CTET Paper 1 - 22nd Dec 2021 (English-Hindi-Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a product of the interaction of hereditary and the environment.

• The major domains of development such as physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and language are developed in an integrated and holistic process.

Key Points

Cognitive domain of development relates to intellectual abilities such as attention, memory, problem-solving, imagination, and creativity.

• It refers to the development of the ability to understand, learn, reason, think, perceive, and solve a problem.
• It is the development of the ability to explore and process information to learn and understand the things around.
• The more opportunities a child gets the better his cognition because he/she will be able to add to his mental capacities by learning through these opportunities.

​Hence, it could be concluded that the Cognitive domain of development relates to intellectual abilities such as attention, memory, problem-solving, imagination, and creativity.

Additional Information 

All domains of development:

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. A child develops in an orderly sequence which is almost similar in all children.

• The rate and speed of development may vary in individual cases but the sequence of development patterns is almost the same in all children. Thus human development is based on certain principles.

Key Points

Child development takes place in two directions, one is from the head-to-foot direction and the second is from near to distant  (center of the body to the peripheral).

Sequential pattern of development can be seen in two directions:

• Cephalo-caudal sequence: It means that development spreads over the body from head to foot, i.e. individual begins to grow from head region downwards.
• For example, The child first gain control on her head, then she could catch hold of objects, sit, crawl, and later she could stand and walk.
• Proximodistal sequence: It means that the development proceeds from the central part of the body towards the peripheries. In this sequence, the spinal cord of the individual develops first, and then outward development takes place.
• For example, the child could use her arms before her hands and use her hands before she could control the movement of her fingers.
• Children learnt to hold a glass and a bottle before they could hold a pen or button their shirt.

Thus, it is concluded that the above-mentioned example indicates that the direction of development is proximo-distal.

Development refers to a qualitative change that results in an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs.

• Human development is influenced by both 'Heredity and Environment' as they are the elements that play a vital role in determining the growth and development of an individual.

Key PointsDevelopment of children is a result of interaction between heredity and environment as:

• All mental and social traits depend on the environment.
• All the inborn traits, instincts, and IQ depend on heredity.
• All the potential inputs for growth and development depend on heredity.
• Both are complementary to each other in molding the life of an individual.
• How a person will develop depends on the environment but how far a person can develop depends on heredity.
• Heredity places a limit on IQ and the environment determines the numeric position of IQ within these limits.

Hence, it could be concluded that the development of children is a result of interaction between heredity and environment.

Hint 

• Heredity: It refers to the traits that pass down from the parents to their offspring. It is the most important personality and intelligence determinant.
• Environment: It refers to the circumstances in which an individual lives. Child's immediate environment strongly influences their personality and intelligence.

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable.

• It simply refers to acquiring the socially approved ways of behavior and taking ideal expectations seriously.
• Socialization is the continuous process of negotiating identities and shaping one’s concept of self, identity, various attitudes, and behaviors.
• Socialization has 4 major agents namely family, school, peers, and mass media.

Key Points

Types of Socialization: 

Primary Socialization: 

• It happens during infancy and childhood. It refers to the process where the child becomes socialized through the family in the early childhood years. 
• This highlights that the key agent in the process of primary socialization is the family.
• For example, a very young child in a family has little knowledge of his culture. It is through the family that the child gets to know what is accepted and what is not in a particular society.

Secondary Socialization: 

• It occurs once the infant passes into the childhood phase and continues into maturity. It refers to the process that begins in the later years through agencies such as schools and peer groups. 
• During this phase more than the family, some other agents of socialization like the school and peers’ group begin to play a role in socializing the child.
• For example, Schools help children in learning the importance of social cohesion and unity and inculcating the informal cues about social roles through interaction.

Hence, it could be concluded that government is NOT an agent of socialization.

Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the 'Theory of Moral Development'.

Key Points

• On the basis of children's responses to Heinz's dilemma, Lawrence Kohlberg has proposed specific developmental stages of Moral Development.
• He has made a systematic study of moral development in his theory that is categorized into 3 levels and 6 stages.
• He created moral development theory by posing moral dilemmas to groups of children as well as adolescents and adults.
• According to Kohlberg, moral dilemma is the thinking process involved in judgements about questions of right & wrong.

Important Points 

Refer to the table to be familiar with all the levels of Kohlberg's theory.

Additional Information

Let's Understand the Heinz Dilemma in Brief: 

• The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which is half of what it cost.
• He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.”
• So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that?
• Kohlberg is not really interested in whether the subject says “yes” or “no” to this dilemma but in the reasoning behind the answer.
• Kohlberg’s point of view, what the participant thinks Heinz should do is not important. The important thing is the justification of the action.

Hence, it becomes clear that on the basis of children's responses to Heinz's dilemma, Lawrence Kohlberg has proposed specific developmental stages of Moral Development.$

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children grow and move through four different stages of intellectual development. Four stages of Piaget's cognitive development theory:

• Sensory-motor stage ( Birth to 2 years)
• Pre-operational stage ( 2 years to 7 years)
• Concrete operational stage (7 years) to 11 years)
• Formal operational stage ( 11 years +)

Key Points-Concrete -Operational Stage:

• During this stage, children begin to think logically about concrete events.
• In this stage abilities like conservation, reversibility, "classification", seriation, differentiation, and class inclusion develop in children.
• Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle.
• Classification: Piaget believed that children in middle childhood have the ability of classification. It refers to the ability to simultaneously sort things into general and more specific groups, using different types of comparisons.
• Classification is simply grouping properties. It is a child’s ability to group-specific objects based on color, shape, size, amount, and/or similarities.
• Example of classification: 9-year-old Leela classifies a collection of buttons according to their size. She then combines all groups of buttons and re-distributes them on the basis of holes on them.

Hence, according to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Leela is in the Concrete operational stage of development. 

Additional Information-

Rest 3 Stages of Cognitive Development:

• Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years)
• The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations.
• Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence).
• Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 Years)
• Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.
• Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
• Formal Operational Stage (12 and Up)
• At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems.
• Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning.

According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium are the ways through which children integrate new experiences into already existing cognition structures (schema). 

Key Points

According to Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, assimilation occurs when children transform their experiences to fit into their existing schemes as assimilation refers to the:

• addition of a new concept or experience into an existing schema.
• process of taking in information into our previously existing schemas.
• way an individual takes and interprets new information in pre-existing mental structures without modifying them.

Hence, it could be concluded that assimilation occurs when children add new experiences into their existing schemes.

Hint 

Other key Concepts of Piaget's Theory:

• Schema: A representation in the mind of a set of ideas or actions which go together.
• Accommodation: Involves altering existing ideas or schemas as a result of new experiences.
• Equilibration: A mechanism that assists children in achieving a balance between assimilation and accommodation.
• Organization: It refers to the ability to study the connection among cognitive structures which makes thinking more efficient.
• Conservation refers to the ability to understand that a thing remains the same even if it changes in shape or appearance.
• Centration makes the child focus his attention only on one aspect of the situation at a time and cannot reverse the direction of his thought.

Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learners' cognitive ability. 

• The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere" which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture.
• Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts.

Key Points

• Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is called a social-cultural theory as he argues that children's learning takes place in a context.
• Lev Vygotsky's social-cultural perspective of learning emphasizes the importance of cultural tools in the process of cognitive development.
• Cultural tools are the main determinant of cognitive development and learning. They play a significant role in human intellectual development and how humans perceive the world.
• Learning takes place through the interaction between the child and the culture. Different cultures play a vital role in shaping the abilities and behaviors of a child and work as a tool of intellectual adaptation.​
• The children’s cognitive abilities have been studied from a sociocultural perspective that originated with the work of Vygotsky.
• Vygotsky’s theory placed the idea of children’s participation in socio-cultural activities with the guidance of more skilled partners.

Hence, we conclude that Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is called a social-cultural theory as he argues that children's learning takes place in a context.

Hint

• Psycho-sexual perspective is related to Freud as he has proposed five stages of psychosexual development which include the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage.
• Psycho-dynamic perspective is also related to Freud as he developed a popular psychodynamic approach to human personality during his clinical practice. It focuses on the unconscious psychological processes that affect human behavior and explains how childhood plays a crucial role in shaping adult personality.
• The behaviouristic perspective is related to John B Watson as behaviorism was established with the publication of Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It".

There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

• 'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the learner's development.
• According to Vygotsky, social interaction is the primary cause of learners' development as his theory emphasizes that children learn through interaction and collaboration with skilled and knowledgeable people.

Key Points

• When a teacher adjusts the support offered to a child to fit the child's current level of performance and to help her to reach her zone of proximal development, the teacher is scaffolding the child as scaffolding refers to a process through which:
• required assistance is given to children according to their individual needs.
• temporary support is imparted to the children to enhance their learning skills.
• individualized support is provided to children to increase their learning boundaries.

Hence, it could be concluded that the teacher is scaffolding the child.

Hint 

• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to the difference between what a learner can do on his/her own and what he/she can do with someone's help.

John Dewey, an American philosopher has proposed the concept of 'Progressive Education' which emphasizes that learning takes place only through 'hands-on' approach so the students must interact with their environment to adapt and learn.

• A progressive classroom is a part of progressive education that believes in the capability and potential of every child.
• Progressive education emphasizes enhancing the skills and understanding of the learners by engaging with the contents and experiences.

Key Points

• In a progressive classroom, learners play an active part in their learning as in a progressive classroom ample opportunities are provided to learners for the construction of knowledge.
• It emphasizes enhancing the skills and understanding of the learners by engaging with the contents and experiences.
• It promotes 'learning by doing' to make children self-reliant and productive to use their knowledge and talents effectively.
• Progressive classroom ensures the active participation of students by working in a group and applying practical knowledge to complete an activity.

Hence, it could be concluded that in a progressive classroom, learners play an active part in their learning.

The theory of Multiple Intelligence which consists of eight different kinds of intelligence is propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner'. 

• Gardner initially proposed eight types of intelligence which later on he increased to nine. Thus Gardner views each individual as a unique combination of various intelligence.
• This theory emphasizes that intelligence is of several kinds rather than dominated by a general factor and intelligence can't be tied to a single domain as each individual has his/her own abilities.

Key Points

The above-mentioned characteristic is related to the Interpersonal Intelligence of Howard Gardner’s theory as:

• Interpersonal intelligence deals with understanding and relating to others’ feelings.
• A person with interpersonal intelligence can understand the various emotional states of other people.
• Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, and intentions of others.

Hence, it could be concluded that Interpersonal Intelligence refers to the ability to recognize and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, and intentions of others. 

Additional Information 

The nine types of intelligence as given by Gardner:

• Linguistic Intelligence refers to the ability to use language. It is the capacity to use spoken and written words in a skilled way.
• Logical-mathematical Intelligence is the ability to use logical reasoning and mathematical ability. Individuals high on this intelligence have good abstract reasoning, critical thinking, and good in dealing with numbers.
• Musical Intelligence is the ability to use rhythms, sounds, and patterns to create, compose and perform music. It involves sensitivity to music, and the ability to recognize and manipulate musical patterns.
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the ability to use and control one’s body movements and actions. Dancers and sports persons are usually high in such intelligence.
• Spatial Intelligence is the capacity to perceive, understand and use spatial and visual information effectively. Such people are good at spatial orientation, forming visual images and patterns.
• Interpersonal Intelligence refers to the ability to understand others and social interactions. They can understand the emotions and the perspectives of others and relate well to others.
• Intrapersonal Intelligence is the ability to understand oneself and know one’s thoughts, emotions, feelings, motives, and desires, and how these influence their behavior.
• Naturalistic Intelligence is the ability to recognize and understand the various patterns in nature. It includes sensitivity to nature with all its features including flora, fauna, and all biodiversity.
• Existential Intelligence: Gardner added existential intelligence as the ninth intelligence which refers to the sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions beyond sensory data and about human existence. It concerns the ‘big picture’ in life and the ultimate truth of life. Cosmologists and philosophers are high on this aspect of intelligence.

National Education Policy 2020  is the first education policy of the 21^st century and aims to address the many growing developmental imperatives of our country.

• This Policy proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of the education structure, including its regulation and governance, to create a new system that is aligned with the aspirational goals of the 21^st century.

Key Points

• National Education Policy 2020 proposes that children in primary grades should be taught in home/local languages.
• This policy promotes multilingualism as multilingual education stresses using a student's mother tongue, or native language, to teach students and to make learning effective.
• Classrooms that use multicultural education use various strategies to help students learn in their native languages. Multilingualism enhances creativity, divergent thinking, and appreciation of local languages.

​Hence, we can conclude that National Education Policy 2020 proposes that children in primary grades should be taught in home/local languages.

A society comprises of males and females. Gender division, gender biases, gender stereotypes are common ill practices in a society.

• Gender stereotype is related to behavior associated with girls and boys and creating beliefs about qualities possessed by a man and a woman.
• For example, it is believed that boys can perform best in certain areas of science and technology whereas girls can be the best performers in art and dance activities.

Key Points

The above-mentioned phenomenon indicates gender stereotyping as it:

• will put women in traditional roles and will also promote a sense of gender inequality among people.
• will emphasize the stereotype that certain activities are only meant to be done by women and not by men and vice versa.
• can limit the development of the natural talents and abilities of girls and boys as well as their life opportunities in general.

Hence, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned phenomenon indicates gender stereotyping.

Hint 

• Gender equality is a human right which means that all human beings irrespective of their gender should be treated in an equal manner.
• Gender identity is defined as an individual’s perception of oneself as a male or female or third gender and it also deals with how society views you.
• Gender stability is defined as the understanding of one's gender and its inability to change over the period of the lifespan.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, commonly known as 'CCE' has been introduced as a school-based system of evaluation by the CBSE in 2009 with the enactment of the Right to Education Act.

• CCE aims to evaluate the 'all aspects of the development of the child' as it ensures the all-round development of students including cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains.

Key Points

Continuous and comprehensive evaluation entails: 

• meticulous record-keeping by the teacher through Cumulative records, Anecdotal records, portfolios, etc.
• integration with the teaching-learning process through diagnostic and remedial teaching.
• planning on parameters and tools of evaluation to assess both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of a child's growth.

Hence, it can be concluded that statements I, ii, & iv are correct in the context of the question.

National Education Policy 2020 is the first education policy of the 21^st century and aims to address the many growing developmental imperatives of our country.

• This Policy proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of the education structure, including its regulation and governance, to create a new system that is aligned with the aspirational goals of the 21^st century.

Key Points

• NEP 2020 focuses on regular, formative, and competency-based assessment, promoting learning and development of students and testing higher-order skills (analysis, critical thinking, conceptual clarity, etc.).
• The primary purpose of the assessment will indeed be for learning, it will help the teacher and student, and the entire schooling system, continuously revise teaching-learning processes to optimize learning and development for all students. This will be the underlying principle for assessment at all levels of education
• The goal of NEP-2020 is to transform the culture of assessment. The progress card of all students for school-based assessment, which is communicated by schools to parents, will be completely redesigned by States/UTs under guidance from the proposed National Assessment Centre, NCERT, and SCERTs.
• The progress card will be a holistic, 360-degree, multidimensional report that reflects in great detail the progress as well as the uniqueness of each learner in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.
• It will include self-assessment and peer assessment, and progress of the child in project-based and inquiry-based learning, quizzes, role plays, group work, portfolios, etc., along with teacher assessment.

Hence, we can conclude that optimizing learning and development for all students should be the underlying principle for assessment according to National Education Policy 2020.

"Persons with disabilities" include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and active participation in society on an equal basis with others.

Key Points -

The latest legislation passed by the Indian Parliament for people with disability is the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act.

• The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016 was enacted on 28.12.2016 and came into force on 19.04.2017.
• 'The RPWD Act 2016' has replaced 'The Person with Disabilities Act, 1995' which was enacted 21 years back.

Important Points

• It is an act that ensures equal opportunities for the people who suffer from 40% of disabilities.
• It covers 21 disabilities and enhances the reservation quota (3% to 4%) in government jobs for disabled persons.
• It focuses on making all public buildings disabled-friendly by providing ramps, slopes, auditory signals, etc.

Thus, it is concluded that the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act is the latest legislation passed by the Indian Parliament for people with disability.

Hint

• National Education Policy: The Union Cabinet has approved the new National Education Policy 2020 intending to introduce several changes in the Indian education system from the school to the college level. Its aims at making “India a global knowledge superpower”. The two earlier education policies were brought in 1968 and 1986.
• The person with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act: This act come into enforcement on February 7, 1996. This law is an important landmark and is a significant step in the direction to ensure equal opportunities for people with disabilities and their full participation in nation-building.
• Right to Education Act: The Right to Education Act 2009, also known as the RTE Act 2009, was enacted by the Parliament of India on 4 August 2009. It describes modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children aged between 6-14 years in India under Article 21 (A) of the Constitution of India.

Diversity in classrooms across the nation has continued to increase. But the curriculum delivered in those classrooms doesn’t always follow a pattern. This leaves many students feeling disconnected, disengaged, and disinterested in the educational process⁠ which can have serious, lifelong consequences.

• Inclusion is an umbrella term that refers to include each and every category of children in the educational system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

Key Points 

• Teacher practicing culturally responsive pedagogy accurately describes the spirit of inclusion in a primary classroom as "Culturally appropriate activities" create a powerful connection between classroom lessons and diverse student backgrounds.
• By building strategies to design and deliver culturally responsive lessons, teachers can better engage diverse learners and promote success for all students. "Culturally responsive pedagogy" is a student-centered approach to education.
• It is based on the idea that every student brings unique cultural strengths to the classroom. Recognizing and nurturing those strengths not only encourages success but also promotes an open-minded, supportive environment that celebrates cultural differences.
• To be successful, culturally responsive pedagogy must be incorporated at every stage of the learning process, from curriculum development to assessment. These activities should be according to the student's level, meaningful, and should fulfill the needs of the students.

Hence, we can conclude that teacher practicing culturally responsive pedagogy accurately describes the spirit of inclusion in a primary classroom.

Exceptional children are those who deviate from the normal population and need special education services to meet their needs. It includes children who are gifted, backward, creative, learning disabled, etc.

• A gifted child is essentially exceptional and displays consistently remarkable performance in physical or cognitive aspects and exhibits superiority in general intelligence levels.
• These children have divergent thinking and are very curious in nature that's why sometimes the classroom seems monotonous to them because they grab things fastly than of their age-peers.

Key Points

**The set of characteristics that define gifted students include:**​

• They learn rapidly and retain the concept for a longer period.
• They can construct and handle the higher level of abstractions.
• They always remain alert, keenly observe things and respond quickly.
• They can follow complex directions easily and can handle more than one idea at a time.
• They have great intellectual curiosity, creativity, and imagination to create and investigate.
• They have a habit of asking truth-searching questions because they have a thirst for knowledge.
• They learn quickly and have the ability to abstract reasoning and see relationships between ideas and events.
• They perform better with acceleration as acceleration refers to moving higher-ability children to classes beyond their age group yet sharing similar interests and abilities. When carefully designed and monitored, it enhances learning for gifted students and raises their motivation and enjoyment of school.

So, it is clear that all i), ii), iii) sets of characteristics define gifted students.

Students come to the classroom with a range of abilities, experiences, and backgrounds. Some students will have special needs and disabilities, while others will have additional learning needs and/or elements of educational disadvantage which are not formally recognized.

• In the teaching-learning process, visually impaired learners suffer from an issue with sight or vision but when they are facilitated with the right training and tools, they develop a good literacy ability.

Key Points

Effective pedagogical strategies for the inclusion of students with severe visual impairment include:

• Use of a lot of touches and feel materials.
• Use of three-dimensional maps and charts.
• Give verbal clues to create opportunities to imagine.
• Introduce tactile materials such as felt books and felt boards.
• Speak clearly, explicitly, and loudly with appropriate pauses and reiterations.
• Provide learning with the help of auditory systems such as an audio CD of the textbook, radio, etc.
• Use a braille system to make them read-write as its raised dots will help the child to study the words through the pattern.

Hint 

• A teacher should not use computers to give visual presentations for visually impaired learners as it will not cater to their needs and could lead to low self-esteem and feeling of failure in them.

Hence, it could be concluded that the use of computers to give visual presentations is NOT an effective pedagogical strategy for the inclusion of students with severe visual impairment.

Additional Information 

• Tactile materials: It refers to the inputs which children receive through the receptive sensors of their skins.
• Braille system: It refers to a pattern of raised dots called "Braille" to represent letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, that can be felt with a finger.

Meaningful learning refers to the understanding of the learned knowledge, including how the different parts relate to each other to form a whole.

• Meaningful learning is active, constructive, and durable and it implies understanding.

Key Points -

• All children have the potential to learn but every child is unique and has individual differences because they learn at their pace.
• The teacher can not use the same method for every child, he should provide diverse learning opportunities to facilitate meaningful learning for all children.
• To promote meaningful learning in students teachers should teach the same concept, procedure, or attitude using various methodologies, in different tasks, subjects, and physical settings.

Hence, we can conclude that both (A) and (R) are true and ( R) is the correct explanation of (A).

A student with the locus of control believes that success or failure is due to his or her efforts or disabilities.

• The locus of control can be either internal or external to the individual.

Key Points-An external locus of control:

• A student with an external locus of control always believes that external forces cause his or her failure.
• A student with an external locus of control would attribute his/her failure in the examination to (bad) luck as he believes that success or failure is controlled by external forces which are beyond his control.
• He may believe that grades do not reflect effort and are affected by external factors such as luck, the examination system, the bias attitude of the teacher, etc.

​Hence, we can conclude that a student with an external locus of control would attribute his/her failure in the examination to (bad) luck.

Hint

• A student with an internal locus of control believes that success or failure is not beyond his control. For instance, this student would believe that grades are the outcome of his effort.
• He/she would attribute his/her failure in the examination to lack of ability, lack of preparation, (faulty) attitude, etc.

John Dewey, an American philosopher has proposed the concept of 'Progressive Education' which emphasizes that learning takes place only through 'hands-on' approach so the students must interact with their environment to adapt and learn.

• A progressive classroom is a part of progressive education that believes in the capability and potential of every child.
• Progressive education emphasizes enhancing the skills and understanding of the learners by engaging with the contents and experiences.

Key Points

Ways of creating an effective environment in a progressive classroom:

• Methods of arranging the material to encourage exploration: Teaching Learning materials should be arranged in a way to encourage exploration as it was believed in the concept of progressive education that knowledge is generated through direct experiences and collaboration.
• Ways of supporting students in risk taking: Students should be supported to take risks in learning as it enables them to think or analyze the concepts beyond traditional ways.
• Varied methods of assessment: Various assessments mode should be used as progressive education emphasizes the use of flexible curriculum, flexible timetables, flexible mode of assessments, and seating arrangements to provide the students a democratic environment to make them feel comfortable in acquiring new knowledge and information.

Hint

• Putting students of same ability in one group should not be kept in mind while creating an effective environment in a progressive classroom as progressive education focuses on Cooperative learning which refers to small heterogeneously mixed working groups of learners learning collaborative skills while working towards a common academic goal or task.

Hence, it could be concluded that statements i), ii), iv) should be kept in mind while creating an effective environment in a progressive classroom.

Cooperative learning is a strategy used within groups of learners and aims to improve their learning experience and understanding of a subject.

• This type of learning strategy uses small group tasks and activities as a learning experience.

Key Points-

• Reciprocal Questioning: Reciprocal Questioning is a cooperative learning strategy. It is a variation on the reciprocal teaching strategy.
• In this strategy, students take on the role of the teacher by formulating their list of questions about a reading selection.
• The teacher, in turn, reinforces learning by answering the questions and, if necessary, helping students to refine their work into more focused questions.

Hint

• The concept of shaping was proposed by Skinner in his Operant-conditioning theory. Shaping is a process of making someone perform approximately the desired behavior.
• The concept of seriation was proposed by Piaget in his Cognitive development theory. Seriation refers to the ability to sort objects or situations according to any characteristic, such as size, color, shape, or type.
• Social isolation: Social isolation occurs when people withdraw and become disconnected from family, friends, and community.

​Hence, we can conclude that reciprocal questioning is a cooperative learning strategy.

​Constructivism emphasizes the idealogy that people actively construct their own knowledge on the basis of their experiences. 

Key Points 

• The basic principle of constructivism is that the student’s previous knowledge, experiences, beliefs, and insights are all important foundations for their continued learning.
• Example: Mohan provides students with containers of different capacities to help them learn the concept of volume.
• In constructivism, learning exists in the mind. Hands-on experiences and physical actions are necessary for learning, but mental abilities are also important for constructing knowledge.
• The teacher should use different tasks like debate, brainstorming, etc. to develop students' mental abilities. 
• Example: Farah asks students to brainstorm on possibilities of making waste disposal a mechanical task so that many creative minds work together and apply their diverse thinking patterns to generate ideas.
• Both the teachers are employing constructivism in their classrooms as they are ensuring the active involvement of learners and viewing learners as makers of meaning and creators of knowledge.

Hint

• Behaviorism: Behaviorism, is a theory of learning that states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning. Thus, behavior is simply a response to environmental stimuli.
• Direct instruction: Direct instruction is a teacher-directed teaching method. This means that the teacher stands in front of a classroom, and presents the information such as in a lecture or demonstration.
• Operant conditioning: Operant conditioning (also called instrumental conditioning) is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. In operant conditioning, behavior is controlled by external stimuli.

​Hence we can conclude that both the teachers are employing constructivism in their classrooms.

Learning is a continuous process that helps us to develop competence and the ability to function in our environment.

• We acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes through the process of learning and develop competence and the ability to apply, whatever we have learned in one situation, to other similar situations.

Key Points

• School climate is a leading factor in explaining student learning and achievement but apart from academic learning, it is important to focus on the socio-emotional needs of the students in an educational setup.
• Social-emotional capacities include the management of emotions and the ability to establish positive and rewarding relationships with others.
• By focusing on the socio-emotional needs of the students, schools can remove those socio-emotional problems which hinder the learning and ultimately the success of students.
• Emotions play a significant role in cognition as if pressures due to stress continue, one may suffer from mental overload. This suffering from a high level of stress can rapidly cause individuals to lose their ability to make a sound decision.

Hence, we conclude that both (A) and ( R) are true and ( R) is the correct explanation of ( A).

Error: When a learner can’t master a topic, he/she is vulnerable to make errors. Errors are nothing but incorrectness made by a child during learning. 

• All learners make errors. As someone has said: "You can't learn without goofing". Whether you are learning how to ride a bicycle, how to fly a kite or learn a language, everyone does make mistakes.

Key Points

• Understanding errors made by children in academic work is relevant to understanding teaching as well as learning process as children’s errors are a significant step in the teaching-learning process.
• Errors are necessary in the learning process to give insight into children's thinking, it shows how children learn.
• It helps the teacher to be aware of learners' learning styles, to cater to them according to their needs.

Hence, it could be concluded that understanding errors made by children in academic work is relevant to understanding teaching as well as learning process.

Additional Information 

Reasons for errors:

• Misunderstanding of concept
• Missing out on important points or steps
• Inability to grasp the central idea or concept
• Forgetting related previously assimilated knowledge

Critical Thinking is the ability to apply reasoning and logic to new or unfamiliar situations, ideas, and opinions. It refers to the process of judging or analyzing facts, events, etc.

Key Points 

• Critical Thinking requires proper analysis, evaluation, inference, and explanation.
• Critical thinking involves metacognition, analysis, and reflection as it is a process that challenges an individual to use reflective, reasonable, rational thinking to gather, interpret, and evaluate information in order to derive a judgment.
• Thinking critically involves seeing and observing things in an open-minded way and examining an idea or concept in a way to form as many angles as possible.
• Critical thinking helps a person in developing abilities and skills to make logical connections between ideas by thinking rationally.​

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that critical thinking involves metacognition, analysis, and reflection.

Boredom is a state of being weary and restless through lack of interest. Sometimes, in the teaching-learning process, the students get bored if the class activities are not challenging enough.  

• In this stage the learning plateau occurs, after gaining mastery over the concept, the learner feels bored and wants to learn new things.
• So the teacher should always introduce the same concept with innovative methods to overcome boredom.

Key Points

• In the above-mentioned scenario, Anita should reflect on the content of the lesson and the method of teaching as every child has a different pace of learning and a single method cannot be applicable to all children.
• if a few students report boredom, it could be assumed that these students are not capable of learning but if the majority of students report boredom, the possible reason could be that she is using an inappropriate or irrelevant method of teaching.
• Every student differs from others in psychological aspects. So, she should use different relevant methods to involve children in constructing their own knowledge through experiences.

Hence, it could be concluded that in the above-mentioned scenario, Anita should reflect on the content of the lesson and the method of teaching.

Motivation is the drive to achieve something in life that satisfies one’s needs. There are two primary types of motivation namely, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. 

• There are many methods of motivating learners which can either be categorized into extrinsic or intrinsic types of motivation.
• Intrinsic motivation is the motivation that is animated by personal enjoyment, interest, or pleasure. It is driven by an interest in the task itself and exists within the individual.

Key Points

• In the above-mentioned situation, the teacher should tell her students that ‘‘Working on this is so interesting. Let's see what all we can learn in this activity.’’ as intrinsic motivation refers to the behavior which focuses on personal satisfaction and internal rewards.
• Intrinsic motivation is the internal condition or factor of learning. It directs behavior that leads to self-actualization in learning.
• It is the arousal of a tendency to act and produce results. It is the drive to achieve something in life that satisfies one’s needs.
• It arouses and sustains the interest of learners in the teaching-learning process which compels them to be active while learning a concept.

Hint

• The remaining options are related to extrinsic motivation which refers to a behavior that is guided by earning rewards or avoiding punishment.

Hence, it could be concluded that the teacher should tell her students that ‘‘Working on this is so interesting. Let's see what all we can learn in this activity.’’ to encourage them to be intrinsically motivated for tasks.

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences.

• Learning is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.

**Key Points-**Pace of learning varies from student to student. The pace of learning is influenced by a variety of personal and environmental factors. 

• Thorough knowledge of these factors will prove very helpful for teachers and parents in understanding and guiding their children’s learning.
• Some of the personal factors that influence the learning process are fatigue, boredom, maturation, emotional condition, needs, interests, motivation, attention, intelligence, aptitude, attitude, etc.
• Environmental factors include internal and external factors. Internal environmental factors' influences begin from the time of the conception of the child while the external environment starts from the time of birth of the child.
• External environment refers to the surroundings which prevail in the home, school, and locality.
• At these places, the child interacts with members of the family, teachers, peers, and neighbors and establishes relationships with them.

​Hence, we can conclude that the pace of learning is dependent on the interaction of personal and environmental factors.

Given:

The number of mangoes is less than 50

After arranging the mangoes in a group of 2, 3, and 7 but every time one mango is left.

Concept used:

LCM: The least common multiple can be defined as the lowest

positive integer that is multiple in a given set of numbers. 

We need to find the LCM of 2, 3, and 7. After calculating LCM, we

have to add 1 because each time one mango was left.

Calculation:

LCM of 2, 3, and 7 = 2 × 3 × 7 = 42

Each time one mango was left.

The total mangoes are = 42 + 1 = 43

If he arranges them in a group of 5, then

The mangoes will be left = Remainder of (43/5) i.e. 3

∴ Total of 3 mangoes will be left after arranging them in a group of 5.

Dynamic mathematics software is an interactive geometry, algebra, statistics and calculus application, intended for learning and teaching mathematics and science from primary school to university level.

 Key PointsGeoGebra is a mathematics software system that can serve as a tool for inquiry-based learning. This paper deals with the application of a fraction comparison software, which is constructed by GeoGebra, for use in a dynamic mathematics environment. The corresponding teaching and learning issues have also been discussed.

• GeoGebra is an interactive geometry software which offers algebraic possibilities like entering equations directly
• It is a useful software for students and teachers.
• The program encourages students to  experiment the mathematical ideas. For example, by its dragging tool users can explore the relationship between  the circle’s graph and its equation.
• Students may also manipulate the equation directly from the algebra window  and see the changed circle in the geometry window.
• The basic objects in GeoGebra are points, vectors, segments, polygons, straight lines, all conic sections and  functions in x.
• With GeoGebra dynamic constructions can be done like in any other dynamic geometry system.
• GeoGebra is multilingual both in its menus and also in its commands. For example, the English command  “Area” becomes “Alan” in Turkish.

Hence ,Geogebra is a dynamic mathematics software that brings together geometry, algebra, spreadsheets, graphing, statistics, and calculus in one easy-to-use package.

Given:

The number = 708

Concept used:

To find the number of tens in 708 means that how much is 10 divided by 708

Calculation:

Let's divide 708 by 10 and calculate the quotient,

The quotient of (708/10) ⇒ 70

Also, the remainder will be 8 in this case.

That means 10 is 70 times in the number 708.

∴ The number of tens in 708 is 70. Hence option 4 is correct.

Given:

Ms, Anju distributed pebbles to group 1 = 1/5 of the total pebbles

Distributed to group 2 = 1/4 of the total pebbles

Distributed to group 3 = 1/3 of the total pebbles

Total pebbles left after distribution = 26

Calculation:

Let, Ms. Anuj had total pebbles = x

According to the question, Group 1 get = (1/5)x

Group 2 get = (1/4)x

Group 3 get = (1/3)x

Total pebbles left after distribution = 26

Therefore,

x - {(1/5)x + (1/4)x + (1/3)x} = 26

⇒ \(x - \frac {12x + 15x + 20x}{60} = 26\)

⇒ x - (47/60)x = 26

⇒ (13/60)x = 26

⇒ x = 26 × (60/13) = 120

∴ Ms. Anuj might have brought minimum 120 pebbles in the class.

Assessment is educational evaluation, the systematic way of collecting information and reading the work of class which is used to guide and improve students' performance in terms of learning and development. 

• There are different kinds of assessment tools to evaluate learners' performance during the learning process. Rubrics, rating scales, anecdotal records, portfolios, etc are the most common type of assessment tools.

Key Points

Rubric:

• A rubric is a scoring guide that includes a set of criteria to assess students’ work. It contains performance expectations for a piece of work. It is an assessment process based on performance that reflects process-content skills, working habits, and learning outcomes.
• It can be used for assessing any kind of performance because rubrics are very comprehensive in nature. Different components in the rubrics enable teachers to recognize the strength and weaknesses of learners formatively.
• It makes the expectations of the assessor clear to the students and also helps the students meet these expectations successfully. On the basis of the purpose of assessment, mainly two types of rubrics are used: Holistic rubrics and Analytical Rubrics.

From the above-mentioned points, we can conclude that a Rubric will be suitable to assess student's performance in this project.

Additional Information

• Checklist is used to evaluate the record opinions or judgments and to indicate the degree or amount. It consists of a list of items prepared by the teacher to study the relevant problems. The students just have to answer them in yes/no or tick mark the items to show the absence or presence of that specific item.
• Concepts maps include graphical and diagrammatical representations to illustrate the meaningful acquisition of various sub-topics of a concept. It helps the learners to draw an outline of the topic/concept or briefly explain the concept or to link any two concepts of any subject by summarizing it.
• Paper - pencil test is related to the summative assessment which helps to measure, certify, and report the level of student learning at the end of the term.

Given:

Raghu started from his home to school at 9:10 AM

He reaches from his home to school in 20 minutes

Calculation:

According to the question, Raghu travels half the distance between

his home to school and back to home by travelling the same distance.

Time taken = 10 + 10 = 20 minutes

Also, he goes back to school after taking his math notebook.

Time taken = 20 minutes

Every time his speed was the same.

Total time taken by Raghu = (20 + 20) = 40 minutes

Therefore,

∴ He will reach the school at 9:10 am + 40 minutes = 9:50 AM

∴ The minute hand of the clock will be at 10

Manipulatives are concrete objects that allow students to engage in active, hands-on exploration of a concept. For example- tangrams, tiles, rods, Diene's blocks, etc. The use of manipulation helps children to learn concepts through hands-on experience.

Key Points

• Importance of Manipulatives in the mathematics classroom
• It helps the children connect mathematical ideas and symbols to physical objects, thus promoting better understanding.
• It provides support in dealing with a subject that can be difficult and confusing and help students build confidence by giving them a way to test and confirm their reasoning.
• Manipulative is imperative for exploration and experimentation with math ideas as students develop meaning.
• It facilitates students understanding of mathematical concepts and links them to representation and abstract ideas.
• It makes learning math interesting and enjoyable and also motivates children to learn.

Hence, we conclude that the use of manipulation is integral to the teaching-learning of mathematics at the primary level because it helps the learner to comprehend mathematical concepts.

Given:

Total children like coffee = 20

Calculation:

Let the total children in the class = y

From the total children like tea = (1/2)y

Coffee like = (1/3)y

Milk like = (1/6)y

Coffee like = 20 children

According to the question, total number of children like coffee are 20

⇒(1/3)y = 20

⇒ y = 3 × 20 = 60

Hence, total number of children in the class = 60

Children like milk = (1/6) × 60 = 10

∴​ 10 children like milk.

Activities-based learning is the process of doing by own hands practically. It encourages the students to participate in their own learning experiences.

Important Points 

Here, the teacher is using multiple experiences while teaching the concept 'Similarity', she is taking care of the needs of all the learners as every learner has a different learning style.

Key Points Benefits of Activity-based Learning-

• In class, mathematics is not taught as a separate subject, it is taught in an integrated manner with other subjects like language.
• The students in primary classes should be taught through various activities and hands-on experiences.
• The teacher teaches their students according to their needs and interest. Teaching should be child-centered.
• The teaching should be connected with real life. The teachers should take examples from the daily life of students so that they feel connected and interested.
• The teacher should use teaching aids from their real environment, nothing is better than this.
• Example: Teachers should use pebbles to teach their students how to add and subtract.

Therefore, Ms. Kamala, while introducing the concept of "Similarity" has provided different experiences to her students such as models of different shapes, pictures of shapes projected via computer, discussion in groups, etc. The intention of Ms. Kamala in providing multiple experiences to the learners is to cater to the needs of all learners.

Given:

The objects are Notebook, Table, and Blackboard.

They are observing the corners of these objects.

Calculation:

According to the question, class 5 students are observing the corners of the Notebook, Table, and Blackboard.

As we know that every object is rectangular in shape and

the rectangular shape has the right angle.

In conclusion, we can say that the teacher is discussing the

right angle with the students.

Hence, option 4 is correct.

Given:

Total cows = 8

Milk gives by one cow everyday = 2 litre

Price of milk = Rs 15.00/litre

Calculation:

Total cows = 8

Milk gives by one cow everyday = 2 litre

Total milk everyday = 8 × 2 = 16 litre

There are 30 days in the month of June.

Hence, the total milk he can sell in the month of June

= 16 × 30 = 480 litre

Price of milk = Rs 15.00/litre

Therefore total sale amount = 480 × 15 = Rs 7200

∴ He should earn Rs 7200 in the month of June.

Mathematics is a science that deals with logical reasoning quantitative ,calculation ,practices of counting describing shapes, abstraction of subject matter,etc.Mathematics play a vital role in daily life.

Key Points

National Curriculum Framework, 2005-

• The main goal  is to mathematize the child's mind.
• It focuses on conceptual understanding of any topic. It discourages the rote memorization.
• Mathematics increases the logical thinking.
• The students should be taught in a way so that they will think mathematically and use their logical thinking in their daily life.
• The teaching learning process should not focus on robotic learning of steps of solving any question.
• The questions which only checks  the procedural learning, rote memorization ,drill does not initiates the mathematical thinking of students.
• Mathematics needs to be integrated with a child's experiences inside and outside the classroom.
• Mathematics needs to be integrated with other subjects like Environmental Science and Language.
• Mathematics is the real life subject. It plays a crucial role in daily life experiences.

Thus, National Curriculum Framework, 2005 recommends that teaching-learning of mathematics in primary classes needs to follow an integrated approach which implies that mathematics needs to be integrated with a child's experiences inside and outside the classroom and mathematics needs to be integrated with other subjects like Environmental Science and Language.

Given:

In the question, the number is the six-digit number.

The digit of thousands place is 4.

Calculation:

Given that, the digit of thousands place is 4.

Since digit at ten's place is double that of the digit at thousand's place.

⇒ The digit at ten's place = 2 × 4 = 8

The digit at hundred's place is half of the digit at thousand’s place.

⇒ The digit at hundred's place = 4/2 = 2

The digit at the unit's place is half of the digit at the hundred's place.

⇒ The digit at the unit's place = 2/2 = 1

The digit at Ten thousand's place is the sum of the digits at thousands

and hundred's place.

⇒ The digit at Ten thousand's place = 4 + 2 = 6

The digit at lakh's place is half the digit at ten thousand's place.

⇒ The digit at lakh's place = 6/2 = 3

If we arrange the number, the number will be = 364281

∴ The number will be 364281.

Pre-number concept: These are defined as math skills that are learned by pre-nursery or kindergarten kids to make them understand the different variations in shapes, sizes, colors, etc. These concepts can be developed in children during the preschool years. i.e. before attaining 7 years of age(before the concrete operation stage).

Important PointsStages of Pre-number concepts include:

• Classification: Children need to look at the characteristics of different items and find characteristics that are the same and classify them accordingly.
• One to one correspondence:- The ability to count one object while saying one number is known as one-to-one correspondence. If you are counting items, for example, you can point to the first one and say '1' then, ;to the second and say '2', and so on.
• Patterns:- It refers to the understanding of the repeated arrangement of numbers, shapes, and designs and making a generalisation based on some rules and structure.
• Matching:  Matching forms the basis for our number system.
• Comparing: Children look at items and compare by understanding differences like big/little, hot/cold, smooth/rough, tall/short, and heavy/light.

Thus, it is concluded that Classification, patterning and one-to-one correspondence are part of pre-number concepts in young children.

Cyclic assessments are part of a periodic process of self-examination based on information from different sources, including ongoing monitoring findings.

 Key Points

Here, Ismail a teacher always carries out some activity before proceeding to the next concept, he is following a cyclic model of assessment.

• The cyclic model is responsive to needs, which are ongoing, necessitating constant updating of the curriculum process.
• They are flexible. It helps in improving the learning environment for the students.
• These models view elements of the curriculum as interrelated and interdependent.
• They accept a degree of interaction between the various curriculum elements.

Hence, As a mathematics teacher, Ismail is following a cyclic model of assessment which includes gathering information through assessment to improve the learning environment for students.

Given:

The sequence is 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, _____?

Calculation:

From the sequence, we get every term is the sum of their two previous terms.

0 + 1 = 1

1 + 1 = 2

1 + 2 = 3

2 + 3 = 5

3 + 5 = 8

5 + 8 = 13

8 + 13 = 21

13 + 21 = 34

The next term will be = (21 + 34) = 55

∴ The next term of the sequence will be 55.

Zoltan Paul Dienes is one of the earliest representatives of both the embodied conception of learning and teaching mathematics. Zoltan Dienes, Hungarian mathematician, and education psychologist believed that mathematical structures could be effectively taught to primary-aged children through the use of manipulative, games and stories.

Key PointsZoltan's theory has four principles that he believes apply to learning mathematics.

• Dynamic Principle – Learning is an active process that requires opportunities to be provided for students to interact. He states that to be able to understand a concept, there are three essential steps – the play stage, the structure stage, and finally the practice stage.
• The final Perceptual principle: It states that different kinds of teaching materials should be used to teach the same concept or idea.
• The Mathematical Variability principle:  It states that when knowledge is imparted, all other irrelevant facts should be systematically varied whilst keeping the relevant variables the same. For example, in teaching the definition of what a triangle is, the teacher should change the size, the angles, and the orientation of the triangle so that the students understand that it is three sides and three angles that define a triangle.
• Constructivity principle – Students need to construct their knowledge before analytical activity.

Thus, the correct sequence of Zoltan's theory is Perceptual Variability Principle, Mathematical Variability Principle, and Constructivity Principle.

Mathematics is a science that deals with logical reasoning, quantitative calculation, practices of counting describing shapes, abstraction of subject matter, etc. Mathematics plays a vital role in daily life.

Key Points

Here, the teacher is teaching numbers 0 to 9, she can use various strategies:

• The teacher can use different objects printing numbers 0 to 9 and ask the students to count.
• The teacher can bring various objects and tell the student number and ask the student to pick the number of objects.
• The teacher gives the number to the student and asks them to pick their real objects. For example:- The teacher says 1, the student can pick any object which they are having.

Thus, it is concluded that  Give different objects and use one-to-one correspondence and ask students to count and  Give a number and ask students to collect the objects associated with the number are appropriate for the teaching of numbers from 1 to 9.

Mathematics is a science that deals with logical reasoning, quantitative calculation, practices of counting describing shapes, abstraction of subject matter, etc. Mathematics plays a vital role in daily life.

Important Points 

• Games can allow children to operate at different levels of thinking.
• Mathematical games and puzzles help in making connections between mathematics and everyday thinking and develop mathematical thinking and problem-solving skills in children.
• The games help in conceptual understanding. In a group of children playing a game, one child might be encountering a concept for the first time, another may be developing his/her understanding of the concept, and a third consolidates previously learned concepts. So they are building their conceptual understanding.
• The students should be taught in a way so that they will think mathematically and use their logical thinking in their daily life.

Key Points

• The main goal of NCF 2005 is to mathematize the child's mind.
• The NCF focuses on conceptual understanding of any topic. It discourages rote memorization.
• Mathematics increases logical thinking.
• The teaching-learning process should not focus on robotic learning of steps of solving any question.
• The questions which only check procedural learning, rote memorization, and drill do not initiate the mathematical thinking of students.

Hence it is concluded that games and puzzles are effective strategies in teaching mathematics since they help to enhance conceptual understanding.

Place value plays a  crucial in the identification and computation of problems in mathematics. Children must understand what each digit represents and how to use this knowledge when solving problems.

 Key Points

Here, a student has done the addition sum wrong as he is unaware of the place value system and regrouping addition.

• The mistakes children make when learning place value generally are of two types: errors and misconceptions. Errors are mistakes made due to lack of attention, working too fast, missing an important part of a problem, or overtaxed memory. With these types of errors, students can usually identify their mistakes and correct them.
• Here, the teacher facilitates the child in conceptualizing the addition through regrouping with a focus on the place value system.
• The teacher helps the students in solving the addition sums by the concept of place value.
• It is important to help children connect the concept of place value to the real world. Often, children do not see how mathematical concepts apply to their individual lives. Teachers can resolve this by giving real-world examples when teaching place value. Manipulative and coins are useful for achieving this connection.

Thus,  in this case, a teacher should facilitate the child in conceptualizing the addition through regrouping with a focus on the place value system

Given:

Length of the wire (L) = 86 cm

The largest side of the first rectangle (l₁) = 26 cm

The largest side of the second rectangle (l₂) = 31 cm

Formula used:

The perimeter of a rectangle (L) = 2 (l + b)

where l = length of the largest side; b = breadth

Calculation:

Length of the wire (L) = 86 cm

The largest side of the first rectangle (l1) = 26 cm

Let, the breadth (smallest side) of the first rectangle = b₁

Therefore, 86 = 2 (26 + b1)

⇒ 26 + b1 = 86/2 = 43

⇒ b₁ = 43 - 26 = 17

The breadth (smallest side) of the first rectangle = 17 cm

Hence, largest side of the second rectangle (l₂) = 31 cm

Let, the breadth (smallest side) of the second rectangle = b₂

Therefore, 86 = 2 (31 + b₂)

⇒ 31 + b₂ = 86/2 = 43

⇒ b₂ = 43 - 31 = 12

⇒ The breadth (smallest side) of the second rectangle = 12 cm

The difference between the breadths (smallest side) of both the

rectangles = (17 - 12) = 5 cm

∴ The difference between the breadths (smallest side) of both the rectangles is 5 cm.

Given:

The following fractional numbers: 7/9, 13/16, 2/3, 21/25, 17/21

Formula used:

The median formula of a given set of numbers, say having 'n' odd number of observations, can be expressed as:

Median = [(n + 1)/2]^th term

The median formula of a given set of numbers say having 'n' even number of observations, can be expressed as:

Median = [(n/2)^th term + ((n/2) + 1)^th term]/2

Calculation:

7/9 = 0.77

13/16 = 0.81

2/3 = 0.66

21/25 = 0.84

17/21 = 0.80

Let,s arrange the series from smaller to greater numbers,

2/3, 7/9, 17/21, 13/16, 21/25

Here, n = 5 (odd)

Therefore, the middle term is 17/21.

∴​ The median of the following fractional numbers is 17/21

Textbooks have an important role in mathematics education because of their close relation to classroom instruction. They identify the topics and order them in a way students should explore them. They also attempt to specify how classroom lessons can be structured with suitable exercises and activities.

Key Points

 The following are the qualities of a good math textbook:

• It should be by the aims and objectives of the teaching-learning process.
• Concepts should be presented from simple to complex.
• It should be well illustrated and there should be a diagram and figures wherever needed.
• The content should be up-to-date.
• Concepts should be presented in a hierarchical manner.
• The problems should relate to real-life needs.
• The concept should be presented in contextual form wherever possible.
• Concepts should be linked to higher classes.
• It should promote a logical and psychological arrangement of contents.
• It should be done by promoting project works, field works and laboratory works.

Thus, it is concluded that concepts that should be presented from complex to simple should not be a feature of Mathematics textbooks at the primary level.

Additional Information

• It should promote the use of analytic, synthetic, inductive-deductive, problem-solving, and heuristic approaches to teaching.
• A good mathematics textbook at the primary level should relate Mathematical concepts to the everyday life of the child.
• It should provide sufficient materials to motivate the students to solve problems in the classroom as well as in daily life.

Given:

The series: 2, 0, 4, 2, 6, 6, _,12, 10, _

Calculation:

There is a relation between alternate numbers in this series.

2 + 2 = 4 and 4 + 2 = 6

Therefore, the first missing term will be = 6 + 2 = 8

Also, 0 + 2 = 2

2 + 4 = 6

6 + 6 = 12

The second missing term will be 12 + 8 = 20

∴ The two missing terms are 8 and 20.

Given:

Total cubes = 4000

Dimension of a cube = 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm

Dimension of box A = 20 cm × 10 cm × 6 cm

Dimension of box B = 15 cm × 9 cm × 10 cm

Dimension of box C = 11 cm × 11 cm × 10 cm

Dimension of box D = 6 cm × 4 cm × 10 cm

Formula used:

The volume of the cube = length × breadth × height

Calculation:

Dimension of a cube = 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm

Volume of each cube = 1 cm³

Dimension of box A = 20 cm × 10 cm × 6 cm

Volume of box A = 1200 cm³

Dimension of box B = 15 cm × 9 cm × 10 cm

Volume of box B = 1350 cm³

Dimension of box C = 11 cm × 11 cm × 10 cm

Volume of box C = 1210 cm³

Dimension of box D = 6 cm × 4 cm × 10 cm

Volume of box D = 240 cm³

∴ 1200, 1350, 1210, and 240-centimeter cubes can be arranged in boxes A, B, C, and D respectively. Hence, option 1 is correct.

A good mathematics teacher should have the ability to think logically, speaks clearly, have presentation skills, understanding, knowledge, patience, and have a scientific attitude.

Key PointsActivities-based learning is the process of doing by own hands practically. It encourages the students to participate in their own learning experiences.

Here, the teacher is doing an activity to mark some points on a sheet of paper. Through this activity,

• The teacher is teaching inside and outside concepts as they are putting points inside and outside of the rectangle through this they can learn comparison of numbers by inside and outside points of the rectangle.
• Spatial understanding:- The person with spatial reasoning can easily visualize or imagine the shapes in two or three dimensions by modifying the surrounding based on their perception, and recreating aspects of their visual experience.

Thus, it is concluded that she cannot teach the area of rectangle through this activity.

Hint Area of a rectangle cant be calculated with the help of a number of points situated inside or outside of the rectangle as there are uncountable numbers of points in a plane that have no roles in determining the area of a 2D figure.​

Given:

The capacity of water tank = 500 litre

The capacity of a pot = 250 ml

Formula used:

1 litre = 1000 ml

Calculation:

The capacity of water tank = 500 litre

= 500 × 1000 = 500000 ml

Capacity of a pot = 250 ml

Required pots = 500000/250 = 2000

∴ Maximum 2000 pots can be filled from the water tank.

Mathematics is a science that deals with logical reasoning, quantitative calculation, practices of counting describing shapes, abstraction of subject matter, etc. Mathematics plays a vital role in daily life.

Key Points

• Mathematics is a real-life subject. It plays a crucial role in daily life experiences.
• According to NCF 2005, the teacher should connect the teaching-learning process with real life.
• Word problems are often seen as a way to bridge the divide between real life and the mathematics classroom.
• The students should be taught in a way so that they will think mathematically and use their logical thinking in their daily life.
• The teaching should be connected with real life. The teachers should take examples from the daily life of students so that they feel connected and interested.
• The teacher should use teaching aids from their real environment, nothing is better than this.
• It is therefore very important that students are exposed not only to solving word problems but also to constructing them themselves.

Therefore, we can conclude that the purpose of word problems in the mathematics curriculum is to make mathematics more linked to the world outside the school.

Mathematics is not just the study of numbers and statistical data but also studies the different types of shapes, figures, and patterns.

• Van Heile's theory provides insight to the teacher about how students learn geometry at different levels.
• It helps in describing how the students learn at each level and pass to another level and shapes their learning of geometry at each level of learning.

Key Points Van Hiele levels are described below:

• Level 0: Visualization-The students can recognize shapes by their whole appearance that should just be like the exact shape. They can also compare the figures with their prototypes (exemplars) or everyday things but can not identify the properties of geometric figures. For example, they can compare the shape of a circle with bangles, coins, wheels, etc. but are unable to identify and describe the properties of a circle.
• **Level 1: Analysis -**They will learn the functions and parts of a figure. They can describe the properties of a figure and recognize the figures with the same properties. For example, they can identify the shapes and describe their properties such as a circle is a closed rounded figure with no corners.

It belongs to the upper level of elementary level classes.

• Level 2: Abstraction or informal deduction -The students will be able to understand the relationships between the properties of a figure. They can take part in informal deductive discussions and can discuss the different characteristics of figures*.* For example, the opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. The opposite sides of a square and rectangle are also parallel which means the square and rectangle are also a parallelogram.

It generally belongs to the upper elementary classes.

• **Level 3: Deduction or formal deduction -At this level, the students become aware of the more complex geometrical concepts. They can prove an abstract statement on geometric properties to conclude. For example, they can prove that the square is a rectangle but a rectangle can not be a square.

It belongs to the higher level of classes where students usually combine a certain set of elements to prove any theorem to draw conclusions or do the evaluation.

• **Level 4:Rigor -The last level of geometrical learning belongs to the senior secondary and university-level classes. The students are able to compare different geometrical results. For example, the sum of all three angles of a triangle is 180 degrees and is compared to the other properties or other results (to find exterior or interior angles of a triangle) related to the triangle to solve geometrical problems.

Hence, it is concluded that The above activity is appropriate for assessing the Visualization according to Van-Hiele.

Mathematics is a science that deals with logical reasoning, quantitative calculation, practices of counting describing shapes, abstraction of subject matter, etc. Mathematics plays a vital role in daily life.

Important Points In this question, both the students have solved the problems according to their understanding of algorithms which is correct, so the teacher assigns full marks to both the students.

Key Points

• There is not a fixed pattern or method to solve a problem in mathematics. This enhances divergent thinking.
• The NCF focuses on conceptual understanding of any topic. It discourages rote memorization.
• Mathematics increases logical thinking.
• The students should be taught in a way so that they will think mathematically and use their logical thinking in their daily life.
• The teaching-learning process should not focus on robotic learning of steps of solving any question.
• The questions which only check the procedural learning, rote memorization, and drill do not initiate the mathematical thinking of students.
• Another aim is to develop numeracy skills in the students.

Thus, we can conclude that  Teacher gives full marks to both the students as they have attempted the question using their own algorithms. Both formal and informal algorithms are integral to solving problems in mathematics.

Concept:

• There are 4 major directions and they are North, South, East and West.
• There are 4 more intermediate directions i.e. North-East, North-West, South-East and South-West.
• The image below shows the direction :

Explanation:

The solution is solved by using the Pythagoras theorem, as the distance between the house and school is calculated as the hypotenuse. 

• Pythagoras' theorem states that, in a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides.

c² = a² + b² 

c² = 3² + 4² 

c² = 9 + 16 = 25 

c = 5 Km. 

The direction is shown in the figure as South-west. The correct answer is 5 Km South-West.

Concept:

• Different regions have different food.
• Depending on what grows easily at which place, different things are eaten at places.

Explanation:

• Goa is situated on the west coast of India. Due to the high yield of coconut oil and fish, fish cooked in coconut oil is popular in Goa.
• Jammu and Kashmir is a state located in North India. Jammu and Kashmir's climate is cold. Mustard oil has healing properties, Fish cooked in mustard oil is popular in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Hong Kong cuisine is inspired primarily by Cantonese cuisine. Most of the dishes in Cantonese cuisine is based on Snake.  Cooked snake and snake soup are popular in Hong Kong.
• Boiled tapioca with any curry is very popular in Kerala.

So the correct match is A-IV, B - V, C - III, D - II

Important Points

• Chholay Bhature is popular in North Indian states like Delhi, Haryana, etc.

Additional Information

Food in different places: 

Concept:

• Humans carry seeds from one place to another, knowingly or unknowingly.
• People bring the seeds of plants that they find beautiful or useful, to grow in the garden.
• Later the seeds of these plants spread to other places.
• Many years later people may not even remember that these plants did not grow there earlier.

Explanation:

Chillies:

• Chillies are native to South America.
• People have been cultivating and trading them for at least 6,000 years.
• Chillies were brought from South America to India by the Portuguese through their trading colony of Goa.
• Chillies belong to the genus Capsicum, a member of the nightshade family that includes tomatoes, potatoes and eggplants.

Thus, Chillies were brought to our country by the traders who came from South America.

Additional Information

Vegetables and their country of origin:

Explanation:

• Gujarat lies in the western part of India.
• It is surrounded by Pakistan in the northwest.
• In the south, it is surrounded by the Arabian Sea.
• It is landlocked by the three Indian states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Thus, the neighbouring states of Gujarat are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

The Correct Answer is: owl 

Concept:

Monocular vision:​

• Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field.
• It is useful for detecting prey.
• Such birds can focus on two different things at a time.
• When its eyes focus on two different things, it increases its range of vision.
• They don't have to move their heads to see around.
• They can see four times as far as we can.
• Example: Kites, Eagles, Vultures.

​​Binocular vision

• While those with eyes on the front of their heads have binocular vision.
• Such birds can estimate distances when hunting.
• When a bird focuses both eyes on an object, it can estimate the distance.
• They have to move their heads to see around.
• The binocular vision of birds makes them see distinctly.
• Example: Owl, Crows, Doves, Peacock, Nightingales, Parrots, Pigeons, etc.

Key Points

Owl:

• An owl is a nocturnal bird, which means it sleeps during the day and is awake at night.
• They have eyes on the front of their head.
• Owls are carnivores.
• They eat rodents, small and medium-sized mammals, insects, fish, and other birds.
• Owls can rotate their neck back up to 270 degrees.

​Thus, an owl has eyes in front of its head like humans.

​

The Correct Answer is: Eagles, Kites, Vultures

Concept:

• Different birds have different types of vision.
• The type of vision they have depends on their source of food.

Key Points

Monocular vision:

• Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field.
• It is useful for detecting prey.
• Such birds can focus on two different things at a time.
• When they look straight ahead, both their eyes focus on the same object.
• They don't have to move their heads to see around.
• They can see four times as far as we can.
• Example: Kites, Eagles, Vultures.

Binocular vision:

• While those with eyes on the front of their heads have binocular vision.
• Such birds can estimate distances when hunting.
• They have to move their heads to see around.
• The binocular vision of birds makes them see distinctly.
• Example: Owl, Crows, Doves, Peacock, Nightingales, Parrots, Pigeons etc.

Thus, Kites, Eagles and Vultures can see four times as far as we can see.

Explanation:

A tsunami is a series of waves caused by earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions. 

Key Points

Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004:

• The Indian Ocean tsunami hit the coasts of several countries of South and Southeast Asia in December 2004.
• The tsunami and its aftermath were responsible for immense destruction and loss on the rim of the Indian Ocean.
• On December 26, 2004, at 7:59 AM local time, an undersea earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1 struck off the coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
• Over the next seven hours, a tsunami, a series of immense ocean waves, triggered by the quake reached out across the Indian Ocean, devastating coastal areas as far away as East Africa.
• Some locations reported that the waves had reached a height of 30 feet (9 metres) or more when they hit the shoreline.
• The tsunami killed at least 225,000 people across a dozen countries, with Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, and Thailand sustaining massive damage.
• Indonesian officials estimated that the death toll there alone ultimately exceeded 200,000, particularly in northern Sumatra’s Aceh province.
• Tens of thousands were reported dead or missing in Sri Lanka and India, a large number of them from the Indian Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory.
• The low-lying island country of Maldives reported more than a hundred casualties and immense economic damage.
• Several thousand non-Asian tourists vacationing in the region also were reported dead or missing.
• The lack of food, clean water, and medical treatment combined with the enormous task faced by relief workers trying to get supplies into some remote areas where roads had been destroyed or where civil war raged extended the list of casualties.
• Long-term environmental damage was severe as well, with villages, tourist resorts, farmland, and fishing grounds demolished or inundated with debris, bodies, and plant-killing saltwater.

Thus, the Andaman Islands were hit by a tsunami in the year 2004

The Correct Answer is: Only B

Key Points

About Sloth:

• Sloths sleep for almost 17 hours per day.
• That leaves only nine hours to lumber through the trees.
• They maintain a low body temperature of about 86°F to 93°F.
• They move in and out of the shade to regulate their body temperature.
• The sloth eats the leaves of the same tree on which it lives.
• It hardly needs anything else.
• When it has eaten enough leaves from that tree, it moves to the nearby tree.
• Sloths live for about 40 years.
• During that time they move around only eight trees.
• Once a week it comes down from the tree to relieve itself.

Thus,

(A) A sloth spends almost 20 hours a day sleeping while hanging upside down on a tree branch - Incorrect

(B) A sloth eats the leaves of the same tree on which it lives. It hardly needs anything else - Correct

(C) Sloths life is about 20 years and in that time it moves around only two trees - Incorrect

Concept:

• Speed: The distance travelled by the body in unit time.
• \(Speed = \frac{{Distance}}{{Time}}\)
• Also, \(Time= \frac{{Distance}}{{Speed}}\)
• Average Speed: Since the body does not always have the same speed, So we use the concept of average speed. It is the ratio of total distance covered to total time taken by the body.
• \(Average;Speed = \frac{{Total;Distance}}{{Total;Time}}\)

Conversion of units of speed:

• From km/hr to m/s = multiply by 5/18
• From m/s to km/hr = multiply by 18/5

Calculation:

The person was on the train for 2 days.

Total Distance covered = 2592 Km

Time taken = 24 hrs + 24 hrs = 48 hrs

Average Speed = distance/ time = (2592/48) = 54km/h

Since the options are in m/s so,

54 × (5/18) = 15 m/s

Thus, average speed of the train is 15 m/s. 

Mistake PointsDo not confuse with units Km/hr and m/s

Conversion of units of speed:

• From km/hr to m/s = multiply by 5/18
• From m/s to km/hr = multiply by 18/5

Concept:

• Every region has a different house.
• The type of house depends on the climatic conditions in the region.
• Houses are built specially to suit the needs of the people.

Explanation:

Houses in Assam:

• It rains heavily in Assam.
• The houses are made almost 10 to 12 feet (3 to 3-5 metres) above the ground.
• This avoids flooding the house during rain.
• They are made on strong bamboo pillars.
• The insides of the houses are also made of wood.

​Thus, the kind of houses should the villagers/people living in the regions with heavy rains are houses on stilts (Bamboo pillars) with sloping roofs.

Additional Information

Description of houses of different places:

The Correct answer is:  Meghalaya 

Concept:

• Carnivorous plants obtain the essential nutrients from the heterotrophs.
• These plants trap insects and obtain the nutrients which they do not get from the soil.
• They are not called heterotrophs or consumers, because they only derive nutrients from insects.
• These plants get energy from the process of photosynthesis.
• Hence they are both producers and carnivores.

Key Points

Nepenthes is a plant that:

• It can trap and eat frogs, insects and even mice.
• It is found in Australia, Indonesia and Meghalaya in India.
• It has a pitcher-like shape and the mouth is covered by a leaf.
• It has a special smell that attracts insects to it, which get trapped and can't get out.

Thus, the correct answer is Meghalaya.

Additional Information

Concept :

Disease: 

• A disease is a condition that negatively affects the normal functioning of the cells, tissues, and organs.
• It can be caused by germs, lack of a healthy diet, or may even be genetic.

Deficiency disease: 

A disease that is caused by the lack of essential nutrients or dietary elements such as vitamins and minerals in the human body.

Anaemia:

• Anaemia is a condition where the level of haemoglobin in an individual drops down to less than the 5^th percentile of the age. The individual in this case lacks healthy red blood cells to carry out the adequate oxygen in our body.
• Anaemia disease is a result of a deficiency of Iron.
• In the blood of the patient suffering from anaemia, the haemoglobin level goes down to a below-average level.
• The anaemic patient always feels weak and tired.

Explanation:

• The clinic pathology report is a medical report that consists of certain analysis done in the lab about the body organ, blood, or tissue stability report. The specimen is analyzed by a specialist who performs the procedure (medical provider) and writes a report for the same (pathologist).
• Normal haemoglobin concentration of male children (11-18 years old) is  12.7 - 17.7g/dL and in females its 12 - 15 g/dL**.**​

Key Points

We know that,

• Male child (11-18 years old) - 12.7 - 17.7g/dL.
• Female child (11-18 years old) - 12 - 15 g/dL. ​

So, it can be observed from the above data that both Aarti and Naman are below the normal haemoglobin level and thus they both are anaemic.

Explanation:

Al-Biruni:

• Al-Biruni was born in 973, in Khwarizm in present-day Uzbekistan.
• Al-Biruni carefully observed and noted down the details of all that he saw in numerous books.
• He wrote especially about those things that he found very different from his own country, like architecture and peoples lifestyles.
• Al-Biruni carefully observed and noted down the details of all that he saw.
• He wrote especially about those things that he found very different from his own country.
• He wrote about the ponds of that time.
• He wrote that the people here were very skilled at making ponds.
• He used to write descriptions about how ponds were made by piling up huge rocks and joining them with iron rods to build chabutaras (raised platforms) all around the lake.
• Today when we study history, we can learn a lot about those days from the writings of Al-Biruni.
• In 1973, one thousand years after his birth a stamp was released by the government.

​Thus,

(A) Al-Biruni visited India more than a thousand years ago. - True

(B) He wrote about those things of our country that he found very different from the things in his own country, especially the ponds for strong water. - True

(C) We can learn a lot about our history from his writings. - True

​Concept:

• Various diseases are caused by animals or are transmitted by them to humans.

Explanation:

About Dr Ronald Ross:

• Sir Ronald Ross (13 May 1857–16 September 1932) was a British medical doctor.
• He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902.
• His work on the transmission of malaria made him become the first British Nobel laureate born outside Europe.
• He discovered the malarial parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of a mosquito in 1897.
• He proved that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes.
• He further laid the foundation for the method of combating the disease.

Important Points

About Malaria:

• Malaria spreads only by the disease-carrying mosquitoes.
• The vector of malaria is the female anopheles mosquito.
• Malaria spreads only when a female mosquito that has bitten a malaria patient bites another person.
• A blood test is done to check if a person has malaria or not.
• People with malaria get a fever with chills, sweating, headache, nausea and rigours.
• Malaria is caused by protozoan Plasmodium.
• In early times, the dried and powdered bark of the Cinchona tree was used to make medicine for malaria.
• Earlier people used to boil the bark powder and strain the water which was given to patients.
• Now tablets are made from this in the form of quinine, chloroquine is given to patients.

​Thus, Dr Ronald Ross discovered the parasite of Malaria and got a Nobel prize for this.

Additional Information

Dr Beaumont:

• William Beaumont (November 21, 1785 – April 25, 1853) was a surgeon in the U.S. Army.
• He became known as the "Father of Gastric Physiology" following his research on human digestion.
• In 1822, an employee of the American Fur Company named Alexis St. Martin was accidentally shot.
• Dr Beaumont treated his wound but expected St. Martin to die from his injuries.
• Despite this dire prediction, St. Martin survived but with a hole in his stomach that never fully healed.
• He was hired as a handyman by Dr Beaumont to observe digestive processes.

About Gregor Mendel:

• Gregor Mendel, a 19^th-century Augustinian monk.
• He was born in a poor farmer’s family in Austria in 1822.
• He is called the father of modern genetics.
• He found that the pea plant has some traits which come in pairs (called an allele).
• Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the fundamental laws of heredity.
• It is now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.

Formative assessment refers to a range of approaches used by teachers to assess students' comprehension, learning needs, and academic progress during a lesson, unit, or throughout the course.

Key Points

• Assessment for learning- it is the process of finding and understanding the evidence for learners and teachers to utilize in determining where children are in their learning process, where they need to go, and how to get there. This is also known as formative assessment.
• Assessment as learning- It is the use of an activity or a task that helps children to use assessment to improve their own learning. It helps children to reflect on their own learning and make adjustments so that they achieve a deeper understanding of the concepts.

Hence, we conclude that formative assessment for EVS is both, assessment for learning and assessment as learning.

Additional InformationAssessment of learning- It occurs when the teacher uses evidence of students' learning for making judgments on their achievement against goals and standards. It is also known as a summative assessment.

Teaching strategy- It is a method adopted by the teacher to assist the children throughout the learning process.

Key PointsField-trip or excursion- It is a visit to a location outside the classroom where students can try new things, have new experiences, and obtain first-hand observation.

• Importance of field trip
• ​To provide hands-on experience.
• To develop observation and perception skills.
• To promote personal and social development.
• To increase interest and motivation towards the subject.

Hence, we conclude that the most suitable strategy for teaching the process of sericulture is visiting a sericulture unit.

Whereas discussion, lecture, and documentary presentation will not help children in connecting the classroom to the real-world situation.

Additional Information

• Sericulture is the production of raw silk by raising silkworms.

Assessment tools are the techniques for determining a student's academic capabilities, fluency, and skills in a particular subject area, as well as their progress towards academic proficiency in that subject area.

Key PointsFormative assessment refers to the assessment for monitoring the student's progress throughout the learning and teaching process. 

• It mainly focuses on finding and diagnosing students' needs rather than grading and ranking them.
• Assignments, projects, portfolios, anecdotal records, rating scales, quizzes, etc. are the appropriate tools for formative assessment.
• Anecdotal records- An anecdotal record is a thorough descriptive narrative that is recorded after a specific behavior or interaction of children.
• It helps the teacher in planning learning activities, providing information to families, and recognizing learning gaps.
• They are used to keep track of specific observations of students' actions, skills, and attitudes.

Hence, we conclude that anecdotal records can be used for formative assessment in EVS.

Additional Information

• Observation means seeing things with a purpose. It is a valuable assessment tool in EVS as it provides information about students' attitudes and values.
• Self-assessment- It is the process of examining oneself in order to evaluate important aspects of one's identity.
• Peer assessment- It is the process in which learners rate their peers.

Assessment tools and techniques for determining the student's academic capabilities, fluency, and skills in a particular subject area, as well as their progress towards academic proficiency in that subject area. It includes quizzes, portfolios, observations, rating scales, anecdotal records, etc.

Key PointsAnecdotal records- It is a thorough descriptive narrative that is recorded after a specific behavior or interaction of children.

• It helps the teacher in planning learning activities, providing information to families, and recognizing the learning gaps of children.
• It is used to keep track of specific observations of students' actions, skills, and attitudes.

Hence, we conclude that their behavior of Shyam will be recorded in the anecdotal records.

Additional Information

• Rating scale- It is used for measuring the attitude of students in any situation.
• Observation- It means watching purposefully. It is important for understanding the student's behavior and needs.
• Portfolio- It is a systematically arranged compilation of students' work in a specific period of time.

At the primary level, EVS is an integrated subject area that incorporates knowledge from the sciences (physical, chemical, and biological), social studies (history, geography political science, and so on), and environmental education (protection and conservation).

Key Points

• There are no prescribed textbooks for classes I and II because environmental studies are not taught at very primary level (classes 1 and 2) as a distinct subject but the concepts which are important to know at that stage of life are taught through language and mathematics.
• As children see the world holistically rather than dividing it into distinct subject areas, it is important to provide learning experiences that blur the lines between subject areas. This not only helps to lighten the curriculum load but also helps children to learn more effectively.

Hence, we conclude that there are no textbooks of EVS for classes because environmental components have been integrated with language and mathematics.

A structured plan of educational experiences and activities delivered to a learner under the supervision of an educational institution is known as a curriculum. In schools, it is more structured, whereas in higher education it is more flexible.

Key Points

• Curriculum construction is a specialized field of work that requires a teacher to have a thorough understanding of the underlying concept of curriculum as well as the ability to systematically design learning experiences to fulfill society's socially desirable goals.
• A teacher should construct a curriculum as it helps in suggesting suitable learning strategies, teaching methods, and instructional materials.
• It helps in providing the proper implementation of the curriculum on the part of teachers and learners.

Hence, we conclude that an EVS teacher must construct a curriculum.

EVS at the primary level is not a single subject area. It is visualized as a composite study area that draws learning experiences from physical, biological, chemical social, cultural, and other dimensions of study. 

Key Points

• The thematic approach in EVS- The contents of the EVS syllabus are organized around curricular themes like food, shelter, water, travel, etc.
• The intention behind this thematic organization is to correlate two or more disciplines of study or school subjects.
• It will help children develop an interrelated and connected understanding of the subject studied rather than a fragmented view of it.
• By establishing such connections and relationships through immediate experiences, children develop abilities to comprehend more abstract concepts and relationships in the environmental realm at a higher level of education.
• The thematic approach encourages students to participate in the topics relevant to them. Children will be able to relate to real-life experiences and build an existing understanding of the subject.

Hence, we conclude that the thematic approach has been adapted instead of topics because it enables a connected and interrelated understanding, easier teaching and understanding, and helps students to learn from experiences.

Environmental studies aid children in comprehending how things work and interact in their environment. At the primary level, it is an integrated subject area that incorporates knowledge from science, social studies, and environmental education.

Its aim is to help children acquire a holistic or integrated view of the environment in which they live.

Key Points

 Nature of environmental studies:

• A noun is a word whose meaning defines what is true. Nouns give names to everything: person, object, sensations, sentiments, and so on.
• Verbs are action words or state-of-being words.
• The nature of EVS is more a verb than a noun.
• Environmental study is an interdisciplinary academic discipline that investigates how humans interact with the environment in order to solve complicated problems.

Hence, we conclude that the nature of environmental studies is more a  verb than a noun.

A leader can be defined as someone who can guide students through the learning process in such a way that they can grasp and apply the knowledge they have gained with the help of a teacher.

Key PointsChild-centered learning- It refers to the instructional strategy that shifts the focus of instruction from the teacher to the student.

• In a classroom, the students should be able to participate in decision-making individually and collectively.
• Involving children in decision-making in classrooms will help give children the opportunity to think and make the decision about the issues, learn new skills and have fun in developing a closer connection to their community.
• It can motivate children to think through their choices and understand the important things to consider when making decisions.

Hence, we conclude that the teacher should form small groups and ask them to select leaders.

Teaching methods are the methods adopted by the teacher to assess the children throughout the learning process.

Key PointsPlays improve both verbal and non-verbal communication. It enhances vocal projection, word articulation, linguistic fluency, and persuasive communication. Playing drama, being an audience rehearsing, and performing helps to enhance listening and observation abilities.

• It builds confidence and gently builds up the self-esteem of the children by being an active part of the activity.
• While organizing a play in the classroom, the teacher should ask the students to write the play and enact it as it will help them think on their feet and generate new ideas.
• It will help them in sparking their interest in the world in which they live and making them more inquisitive.
• Plays can help create strong bonds between children as they laugh, learn and grow together.

Hence, we conclude that the teachers should ask children to write the play and enact it.

Gender issues have arisen due to the historical, cultural, and social domination of males over females. The gender-related issues must be understood in detail in the classrooms for minimizing the bias toward males in society.

Key Points Gender roles are based on norms or standards created by society. Masculine roles are usually associated with strength, duration, and dominance while feminine roles are associated with passivity, nurturing, and subordination.

• Gender roles in family- All of our interactions, especially in our families are shaped by gender roles. Gender roles have an impact on how partners handle household responsibilities, how family members communicate, and how parents engage with their children. The differences in how mothers and fathers raise their children can have an impact on a child's perception of gender roles.
• Gender role socialization is a process by which parents and caregivers mold their children's knowledge of gender roles. Gender role socialization affects all the families in different ways depending on the family's general structure, socioeconomic status, culture, and the children's age range.
• By discussing gender issues and roles in the classroom children will construct knowledge about gender bias and gender equality.
• If they eat together or if the mother eats the last, the teacher can challenge gender roles on getting this type of answer.

Hence, we conclude that Gurpreet is trying to discuss the role of family members in cooking food and challenge gender roles in the family.

Teaching method- It is the strategy approached by the teacher for delivering course material in a way that keeps students engaged and allows them to practice different skill sets. It involves lectures, field visits, discussion methods, etc.

Key Points

• Field trip- It is a visit to a location outside the classroom where students can try new things, have new experiences, and obtain first-hand observation.
• It develops observation and perception skills and also promotes the personal and social development of children by providing hands-on experience.
• Nivedita can take them to some nearby factory area where they can see how waste generation Is causing pollution
• Brainstorming is a type of problem-solving method in which children practice and improve higher-order thinking skills.
• It encourages creative thinking in students and encourages them to share their ideas.
• Urban area children will share their ideas about pollution and rural children will get an insight.

Hence, we conclude that for introducing the concept, Nivedita should use methods B and D only.

Hint

• In the Lecture method, students are often passive learners, as they cannot connect the concept with real life. This method also fails to provide teachers with feedback about the students learning.

Confusion Points

• The official answer to this question is 'C & D only'. However, 'B & D only' will be the most appropriate answer as in comparison to puppets, in brainstorming, many creative minds work together and apply their diverse thinking patterns to generate creative ideas on a particular topic.

Assessment is the process of gathering, interpreting, recording, and using information about a learner's response to an educational task.

It helps in diagnosing the gaps in realizing the objectives of EVS and taking necessary measures to provide feedback to students about their progress and also motivating and guiding them in future learning.

Key Points

• Objectives of unit tests
• ​It helps in modifying the learning activities to improve student achievement.
• The main purpose is to assess the student's learning and progress and make inferences about the learning and development of students.
• To develop a deep understanding of children's knowledge understanding and what the teacher can do with their knowledge.
• It serves as feedback for the students,  teachers as well as parents.

Hence, we conclude that the most suitable objectives for taking these tests are A, B, and C.

Visually impaired students are born with visual impairment or become visually impaired later on due to illness, malnutrition, or an accident. They can be partially or fully blind.

• Suitable teaching strategies should be used to cater needs of these children.

Key Points

• To address their difficulties, the teachers should-
• Make them sit in the front row of the classroom.
• Arrange textbooks for such children with larger print sizes.
• Try to arrange suitable counseling for them and their family.
• Instead of providing assignments and activities, the teacher should give oral instructions to the visually impaired children.
• Teachers should actually show the real object in class for children an experience to provide tactile learning experiences.

Hence, we conclude that Geeta should make Iqbal sit in the front seat to motivate him to attend school. ​

Confusion Points

• The official answer to this question is 'Planning a classroom play with a role to play for Iqbal'. However, 'Making Iqbal sit in the front seat' will be the most appropriate answer as by sitting in front he can see the board clearly and it will ultimately lead to his participation in classroom processes while role-play can't be conducted on daily basis and it will not motivate him for a long run.

Learning through experiences- Children learn through observation, hearing, exploration, experimentation, and questioning. Children can learn about and interact with the world around them through learning to explain and discuss concepts. These abilities lay the groundwork for the children's interest in learning, knowledge acquisition, and establishing connections to real-life events.

Key Points

• Importance of real-life experiences in learning-
• A synopsis or neural link is formed in a young child's brain with each experience. the more experiences they have, the more synapses they develop. The more meaningful an experience the more likely a child is to desire to repeat it. The link between the kid and the experience grows deeper and more permanent with each repetition and the child gains confidence and competence.
• Making learning meaningful is important to children's understanding of the learning concepts and world around them. Teachers make learning meaningful when they link the lesson to children's previous experiences, relate concepts to children's lives, and provide children with hands-on learning.
• Classroom management issues will be much reduced because engagement will increase as a result of using real-life connections in teaching. Students are less prone to act out if they are interested in learning something.

Hence, we conclude that Shivangi must arrange sky observation as it will help children connect the classroom to real life.

The False part is "His teacher seems to be satisfied".

Key Points

• From the first paragraph of the given passage, from this line 'because I saw it as a transaction between my teacher and my father!', we can deduce that author believed that it was something between his father and his teacher. Option 2 is true.
• From the ending line of the first paragraph 'But I was unconcerned. I had too much else going on that interested me.', we can easily say that he was occupied with other things which interested him. Hence, option 3 is true.
• 'Reading it always made my father blow up' here blow up means explode or make something explode, to suddenly get very angry.
• The report that would make his father flare-up which means a situation in which something, such as violence, pain, or anger suddenly starts or gets much worse.
• Flare-up and Blow up are synonyms of each other, hence option 4 is also true.

Important PointsRefer to the lines: The teacher must have said something not so nice. But I was unconcerned. I had too much else going on that interested me.

• Option 1: 'his teacher seems to be satisfied' is a false statement.

The correct answer is 'is self-destructive'.

Key Points

• Refer to the line: "The alarming increase in student suicides today is because we have created a society founded on the premise that life is a race. So you rush to the finishing line! Is it any wonder that so many choose to end their lives? This is the self-destructive model we have created for ourselves".
• Thus, we can say that according to the author competition based learning is self-destructive.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.