CTET Paper 1 - 29th Dec 2021 (English-Hindi-Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a product of the interaction of hereditary and the environment.

Key Points

• The major domains of development such as physical, cognitive, social, and emotional are developed in an integrated and holistic process.

Let's Understand in Brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that child development is divided into physical, cognitive, social, and emotional domains.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. A child develops in an orderly sequence which is almost similar in all children.

• The rate and speed of development may vary in individual cases but the sequence of development patterns is almost the same in all children. Thus human development is based on certain principles.

Key Points

Child development takes place in two directions, one is from the head-to-foot direction and the second is from near to distant  (center of the body to the peripheral).

Sequential pattern of development can be seen in two directions:

• Cephalo-caudal sequence: It means that development spreads over the body from head to foot, i.e. individual begins to grow from the head region downwards.
• For example, The child first gains control on her head, then she could catch hold of objects, sit, crawl, and later she could stand and walk.
• Proximodistal sequence: It means that the development proceeds from the central part of the body towards the peripheries. In this sequence, the spinal cord of the individual develops first, and then outward development takes place.
• For example, babies cut their front teeth before they cut their side ones. Functionally, the child could use her arms before her hands and use her hands before she could control the movement of her fingers.

Thus, it is concluded that the Cephalo-caudal principle states that development proceeds directionally from head to foot.

Different upbringings set children on different paths and can deepen socioeconomic divisions, especially because education is strongly linked to earnings. Children grow up learning the skills to succeed in their socioeconomic stratum. 

• A number of questions arise when we commit ourselves to the study of human development. There are a number of issues and themes that need to be addressed at the outset of this field of study, which runs right through the experiences and theorizations on human development.

Key Points

• Early childhood experiences can be very consequential for children’s long-term social, emotional, and cognitive development.  And because those influence educational success and later earnings, early childhood experiences cast a lifelong shadow.
• Contemporary theorists assert that not only early life experiences but later experiences have an influence on development as well. However, what remains unanswered, is the degree of change that can take place.
• It is believed that much of a child's personality is completely established by the age of five. If this is indeed the case, those who have experienced deprived or abusive childhoods might never adjust or develop normally.
• A child’s earliest experiences strongly influence his later development. Ideally, children spend their earliest years in nurturing surroundings that promote optimal brain development and provide young children with a solid foundation on which their later skills and abilities will be built.
• Conversely, when children grow up in an environment characterized by toxic stress, chaos, and uncertainty, their ability to develop to their full potential is hindered.

Hence, we can conclude that the early-later experiences issue aptly describes Raghav's case.

Hint

• Nature-nurture issue: Nature refers to the hereditary influences on human characteristics which include physical characteristics, intellectual capacities, personality traits and patterns of social interactions. Nurture as a concept, encompasses all of the environmental factors, including physical and cultural environments that influence the developmental outcomes in an individual.
• Continuity-discontinuity issue: The continuous-discontinuous issue addresses how developmental events manifest a smooth progression across the life stages (continuity) or a series of distinct stages (discontinuity).

Childhood refers to the period of the human lifespan, ranging from birth to puberty. The three stages of childhood are- 

• Early Childhood (The Preschool Years) (2-6 years)
• Middle Childhood (The School Years) (6 to age 11)
• Later Childhood (11-14 years of age)

Key Points

• Make-believe play is a ubiquitous part of early childhood. In make-believe play, children pretend that an object is something other than what it actually is.
• For example, the wooden box is considered as a car, a rounding, the steering wheel and the stick, a gun. That is during play an object takes the place of or represents something else in the child’s mind.
• In make-believe play, children pretend to be another person and understand others' thoughts, beliefs, and feelings. In other words, being able to make-believe means that the toddler is able to think symbolically.
• Toddlers reproduce acts that they have seen adults perform, like pretending to read a book, picking up the telephone receiver, and carrying out an imaginary conversation.
• A three-year-old may treat blocks that differ in size as if the longer one was a parent, and the shorter one the child, and play with them.  These pretend games become more elaborate during the preschool years. They assign imaginary roles to themselves and act out their parts.

Thus, it is concluded that the play that facilitates children to understand others' thoughts, beliefs and feelings is Make-believe Play.

Hint

• Solitary play: It is a stage in which children play alone and independently.
• Parallel play: It is one of the stages of play during early childhood, in which children play alongside other children but don't play with them.

Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the Theory of Moral Development.

• He defined three levels of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.

Each level has two distinct stages.

Key Point

​Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality:- During the pre-conventional level, a child’s sense of morality is externally controlled. 

• Stage I (Obedience and Punishment Orientation) -  At this stage, children have the fear that if they are not following the obedience principle, they get punished by the teachers or parents.
• Stage II (Individualism and Exchange) -  An action is considered morally correct if it is in the best interest of the individual.

Level 2: Conventional Morality:  During the conventional level, an individual’s sense of morality is tied to personal and societal relationships. Children continue to accept the rules of authority figures, but this is now because they believe that this is necessary to ensure positive relationships and societal order. This level consists of stages three and four. 

• Stage III (Good boy-good girl orientation) - Intention of the actor is more important in terms of judging the moral values. If the intention is to gain the consensus of others or approval of the society then the actor will be judged morally right.  At this stage, the children have the ideology of a good boy good girl attitude. Example: I better not drink and drive because my friends will think less of me and I, in turn, will think less of myself.
• Stage IV (Social-order maintaining orientation) - Judgment of morality is based on one's duty, law, and social order. Actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive human relationships and societal order. Example: I am personally against the war, but would never publicly protest it on campus without the administration's permission.

Level 3: Post Conventional Morality: During the post-conventional level, a person’s sense of morality is defined in terms of more abstract principles and values. 

• Stage V (Social contract and Individual rights)- In this stage, the individual or child understands that different people and communities may hold different views and laws.
• Stage VI (Universal Ethical Principles orientation) - Individuals judge morality based on some universal principles that transcend beyond society's rules and regulations.

Thus, it is concluded that at Social-order maintaining orientation stage of moral reasoning in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, children believe that rules must be enforced in the same manner for everyone and each individual must obey them as his personal duty.

Cognitive development refers to the way children learn and process information. It includes improvement in attention, perception, language, thinking, memory, and reasoning.

• According to Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory, our thoughts and reasoning are part of adaptation. Cognitive development follows a definite sequence of stages. Piaget described four major stages of cognitive development.

Key Points

• 'Preoperational period' lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age. In this stage, the child assumes that other people feel, see, and hear exactly the same as the child does.
• In this stage, the child faces problems with the irreversibility of thought, the concept of conservation, and struggles with the idea of centration.
• Due to the Centration in thought, the child can focus his attention only on one aspect of the situation at a time and cannot reverse the direction of his thought.

For example,

• A 5-year-old is certain that rolling out a ball of clay into a snake creates more clay.
• A 6-year-old child reasons that a taller glass has more water than a shorter and wider container even though the liquid has been poured from the container to the glass in front of her eyes.

Thus, it is concluded that Sara exhibits centration.

Hint 

• Animistic thinking/Animism makes the child imagine that toys are living beings and wants them to talk, walk, sit and stand, and to do as s/he says. For example, a child talking to a doll or feeding the doll.
• Seriation is the ability to order items along a particular dimension such as length or weight. For instance, arranging pencils from shortest to longest.

"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.

Key Points

• 'Preoperational period' lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
• In this stage, the child assumes that other people feel, see, and hear exactly the same as the child does.
• It refers to the child's inability to infer the perspective of other people or to see a situation from other's points of view.
• In this stage, the children begin to think symbolically. During the Symbolic play, children can create mental images of objects and store them in their minds for later use.
• For example, such a child can draw a picture of or pretend to play with a puppy that is no longer present there.
• At the end of the Pre-operational stage, the child begins to reason logically.

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Piaget, during the Pre-operational Stage of development, the child begins to use symbols to represent objects and logical reasoning emerges.

Important Points  

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

• 'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the learner's development.
• According to Vygotsky, social interaction is the primary cause of learners' development as his theory emphasizes that children learn through interaction and collaboration with skilled and knowledgeable people.

Key Points

• In his theory, Vygotsky proposed the term 'scaffolding' which refers to providing hints, prompts, and cues to children according to their individual needs.
• A teacher/adult can scaffold the child by adjusting the support offered to a child to fit the child's current level of performance and to help her to reach her zone of proximal development.
• Through scaffolding, required assistance and temporary support are imparted to the children to enhance their learning skills.

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Lev Vygotsky's theory of learning this strategy of learning will act as a scaffold for learning.

'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the learner's development. 

Key Points

• According to Vygotsky children learn through social interaction with peers. So, a language teacher should plan for pair and group work so that they can interact with peers.
• The Vygotskian classroom goes beyond independent discovery to promote assisted discovery. Teachers guide children’s learning, tailoring their interventions to each child’s zone of proximal development.
• Assisted discovery is aided by peer collaboration, as children of varying abilities work in groups, teaching and helping one another.
• Peer collaboration is the educational approach of using groups to enhance learning through working together. It is a collaborative form of learning that is based on interaction, discussion, and knowledge sharing among peers.
• The teacher should use more skilled peers to support and guide the other students. Vygotsky felt that through joint activities with skilled peers, children come to master activities and think in ways that have meaning in their culture.

Therefore, it is clear that in Vygotsky's theory, assisted discovery is aided by peer collaboration.

Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.

• Howard Gardner, an American Psychologist, proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences.
• In his book ‘Frames of Mind’, he pointed out that he did not believe there was “one form of cognition which cut across all human thinking.
• Gardner initially proposed eight types of intelligence which later on he increased to nine.

Key PointsSpatial Intelligence is the capacity to perceive, understand and use spatial and visual information effectively. Such people are good at spatial orientation, forming visual images and patterns.

• They can easily visualize the world with the mind’s eye, modify the surrounding based upon their perception and recreate aspects of their visual experiences.
• person with spatial intelligence can adapt, improvise and overcome any kind of situation that is put in front of them as a challenge and can perform the transformation on one's initial perceptions.
• For example: Assembling a complex appliance (e.g. bicycle), or completing a difficult jigsaw puzzle as it is the ability to imagine and manipulate the arrangement of objects in the environment. It displays good process and engineering skills.

​Thus, it is concluded that according to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Spatial intelligence is applied to the ability to perceive the visual worlds accurately and to perform the transformation on one's initial perceptions.

National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) is the first education policy of the 21^st century and aims to address the many growing developmental imperatives of our country.

• This Policy proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of the education structure, including its regulation and governance, to create a new system that is aligned with the aspirational goals of the 21^st century.

Key Points

• As per NEP 2020, in the above-mentioned situation, all children should be encouraged to respect each other's native language to create a culture of multilingualism as this policy proposes that children in primary grades should be taught in home/local languages.
• This policy promotes multilingualism as multilingual education stresses using a student's mother tongue, or native language, to teach students and to make learning effective.
• Classrooms that use multicultural education use various strategies to help students learn in their native languages. Multilingualism enhances creativity, divergent thinking, and appreciation of local languages.
• NEP emphasizes that children will be exposed to different languages early on (but with a particular emphasis on the mother tongue), starting from the Foundational Stage onwards as multilingualism has great cognitive benefits for young students.
• As per the new National Education Policy (NEP), the medium of instruction until at least Grade 5, but preferably till Grade 8 and beyond, will be the home language/mother-tongue/local language/regional language.

​Hence, we can conclude that as per NEP 2020, in the above-mentioned situation, all children should be encouraged to respect each other's native language to create a culture of multilingualism.

The word gender gives the meaning not only to show the difference in body structure or other physical structure but also the different responsibilities they have in society, etc.

Key Points

• Gender is ascribed by social structures as it refers to the socially constructed differences between men and women.
• It refers to the masculine and feminine qualities, behavior, roles, and responsibilities that society upholds. Gender can be changed/re-oriented.
• Transvestites and transsexuals construct their gender status by dressing, speaking, walking, gesturing in the way prescribed for women or men whichever they want to be taken for and so does any normal person.
• Gendering is legitimated by religion, law, science, and society’s entire set of values.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that Gender is ascribed by social structures.

Assessment is a part of the teaching-learning process and children are assessed in course of doing the activities. So learning process and assessment go together. It gives the teacher a comprehensive idea of students' strengths and weaknesses in the study domain.

• The purpose of assessment is to gather relevant information about student performance or progress or to determine student interests to make judgments about their learning process.

Key Points

Diverse modes of assessment and evaluation should be used by a teacher:

• A teacher should not use only one assessment method rather he should use diverse modes of assessment and evaluation to know about students' progress.
• Teachers should employ varieties of assessment methods such as oral tests, assignments, performance tests, etc. It will give a clear picture of a child's growth in learning.
• So, teachers should use a wide variety of assessment tools and techniques to assess children as no single assessment tool is capable of providing information about a child’s progress and learning in different areas of development.

The purpose of evaluation is to segregate the well-performing students from the rest of the class. 

• Assessment is done to determine the outcomes (what students have learned), process (the way they learned), and their approach to the learning before, during, or after the program or course.
• Enhancing the teaching-learning process and giving feedback to the teacher about the effectiveness of his/her teaching is the main purpose of evaluation.
• Evaluation doesn't segregate students rather it provides credible feedback on learning and motivates children to develop an interest in the study.

Hence, we can conclude that (A) is true but (R) is false.

John Dewey, an American philosopher has proposed the concept of 'Progressive Education' which emphasizes that learning takes place only through 'hands-on' approach so the students must interact with their environment to adapt and learn.

Key Points

• Progressive education emphasizes enhancing the skills and understanding of the learners by engaging with the contents and experiences.
• It emphasizes flexible grouping as it is believed that individuals are able to achieve higher levels of learning and retain more information when they work in a group rather than individually.
• It demands mobile, flexible, and active teachers so that they can encourage students to be active and engaged.
• It promotes 'learning by doing' to make children self-reliant and productive to use their knowledge and talents effectively.
• It ensures the active participation of students by working in a group and applying practical knowledge to complete an activity.

Hence, it could be concluded that focusing on rewards and punishment is not a characteristic of a progressive classroom.

The child-centred education puts learners in the centre and gives primacy to learner's experiences and needs. It strongly believes that when children are given the freedom to work at their own pace, they develop the ability to assimilate the concepts efficiently.

Key Points

Characteristics of the child-centred teaching and learning​:

• It stresses the importance of enquiry, observation and investigation.
• It takes into account learner's capabilities, capacities and learning styles.
• It uses methods like experiential learning, problem-solving, concept mapping and creative writing.
• It emphasizes providing ample opportunities to the children to ask questions and to foster their own strategy of learning.
• In this method, teachers facilitate students as a facilitator by providing them with proper environment and materials to learn at their own pace.
• Students work in flexible, cooperative groupings to solve problems to demonstrate an understanding of the task that ensures their holistic development.

Hence, it could be concluded that Rashi's approach to teaching-learning is child-centred.

Hint 

• Teacher centred teaching and learning: It refers to the active involvement of the teacher while the learners passively listen to the teacher.
• Textbook centred teaching and learning: It gives importance to the loud reading of books and to the explanation of the important terms by the teacher to the learners.
• Didactics is the way of teaching in which a teacher generally gives the information to the child in an organized and systematic manner, controls classroom instruction, and evaluates his performance to give reinforcement.

Inclusive Education refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.

Key Points

Buddy system and cooperative learning should be actively promoted in an inclusive classroom as these both strategies will:

• boost up the confidence of special children while learning with normal children.
• help the special child to gain quality experience by engaging them in active learning.

Let's Understand in Brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that in an inclusive classroom, a buddy system and cooperative learning should be actively promoted.

Students come to the classroom with a range of abilities, experiences, and backgrounds.

Some students will have special needs and disabilities, while others will have additional learning needs and/or elements of educational disadvantage which are not formally recognized.

• Disadvantaged Learner - The socially disadvantaged child is one who is from a socially and economically backward section of the community, who cannot profit from school because of deprivation of one sort or another.
• Deprived Learner - The term 'underprivileged' refers to the disadvantaged section of people who are economically, socially, and vocationally in an unfavorable situation compared to the rest of the population of the society.

Key Points

• To address the learners from disadvantaged and deprived groups, a teacher should form collaborative groups that use group diversity for enhancing learning.
• In a collaborative group, learners can converse with peers, present and defend ideas, exchange diverse beliefs, question other conceptual frameworks, and be actively engaged.
• Consideration of diversity helps in the inclusion of learners from disadvantaged and deprived groups and makes them feel a sense of belongingness. Diverse methods such as oral reading, recitation, group work, role-play, and peer- learning can be effective in the case of these learners.
• Teachers should also use a curriculum based on local culture and language to help 'disadvantaged' and 'deprived' learners to be aware of different cultures and languages which enhances learning effectively.

Hence, it is clear that for learners from disadvantaged and deprived communities, a teacher should form collaborative groups that use group diversity for enhancing learning.

Developmental disorder refers to the severe, chronic disability of an individual which is likely to continue indefinitely. There are different kinds of developmental disorders and ADHD is one of them.

• The abbreviated term ADHD denotes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that leads to hyperactivity in a child's behaviour.

Important Points

Typical Behaviours Associated with Children with ADHD:​

• Get distracted easily.
• Poorly sustained attention in all situations.
• difficulty in listening to or following directions.
• More active or restless than normal children.
• Difficulty in adhering to the rules and regulations.
• Impulsive, over-enthusiastic, and trying to do several things at once.
• Diminished persistence in tasks not having immediate consequences.

Key PointsEffective classroom for including children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder includes:

• Classroom in which the teacher provides alternative ways of learning to keep them busy and motivated.
• Classroom in which the teacher breaks tasks into small pieces so that ADHD students don't get frustrated.
• Classroom with a flexible timetable and seating arrangement where students work on the task of their own interest.
• Classroom in which the teacher includes physical activity in daily life to channel their energy into creative works.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that a class with a flexible timetable and seating arrangement where students work on the task of their own interest is effective for including children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence is proposed by 'Robert Sternberg', an American psychologist. He is known for his research and work which are always based on human intelligence and creativity.

Important Points

The Triarchic Theory is comprised of three sub-theories, each of which relates to a specific kind of intelligence:

• the contextual sub theory, which corresponds to practical intelligence, or the ability to successfully function in one’s environment.
• the experiential sub theory, which corresponds to creative intelligence, or the ability to deal with novel situations or issues.
• the componential sub theory, which corresponds to analytical intelligence, or the ability to solve problems.

Key Points 

This theory advocates that intelligent behavior takes place from a balance among three aspects of intelligence which are contextual, experiential, and componential intelligence. These three distinct types of intelligence are also known as practical, creative, and analytical intelligence.

• Practical intelligence: Practical intelligence is related to the contextual sub-theory. Practically intelligent people are especially adept at behaving in successful ways in their external environment.
• Creative intelligence: The experiential sub theory is related to creative intelligence, which is one’s ability to think divergently to handle new problems or cope with novel situations.
• Analytical intelligence: The componential sub theory is related to analytical intelligence, which is essentially academic intelligence. Analytical intelligence is used to solve problems.

Hence, it could be concluded that creative intelligence is possessed by people who think more divergently than others in a novel situation.

Learning disabilities are diagnosed particularly when children start going to school and are engaged in academic activities with other children in the school. It may be caused due to premature birth, low birth weight, and malnutrition.

• The differently-abled children feel difficulty in performing the basic processes required in understanding or using language, spoken or written. It may be seen as the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.

Key Points

Dsyslexia: 

• Dyslexia is a condition in which a child/student faces persistent challenges in reading the text and comprehending the long passages because of frequently omitting substitutes or reversing the letters and words while reading.
• When they face difficulty in reading, they can not spell the words properly and are unable to write them accurately as well.
• Students having dyslexia get confused between similar words, sounds of alphabets, and the same shapes of letters.
• Also, they will have problems interpreting and understanding the letters and words. For example, the students can get confused between "69" and "96", and also they may read "saw" as "was".

Hence, it could be concluded that Dyslexia is associated primarily with difficulties in reading and writing.

The constructivist frame/perspective is based on the idea that meaningful learning takes place when learners actively construct their own knowledge.

Key Points

Central ideas of the constructivist frame:

• Children are active explorers of the environment.
• Children are little scientists and markers of meaning.
• Children are builders and creators of new knowledge.
• Children are born to be like 'scientific investigators' and 'problem solvers'.
• Children’s thinking is qualitatively different from that of adults not quantitatively.
• Children learn through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.
• Children are born to construct the meaning of their environment through social interaction.

Hence, it could be concluded that (i), (ii), and (iv) are correct in the context of the question.

All learners make mistakes. As someone has said: "You can't learn without goofing". Whether you are learning how to ride a bicycle, how to fly a kite or learn a language, everyone does make mistakes.

Key Points

• An error is an incorrect form and a sure indication that the learner has not mastered the core of the selective topic in a learning process.
• The primary objective of analyzing errors in students' work is to understand children's thinking or thought processes since they are a window to children's thinking.
• Errors are necessary for the learning process to give insight into children's thinking. It helps the teacher to be aware of learners' learning styles and to cater to them according to their needs.
• Making an error cannot be just due to negligence and carelessness. It may be so that students are thinking about it in a different manner other than what is the right process.
• To understand this, a teacher should analyze what mistake the students are doing, how the mistake is generated, and where exactly they tend to make mistakes.​

Hence, it is clear that the primary objective of analyzing errors in students' work is to understand children's thinking.

Learning is a process by which behavior is either modified or changed through experience or training. Learning is thus a relatively permanent change in response potentiality which occurs as a function of reinforced practice. There are many factors that influence learning.

Key Points

Learning is influenced by: 

Psychological factors:

• Psychological aspects are the elements of one's personality that limit or enhance the ways that one learns and thinks.
• Several psychological factors such as intelligence, personality, attitude, interest, and aptitude have considerable influence on the learning of a child.

Socio-Cultural factors:

• Socio-cultural factors refer to the combination of social and cultural factors. These factors play a vital role in shaping the abilities and behaviors of a child.
• The immediate environmental structure of social culture is where an individual has direct interaction with their significant others such as parents, siblings, teachers, and peers.

School-related factors:

• Overcrowding classrooms is another contributing factor. In some big cities, houses are converted into English medium schools. In small rooms, sixty to seventy children are made to sit and are unable to benefit from highly verbal instruction.
• The condition of the setting where the learning process takes place can also enhance or interfere with the intake of information.

Teacher-related factors:

• Learning problems may occur because of inadequate or inappropriate teaching. The child may have difficulty in learning because the teacher does not provide adequate or appropriate instruction.
• If the teacher is a poor communicator or uses monotonous and uninteresting methods, the children are put at a disadvantage.

Hence, it is clear that learning is influenced by all Psychological, Socio-Cultural, School-related, and Teacher related factors.

Constructivism is centered on the idea that human knowledge and learning is actively constructed by the learner, not passively received from the environment.

Key Points

• Social constructivism is founded on the thesis that social processes are central to learning and cognitive development. It regards knowledge as a social construct and prioritizes the social aspects of learning and cognitive development.
• Some of these social aspects are language, culture, everyday practices, material objects, interpersonal interaction, peer interaction, tools, and symbols.
• Flexible curriculum, flexible timetables, flexible mode of assessments, flexible seating arrangement, learners working in groups, etc. are characteristics of a Socio-constructivist classroom.
• It emphasizes providing students with a democratic environment to make them feel comfortable in acquiring new knowledge and information.
• Socio-constructivist classroom lays emphasis on collaborative learning which refers to a situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn together in a group.
• For example, Giving students the opportunity to discuss their experiences of celebrating festivals in the classroom and building upon that information.
• It is a method of teaching and learning in which students and teachers team together to explore a significant question or create a meaningful project.

​Hence, it is concluded that giving students the opportunity to discuss their experiences of celebration of festivals in the classroom and building upon that information is an example of using Socio-constructivism.

Hint 

• Textbook-centred teaching is entirely based on the use of textbooks and all the rules should the dictated by the teacher.
• Behaviourism emphasizes that behavior begins with reflexes, i.e., natural responses, and new behavior results from the acquisition of new bonds of stimulus and response through experiences.

The National Education Policy 2020 aims to bring transformational reforms in school and higher education and thus shape India into a global knowledge superpower.

• This policy will usher in sweeping changes to the education policy of the country, including a renaming of the Ministry of Human Resource Development as the Education Ministry.

Key Points

• NEP 2020 is based on the principle that education must develop not only cognitive capacities but also social, ethical, and emotional capacities and dispositions.
• NEP-2020 has given the emphasis on conceptual understanding, inquiry-based learning, creativity**, critical thinking**, human ethical values, and constitutional values.
• It proposes that experiential learning should be encouraged to promote conceptual understanding as experiential learning refers to learning by gaining experience through active involvement.
• As per National education policy 2020, education must adopt experiential learning including hands-on learning, arts-integrated and sports-integrated education, story-telling-based pedagogy, etc.

Hence, it is clear that instead of limiting classroom learning to textbooks, National Education Policy 2020 suggests that learning and education should be focused towards inquiry and development of critical thinking. ​

Memory refers to the ability to retain information and reproduce it over a period of time when required to perform a cognitive task. It has been conceptualized as a process comprised of three stages, i.e., encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Key Points 

• All of us desire to possess an excellent memory system that is robust and dependable. There are a number of strategies for improving memory called mnemonics.
• The word 'mnemonic' is a system such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something.
• There are basically two broad categories of mnemonics; one category of mnemonics uses images, while the other uses principles of organization to memorize information.

Important Points Mnemonics Using Images: There are many strategies that use images to improve efficiency in retaining and retrieval of information. Following two types of mnemonics use images:

• Method of Loci: Placing images at the location. This method uses the location of a familiar place as a cue to retrieve information.
• The keyword method is considered appropriate for learning vocabulary and foreign languages. In this method, any two pieces of information are linked using images.

Mnemonics Using Organisation: It improves the ability to learn and retrieve information accurately by applying the principle of reorganization of the material to be learned.

• Chunking: This mnemonic technique illustrates systematic ways of encoding information. If you want to remember a long list of digits, you can break the numbers into chunks which can be associated with some important things for a lasting memory.
• First Letter Technique: In this technique, the first letter of each word, you want to memorize, is taken to make a meaningful word or sentence. For example, the color of the rainbow can be remembered using this technique. Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red. The word VIBGYOR stands for all the seven colors of the rainbow.

Thus, it is concluded that the Mnemonic device is a technique that helps in remembering.

The teaching method is a way to put theory in practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. It helps the teachers to plan and present the lesson coherently.

Key Points

The brainstorming method was developed by Alex F. Osborn. It is the oldest and best-known technique for stimulating creative thinking. It is the most fruitful exercise to solve complex and critical problems.​

• It makes students able to take others' perspectives as in brainstorming, many creative minds work together and apply their diverse thinking patterns to generate creative ideas on a particular topic.
• Students present, share and analyze their understanding and look at any issues from different angles and others' points of view.
• It is a teaching-learning process in which the student is the active role player. The teacher gives one problem or topic to the entire class and allots time.
• Within the given time, the student must create ideas using critical thinking which focuses on applying reasoning and logic to new or unfamiliar situations, ideas, and opinions.
• It provides more ideas and views to the child as in this process children use inquiry-based learning which refers to a method that emphasizes connecting children with their own experiences by enabling them to pose questions and make decisions in search of new understanding.
• It helps to achieve the higher order of cognitive objectives as it just demands the active participation of the child in the learning process by making them think and note the ideas in their own style.

Hence, it could be concluded that the 'Brainstorming' strategy would promote perspective-taking, critical thinking, and inquiry.

Learning is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences.

• Fear is an emotion that creates high levels of anxiety in a person and causes the loss of courage in a person.

Key Points

• Fear of failure makes a person scared of failing. It commonly happens to students. The reason for such fear is due to peer pressure, focusing on the outcome rather than concentrating on the learning.
• It even damages the mental and emotional state. Sometimes the fear overpowers the students in such a manner that they even commit drastic measures.
• Children should be counseled and should be made to understand that failure is natural in the process of learning and they should not focus on failure or success, rather they should put effort into developing their concepts.
• Fear of failure and pressure to achieve should not be induced in children because for meaningful learning to take place it is important that children feel a sense of physical and emotional security.

Hence, it is clear that both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

A student with the locus of control believes that success or failure is due to his or her efforts or disabilities.

• The locus of control can be either internal or external to the individual.

Key Points

Internal locus of control: 

• A student with an internal locus of control believes that success or failure is not beyond his control, for instance, this student would believe that grades are the outcome of his effort.
• He would attribute his/her failure in the examination to lack of ability, lack of preparation, (faulty) attitude, etc.

Hint

External locus of control: 

• A student with an external locus of control always believes that external forces cause his or her failure.
• A student with an external Locus of control would attribute his/her failure in the examination to (bad) luck as he believes that success or failure is controlled by external forces which are beyond his control.
• He may believe that grades do not reflect effort and are affected by external factors such as luck, the examination system, the biased attitude of the teacher, etc. ​

Hence, we can conclude that Aliza, whose locus of control is internal would attribute her failure in examination to her lack of ability.

Motivation is the drive to achieve something in life that satisfies one’s needs. There are two primary types of motivation namely, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. 

• There are many methods of motivating learners which can either be categorized into extrinsic or intrinsic types of motivation.
• Intrinsic motivation is the motivation that is animated by personal enjoyment, interest, or pleasure. It is driven by an interest in the task itself and exists within the individual.

Key Points

• In the above-mentioned situation, the teacher should try to encourage curiosity in children and promote learning for its own sake as intrinsic motivation refers to the behavior which focuses on personal satisfaction and internal rewards.
• Intrinsic motivation is the internal condition or factor of learning. It directs behavior that leads to self-actualization in learning.
• It is the arousal of a tendency to act and produce results. It is the drive to achieve something in life that satisfies one’s needs.
• It arouses and sustains the interest of learners in the teaching-learning process which compels them to be active while learning a concept.

Hint

• The remaining options are related to extrinsic motivation which refers to a behavior that is guided by earning rewards or avoiding punishment.

Hence, it could be concluded that a teacher who wants her students to be intrinsically motivated should try to encourage curiosity in children and promote learning for its own sake.

Given:

1.It has three digits. 2. It can be divided by 2, 3, 7, but not with 5 3. The sum of its first and last digit is equal to the middle digit.

Calculation:

Lets take 210

1. It has three digit
2. It can be divided by 2, 3, 7 and also with 5

So, 210 not satisfies the given properties.

Now, lets take 231

1. It has three digit
2. It can be divided by 3 and 7 but not with 2 and 5.

So, 231 not satisfies the given properties.

Now, lets take 132

1. It has three digit
2. It can be divided by 2 and 3 but not with 7 and  5

So, 132 not satisfies the given properties. 

Now take 462

1. It has three digits.
2. It can be divided by 2, 3 and 7 but not with 5
3. The sum of its first and last digit is equal to the middle digit.

∴ The secret number is 462.

Given:

Two fifths of a kilometer

Concept:

1 kilometer = 1000 meter 

Calculation:

2/5 × (1km) = 2/5 × (1000 m)

⇒ 400 m 

∴ Two fifths of a kilometer = 400 m

Given:

Two Numbers: 25351, 3255  

Concept:

• Place value is defined as the digit multiplied by wherever it is placed, either by hundreds or thousands.
• Face value is simply defined as the digit itself within a number.

For example: in 256, the place value of 2 is 200 and the face value of 2 is 2.

Calculation:

⇒ 25351 -  The place value of the first 5 is 5000 and the face value is 5 

The place value of the second 5 is 50 and the face value is 5 

⇒ 3255 -  The place value of the first 5 is 50 and the face value is 5 

The place value of the second 5 is 5 and the face value is 5 

Now,

The sum of the place values and face values of 5 is

⇒ 5000 + 50 + 50 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5  

⇒ 5125

Given:

Weight of fish = 9000 kg

S.P. of fresh fish = Rs. 30/kg

S.P. of dried fish = Rs. 120 /kg

When fresh fish dried it remain \(1 \over 3\) of its weight.

Formula:

Price of fish = Weight × Rate

Calculation:

Price on selling fresh fish = 9000 × 30

Price on selling fresh fish = 270000

Weight of dried fish = \({1 \over 3} × 9000\) = 3000

Price on selling dried fish = 3000 × 120

Price on selling dried fish = 360000

Difference of selling price = Selling price of dried fish - Selling price of fresh fish

Difference = 360000 - 270000

Difference = Rs. 90000

∴ If flora sells dried fish, she will get Rs. 90000 more than if she sells fresh fish.

Given:

4/7 of total students are girls 

Remaining are boys 

there are 211 more girls than boys

Calculation:

Let the total number of students be x 

∴ 4x/7 are girls 

and 3x/7 are boys

Now, 

Number of girls is 211 more than the boys

⇒ 4x/7 = 211 + 3x/7

⇒ x/7 = 211

⇒ x = 1477

∴ Number of boys are (3 × 1477)/7 = 633

Given:

Length of brick = 20 cm = \(\frac{20}{100} \) m

Width of brick = 10 cm = \(\frac{10}{100}\) m

Thickness of brick = 5 cm = \(\frac{5}{100}\) m

Length of wall = 1 m

Height of wall = 1 m

Thickness of wall = 5 cm = \(\frac{5}{100}\) m

Rate of brick = Rs. 4

Formula:

Volume of brick = l × b × h

Number of bricks required = (Volume of wall)/(Volume of bricks)

Cost of brick = Rate × Number of bricks

Calculation:

Volume of brick = \(\frac{20}{100} × \frac{10}{100} × \frac{5}{100} \)

Volume = \(\frac{10}{10000}\)

Volume = \(\frac{1}{1000}\) m³

Volume of wall = \(1 × 1 × \frac{5}{100}\)

Volume = \(\frac{1}{20}\) m³

Number of bricks required = \(\frac{\frac{1}{20}}{\frac{1}{1000}}\)

Number of bricks required = \(\frac{1}{20} × 1000\)

Number of bricks required = 50

Cost of brick = 4 × 50

Cost of brick = Rs. 200

∴ Amount he spend for bricks in building the wall is Rs. 200

The commutative property deals with the arithmetic operations of addition and multiplication. It means that changing the order or position of two numbers while adding or multiplying them does not change the end result. 

Key PointsThis law simply states that with the addition and multiplication of numbers, you can change the order of the numbers in the problem and it will not affect the answer.

• a+b = b+a = c
• axb = bxa = c

Example

In addition :-

1.  3+6 = 9 and also 6+3 = 9. 2. 8+3 = 11 and 3+8 = 11

In multiplication :-

1. 6x5 = 30 and 5x6 = 30 
2. 2x9 = 18 and 9x2 = 18

Here the final answer doesn't change as the numbers are interchanged.

Hence the property that states 'the product of two numbers remains the same on reversing their order' is called Commutativity Property.

 Additional Information

Given:

The diameter of a circle is doubled

Concept:

The circumference of the circle: 2πr

the diameter of the circle is d = 2r

Calculations:

Circumference of circle is 2πr

Now,

The diameter gets doubled

∴ d = 2(2r) = 4r

∴ the radius of the circle is 2r

∴ The new circumference of the circle is 2π(2r)

⇒ 4πr  

∴ The ratio of the new circumference/ratio of the old circumference is 4πr/2πr

The ratio of new circumferences to the old circumferences is 2 : 1

Given:

Manoj went to get milk from Maya's house which is 500 m away to the north of his house.

After coming, he went to his school which is situated 1 km = 1000 m to the east side of his house.

Calculation:

As per the representation:-

S is marked to the right side of H at a distance 2 times that of HM

∴ Statement 1 is correct.

Given:

The perimeter of a square is 48 cm

The perimeter of a rectangle is equal to the perimeter of this square.

The length of the rectangle is 4 cm more than its breadth.

Concept:

⇒ The perimeter of a square is 4a, a is the side of the square 

⇒ The perimeter of a rectangle is 2(L + B), L and B are Length and breadth 

⇒ The area of Square is a²

⇒ Area of Rectangle: L × B

Calculation:

The perimeter of a square is 48 cm

∴ 4a = 48 

a = 12 cm 

The side of the square is 12 cm

Area of the square is 144 cm² 

The perimeter of a rectangle is equal to the perimeter of this square.

∴ 2(L + B) = 48 

⇒ 2(B + 4 + B) = 48 

⇒ 2B + 4 = 24

⇒ 2B = 20 

⇒ B = 10 

∴ L = B + 4 = 10 + 4 = 14 

∴ Area of Rectangle is L × B = 14 × 10 = 140cm²

∴ The difference in areas (in cm2) of the square and the rectangle

⇒144 - 140 = 4 cm2

The time and sequence concept is a must-taught concept to children as it is useful for them in their daily life very much. There will be a lot of instances where the children fall into a dilemma that what to do first and what next. This concept clears that. 

Key PointsBut through the above activity teacher cannot introduce the concept of time and sequence of events as these events can happen in any order because

• the events given above are not universally sequenced.
• every student may follow a different order to perform the above events.
• some may eat food after book reading and some may read books after eating food.
• in the same way, some may play cricket after book reading and some may do it before.
• so these events don't have a fixed sequence.

Hence teachers cannot introduce the concept of time and sequence of events as these events can happen in any order.

 Additional informationOn the other hand, the remaining options are wrong as they indicate everyone following the same sequence to perform the above-given events and the teacher can develop good habits of sequentially doing things which is not true.

Given:

Length of cuboidal box = 14 cm

Breadth of cuboidal box = 11 cm

Height of cuboidal box = 8 cm

A cubical box has side = 11 cm

Side of small cubical box = 1 cm

Formula:

Volume of cuboidal box = length × breadth × height

Volume of cube = (side)³

Calculation:

Volume of cuboidal box = 14 × 11 × 8

Volume of cuboidal box = 1232 cm³

Volume of cubical box = 11 × 11 × 11

Volume of cubical box = 1331 cm³

Volume of small cube = 1 × 1 × 1

Volume of small cube = 1 cm³

The number of small cubical boxes fit in cuboidal box = 1232/1

The number of small cubical boxes fit in cuboidal box = 1232

The number of small cubical boxes fit in cubical box = 1331/1 

The number of small cubical boxes fit in cubical box = 1331

Number of cubes packed in cubical box - Number of cubes packed in cuboidal box = 1331 - 1232

Number of cubes = 99 

∴ Number of cubes is 99

Given:

Length of wall = 4 m

Breadth of wall = 4.5 m

Height of wall = 3.5 m

Cost to paint the wall = Rs. 22 per square meter

Formula:

Area of 4 walls = 2(l + b) × h

Calculation:

We have,

⇒ 2(4 + 4.5) × 3.5

⇒ 2(8.5) × 3.5

⇒ 17 × 3.5

⇒ 59.5

Total cost of paint the wall = Rate × Area

Total cost = 22 × 59.5

Total cost = 1309

∴ Total cost to paint the walls is Rs. 1309.

Calculation:

Bhopal Shatabdi Train time taken is 06:00 to 14:07

∴ Total time taken is 8 hrs 7 minutes 

NDSL VSKP AP SPL Train time taken is 20:00 to 04:30

∴ Total time taken is 8 hrs 30 minutes 

NDSL TVC SF SPL train time taken is 20:10 to 05:20

∴ Total time taken is 9 hrs 10 minutes

KLK SNSI SF SPL train time taken is 22:25 to 07:40

∴ Total time taken is 9 hrs 15 minutes 

∴ The Trains which takes maximum time to reach Bhopal is KLK SNSI SF SPL

Given:

Distance between Isha's house and her uncle's house is 150 km

Distance covered by Isha with 1 litre petrol is 15 km and it costs Rs. 95 per litre

She has Rs. 2500 with her.

Formula:

Cost of petrol = Rate × Total Distance/Distance covered per litre 

Consumes petrol = (Total distance)/(Distance in per litre)

Calculation:

She consumes petrol = \(\frac{150}{15}\) = 10 litre

She will come back to her house = 150 + 150 = 300 km

Total distance travelled by her = 300 km

Cost = \(95 × \frac{300}{15}\)

Cost = Rs. 1900

Money left with her = 2500 - 1900 = Rs. 600

∴ Money left with her is Rs. 600

Geometry includes Euclidean geometry, Projection, Analytical geometry, Trigonometry, Combinatorial geometry, differential and Algebraic Geometry, etc. 

• According to two Dutch educators, Dina van Hiele-Geldof and her husband, Pierre Marie van Hiele, behaviors such as these reflect a student's level of geometric maturity.
• The model consists of five levels of understanding. The levels, labeled "visualization," "analysis," "informal deduction," "formal deduction," and "rigor" describe characteristics of the thinking process.  

Key PointsThe sequence of development of geometrical understanding:

Level 1: Visualization

• At this initial stage, students are aware of space only as something that exists around them.
• Geometric concepts are viewed as total entities rather than as having components or attributes.

Level 2: Analysis

• At this level, an analysis of geometric concepts begins, through observation and experimentation, students begin to discern the characteristics of figures.
• These emerging properties are then used to conceptualize classes of shapes.
• Thus figures are recognized as having parts and are recognized by their parts.

Level 3: Informal Deduction.

• At this level, students can establish the interrelationships of properties both within figures and among figures.
• Thus they can deduce the properties of a figure and recognize classes of figures.

Level 4: Formal Deduction

• At this level, the significance of deduction as a way of establishing geometric theory within an axiomatic system is understood.
• A person at this level can construct, not just memorize, proofs; the possibility of developing a proof in more than one way is seen; the interaction of necessary and sufficient conditions is understood; distinctions between a statement and its converse can be made.

Level 5: Rigor

• At this stage the learner can work in a variety of axiomatic systems, that is, non-Euclidean geometries can be studied, and different systems can be compared.
• Geometry is seen in the abstract.

Hence, we can conclude that option 2 is correct regarding the correct sequence of development of geometrical understanding.

Mathematics is considered as a formally organized subject of study, and hence, it is treated as a discipline. In Mathematics, we deal with various branches such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, etc. The branches of Mathematics find application in our daily life. Keeping these views, it is said that Mathematics has gained relevance and popularity as a useful subject.

 Key Points

Nature of mathematics:

• Mathematics is the “queen of all sciences” and its presence is there in all the subjects.
• It is a science of space, magnitude, and measurement where every formula can be proved.
• Mathematical knowledge is exact, systematic, and logical. Mathematics gives us clear and correct answers through calculations.
• Mathematics is concerned with both comprehending the facts, theories, rules, and laws, and learning much broader mathematics.
• Mathematical language is well defined and clear where the question and its components are understood well.

Additional Information

• ​​​On the other hand, All Axioms and postulates are proven facts in Mathematics that are false regarding the nature of mathematics because an axiom is a mathematical statement that is assumed to be true without proof and a postulate is also a statement that is assumed true without proof.

Hence option 4 is not correct about the nature of mathematics.

Open-ended questions are those which do not have a single answer or a single way or method to find out the answer, these questions enhance creativity and divergent thinking in the students.

 Key Points

Advantages of open-ended questions:

• Enhance thinking capacity in the children.
• Provide children full freedom where they can answer in multiple ways.
• Doesn't limit to a single answer and avoid rote memorization.
• Children explore various ways of solutions and adopt the ones they are comfortable with.
• Develop positive relationships by engaging in meaningful conversations between students and teachers.
• Since the above question "if the sum of two numbers is 17, what are the numbers?" has many answers like 10 & 7,5 & 12, 2 & 15, etc. It is also an open-ended question.

​Hence In a maths unit test, Ms. Fathima has included a question "if the sum of two numbers is 17, what are the numbers?" This is an example of an open-ended question.

 Additional Information

Assessment is the systematic basis for making inferences about the learning and development of students. It is the process of defining, selecting, designing, collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and using the information to increase students' learning and development. 

Key Points

• Criterion-referenced assessment means that teacher judgments about how a student does in an assessment task are based on standards and criteria that are pre-determined and made available to students at the time the assignment is set. Standards are a specified and definite level of achievement that may be attained.

Hence statement A is correct

• Norm-referenced assessment refers to an assessment that ranks students on a “bell curve” to determine the highest and lowest-performing students. This method is used to understand how students' scores compare to a predefined population with similar experiences. It doesn't find and correct the learning difficulties and it is not useful in diagnostic testing and remedial teaching.

Hence statement B is wrong

Hence the correct option is option 2.

 Additional Information

Mathematical reasoning is the critical skill that enables a student to make use of all other mathematical skills. With the development of mathematical reasoning, students recognize that mathematics makes sense and can be understood.

 Key Points

Mathematical reasoning:

• It generates a thinking pattern in students, which helps solve tricky questions.
• Ability to think logically and systematically.
• Mathematical reasoning is of great help in cases when a student forgets a particular formula or topic.
• It involves the use of cognitive thinking, which has a logical approach.
• Mathematical reasoning helps the students identify the solution, and understand if it makes sense.

​Hence Manpreet will have the ability to think logically and systematically.

 Additional Information

On the other hand, the ability to recall definitions, the ability to do errorless calculations, and the ability to recite mathematical formulae correctly don't indicate mathematical reasoning as they involve rote memorization, not critical thinking.

Drawing on Nehru’s mission and articulating most of his key themes, the Kothari Commission (1964-66) was set up under the chairmanship of Dr. D. S. Kothari to formulate a coherent education policy for India. The commission was most comprehensive, it reviewed almost all aspects of the education system without limiting itself to any one particular aspect, unlike the Commissions that came before and after it. 

Key Points

Postulates given by Kothari Commission (1964-66):

• It suggested the restructuring of education into a uniform pattern of 10+2+3.
• Mathematics should be made a compulsory subject for the students of classes/grades I to X, as a part of general education.
• It recommended a minimum of 10 years of a common curriculum for building citizenship in a democracy and for linking the “work of knowledge” with the “world of work”.
• Major recommendations of the Commission included an emphasis on Science and Mathematics, the introduction of work experience as an integral part of the school curriculum, the introduction of a common school system, an educational structure with 12 years of schooling, and free textbooks at the primary stage.
• By laying more focus on Mathematics and Science rather than Social Science or Arts, the commission reinforced the notion that India’s development needs are better met by scientists than social scientists.​

​Hence option 1 is the correct option according to Kothari Commission (1964-66).

Additional Information

On the other hand, all the remaining three options are wrong as they are not the points suggested by the Kothari commission as they indicate mathematics to be an optional subject after class VIII which is not true.

Numbers are considered to be the basic concept of mathematics and the number concept should be introduced and taught to every student properly to enhance his/her mathematical learning. 

Key Points

• Seriation:-Seriation is arranging objects in order by size, location, or position. Ordering requires the ability to see differences and compare multiple objects. Here usage of numbers is there first, second, third, etc. positions are notified.
• Hierarchical inclusion:- Hierarchical Inclusion is the counting and quantity principle that refers to understanding that all numbers preceding a number can be or are systematically included in the value of another selected number.
• Classification:- Classification means arranging or sorting objects into groups based on a common property that they have. If you have a group of things, such as fruits or geometric shapes, you can classify them based on the property that they possess.

All the above three concepts include number sense.

• Egocentrism:- Egocentrism refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view. The egocentric child assumes that other people see, hear, and feel the same as the child does. In the developmental theory of Jean Piaget, this is a feature of the pre-operational child. This doesn't have any number sense.

Hence Egocentrism is not related to the development of number sense.

Mathematics is considered as a formally organized subject of study, and hence, it is treated as a discipline. In Mathematics, we deal with various branches such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, etc. The branches of Mathematics find application in our daily life. Keeping these views, it is said that Mathematics has gained relevance and popularity as a useful subject.

 Key PointsImportance of knowledge of the mathematical language:

• Teaching and learning the language of mathematics is vital for the development of mathematical proficiency.
• The development of reasoning skills makes the subject of mathematics very interesting to the student.
• Maths learning starts with counting physical objects with caretakers, understanding concepts of less and more or full and empty by playing with food or toys, and general ideas of mass with bigger and smaller.

None of these maths skills require numerals.

• The development of problem-solving skills makes students fearless and confident in solving mathematics problems.

​Hence (a) and (c) are the correct options.

 Additional Information On the other hand development of communicative and speaking skills comes from language development and true acquisition of knowledge and has no relation to mathematical language.

Mathematics is a subject that involves zero rote memorization and is full of logical thinking and problem-solving skills. The solution is not expected from any fixed method but he/she is free to solve with any possible method he/she is familiar with. 

Key Points

The mathematics teacher should appreciate the student for solving the problem using an alternative strategy since it will enhance creativity and critical thinking because

• Mathematics is not about recalling and remembering the formulas and solutions.
• It involves logical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• There is a lot of scope for creativity and divergent thinking in mathematics.
• Mathematics involves a lot of open-ended questions where the student gets an ample opportunity to explore various methods of solving.
• Mathematics involves the conversation of abstract concepts into concrete form. Mathematics is the science of logical reasoning.

​Hence the mathematics teacher should Appreciate the student for solving the problem using an alternative strategy since it will enhance creativity and critical thinking.

 Additional InformationOn the other hand, scolding or discouraging the student as he/she followed this method makes the student dull and kills his thinking capacity and creativity in him.

Key Points

• “Collaborative learning” is an umbrella term for a variety of educational approaches involving a joint intellectual effort by students, or students and teachers together. Usually, students are working in groups of two or more, mutually searching for understanding, solutions, or meanings, or creating a product.
• Active learning is an approach to instruction that involves actively engaging students with the course material through discussions, and problem-solving.

Important Points

Students classifying shapes based on criteria evolved by them through their classroom discussions will promote collaborative and active learning because:

• as they will be actively classifying the shapes active learning takes place.
• as they won't be individual but in groups during classroom discussions collaborative learning takes place.
• healthy student-faculty interaction takes place.
• exposure to and an increase in understanding of diverse perspectives.
• opportunity for all students in a class to think and engage with course material and practice skills for learning, applying, synthesizing, or summarizing that material.

​Hence students classifying shapes based on criteria evolved by them through their classroom discussions will promote collaborative and active learning.

 Additional InformationOn the other hand, the remaining activities won't promote collaborative and active learning as the activities are given to the students individually to do at home or practice in the class.

A diagnostic test is a form of pre-assessment that allows a teacher to determine students' strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills before instruction. It is primarily used to diagnose students' difficulties and to guide lesson and curriculum planning.

 Key PointsThis type of problem can be used by a teacher as a diagnostic test to address misconceptions in the multiplication and division of decimal numbers because :

• misconceptions of students can be identified by the answer given by the students.
• whether the students have any confusion in recognizing multiplication and division can be identified.
• the comparing ability of students' multiplication and division can be identified.
• the learning difficulties of students can be identified and teaching strategies can be designed accordingly.

Hence this type of problem can be used by a teacher as a diagnostic test to address misconceptions in the multiplication and division of decimal numbers.

 Additional InformationOn the other hand, all three options are wrong as they point to assessing the student's ability but not identifying their learning difficulties and designing teaching strategies accordingly.

Mathematics is a subject that involves zero rote memorization and is full of logical thinking and problem-solving skills. The solution is not expected from any fixed method but he/she is free to solve with any possible method he/she is familiar with.

 Key Points

• Maths is a subject of the problem. Its teaching-learning process demands solving innumerable problems. The four-step process has provided a model for teaching and assessing problem-solving in mathematics classrooms: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back.
• In mathematics learning, visualization can be a powerful tool to explore mathematical problems and to give meaning to mathematical concepts and the relationship between them. Visualization allows for reducing complexity when dealing with a multitude of information.
• In mathematics, a representation is a very general relationship that expresses similarities (or equivalences) between mathematical objects or structures. Examples of such conventional mathematical representations include base-ten numerals, abacus, number lines, Cartesian graphs, and algebraic equations written using standard notation.

“Adaptation is the physical or behavioural characteristic of an organism that helps an organism to survive better in the surrounding environment.” This is mostly used in science and social science subjects, not related to mathematics.

Hence adaptation is not a mathematical process.

A word problem is a verbal description of a problem situation wherein one or more questions are posed, the answers to which can be obtained by the application of mathematical operations to information usually numerical data available in the text.

 Key Points

• Word Problems in mathematics should be included at the primary level as they have demonstrated an ability to apply maths concepts to handle difficult problems in the real world.
• Word problems are an important assessment tool for teachers because they show a complete understanding of the maths being taught.
• The ability to understand, interpret and solve word problems effectively are important skills to be acquired by students.
• They enhance the student's mental skills, develop logical analysis and boost creative thinking.
• They assess the ability of students to convert the data in the form of sentences to numerical form.

Hence word problems in mathematics should be included at the primary level.

 Additional InformationOn the other hand remaining all options are wrong as they take word problems as the only tool for assessment, tools for enhancing the English language, and tools helpful to score better marks which is not the objective of including word problems in mathematics.

Snakes and ladders is a board game for two or more players regarded today as a worldwide classic. It is played on a game board with numbered, grid squares. Several "ladders" and "snakes" are pictured on the board, each connecting two specific board squares. The object of the game is to navigate one's game piece, according to die rolls, from the start (bottom square) to the finish (top square), helped by climbing ladders but hindered by falling snakes. 

Key Points

• The use of the game "Snakes and Ladders" in mathematics teaching is most appropriate for developing the concepts related to numbers because students wish to get the number that could give them a ladder by calculating their steps from their current position, so they improve their number concept.
• There will be numbers from 1 to 6 on the dice.
• The raise or downfall of a player in the game depends only on the number they get on the rolled dice.
• Moreover, there will be numbers from 1 to 100 on the board from where the game starts and ends.
• Here the students get a better understanding of numbers in a fun way.

​Hence the Use of the game "Snakes and Ladders" in mathematics teaching is most appropriate for developing the concepts related to numbers.

 Additional Information

All the above three can't be explained by using game snakes and ladders.

The goal of early maths education should be to help children deepen and mathematize their understanding of patterns. They need not only to perceive the pattern on the dress but also to describe it in explicit terms. If children understand patterns, they will be able to describe them, reproduce them, extend them, fill in missing elements, and create new patterns. 

Key Points

Stages in the conceptual development of 'patterns' in children

• Identification of patterns: This is the first level involved in the conceptual development of 'patterns' in children. They just see and identify whether it is a pattern or not and if it is yes then they identify what type of pattern it is.
• Imitating a pattern: This involves just looking and producing the same pattern, this doesn't provide any challenge to the children as they just imitate what is in front of them and reproduce the pattern.
• Extension of patterns: Here the students observe the already existing patterns and try to extend them in the same way, in this also they may not face any challenges as they already have an existing sample.
• Creative new patterns: This is the highest level in the conceptual development of 'patterns' in children as children don't have already pre-defined patterns before them to observe and create, they have the new challenge of creating a new pattern on their own.

​Hence creative new patterns are at the highest level in the conceptual development of 'patterns' in children.

Concept:

Suryamani:

• Suryamani studied hard and passed her B.A. after getting a scholarship.
• Suryamani is a ‘Girl Star’.
• ‘Girl Stars’ is a project which tells extraordinary tales of ordinary girls, who have changed their lives by going to school.
• Suryamani loves the forest since she was a child.
• Every Sunday Suryamani takes the children to the forest.
• As they move around, she shows them how to recognise the trees, plants, and animals.
• Children enjoy this special class in a forest! Suryamani always says-
• “To learn to read the forest is as important as reading books.”
• She says,” We are forest people (Adivasis) our lives are linked to the forests.
• If the forests are not there, we too will not remain.”

Explanation:

​Torang:

• Suryamani was 21 when she opened a centre, with the help of Vasavi didi and others.
• Suryamani called it ‘Torang’, which means jungle in the Kuduk language.
• Suryamani wanted that at festivals people should sing their own songs.
• They should not forget their music and should enjoy wearing their traditional clothes.
• Children should also learn about herbs, medicines, and the art of making things from bamboo.
• Children should learn the language of school but must link it with their own language.
• All this happens in the ‘Torang’ centre.
• Her actions have a great impact on the forest conservation act in India.

Thus, A) Issues of land and livelihood-Correct

B) Issues of hunger- Incorrect.

C) Issues of forests-Incorrect.

D) Issues of Kuduk culture-correct.

So,' Torang' deals with issues of kuduk culture and Issues of land and livelihood.

Concept:

Teamwork:

• It is a process wherein order to achieve a goal a group of people work collaboratively.
• It is a crucial part of any kind of work.
• In any circumstance, the colleagues of a team should try their best to work together.
• Hare, every person in a team shares their idea and objective to make a better decision by their will.
• To build a successful team-high team spirit is very important.

Explanation:

Family:

• A group of people who, in most cases live together are mainly considered family.
• Family offer support and security for their loved ones.
• In a family, team spirit creates a sense of belonging and unity they shared goals together.
• For making a family team successful the people present in the team should work together, listen to each other, and give attention to other when needed.
• A family team consist of different kind of people like a family member, foster parent, legal custodian some time friends also.

Society:

• A society is a group of people who engage in ongoing social interaction or a big social group that shares the same spatial or social region and is typically governed by the same governmental authority and cultural norms.
• In society when people work collaboratively to solve a problem that leads to a better outcome that happens because of good teamwork.
• In a society when people work in a team it encourages them to increase job satisfaction and personal growth and reduce stress.

Sports:

• In sports teamwork allow the member of the team to work together for achieving success.
• In sports, teamwork shows how important collaboration and corporation are.
• Teamwork help increase the communication skills between players to solve their problem and achieve their goal.

Thus, The spirit of teamwork is learnt from family, society and sports.

Additional Information

Conducting competition:

• Competition is a rivalry in which two or more parties compete for a single, unshareable goal: one's gain is the other's loss.
• Conductive competition is a programme or sports or cultural programme conducted by different authorities.
• This type of programme is conducted by authorities, society or different organizations.

Concept:

Colony:

• The colony is composed of two or more co-relative individuals which remain in close association with one another.
• Some insects like bees, wasps, ants and termites, live together in groups called colonies.
• Hence, they are called colonial insects.
• In all of these insects, the work is divided into three groups, queen, workers and males.
• The queen has the main and sole responsibility of laying eggs.
• The worker or labours of the colony helps in maintaining the colony and looking after the eggs.
• The males have no specific purpose and are mostly freeloaders.

Key Points 

Termites: 

• Termites are insects that eat wood.
• They can damage buildings, furniture, and other wooden items.
• Termites live in organized groups called colonies.
• Termites may be from 1 to 2 centimetres long.

Honey bees/wasps:

• They are attracted to flowers.
• They live in a beehive, which is commonly used to describe the nest of any bee colony.
• They lay their eggs from October to December.
• They like to feed on the sugar syrup.

Ants:

• Ants are social insects because they live in large colonies or groups with the queen being the leader and the workers protecting their home.
• The queen ant is both the founder and leader of the colony.
• Her primary function is to inhabit the colony by laying thousands of eggs.
• Ants have separate castes, which are groups of ants that complete a certain duty.
• Ants usually move in a single line.
• When ants move, they leave a smell on the ground. The other ants follow the smell to find the way.
• Ants are colonial animals.

Here other than a beetle, all others are social animals. Hence the correct option is Bettle.

Concept:

Direction is divided into 8 sections, 4 cardinal directions, and 4 ordinal directions.

• The four cardinal directions are the directions north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials N, E, S, and W.
• East and west are perpendiculars (at right angles) to north and south.
• East is in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west is directly opposite east.
• The ordinal directions are northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW).
• NE, SE, SW, and NW lie in between the cardinal directions north and east, south and east, south and west, and north and west respectively.

Explanation:

• Valsad town is situated on the Southern side of Gujarat.
• Hyderabad is now a part of Telangana (after the partition of Andhra Pradesh).

Thus, Valsad town is located in North-West from Hyderabad (Telangana state)

Explanation:

• Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab Emirates.
• It is found in the western part of Asia
• It is located in a desert area and has very little water
• The weather is very hot.
• People wear loose cotton clothes and keep themselves fully covered to protect themselves from the strong sun
• Petrol is present in abundant quantities in Abu Dhabi and forms a major part of its exports
• Thus, water is costly than petrol in the region
• The currency of Abu Dhabi is Dirham
• The people of Abu Dhabi speak the Arabic language
• The date is the most common fruit of the region as very little plantation can be done in the desert

Additional Information

• Abu Dhabi is located on an island in The Persian Gulf
• Abu Dhabi's oil reserves are estimated to be about one-tenth of the world’s total reserves
• Dubai is another important city in the United Arab Emirates.
• Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building is situated in Dubai
• Dubai and Abu Dhabi attracts a large number of tourists throughout the year.

Cheraw dance is the traditional dance form of Mizoram.

Explanation:

• It consists of usually six to eight people holding a pair of bamboo staves onto another bamboo positioned horizontally on the ground.
• It is an attractive hub during festive occasions.
• In 2010, A Guinness World Record was made in which the highest number of Cheraw dancers performed at the same time.
• It is also recognized as the oldest dance form of Mizoram.
• Cheraw is performed by six to eight people holding a pair of bamboo staves on another horizontally placed bamboo on the ground on special occasions such as when there is a bumper harvest of a crop.
• Gongs and drums are used as musical instruments in the Cheraw dance.
• Cheraw is one of the traditional and oldest dances of Mizoram.
• It also recognized as the oldest dance form of Mizoram.
• It is also known as the Bamboo dance.
• It is one of the most famous dances in Mizoram, and a centre of attraction during festive occasions.

Important Points

Note: Khuallam, Sarlamkai, Chheihlam and Mizo are other Traditional Dances of Mizoram.

Additional Information

• Dumhal is performed in Jammu and Kashmir by the Wattal tribe.
• Dumhal dancer wears a colorful costume while the men wear a tall conical hat.
• Khuallam dance is known as "Dance of the Guests" and it is mainly performed during the ceremony called "Khuangchawi".
• Gambhira is a famous folk dance of West Bengal, especially of the Malda district.

The correct answer is Rajasthan.

Explanation:

• Rajasthan is a hot and dry place.
• The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.
• Due to seasonal and very little rainfall in Rajasthan rainwater harvesting is done on rooftops and with the help of other rainwater harvesting structures.
• Most of the water that we get as rainfall just flows away.
• This is a waste of precious natural resources.
• The rainwater can be used to recharge the groundwater.
• This is referred to as water harvesting or rainwater harvesting.

Additional Information

Tanka:

• Tanka or Tank is a traditional rain-water harvesting technique in Rajasthan.
• Tanka is a circular or rectangular shaped pond with a life span of 3-4 years.
• Ranisar and Padamsar in Jodhpur, forest tank of Ranthambhor, Sukhsagar Tank and Padmini Tank are some famous ones.

Bawri:

• Bawri's are deep step wells built into the ground.
• It was the traditional way of rainwater harvesting.
• When it rains, the water accumulates in the tank.
• They are built deep into the ground so that the water does not evaporate easily and can be used during water shortages.

Johad:

• Johads are small earthen check dams that capture and conserve rainwater, improving percolation and groundwater recharge.
• A johad, also known as a pokhar or a percolation pond.
• 3000 johads spread across more than 650 villages in Alwar district, Rajasthan.

Explanation:

Brahmaputra:

• The Brahmaputra, one of the largest rivers in the world, has its origin in the Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash range near the Mansarovar lake.
• From here, it traverses eastward longitudinally for a distance of nearly 1,200 km in a dry and flat region of southern Tibet.
• It enters India west of Sadiya town in Arunachal Pradesh.
• The Brahmaputra receives numerous tributaries in its 750 km long journey through the Assam valley.
• The Brahmaputra enters Bangladesh near Dhubri and flows southward.
• In Bangladesh, the Tista joins it on its right bank from where the river is known as the Jamuna.
• It finally merges with the river Padma, which falls in the Bay of Bengal.

Thus, the Brahmaputra river flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.

Additional InformationBarak river:

• This river has a length of 1900km.
• Its flows through the state of Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram and Assam.
• In Bangladesh, it enters by the name of Surma.
• Then it flows into the Bay of Bengal.

Tlawng:

• This is a river of Mizoram.
• Its length is 185.5km.
• Some tributaries of this river are Tut, Teirei, and Ngashih.

Gomati river:

• This river flows through the North Indian state of India, Tripura and it also flows through the district of Comilla in Bangladesh.
• The length of this river is 95km.

The correct answer is primary socialisation 

Explanation:

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable. Socialization is a combination of personality development and cultural development.

It is an act which ensures the:

• transmission of manners and culture.
• adaptation of social norms and values.
• internalization of attitudes and customs of society.

All types of socialization may be classified into two broad groups, viz. primary socialization and secondary socialization. This division is based on the primary and secondary needs of individuals.

Important Points

Let's understand in brief the types of Socialization:

Hence, it could be concluded that family plays a primary role in the socialization of the child.

Explanation:

Chipko movement:  

• It is primarily a forest conservation movement.
• It was started in 1970 and aimed at protecting trees.
• It was started from Reni village in Garhwal, in the northern Himalayan segment i.e. Uttarakhand.
• Sunderlal Bahuguna is a prominent environmentalist from Garhwali and a member of the Chipko movement.
• The Chipko Andolan (‘Hug the Trees Movement’) was the result of a grassroots-level effort to end the alienation of people from their forests.
• The idea of the Chipko movement was of his wife and he took the action.
• He has been fighting for forest protection in the Himalayas for years, first as a leader of the Chipko movement in the 1970s, and then led the Anti-Tehri Dam campaign from the 1980s until early 2004.
• The Chipko movement was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 1987 "for its commitment to conserving, preserving and ecologically sustainable use of the natural resources of India."
• Chipko-type movements date back to 1730 AD when 363 Bishnois sacrificed their lives in the village of Prasanna Khamkar in Rajasthan to save the Khejri trees.

Additional Information

Namami Gange Programme: It was started in 2014.

• Namami Gange Programme is an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved by the Government of India.
• It was started with a budget outlay of Rs.20,000 Crore to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution, conservation, and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.
• The River Ganga is important not only for its cultural and spiritual significance but also because it hosts more than 40% of the country’s population.

Narmada Bachao Andolan:

• Narmada Bachao Andolan is a social movement led by social activists Medha Patkar and Baba Amte.
• The aim of this movement was to provide project information and legal representation to the affected residents of Narmada valley.
• This movement initiated by native tribals (Adivasis), farmers, environmentalists, and human rights activists.
• The river flows through the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
• Sardar Sarovar is the project related to Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Environmental Protection Act:

• Environment Protection Act, 1986 Act of the Parliament of India.
• In the wake of the Bhopal gas Tragedy or Bhopal Disaster, the [Government of India] enacted the Environment Protection Act of 1986 under Article 253 of the Constitution.
• Passed in March 1986, it came into force on 19 November 1986.

Explanation:

Bacteria:

• Bacteria is a prokaryotic microorganism that is a few micro-metres in length and consists of numerous shapes that range from spherical to spiral.
• It is a gram-positive bacteria that cause certain diseases like tetanus, diarrhoea, etc.
• Clostridium is the bacteria that spoils cooked food.
• It degrades food, causing food poisoning, and it is faster in warmer conditions, causing food to spoil faster and potentially causing serious infections.
• Clostridium has 250 species and is responsible for a variety of human diseases if the food remains uncovered after it is cooked.

Thus, we should not leave cooked food uncovered or unrefrigerated for a long duration. Bacterias are responsible for the spoilage of cooked food.

Additional Information

Insect:

• Insects are hexapod crustaceans that belong to the Insecta class.
• Insects mainly infect mainly store food items like flour, cereal, dried food etc.

Virus:

• A virus is a type of infectious microorganism that consists of a nucleic acid segment (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat.
• Viruses connected with food and water transmissions include enterovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and Hepatitis E virus.
• These are not connected to the direct food preparation method.

Fungus:

• A primitive organism is a fungus. Mould, mildew, and mushrooms are examples.
• Fungi can be found in the air, soil, plants, and water.
• Fungi thrive on food that has high-acid jam, jelly, and pickles.
• Temperatures above 140⁰F can easily destroy fungi in food.

Concept:

Date of packaging: 

• It means the date on which a particular food item is put in a container.
• it also told that in which it will be sold ultimately**.**

Explanation:

Uses of the date of packaging  on every packed food item:

• The date of production or packing on the labels offers information about the product's age.
• The consumer can determine how old the product is based on this date.
• The Best Before Date or Use by date, on the other hand, reflects the unopened product's remaining healthy life.
• Some preservatives are used in the manufacturing and packaging of food.
• After a certain amount of time, microorganisms develop in it, causing it to deteriorate.
• Microorganisms can reduce the food nutrient value.
• The date of packaging also tells us that if a food item is expired should not be consumed.

Thus, The date of packaging is mentioned on every packed food item, because:

(A) Every food item has their own self-life.-Correct

(B) During processing and packaging of food items some preservatives are used.-Correct

(C) After certain period some pathogens develop in it to spoil.-Correct

(D) We should not consume expired food items.-Correct.

So, A, B, C & D  options are correct.

Concept:

Oral Rehydration Therapy:

• Rehydration by mouth In oral rehydration therapy, salt is a solution of glucose-based salt solution.
• WHO and UNICEF propose a single glucose-based ORS formulation to treat or prevent dehydration in people of all ages who have diarrhoea from any cause, including cholera.
• Unlike other fluids, the chemicals in an ORS are proportioned to what the body requires to recover from diarrhoea.

Explanation:

A combination of sugar and salt can be easily absorbed:

• The intestines absorb fluids more efficiently when sugar and salt are consumed with water.
• This solution rehydrates the body more effectively than water alone after a bout of diarrhoea.

Boiling water makes the water germ-free:

• The most effective way to **kill disease-**causing organisms including viruses, bacteria, and parasites is to boil the water.
• Some bacteria are dangerous to consume and can cause digestive issues, as well as cramping and diarrhoea symptoms.
• When a person does not have access to safe, treated water, boiling water is the most effective way of purification.
• When water exceeds 212^₀Fahrenheit, many species cannot survive.

Thus,

(A) only sugar water cannot be absorbed into the intestine- Correct.

(B**)** Combination of sugar and salt can be easily absorbed**- Correct.**

(C) boiling water makes the water germ-free**- Correct.**

So, the correct options are A, B and C only.

EVS is a subject that is developed based on themes in the primary stage. Food is one of the main themes added to the primary curriculum as survival is impossible without food, students should have adequate knowledge about food and its resources and importance. 

Key Points

The objective of this discussion is to share aspects of food diversity because

• different people in society eat different types of food.
• when asked to discuss each student may give the name of a different food item. Hence the students may realize that there are different varieties of food that are consumed.
• students get familiarised with different types of food and their names when they discuss the food with their peers.
• students may know a variety of new foods which they haven't seen before.

So food diversity is introduced to the students through a discussion. Hence the objective of this discussion is to share aspects of food diversity.

Hint 

On the other hand, the remaining three objectives don't indicate the asked question because they are different and talk about advanced concepts in food like a balanced diet and what is normal to eat, it was not the objective of the given question.

In class 4, chapter 5 'Antia and the Honeybees' is a true story. Anita Khushwaha is a ‘Girl Star’. ‘Girl Stars’ is a project which tells extraordinary tales of ordinary girls who have changed their life by going to school. 

Key Points

An extract from that lesson

"Anita is known by everyone in all the villages nearby. She goes to all the village meetings and talks about how important it is for everyone to study. Sometimes people make fun of her, but Anita knows what she wants to do. She does exactly what she wants to. Anita wants to become a wholesaler so that she can help the villagers to get the right price for their honey."

• The above extract clearly shows that Anita became a super girl from an ordinary girl through her aspirations and the hard work she did to manage both her studies and beekeeping. She also convinced many parents in the village to send their daughters to school.

Hence the most appropriate objective of chapter 5 'Antia and the Honeybees' is to show girls' power is dynamic and speaks volumes about equality and empowerment. 

Hint 

On the other hand, all the remaining options or wrong as they don't talk about women empowerment and girl power but they talk about how girls are a burden to their families and society which is not the objective of the lesson.

In class, the chapter the world in my home talks about discrimination and various discrimination practices being followed by the elders in the home. And also the effect of discrimination on the children and the way they treat their peers in school. 

Key PointsIn the chapter, the world in my home Akshay's grandmother tells him not to eat or drink at Anil's home:

• As she feels Anil's family is very different from her family.
• She feels that taking anything from their family makes them low in terms of caste.
• As the caste of Anil is low.
• This clearly shows the existence of caste discrimination and untouchability in society.
• This lesson highlights the issue of caste and untouchability which is being inculcated by elders in the young ones.
• This is not a good sign of a healthy society.

​Hence, the chapter on  'The world in my home'  teaches the existence of caste discrimination and untouchability.

Hint 

On the other hand communalism, equality and harmony and religious discrimination have not been discussed in the lesson as their primary focus is on the existence of caste discrimination and untouchability.

Peer assessment is a process whereby students or their peers grade assignments or tests based on a teacher's benchmarks. The practice is employed to save teachers time and improve students' understanding of course materials as well as improve their metacognitive skills.

 Key PointsFeatures of peer assessment:

• Enhance students' learning through knowledge diffusion and exchange of ideas.
• Develop social skills like leadership, cooperation, and teamwork in the students.
• It focuses on students assessing other students in pairs or groups and provides effective feedback.
• Empower students to take responsibility for and manage their learning.
• Enable students to learn to assess and give others constructive feedback to develop lifelong assessment skills.

​Hence the statement "It focuses on students assessing other students in pairs or groups" defines peer assessment in EVS.

Hint 

On the other hand, all the remaining options are wrong as they talk about self-assessment and assessment during activity but not about student pairs which is the core of defining peer assessment.

In class III, the chapter 'Work We Do' talks about a girl Deepali. She has studied up to class three. Three years back when her little brother was born she had to stay back home to take care of him. She could not study anymore. She feels that reading books helps her to relax. 

Key Points

An extract from the lesson

"Deepali is the eldest child in her family. Her father sells vegetables. He leaves for the mandi very early in the morning. Her mother washes utensils in some houses. She also leaves for work early in the morning. Deepali cooks food for her brothers and sisters. She cleans the house and also washes the utensils. She is very fond of listening to the radio. She listens to songs while she works. After finishing work at home she goes to leave her brother with their father. She then takes her younger sisters, Suman and Sheila to school."

• According to the above extract, it can be clearly understood that Deepali despite being the eldest daughter in the house has no chance to go to school and study she is taking care of her house and work moreover she takes her brother and sister*.*

Hence, In class III, chapter 'Work We Do', the story of Deepali is to focus on the concept of gender bias in household work.

Hint 

On the other hand, the remaining three options are wrong as they talk about the dignity of labor and professionalism which is not an objective of this lesson.

Oral history is a field of study and a method of gathering, preserving, and interpreting the voices and memories of people, communities, and participants in past events.

 Key PointsThe teacher asks students to collect the experiences of grandparents about the freedom struggle best illustrates the usage of oral history because

• generally, grandparents tell many stories to the children to make them feel happy or to entertain them.
• in that stories when asked the grandparents also tell their participation in the freedom struggles.
• this becomes a good source of oral history for the students.
• they may get inspired listening to the story of their grandparents struggling for freedom and country.
• this may remain in the minds of children for a long time under oral history.

Hence, the teacher asking the students to collect the experiences of grandparents about the freedom struggle best illustrates the usage of oral history.

Hint 

On the other hand, all remaining three options are wrong because they are not correct sources for children to collect the oral history or the students could not collect the experience of specific groups in the society by just orally listing the names of famous freedom fighters.

A map is a representation or a drawing of the Earth's surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface accordingly to a scale. But it is impossible to flatten the shape completely. 

Key Points

Features of a map:

• The map shows a small area and a few facts distance direction & are the three components of the map
• Maps have a universal language that can be understood by all there is an international agreement regarding the use of these symbols these are called conventional symbols.
• We use symbols to show objects, walls, roads, temples, lakes and railway tracks, etc.
• Most maps contain an arrow marked with the letter n at the upper right-hand corner. This arrow shows the north direction it is called the north line.
• The north in a map is always towards the top margin.

​Hence, B & D are the correct options.

Hint On the other hand the statements "A map is always made assuming that a person is looking at a place from the ground" and "We measure actual distances and depict the same" are wrong regarding maps because the actual distance is very long but we show that in a map by small distance based on scale.

Water scarcity is the lack of freshwater resources to meet the standard water demand. The impacts of water scarcity affect families and their communities. Without clean, easily accessible water, they can become locked in poverty for generations. Children drop out of school and parents struggle to make a living. 

Key PointsNewspaper reports are the best resource to discuss the issue  of water scarcity and its impact on any region because:

• Newspaper reports explain the current condition of the colony which is facing water scarcity.
• The additional problems like water-related diseases caused to the people facing water scarcity are also clearly explained in the newspaper reports.
• Newspaper reports also depict the reasons for water scarcity occurring in a region.
• After going through the newspaper reports one can clearly understand the problem of water scarcity due to which serious damage can be caused in the future.
• Newspaper reports also suggest some of the measures to be taken to reduce water scarcity.

Hence, newspaper reports are the best resource to discuss the issue of water scarcity and its impact on any region.

 Additional Information

Bruner developed the idea that if complex material is broken down into essential ideas, any student can learn any subject matter. He developed the concept of a spiral curriculum. According to Bruner, learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas and concepts based on their current/past knowledge. The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses make decisions, and rely on cognitive structures to do so. 

Key Points

Features of spiral learning:

• The curriculum should, therefore, be organized in a spiral manner so that students can build upon what they have already learned.
• His concept of ‘spiral curriculum’ is based on the idea that any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development.
• Every student is a unique individual, she/he learns and responds to situations in her/his way constructing new ideas and concepts based upon their current/past knowledge.
• The learner should be presented with a problem situation and motivated to seek alternative solutions.
• The learner should be actively engaged in the learning process, and varied experiences should be provided to learners to ensure that their individual needs and individual differences are properly addressed.
• It is also important to reinforce an important juncture as such knowledge would be useful in moving forward to the achievement of the goal.

Hence, Students learning in a spiral way is true about the students learning EVS.

Hint On the other hand, remaining all options are false as students' minds are not empty slates, they come with a lot of knowledge to school, and not every student thinks in the same way.

A portfolio assessment is a systematic and organized collection of evidence used by the teacher and student to monitor the growth of the student's knowledge, skills, and attitudes in a specific subject area.

 Key Points

Overview of portfolio:

• A student learns, creates, imagines, and constructs every day in and out of the classroom. It could be painting a wall, repairing a bicycle, writing a story, dramatizing, doing needlework, solving mathematics quizzes, or reading several books. These activities are neither recorded nor complimented. These are recorded in the portfolio.
• It requires students to collect and reflect on examples of their work providing both instructional components to the curriculum and offering the opportunity for authentic assessment.
• Portfolios capitalize on students' natural tendency to save work and become an effective way to get them to take a second look and think about how they could improve future work.
• The portfolio is a collection of students' work representing a selection of performances. It often documents a student's best work. It may also include information such as drafts of his/her work, his or her assessment of work, and their parents' assessment.
• If properly maintained and implemented, the focus of portfolio assessment can align towards important learning goals.

Hence, option 4 is correct.

Sociocultural is a term related to social and cultural factors, which means common traditions, habits, patterns, and beliefs present in a population group. Social factors include population size, wealth, and income disparities. Cultural issues include language and religion. 

Key Points

The teacher should tell the student to share his/her experience and try to address the same in the class because

• the student bringing the topic of sociocultural issues for discussion shows his curiosity and interest.
• at this moment students should not be neglected but should be encouraged.
• when a student shares his experience in the class the remaining students get a proper idea about the topic.
• addressing the same topic in the class may encourage the other students to come forward and share their own experiences regarding the topic.
• meaningful learning happens as children learn through listening to direct experiences.

​Hence, the teacher should tell the student to share his/her experience and try to address the same in class.

Hint 

All the other options are wrong as they indicate neglecting the student or asking his parents not to bring the issues to the class which may discourage the student and he may remain passive throughout the academic year due to this bad experience.

Plants are one of the important topics to be understood by the children in EVS. Children should know about different parts of plants, types of plants, and also the importance of plants. 

Key PointsThe teacher needs to tell students to accompany her in the school garden and identify all plants.

• Students observe every plant in the garden.
• They classify the plants according to their appearance and the flowers they bear.
• As their teacher is along with them they clarify all the doubts they get then and there.
• The teacher can demonstrate various things about plants by using the love objects.
• Moreover, children learn how to take care of the plants as their teacher teaches them on the field and provides direct experience.

​Hence, the teacher needs to tell students to accompany her in the school garden and identify all plants.

 Hint 

On the other hand, memorizing the names of plants, asking their parents about plants, and watching videos don't provide a direct experience for the students where they can explore and meaningful learning can happen so all these are wrong steps.

Communication is the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. means of sending messages, orders, etc., including telephone, telegraph, radio, and television are some means of communication. 

Key Points

• Asking students to collect and classify pictures of means of communication will make students familiar with the appearance of different means of communication and their types verbal and nonverbal. Moreover asking students only to classify the pictures of different means involves learning by doing where meaningful learning takes place.
• Students already have several experiences in their daily life. They share their experiences with a lot of enthusiasm and energy. This discussion leads to better learning as students remain active and their role is considered the center of the discussion.

​Hence, A & C are the correct options. 

Hint Showing PowerPoint presentations and videos may make students passive recipients of knowledge and meaningful learning doesn't happen where the involvement of students is less. So remaining options are not so good to deliver the topic in a meaningful manner.

Class 3 chapter "Flying High" is about different types of birds and their characteristics like the shape and structure of the body, types of beaks, and colors of different birds. The objective of this chapter is to develop interest and basic understanding in the children regarding birds. 

Key Points

The purpose of this activity is to develop the interest of students in birds because

• students enjoy the activity of observing different types of birds in their surroundings.
• they develop an interest in birds and try to explore various characteristics of birds.
• like their food habits, their type of nests, and their structure.
• observing the birds in the environment gives a direct learning experience for the students enabling them to comprehend better.
• students also develop an interest to protect the birds by not removing their nests if they are built on their balconies.

Hence, the purpose of this activity is to develop the interest of students in birds.

 Hint 

The remaining options are wrong as they don't specify the objective of observing the birds and students don't get a scientific understanding by just observing them in the surroundings

Density is defined as the ratio of the mass of the object to the volume of the object. Different substances have different densities. The mathematical expression for density is as follows: Density=Mass/Volume. The mass of a substance is expressed in kilograms and the volume is expressed in liters. 

Key PointsThe teacher did not think it was necessary to introduce 'density' to explain to them, because they form alternate conceptions about density as 

• they are comparing many objects which would sink and float.
• they may develop many alternate conceptions and misconceptions regarding density.
• they may get confused about the topic of density with the topic of weight.
• a new conception that is not true may be formed in children's minds.
• If the teacher introduces the concept of density also they may get confused by the concepts of mass and volume.

Hence, the teacher did not think it was necessary to introduce 'density' to explain to them, because they form alternate conceptions about density.

Hint All the other options are not true as they don't relate to the motive of the teacher for not introducing the concept of density at that particular point of time and activity.

The correct answer is 'the forest officials exploited local women who collected cow dung.'

Key Points

• Refer to the lines from the passage:
• ' In her new home, she fought against the exploitation of local women, who collected cow dung, by the forest department and landlords. This only made things more difficult for her.'
• Upon the perusal of the above lines, it can be concluded that Sindhutai directed her anger at the forest department and landlords as they exploited the local women who collected cow dung.
• All the other options are eliminated as they are not mentioned in the passage.

Hence, option 4) the forest officials exploiting local women who collected cow dung is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'She feared being picked up by men at night.'

Key Points

• Refer to the line from the passage:
• ' Because she feared being picked up by men at night she often spent the night at cemeteries.
• Upon the perusal of the above line, it is clear that she is feared of being picked up by men at night.
• All the other options are eliminated as they are not mentioned in the passage.

Hence, option 4) She feared being picked up by men at night is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'She got the tribals whose land was acquired by the government, rehabilitated.'

Key Points

• Refer to the lines from the passage:
• ' In this constant tussle to survive, she found herself in Chikaldara, situated in the Amravati district of Maharashtra. Here, due to a tiger preservation project, 84 tribal villages were evacuated. Amidst the confusion, a project officer impounded 32 cows of Adivasi villagers and one of the cows died. Sindhutai decided to fight for the proper rehabilitation of the helpless tribal villagers.'
• Upon the perusal of the above lines, it is clear that Sindhutai got the tribals whose villages were evacuated and she decided to fight for the rehabilitation of the tribal villagers.
• All the other options are eliminated as they are not mentioned in the passage.

Hence, option 2) She got the tribals whose land was acquired by the government, rehabilitated is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'She got the most brilliant children admitted to public schools.'

Key Points

• Refer to the lines from the passage:
• ' It was during these tiring times that she realized how difficult it would be for abandoned children or orphans and decided to do something for them. Her first adopted child was Deepak, whom she found on a railway track. Quite soon she had **adopted sixteen children.'**
• ' She set up four NGOs to accomplish her mission.'
• ' So Sindhutai started taking care of children in return for some food. Looking after these kids soon became the mission of her life.'
• ​From the above given lines, it is evident that Option 1, Option 2 & Option 4 are true according to the passage.
• However, there is nothing mentioned in the passage about Sindhutai admitting brilliant children to public schools.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer as it not true according to the given passage**.**

The correct answer is 'her invaluable work for the orphans.'

Key Points

• Refer to the lines from the passage:
• ' So Sindhutai started taking care of children in return for some food. Looking after these kids soon became the mission of her life. She set up four NGOs to accomplish her mission.'
• ' This way **Sindhu became Sindhutai or Mai or mother of orphans.'**

Important Points

• Option 1) though is true as per passage but Sindhu didn't earn the title because of that thing.
• Option 3) is wrong as there is nothing mentioned about her leadership quality that because of her leadership quality she earn the title of Sindhutai.
• Option 4) is true but she didn't get the title because of that.
• Upon the perusal of the above lines, it is clear that her useful work for the orphans earned Sindhu the title of Sindhutal or Sindhumai.

Hence, option 2) her invaluable work for the orphans is the correct answer.