most popular festival in the country. Instead, it aims to explore the diversity and richness of various festivals celebrated across different regions.
• Make a record of different festivals celebrated in our country: While the activity does involve collecting information about different festivals, the primary objective is not just to make a record but to raise awareness and sensitivity towards cultural diversity.
• Motivate students to celebrate different festivals: The activity does not necessarily aim to motivate students to celebrate different festivals themselves. Rather, it encourages them to learn about and respect the traditions and festivals celebrated by various communities in India.

Through the clay modeling activity, Aditya, the EVS teacher, provides two main opportunities to the students.

Key Points

• To students to display their talent: By encouraging creativity and allowing students to create a scene of their choice using clay, Aditya provides an opportunity for students to showcase their artistic and imaginative talents. Each group coming up with a different idea and scene demonstrates the unique creativity of individual students and fosters a positive learning environment.
• So that he can improve his competence: By engaging with the students during the activity, Aditya has an opportunity to improve his competence as a teacher. Interacting with students, observing their creativity, and encouraging their efforts enables him to enhance his teaching skills and adapt his approach to cater to the diverse learning needs of the students.

Thus, Aditya provides opportunities for students to display their talent and for himself to improve his competence through the clay modeling activity, making options A and B the correct choices.

Team teaching involves two or more teachers working collaboratively to teach a group of students. When a teacher finds a specific topic in Environmental Studies (EVS) difficult to teach, team teaching can be an effective solution to address the challenge.  

Key Points

• Expertise and Support: By teaming up with another teacher who is well-versed in the challenging topic, the primary teacher can receive support and guidance. The co-teacher can bring different perspectives and insights, making it easier to present complex concepts effectively.
• Division of Labor: Team teaching allows the teachers to divide the content and responsibilities. Each teacher can focus on specific aspects of the topic, making the teaching process more manageable.
• Differentiation: With two teachers in the classroom, they can address the diverse learning needs of students. Students can receive individualized attention and support, helping them better understand the topic.
• Team teaching is an effective strategy to overcome the challenge of teaching a difficult topic in EVS. It fosters a supportive and interactive learning environment, benefits both teachers and students, and enables a more comprehensive approach to teaching complex concepts.

Thus, it is concluded that Use strategy of team teaching is the correct answer.

An EVS exhibition is an excellent platform to showcase students' understanding of environmental concepts, their creativity, and their ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios.

 Key Points

• The primary objective of such an exhibition should be to channelize the creative instincts of learners and provide them with an opportunity to express their ideas and insights related to environmental issues.
• The exhibition should encourage students to explore, analyze, and present their ideas and projects related to environmental studies in a creative and meaningful manner.

Thus, it is concluded that the most appropriate objective for organizing an EVS exhibition is to channelize creative instincts in learners.

Hint

• Satisfy students and parents: While it is essential to engage and involve students and parents in the learning process, organizing an exhibition solely for the purpose of satisfying them might not align with the core objectives of environmental education.
• Please the Principal and Colleagues: While it is essential to collaborate with colleagues and obtain support from school authorities, the primary objective of the EVS exhibition should not be merely to please them.
• Train learners for future career options: An EVS exhibition, particularly at the primary level, is not primarily meant to train learners for specific career options. Instead, it aims to foster a love for the environment, instill environmental awareness, and develop basic scientific and critical thinking skills.

The method of teaching-learning process in EVS is primarily determined by the nature and content of the subject, the age and developmental level of the students, and the educational goals and objectives.

 Key PointsWhile the school's philosophy and approach to education may influence the overall curriculum and teaching methodologies, it does not specifically dictate the methods used in teaching EVS.

The method of the teaching-learning process in EVS depends upon:- 

• Availability of resources: The availability of resources, including teaching materials, technology, and outdoor learning opportunities, can influence the methods used in teaching EVS. Teachers may adapt their approaches based on the resources available to create meaningful learning experiences for students.
• Needs of Children: The needs and interests of children play a crucial role in shaping the teaching methods in EVS. An effective teacher considers the diverse learning styles and individual needs of students while selecting appropriate teaching strategies.
• Prior learning experiences of children: A child's prior learning experiences, knowledge, and background influence the selection and sequencing of topics in EVS. Teachers often build upon students' prior knowledge to facilitate a deeper understanding of new concepts.

Thus, the method of the teaching-learning process in EVS is not solely dependent on the school's philosophy but is influenced by a combination of factors, including the availability of resources, the needs of children, and their prior learning experiences.

EVS is a subject that involves the study of the environment, nature, and human interactions with the natural world.

Key Points

• Conducting various meaningful and relevant activities is a key aspect of effective teaching in Environmental Studies (EVS). By incorporating hands-on and experiential learning activities, the teacher can engage students actively in the learning process.
• Meaningful and relevant activities can include field trips, nature walks, environmental surveys, experiments, role-plays, debates, and group projects. These activities not only make the learning process enjoyable but also enhance students' understanding of environmental concepts, critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.

Thus, conducting various meaningful and relevant activities is a primary factor that can significantly enhance the effectiveness of teaching in Environmental Studies.

Process skills are essential components of inquiry-based hands-on learning in EVS. These skills enable students to actively engage in the learning process, make sense of information, and develop a deeper understanding of environmental concepts.

 Key PointsThe three process skills that are part of inquiry-based learning are:

• Observing: The skill of using one's senses to gather information about the environment or objects. It involves paying attention to details, making qualitative and quantitative observations, and recording data.
• Predicting: The skill of making informed guesses about future outcomes or events based on available evidence and prior knowledge. It encourages students to think critically and make logical connections.
• Inferring: The skill of drawing conclusions or making interpretations based on observed evidence and existing knowledge. It involves going beyond the information presented to make educated guesses or inferences.

Thus, it is concluded that Determining is not considered a process skill in the context of inquiry-based hands-on learning in EVS.

The NEP 2020 recommends the introduction of Environment Studies (EVS) as a subject for Class III, Class IV, and Class V students.

 Key Points

• The subject aims to develop an understanding of the environment, its interconnections, and sustainable practices among young learners.
• By incorporating EVS in the curriculum for these primary classes, the policy intends to sensitize students to environmental issues and promote responsible attitudes towards nature and society.
• EVS is designed to be an interdisciplinary subject that integrates elements from science, social studies, and environmental education.

Thus, it is concluded that According to NEP, 2020, Environment Studies as a subject shall be taught in Class III, IV and V.

As an EVS teacher, I would use a combination of methods to make my students understand the limited availability of natural resources. The most effective approach would be through showing a coal piece and discussing its uses and availability for the future.

Key Points

• Hands-on Experience: By showing a coal piece, I can provide a tangible and concrete experience to my students. They can touch, observe, and feel the physical presence of a natural resource, which enhances their understanding.
• Visual Learning: Visual aids like a coal piece can help students grasp the concept better. It allows them to connect the theoretical knowledge of limited natural resources with a real-life example.
• Contextual Discussion: After showing the coal piece, I would initiate a class discussion about the various uses of coal in our daily lives, such as electricity generation, industrial processes, and cooking.
• Interactive Learning: I would encourage students to participate actively in the discussion, ask questions, and share their insights. This interactive approach fosters critical thinking and a deeper understanding of the topic.

While textbooks, explanations, and speeches by environmental experts are valuable resources for learning, incorporating a hands-on and interactive approach with real-life examples like the coal piece can leave a lasting impact on students and help them internalize the concept of limited natural resources more effectively.

Thus, it is concluded that option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "year he was born in."

Key Points

• The rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; it is also called Crown rule in India, or Direct rule in India, and lasted from 1858 to 1947.
• India during the crown rule was called colonial India.
• Refer to the following line: 
• He was born on 19^th May, 1934 in Kasauli, Punjab, British India, to a British couple, Edith Clarke and Aubrey Bond.
• The period of Colonial India ended on 1947. However, Ruskin Bond was born in the year 1934.
• Thus, the year in which he was born helps us to conclude that he was born in colonial India.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "1944."

Key Points

• We are required to select the year in which Ruskin Bond's father died.
• Now, refer to the following lines from the passage:
• Line 1 of paragraph 1: He was born on 19^th May, 1934 in Kasauli, Punjab, British India, to a British couple, Edith Clarke and Aubrey Bond.
• Line 1 of paragraph 2: Ruskin was very close to his father who died of jaundice when Ruskin was 10 years old.
• ​Ruskin Bond was born in the year 1934, and his father died when he was 10 years old.
• Thus, the year when his father died would be 1944.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "D.H. Lawrence."

Key Points

• When given a list of authors that Ruskin Bond liked, we must choose the name of the author who is not on the list.
• Now, refer to the following lines from the passage:
• He loved reading and was especially influenced by the works of T.E. Lawrence, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Bronte, and Rudyard Kipling.
• ​With the help of the above highlighted part, we can now choose the odd one out.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "16."

Key Points

• We are required to select the age at which Ruskin Bond graduated from school.
• Now, refer to the following lines from the passage:
• Ruskin Bond is an award winning Indian author of British descent. He was born on 19^th May, 1934 in Kasauli, Punjab.
• He went to the Bishop Cotton School in Shimla, from where he graduated in 1950.
• ​From the above highlighted part, it can be deducted that the age of Ruskin Bond when he graduated from school was 16 years.

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "went to the UK."

Key Points

• Refer to the following line from the passage:
• Line 1 of  paragraph 5:  After graduating from high school he went to the UK in search of better prospects.
• Now, the term "better prospects" means an apparent probability of advancement, success, profit, etc.
• Thus, from the above explanation, it is clear that to ensure a better future, Ruskin bond went to the UK.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "Verb."

Key Points

• Let us understand the following:
• ​Verbs are words that show an action (dance), occurrence (develop), or state of being (exist).
• Example: When I entered the room, he was dancing happily.
• In the given sentence, the word "separated" is a verb.
• It means to start living in different places.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the underlined word is a verb.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• "Adjective" means a word that tells you more about a noun.
• Example: Beautiful, Tall, Black, etc.
• "Noun" means a word that is the name of a thing, an idea, a place or a person.
• Example: Jessica, Suit, Water, etc.
• "Adverb" means a word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.
• Example: Speak slowly, run fast, beautifully written.

The correct answer is "Ruskin became a prolific writer."

Key Points

• The idiom "There's no stopping" means:
• Someone cannot be stopped, prevented, or restrained from doing something because they are too tough or determined.
• Example: There is no stopping her once she sets her mind.
• In the given passage, refer to the following lines:
• Line 1 of paragraph 6: After that there was no stopping him, and by now he has to his credit over 500 short stories, essays and novels.
• Thus, it can be inferred that the phrase in the above sentence means that no one could then stop Ruskin Bond from writing.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "influenced."

Key Points

• Let us understand the meaning of the given and the marked words:
• "Inspired" means to cause to have a particular thought or feeling. (प्रेरित)
• Example: His confident leadership inspired his teammates.
• "Motivated" means very enthusiastic or determined because you really want to do something. ( अभिप्रेरित)
• Example: My teammates are very hardworking and motivated.
• "Influenced" means to affect or change how someone or something develops, behaves, or thinks. (प्रभाव)
• ​Example: She is very good at influencing people.
• ​​From the above explanation, it is clear that the word "influenced" used in the passage is same in meaning to the words "inspired" and "motivated."

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information

• "Awarded" means to give something to somebody as a prize, payment, etc.
• "Graduated" means to get a (first) degree from a university, etc.
• "Adopted" means to legally take another person's child into your own family and take care of him or her as your own child.

The correct answer is "he adopted a family."

Key Points

• Refer to the following lines from the passage:
• He has been living with his adoptive family in Landour, Mussoorie's Ivy Cottage since 1980.
• Ruskin Bond, who never got married, adopted a family in Landour near Mussoorie and lives with them.
• An adoptive family is a family that raises a child who is not biologically related to them.
• Thus, it can be concluded that Ruskin Bond's family is not biologically related to him. Therefore, they can be called as his adoptive family.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "a bride in a palanquin."

Key Points

• Refer to the following lines from the passage:
• We bear her along like a pearl on a string.
• In the above line, the palanquin bearers refer to the bride whom they are carrying.
• They are happy and filled with joy, for they are taking a noble lady, a newly wedded bride, to her husband’s house in a veiled palanquin.
• The words, the flower, bird are used as a metaphor in the poem to compare the elegance and beauty of the bride.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.