CTET Paper 1 - 20th Dec 2021 (Eng/Hin/Sans/Ben/Mar/Tel) (Previous Year Paper)

The term ‘development’ refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as a change in personality.

• Development takes place in all aspects such as physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional, and others.

Key PointsPrinciples of development:

• Development proceeds from the top-down and from the center outwards:
• ​Development proceeds from the head downward. This is called the cephalocaudal principle. This principle describes the direction of growth and development. According to this principle, the child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and then the legs.
• Development proceeds from the center of the body outward. This is the principle of proximodistal development that also describes the direction of development. This means that the spinal cord develops before the outer parts of the body.
• Development is influenced by both 'nature' and 'nurture': 
• ​Nature refers to the hereditary influences on human characteristics which include physical characteristics, intellectual capacities, personality traits, and patterns of social interactions.
• Nurture as a concept, encompasses all of the environmental factors, including a physical and cultural environment that influences the developmental outcomes in an individual.
• Socio-cultural forces include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethical factors that affect the development of a child. This is important to know how people and the environment interact with each other. The family, peers, coworkers and social institutions, and culture influence development. Poverty is an example of a socio-cultural force.

Hint

• Development occurs along a single course and is uni-dimensional: Development occurs along various courses as development is multidimensional and cannot take place in one dimension. It is a result of development in all dimensions (physical, personality, cognitive, and social)

Hence, it is concluded that development occurs along a single course and is uni-dimensional is NOT a principle of development.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. A child develops in an orderly sequence which is almost similar in all children.

• There are some domains of development such as physical(motor), cognitive, social-emotional, moral, and language domains. These domains are developed in an integrated and holistic process.
• Motor development refers to the physical changes that occur in humans throughout life. Understanding physical and motor development is extremely important as it provides the basis for the development of a child’s personality.
• It helps to gain mastery over the child’s own body and movements. Physical development is the most recognized and observable change in the life of a child.

Key Points

Child development takes place in two directions, one is from the head-to-foot direction (Cephalocaudal) and the second is from near to distant (Proximodistal). Both principles are applicable in the sphere of motor development as:

• The Cephalocaudal Principle: It exhibits that the development proceeds in the longitudinal direction i.e. from top to bottom or head to foot. That is the reason why a child first gains control over the head before s/he starts walking.
• The Proximodistal Tendency: It proceeds from centre to outward or near to the distant and from parts of the body near the centre develop first then the extremities. Therefore, the child in the earlier stages of development starts developing the fundamental muscles rather than the smaller muscles or fine motor skills.

Hence, it could be concluded that the Cephalocaudal principle is applicable in the sphere of motor development.

Additional Information

• Social development: It refers to the development of social skills and values across the lifespan.
• Emotional development: It refers to the development of the ability to control and manage one's own emotions and as well as of others.
• Cognitive development: It refers to the development of the ability to reason, think,  perceive and solve a problem.
• Language development: It refers to the development of the ability to understand, perceive and use language.
• Moral development: It refers to the development of the ability to learn the difference between right and wrong.

The language of human beings has certain characteristics which give a definite meaning to their communication. We can talk about the past, the present, and the future with the help of language.

• Language development is a process starting early in human life when a person begins to acquire language by learning it as it is spoken and by mimicry. Children’s language development moves from simple to complex.
• Language development is the main concern in early childhood. Language is the only powerful tool to enhance the ability of cognitive development. A good language always allows the child to communicate or interact with other persons and solve their problems.

Key Points A special sensitivity to particular stimuli during a particular time is called “Sensitive Periods.” Early childhood is a sensitive period of language development.

• Beginning the first three years of life, children develop a spoken vocabulary of between 300 and 1,000 words, and they are able to use language to learn about and describe the world around them.
• By age five, a child’s vocabulary will grow to approximately 1,500 words. Five-year-olds are also able to produce five-to seven-word sentences, learn to use the past tense, and tell familiar stories using pictures as cues.

More sensitive periods:

• Acquisition of language - birth to around 6 years old.
• Interests in small objects - from around 18 months to 3 years old.
• Order- from around 1 to 3 years old.
• Sensory refinement - from birth to around 4 years old.
• Social behavior - from around 2½ to 4 years old.

Hence, it is concluded that the Early childhood period is a 'sensitive period' pertaining to language development.

Hint

• Pre-natal period(before birth): The period from conception to birth is known as the prenatal period. Typically, it lasts for about 40 weeks. Prenatal development is affected by maternal characteristics, which include the mother’s age, nutrition, and emotional state.
• Middle childhood:- The period extends from age 6 to age 12 years. During this time, the growth rate is slow but steady. Children learn motor skills like throwing and running to perfection. The child's thinking develops rapidly and his\her store of information grows at a fast pace.
• Adolescence: It is considered to be a transitional period between childhood and adulthood. During this time, the final height is achieved, internal organs and systems reach adult size and sexual maturity is reached.

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable.

• It simply refers to acquiring the socially approved ways of behavior and taking ideal expectations seriously.
• Socialization is the continuous process of negotiating identities and shaping one’s concept of self, identity, various attitudes, and behaviors.
• Socialization has 4 major agents namely family, school, peers, and mass media.

Key Points

Types of Socialization: 

Primary Socialization: 

• It happens during infancy and childhood. It refers to the process where the child becomes socialized through the family in the early childhood years. 
• This highlights that primary socialization occurs within the family when children first learn their individual identity, acquire language and develop initial cognitive skills.
• For example, a very young child in a family has little knowledge of his culture. It is through the family that the child gets to know what is accepted and what is not in a particular society.

Secondary Socialization: 

• It occurs once the infant passes into the childhood phase and continues into maturity. It refers to the process that begins in the later years through agencies such as school and peer groups. 
• During this phase more than the family, some other agents of socialization like the school and peers’ group begin to play a role in socializing the child.
• For example, Schools help children in learning the importance of social cohesion and unity and inculcating the informal cues about social roles through interaction.

Hence, it could be concluded that primary socialization occurs within the family when children first learn their individual identity, acquire language and develop initial cognitive skills.

Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the 'Theory of Moral Development'. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, moral development takes place at three levels: 

• The pre-moral level
• The level of conventional morality
• Post-conventional morality

Key Points

Pre- conventional: 

• At the pre-conventional level, children learn right and wrong from the people around them. Their conduct is determined by external factors like approval and disapproval by authority figures or rewards and punishment. Thus, a child’s behavior is oriented towards obedience and punishment.

Conventional morality:

• It is the second level of moral development. It is characterized by acceptance of societal rules concerning right and wrong.
• It includes society and societal rules in judging the morality of an action and hence at this level is moral thinking based on taking the initial perspective of the society.

Post-conventional morality:

• In the post-conventional level of moral development, the sense of right and wrong is decided by one’s own conscience and nothing can be imposed from outside.
• One may keep certain universals like value for life at the highest order of values and may also break a law for the same.

Thus, it is concluded that according to the Theory of Lawrence Kohlberg, at the conventional level, moral thinking is based on taking an initial perspective of society.

According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium are the ways through which children integrate new experiences into already existing cognition structures (schema). 

Key Points

From a Piagetian perspective, the process of taking new information into the existing body of knowledge is called 'Assimilation' as it refers to the:

• process of taking in information into our previously existing schemas.
• way an individual takes and interprets new information in pre-existing mental structures without modifying them.
• addition of a new concept or experience into an existing schema. For example, the baby's sucking of thumb is an initial schema.

Hence, it could be concluded that from a Piagetian perspective, the process of taking new information into the existing body of knowledge is called 'Assimilation'.

Additional Information 

Other key Concepts of Piaget's Theory:

• Schema: A representation in the mind of a set of ideas or actions which go together.
• Accommodation: Involves altering existing ideas or schemas as a result of new experiences.
• Equilibration: A mechanism that assists children in achieving a balance between assimilation and accommodation.
• Organization: It refers to the ability to study the connection among cognitive structures which makes thinking more efficient.

"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.

Key Points

• 'Preoperational period' lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
• In this stage, the child assumes that other people feel, see, and hear exactly the same as the child does.
• It refers to the child's inability to infer the perspective of other people or to see a situation from other's points of view.
• In this stage, the child faces problems with the irreversibility of thought, the concept of conservation, and struggles with the idea of centration.
• Due to lack of conservation, the child can't understand that a thing remains the same even if it changes in shape or appearance.
• Due to the Centration in thought, the child can focus his attention only on one aspect of the situation at a time and cannot reverse the direction of his thought.
• Due to irreversibility, the child can't understand that things that have been changed can be returned to their original state.
• They begin to think symbolically. During the Symbolic play, children can create mental images of objects and store them in their minds for later use. For example, such a child can draw a picture of or pretend to play with a puppy that is no longer present there.
• At the end of the Pre-operational stage, the child begins to reason logically.

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Jean Piaget, Meena is in the Pre-operational stage.

Important Points 

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learner's cognitive ability. 

Key Points

Vygotsky has proposed the concept of 'Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)' in his theory which refers to the:

• difference between what a learner can do on his/her own and what he/she can do with someone's help.
• distance between the learner's actual development level and his/her level of development under someone's guidance.
• range of task too difficult for the child to do alone, but possible with the help of adults and more skilled peers

Important Points 

Other Important Terms Proposed by Vygotsky in his 'Socio-cultural Theory':

• Scaffolding: It refers to a process through which temporary support is imparted to the learners to enhance learning to achieve goals.
• More Knowledgeable Other(MKO): It refers to a person with a higher skill level and a better understanding of the concepts than the learners.

Hence it could be concluded that the concept of 'zone of Proximal Development' has been proposed by Lev Vygotsky.

Hint 

• Jerome Bruner proposed the Theory of instruction. The theory implies the idea that anything can be taught to any child when they reach the appropriate stage of cognitive maturity.
• Advance organizer model is developed by David Ausubel. It is aimed at helping teachers organize and convey large amounts of information as meaningfully and as efficiently as possible.
• Robert Mills Gange, an American educational psychologist has proposed a hierarchy of learning in which learning tasks are organized in a hierarchy based on their complexity level.

There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

Key Points

• 'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory".
• Learning is a social activity is the fundamental principle of Lev Vygotsky's theory as this theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the learner's cognitive development.
• According to Vygotsky, social interaction is the primary cause of learners' development as his theory emphasizes that children learn through interaction and collaboration with skilled and knowledgeable people.

Important Points 

Lev Vygotsky emphasizes learning as a social activity in his theory by introducing three concepts which are as follows:

 

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Vygotsky cognitive development depends on social interaction.

The meaningful learning process pre-supposes two things: a) the learning task is potentially meaningful or that it can be related substantively to the learner’s cognitive structure, and b) the learner manifests a corresponding set to relate it. 

Key Points

• Meaningful learning focuses on getting tangible outcomes from the learning process. It does not focus on just awareness of the concept but also emphasizes the practical application and real-world exposure of the concept.
• It focuses on the utilization of the concept. Meaningful learning aims to develop skills like creativity, problem-solving, etc.
• To enhance meaningful learning, the pedagogical strategy should be based on 'assessment for learning' rather than only 'assessment of learning'. 
• Assessment for learning is, generally, formative in nature and helps teachers to monitor their students’ progress and to modify the instruction accordingly.
• It also helps students to monitor their own progress as they get feedback from their peers and the teacher and find opportunities to revise and refine their thinking.
• It aims at qualitative education and focuses on skill development. The objective is not to score good in exams but to perform better in showcasing the skills.
• Assessment of learning is generally summative in nature occurring at the end of a class, course, semester, or academic year and intended to measure learning outcomes and report these outcomes to students, parents, and administrators. It only evaluates what is taught in the classroom.

Hence, it is concluded that an example of a pedagogical strategy that would promote meaningful learning is focusing on 'assessment for learning rather than only 'assessment of learning'. 

Hint

• Regular individual competitions are good for encouraging competitive spirit in the children but it is not the holistic approach to meaningful learning.
• Verbal punishments are demotivating and discouraging for the learners and demotivating them. Punishments should not be demeaning, punishments should be designed in such a way that there is also a learning outcome rather than just a tool to induce fear in the heart of the learners.
• A Uniform rigidly structured curriculum does not allow the students to use their thought process in a creative manner to do something productive. It binds them in conventional classroom activities and does not provide them an environment of freedom to develop creative skills.

Cognitive development is the process in which cognition (thinking) develops. It is the orderly development of mental and intellectual processes, like logical thinking, making sense of new ideas, solving problems and the like, that takes place over a period of time.

• Cognitive development tells a teacher how the child thinks, makes sense of the world and how this thinking evolves.
• A teacher who would have an understanding of this process would be able to appreciate how the learning needs of children of different ages are different from each other.

Key Points​Piaget's cognitive development theory - Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist proposed a  theory of cognitive development that helps us in understanding a child’s cognitive development.

• Piaget believes cognitive development follows a similar pattern with specific capabilities emerging at specific times. Cognitive development also occurs in stages with each stage being qualitatively different from the other.
• According to Piaget, there are four stages of cognitive development:
• Stage I -   The Sensory-Motor Stage (birth to 2 years)
• Stage II -  The Pre-Operational Stage (2 to 7 years)
• Stage III - The Concrete-Operational Stage (7 to 12 years)
• Stage IV -The Formal Operational Stage.
• During the Sensory-motor stage, the cognitive abilities develop and during the preoperational stage, a child starts developing skills that enable the child to interact with the environment which includes symbolic language development.
• The child during this stage engages in what is called as 'symbolic play', that is, a wooden box is considered as a car, a round ring as a steering wheel and a stick a gun! That is, during play an object takes the place of or represents something else in the child's mind.

Thus, it is concluded that Piaget's cognitive development theory advocates that cognitive development precedes symbolic language development in a child.

Hint

• Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist and a contemporary of Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development known as ‘Socio-Cultural Theory’. The society and culture of the children play a vital role in the development of their cognition.
• Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.
• Bandura's social learning theory -The social-cognitive approach to personality recognises the role of the person as an agent with the ability to choose the course of action within a given social environment.

Gender is a social construct. It refers to the socially and culturally constructed system that attributes meaning to what it means to be a male or a female in a particular society. A society comprises males and females. 

• Gender inequality, gender biases, gender stereotypes are the common ill practices in a society that should be discouraged in a classroom.

Key Points

Gender stereotype is related to behavior associated with girls and boys and creates beliefs about qualities possessed by a man and a woman.

Effective practices that should be adopted by a teacher in the classroom to address gender stereotypes

• Setting tasks that have to be done together by both girls and boys.
• Using examples that show boys and girls in non-conformist roles.
• Providing equal opportunities in the classroom related to asking questions, and responding in the class.
• Developing the habit of respecting each other's gender in students and assigning equal opportunities to every student in the class.
• Involving students in discussing gender issues and countering gender bias by engaging them in solving gender-related issues in society.

Hence, it could be concluded that separate seating arrangements for boys and girls in the class is not an effective practice adopted by a teacher in the classroom to address gender stereotypes.

Carpentry is a skill where objects are made out of wood. Carpenters make furniture and objects out of wood that are used in homes or offices.

• Carpentry requires the conception of geometry and measurements to make the objects accurate and aesthetic.
• But most carpenters do not have access to education and rely majorly on the things learned through their masters. They use techniques that are not taught in the books but are effective as proven from their work.

Key Points

• Paro, who comes from such background, knows how to measure blocks through the techniques learned in the shop floor but she is unable to cope up with academic demands as there is a difference in curriculum and field practice.
• In such a situation, the teacher should encourage the student by helping in integrating the techniques used by the carpenters and correlating them with the academic content so that she can relate with what she has gained in practical work and what she is learning in the classroom.
• This would not only help Paro but other students as well so that they can also experience the field techniques.

Thus, it is concluded that in the above situation the teacher should contextualize the curriculum and study material for Paro integrating her mathematical experiences gained outside the school.

Hint

• She should not be discouraged by telling her that she does not have the ability to study.
• She should not be overburdened with tests and repeated practice as she is unable to clear the basic knowledge and would lose confidence
• Asking the student to keep both pieces of knowledge separate would create confusion in her mind and would not be fruitful in any manner.

There are many theories related to intelligence. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of intelligence. 

• The theory of Multiple Intelligence which consists of seven different kinds of intelligence is propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner'.

Important Points

The theory of Multiple Intelligence emphasizes that: 

• intelligence is of several kinds rather than dominated by a general factor.
• intelligence can't be tied to a single domain as each individual has his/her own abilities.
• how cultures shape the potential of the human using Intelligence as a multi-dimensional set of complex abilities.

Key Points 

Types of intelligence suggested by Howard Gardner in this theory:

Constructivism is centered on the idea that human knowledge and learning is actively constructed by the learner, not passively received from the environment.

Key Points

• Social constructivism is founded on the thesis that social processes are central to learning and cognitive development. It regards knowledge as a social construct and prioritizes the social aspects of learning and cognitive development.
• Some of these social aspects are language, culture, everyday practices, material objects, interpersonal interaction, peer interaction, tools, and symbols.
• The word collaborate means to come together to form a group dedicated to complete a specific task. Every individual in the group has a designated task to perform and with the joint effort, the objective is achieved.
• Collaborative learning provides a situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn together. It is a method of teaching and learning in which students and teachers team together to explore a significant question or create a meaningful project
• In a social constructivism classroom, collaborative projects can be an effective assessment tool to evaluate the learning of the students. Projects like conducting a survey in society about their views on water wastage and how they can work to conserve water can be given to the students.
• In such projects, the students can first conduct a survey, prepare a report on water wastage sources, find a solution to conserve the water, and finally conclude the project by spreading awareness in the society about the ways in which the water can be conserved.

Hence, it is concluded that In a socio-constructivist classroom collaborative projects method of assessment would be preferred.

Hint

• Objective questions having one-word answers are very easy tests that can be assessed easily in any classroom.
• Standardized tests are constructed by test construction specialists, usually with the assistance of curriculum experts, teachers, and school administrators for the purpose of determining a student's level of performance relative to the performance of other students of similar age and grade.
• Tests based on mere recall do not facilitate meaningful learning. It is a test of memorization power.

CCE refers to a school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to a child’s development.

• It emphasizes two-fold objectives such as continuity of evaluation and assessment of learning outcomes in a comprehensive manner. It covers all the domains of learning i.e. cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.
• CCE aims to reduce the curricular workload on students and to improve the overall abilities and skills of students by means of evaluation of students' performance in both types of activities.

Key Points

• The term ‘continuous’ is meant to emphasize continuous observation and support to children during teaching-learning, employing different tools.
• It means regularity of assessment, diagnosis of learning gaps, use of corrective measures, and feedback of evidence to teachers and students for their self-evaluation.

Hence, it is concluded that the 'continuous' aspect in continuous and comprehensive evaluation implies continuous observation and support to children during teaching-learning, employing different tools.

Additional Information 

• The second term ‘comprehensive’ means that the scheme attempts to cover both the scholastic and the co-scholastic aspects of students’ growth and development.

Encouragement plays an important role in motivating the students. Students have a mindset that seeks appreciation for all the good things they do. Students mould their behaviour based on the stimulus received from the elders.

• It is important that the teachers and parents should appreciate and encourage good habits or behaviour displayed by the students and negative actions should be discouraged.

Key Points

• During the classroom, students have a goal to perform well in academics and extracurriculars. But they constantly need motivation and encouragement from their teachers to keep performing better.
• If the teachers do not encourage the learners, the students will start feeling demotivated and may lose confidence in themselves consequently straying away from the goal.
• To prevent this from happening, students should be encouraged to focus on mastering the desired skills. They will be able to achieve the goal only if they have mastered the desired skills.
• For example, a student who has an interest in cricket and wants to become a batsman should be encouraged to focus on his batting skills, he will perform better only if he has the right skills and training.

Hence, it is concluded that Students should be encouraged to set mastery-oriented goals.

Hint

• Students should not be encouraged to become failure oriented. Though failure helps us to learn a lot from our mistakes but that should not be the target. Our target should be set in such a way that we should prepare for the best and should not be discouraged from failure.
• Acceptance of failure and learning from failure are two different characteristics. One should display a character like the latter as failure acceptance sets low expectations for oneself. Learners should have the attitude to learn from their mistakes and excel further.
• Self-defeating encouragement should not be given to the students. It de-motivates them and sets low self-esteem for them.

Inclusion is a part of Inclusive Education that is a new approach towards educating children with disabilities and learning difficulties with that of normal ones within the same roof.

Important Points

• Inclusion is an umbrella term that refers to include each and every category of children in the educational system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.
• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.

Key Points

Basic Principles of Inclusion:

• Equity and equal opportunities for all.
• Well constructed educational plan.
• Acceptance of individual differences
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Hence, it could be concluded that acceptance of individual differences is a principle of inclusion. 

Hint

• Discrimination, Standardized instruction and segregation, and labelling are against the nature of inclusion as it includes each and every category of children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

In the teaching-learning process, a child with partial vision or visually challenged learners suffer from an issue with sight or vision but when they are facilitated with the right training and tools, they develop a good literacy ability.

• Inclusive provisions emphasize teaching all types of students together in a natural environment such as gifted, average, slow-learners, and differently-abled children.

Key Points

A child who has partial vision should become a part of a regular school with inclusive provisions.​ 

Inclusive provisions or instructional adaptations that a teacher should make to address the needs of children with partial vision in regular school include:

• using a lot of touches and feel materials.
• giving verbal clues to create opportunities to imagine.
• introducing tactile materials during classroom discussions.
• speaking clearly and loudly with appropriate pauses and reiterations.
• designing alternative teaching-learning and assessment methods for them to ensure effective learning and evaluation.
• providing learning with the help of auditory systems such as an audio CD of the textbook, radio, etc.
• using braille system to make them read-write as its raised dots will help the child to study the words through the pattern.

 Hint 

• Other options are irrelevant in the context of the question as they could lead to low self-esteem and feeling of failure in them.

Hence, it could be concluded that a child who has partial vision should become a part of a regular school with inclusive provisions.​ 

Additional Information 

• Tactile materials: It refers to the inputs which children receive through the receptive sensors of their skins.
• Braille system: It refers to a pattern of raised dots called "Braille" to represent letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, that can be felt with a finger.

Creativity is the ability to come up with or generate creative ideas and possibilities. It involves thinking in new and original ways to reach a solution.

• It goes beyond the conventional ways of thinking and addresses the problem in a novel way. It reflects a uniqueness in the person and in the approaches used by him/her.

Key Points

• In a classroom, to support creativity, the teacher should have acceptance of imaginative answers. The answers may not be in line with what the book says. But the teacher should not be dismissive of those answers. Appreciation should be there for out-of-the-box thinking.
• Brainstorming sessions should be emphasized as brainstorming stimulates the thought process and such practice develops ideas in the minds of the learners that encourage creative thinking.
• When creative ideas are put forward, it is obvious that some ideas may not be synchronous with a common ideology. Some ideas may differ from the general notion and may even be in disagreement with the majority.
• While there may be disagreement, the ideas should not be disregarded and should be considered of equal importance. Tolerance to dissent is equally important in developing a creative environment.

​Thus, it is concluded that acceptance of imaginative answers, emphasis on brainstorming, and tolerance to dissent practices will support creativity in a classroom.

Hint

• ​Emphasis on convergent thinking: Creativity will not support convergent thinking in the classroom as creativity involves divergent thinking in contrast to convergent thinking.
• Convergent thinking refers to thinking in a conventional set pattern whereas divergent thinking refers to thinking out of the box. Divergent thinking is having divergent ideas and possibilities, e.g., thinking of how many ways you can use a brick.

Inclusion is a philosophy or concept that aims at fostering mutual respect among people and their different ways of life. The institution changes its philosophy, its curriculum, its structure to accommodate the different needs of the individual**.**

• In the inclusive classroom, each student gets access to knowledge, skills, and information, which improve available choices to all children and we do not necessarily limit ourselves to the knowledge domain, but rather include the affective domain, and the attitudinal domain as well.

Important Points 

• Philosophy of inclusion integrates all children specifically those children with learning difficulties and provides them the same educational opportunities as others.
• The basic philosophy of inclusion is based upon addressing this diversity present in learning environments that are effective and beneficial for all.
• Autism or autistic disorder or childhood autism, or Kanner’s autism is described as one of the most common and most puzzling and disabling of the pervasive developmental disorders.
• It is a developmental disorder that involves a range of behaviors including deficits in language, and perceptual and motor development; defective reality testing; and an inability to function in social situations.

Key Points

Strategies to help a child with autism:

• Giving appropriate visual and written material to be used during the group work: It is the correct strategy as autistic students have to be supported to reduce their confusion and appropriate visual and written material used in group work aids in this process.
• Children should be allowed to work in pairs as they tend to be more comfortable with their friends. They should be allowed to work in this way and it should be ensured that they do so in a relaxing and quiet atmosphere.
• Autistic children should not be excluded from the mainstream batch and should be supported in an inclusive environment. If necessary, a remedial teacher should be appointed in the regular classroom to support the autistic child and to help him/her get over the confusion.

Thus, it is concluded that sending the child to study in a special school strategy is NOT in line with the philosophy of inclusion to help a child with autism who is finding it difficult to cope up with group activities.

Questioning refers to the most effective strategy to arise curiosity and inquisitiveness too. Asking questions makes the classroom's ambiance more interactive.

• Questioning by students is considered a sign of motivated teaching which makes the classroom more interactive and alive.
• Motivated teaching encourages students to ask questions to make the best of their educational experiences.

Key Points

In a primary classroom, the teacher must encourage students to ask questions as it could enhance their cognitive competencies in the following ways:

• Questions take learning forward by interactions and lead to conceptual clarity.
• Questions inspire learners to look out for information that aligns with their pursuits and might consequently promote lifelong learning.
• Asking questions allows learners to link between various pieces of information which can assist them in structuring essays and debates.
• Questioning boosts their confidence-up, makes them able to put forth their views, and helps the children to make the best of their educational experiences.​

​Hence, it could be concluded that in a primary classroom, the teacher must encourage students to ask questions.

Learning is not just a process of memorizing what is written in the book or copying what the teacher writes on the board. Learning is a process of gaining existing knowledge and utilizing that knowledge in practical life.

 Key Points

• To help the students in creating a good learning environment, it is necessary that the children should not just focus on memorizing the concept. They must be provided with the opportunity to utilize the theoretical knowledge in the practical field.
• To do so, schools must enable children in finding their voice, so that they can express their thought process and correct it through the guidance of their parents and the teachers.
• They should nurture their curiosity. It is beneficial for the learning process as it constantly develops an interest to learn something new in the students and keeps them self-motivated.
• They should be encouraged to get hands-on experience, participate in healthy discussions and engage in group activities as these skills would help them to become efficient leaders in the future.
• All the activities are true and are required because learning is not just a passive activity where the teacher would provide lectures and students would listen and become skilled.
• It is rather an active process that requires efforts from both teachers and students. It is not just an activity of a single individual, rather it is social in nature as it needs interactive participation of the students, exchange of their thought process, and guidance from the teachers as well.

Hence, it is concluded that both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Cognitive skills play a major role to construct mind mapping and concept mapping while studying Self Learning Materials (SLMs). When learners read the SLMs it is expected that they should understand, conceptualize and relate the information to their experiences for better and more effective learning.

Key Points

• Concept Mapping is a graphical tool for learning, developed by Novak and Gowin. A concept map is a diagram to show the compact relationships among concepts.
• They are graphical images for organizing and representing knowledge.
• A concept map represents the relations between ideas, images, concepts, or words, as a road map represents the locations of highways and towns.
• In a concept map, each word or concept is connected to another and linked back to the original word, image, or concept. With the help of concept maps, learners can develop logical thinking and study skills which are part of cognitive skills.
• Therefore, concept maps ascertain meaningful learning. To adapt and adhere to the concept mapping tool in learning activities is to learn meaningfully in any context. Thus, learning becomes a unique and creative phenomenon.

Hence, it is concluded that graphical tools for organizing and representing knowledge and relationships within a particular topic are known as concept maps.

Hint

• Mnemonic is a tool that helps to remember certain facts or large amounts of information.
• Advance organizers model, developed by David Ausubel is aimed at helping teachers organize and convey large amounts of information as meaningfully and as efficiently as possible.
• Chunk is defined as a collection of similar units combined into one group. It makes it easier to recall large pieces of information.

Motivation encourages a learner to work in a specific direction to achieve a particular goal. It helps in channelizing the focus of the student to achieve the target. There are many methods of motivating the learners which can either be categorized into extrinsic or intrinsic types of motivation.

• Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain an outcome and comes from outside of the individual.
• Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest in the task itself and exists within the individual.

Key Points

Let's Understand in Brief:

 

Hence, it could be concluded that Ravi exploring various resources for his project because he loves learning new things, illustrates intrinsic motivation.

Anxiety is a disorder that earlier was identified in the elder population. But gradually, the problem of anxiety has started to creep in the students as well.

• Cases of anxiety have been detected in very young students also. The major reason for anxiety is the changing lifestyle of society.
• The pace of life has escalated so much that even parents sometimes ignore the emotional stress of their children. This leads to a feeling of insecurity among the children and can cause stress and anxiety.

Key PointsTo cope with anxiety, it is necessary that the students always get moral and emotional support from their parents and teachers.

Following are the strategies that are effective in helping students cope with anxiety:

• Generally, anxiety due to academics occurs due to the tough competition among the students to get selected into better institutions. Such practice should be abolished.
• Students should be encouraged more towards learning in an effective and meaningful manner. The teachers should use such teaching methods that students focus on the understanding and application of the concept and not on the goal of getting good marks or cracking an entrance test.
• Sometimes students set goals that are far from their reach. they tend to get distracted and are unable to plan a complex strategy to achieve such a goal. This situation of chaos and confusion leads to anxiety**.**
• Students should be encouraged to set and focus on short-term goals. For example students of eighth standard trying to focus on clearing the engineering entrance exam. They should be focusing on mastering the concepts of science and mathematics rather than stressing about clearing the entrance.
• Students who get anxiety problems have to deal with a lot of stress. It is very important to understand the source of anxiety.
• What is causing them to get anxious so that they could be counseled and can lower their stress so that they can focus on becoming good and important elements of society.

Thus, it is concluded that comparing student performance with one another in the classroom is not effective in helping students cope with anxiety.

Hint

• Students who are stressed and feel anxious should not be put under comparison with other students in the classroom because such a situation creates the pressure of performing better than other students.
• This makes the learning process ineffective as the motive of learning changes from gaining knowledge to scoring good marks and ultimately leads to anxiety.

In mathematics, while learning basic operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, students tend to get confused about the correct operator that needs to be applied.

• Mathematics is not the kind of subject that can be just rote memorized. It requires hands-on practice which is the most effective method to learn the concept.
• Besides the practice, Mathematics is dependent on logical reasoning and utilizes the cognitive abilities of the learners to solve the problem.

Key Points

• While analyzing the errors made by the students in identifying the correct operation to be applied for statement sum, the teacher is trying to understand the errors since they are a window to children's thinking.
• Errors are necessary in the learning process to give insight into children's thinking. It helps the teacher to be aware of learners' learning styles, to cater to them according to their needs.
• Making such an error cannot be just due to negligence. It may be so that students are thinking it in a different manner other than what is the right process.
• To understand this, a teacher should analyze what mistake the students are doing, how the mistake is generated, where exactly they tend to make mistakes.
• After getting all these answers only she can understand the confusion source.

Thus, it is concluded that Rachita does the above-mentioned activity to understand the errors since they are a window to children's thinking.

A framework of educational policy analysis involves a process in which various stakeholders analyze, generate, implement, assess and redesign policies. Educational policy is directly related to an ideal educational standard such as that which suits the manpower requirements of the economy.

Key Points

National education policy 2020 

• The two earlier education policies were brought in 1968 and 1986 since independence.
• The Union Cabinet has approved the new National Education Policy (NEP), 2020 with an aim to introduce several changes in the Indian education system.
• National Education Policy 2020 lays emphasis on conceptual understanding and improving educational outcomes so that children can implement the acquired knowledge and skills in real-life.
• The examinations will be more focused to test the core competencies of learners rather than the memorized knowledge and facts.

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Hence, it is concluded that National Education Policy 2020 lays emphasis on conceptual understanding.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience.

Key Points

• Meaningful learning takes place only when learners are actively engaged in tasks and activities.
• Active involvement activates learners thinking power and boosts their understanding of the concept.
• By involving in hands-on activities a child gains quality experience which makes learning meaningful.

Important Points 

Active engagement in tasks and activities helps students in:

• retaining information and concepts for a longer period.
• nurturing their curiosity and interest in the learning process.
• enhancing different skills and better understanding of the concept.
• gaining concrete experience by actively engaging with the contents.
• assimilating practical knowledge by applying theoretical knowledge.

Hence it could be concluded that children learn most meaningfully when they are actively engaged in tasks and activities.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behaviour, knowledge, and skill as a result of practice and experience. There are different kinds of learning approaches in fashion to facilitate productive learning.

Key Points

Giving students access to a range of suitable materials and the scope to self-direct their learning is a way of promoting discovery learning.

• Discovery learning refers to an approach that emphasizes the active involvement of learners. It promotes the use of critical and imaginative thinking.
• It raises problems before students to activate their thinking power. It enables students to acquire knowledge by discovering the facts themselves.
• It makes students able to pose questions and make decisions in search of understanding.

Important Points 

Under discovery learning, giving students access to a range of suitable materials and the scope to self direct their learning will help students in:

• retaining information and concepts for a longer period.
• enhancing skills and a better understanding of the concept.
• nurturing their curiosity and interest in the learning process.
• gaining concrete experience by actively engaging with content.
• assimilating practical knowledge by applying theoretical knowledge.

Hence, it could be concluded that giving students access to a range of suitable materials and the scope to self-direct their learning is a way of promoting discovery learning.

Hint

• Rote learning: It refers to the process of memorizing information by drilling or repeating the same.
• Learning through instruction: In this technique, instruction is designed according to the need and abilities of the student.

Given: 

The divisor is 5 times the quotient

The divisor is 4 times the remainder

Remainder = 5

Formula Used:

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Calculation:

Divisor = 4 × Remainder = 4 × 5 = 20

Divisor = 5 × Quotient 

⇒ Quotient = 20/5 = 4

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

⇒ 20 × 4 + 5 = 85

Given :

The second number of five consecutive numbers is 49.

Calculations:

Let the consecutive numbers be a , (a + 1), (a + 2), (a + 3), (a + 4) respectively.

⇒ It is given that a + 1 = 49

⇒ a = 48 

So the five numbers are 48, 49, 50, 51 and 52.

The product of even numbers = 48 × 50 × 52 = 124,800

Hence the required product is 124800.

Given:

Area of the square formed by wire = 121 cm2.

Breadth of rectangle formed = 8 cm.

Formula Used:

Area of Square = side × side

Perimeter of rectangle = 2 × (length + breadth)

Perimeter of square  = 4 × Side 

Calculations:

Area of square = Side × Side  = 121 cm2.

⇒ Side of square = 11 cm

Also, Perimeter of square  = 4 × Side 

So the length of steel wire = 4 × 11 = 44 cm

If the same wire is bent in the form of a rectangle whose breadth is 8 cm.

Then the length of wire will be equal to perimeter of the rectangle.

⇒ 2 × (length + 8) = 44

⇒ (length + 8) = 44/2 = 22

⇒ Length = 22 - 8 = 14 cm 

Hence the length of rectangle is 14 cm.

Calculation:

The given fractions are 1/2, 1/3, 4/5, 5/6, 3/4

Now, the L.C.M. of the denominators (2, 3, 5, 6, 4) is 60.

Now, let's make each fraction an equivalent fraction of denominator 60.

1/2 = 30/60

1/3 = 20/60

4/5 = 48/60

5/6 = 50/60

3/4 = 45/60

Now, after looking at these equivalent fractions, we get that the largest fraction is 50/60 and the smallest fraction is 20/60.

Hence, the largest and smallest fractions are 5/6 and 1/3 respectively.

Given:

Side of the square = 1 cm 

Total numbers of the square = 36

Concept used:

A factor divides a number completely without leaving any remainder

Calculation:

The factor of 36 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 

The total number of ways to arrange these small cubes to make an area is 36 cm2 are as follows,

Length & Breadth of the rectangle is given as  L = 1 & B = 36 so, area =  1 × 36 = 36 cm2 

Length & Breadth of the rectangle  is given as L = 2 & B = 18 so, area =  2 × 18 = 36 cm2 

Length & Breadth of the rectangle  is given as L = 3 & B = 12 so, area =  3 × 12 = 36 cm2 

Length & Breadth of the rectangle  is given as L = 4 & B = 9 so, area =  4 × 9 = 36 cm2 

Length & Breadth of the rectangle  is given as L = 6 & B = 6 so, area =  6 × 6 = 36 cm2 

∴ The total number of ways to arrange these small squares to make area 36 cm2 is 5

Calculation:

Suppose no. of girls is 2x and no. of boys is x.

2x + x = 60 ⇒ x = 20

Hence, no. of boys = 20 and no. of girls = 40

No. of girls ahead of Rohit = 9

The total number of girls After Rohit is 40 - 9 = 31 

The total no of students After Rohit is 60 - 17 = 43 

Out of 43, 31 are girls the Remaining are boys 

Total boys left = 43 - 31 = 12.

Calculation:

It is given that Zeenat's watch is 5 minutes faster, so the actual time at which the previous bus has left is 9:20 am.

Also, the frequency of the bus is 20 minutes, so the next bus will be at 9:40 am.

Sayma reaches the bus stand at 9:35 am, so she has to wait for 5 minutes for the next bus.

Given:

The given number are 10001, 20022, and 30333

Calculation:

Let the required number which is subtracted be x

A/Q

Sum of the given number

⇒ 10001 + 20022 + 30333 = 60356

Now, 60356 - x = 17069

⇒ x = 60356 - 17069

⇒ x = 43287

∴ The required number is 43287

Shortcut Trick The required number 

⇒ (10001 + 20022 + 30333) - 17069

⇒ 43287

∴ The required number is 43287

Given:

Cost of one samosa - Rs. 5.00

Cost of a packet of groundnuts - Rs. 6.50

Cost of  one gulabjamun - Rs. 7.00

Cost of one dhokla - Rs. 8.50

Cost of one bottle of nimbu pani - Rs. 11.50

Calculations:

Cost of one samosa = Rs. 5 

Cost of two packets of groundnuts = 2 × 6.5 = Rs.13

Cost of one gulabjamun = Rs.7 

Cost of One nimbupani = Rs. 11.50 

Total money she spends = Rs.(5 + 13 + 7 + 11.5) = Rs. 36.5

The money she would get back = 100 - 36.50 = Rs.63.50

Hence the money she got back is Rs. 63.50

Concept Used:

On the train, there is a 24- an hour clock.

The total number of days in June is 30.

Calculation:

Total time from 29 June 23:55 hours to 30 June at 00:00 hours is 5 minutes.

Total time from 30 June at 00:00 hours to 1 July 00:00 hours is 24 hours.

Total time from 1 July at 00:00 hours to 2 July at 00:00 hours is 24 hours.

and total time from 2 July 00:00 hours to 05:20 hours is 5 hours and 20 minutes 

Total travel time = 5 minutes + 24 hours + 24 hours + 5 hours +  20 minutes = 53 hours 25 minutes..

Hence the total travel time is 53 hours 25 minutes.

Given:-

Largest three-digit number = 999

Largest two digit number = 99

Smallest two digit odd number = 11

Calculation:

Product of largest three-digit number and largest two digit number = 999 × 99 = 98901

The product is divided by the smallest two-digit odd number = 98901/11 = 8991   

Hence the quotient is 8991.

Given:

A number is larger than half of 50.

It is more than three tens and less than four tens.

The one digit is two times the tens digit.

Calculations:

A number is larger than half of 50 this means the number is greater than 25.

It is more than three tens which mean it is more than 30 

Also, it is less than four tens which mean it is less than 40.

So the numbers can be (31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39)

It is given that the one digit is two times the tens digit, out of the above numbers 36 satisfies the condition.

Hence the required number is 36.

Calculation:

Volume of godown = 7 m × 5 m × 4 m = 700 cm × 500 cm × 400 cm

Also, volume of each parcel = 50 cm × 25 cm × 25 cm

We have,

Total number of parcels = Volume of godown/Volume of each parcel

⇒ (700 × 500 × 400)/(50 × 25 × 25)

⇒ 4480

Hence, the total number of parcels are 4480.

Given:

Charge for first 2 km = Rs 25

The total cost of the journey = Rs 249

Calculation:

Cost of the journey for the first 2 km = 25

Cost of the remaining journey = 249 – 25 = 224

The cost of travelling 1 km after the first 2 km = Rs 8

In Rs 8 the distance travelled = 1 km

In Rs 224 the distance travelled = (1/8) × 224 = 28 km

The total distance of the journey = 2 km + 28 km = 30 km

∴ The distance between workplace and home is 30 km

Calculation:

Clearly, option 1) is wrong, as Jessica scored more marks in maths.

Option 2) Sunita's  aggregate marks in maths and science = (68 +78)/2 = 146 / 2 = 73

Jessica's aggregate marks in maths and science = (74 + 84)/2 = 158 / 2 = 79 

So, option (2) is wrong 

In option 3) Jessica scored more marks in only two subjects.

Option 4) Sum of marks of Sunita = ( 68 + 72 + 85 + 78 + 79) = 382 

Sum of marks of Jessica = (74 + 60 + 78 + 84 + 69) = 365 

To have the same aggregate Jessica would have been scored (382 - 365) = 17 

Hence option 4) is correct.

According to Constructivism children learn through adaptation. It means children are not passive in knowledge but active at making meaning, testing out theories, and trying to make sense out of the world and themselves.

Key Points

• The constructivist approach in mathematics- Mathematics should be taught emphasizing problem-solving and interactions should take place between teacher and students and also among students to develop their strategies for problem-solving.
• Starting the class by assessing learners' initial understanding - students' initial understanding is the most crucial factor influencing the learning and achievement of children. Connecting and activating relevant prior information builds bridges between new and previous knowledge that enables learning.
• Encouraging intuitive solutions- Constructivist ideas concentrate on what students can do to combine new and current knowledge to gain a better understanding of mathematics. Each philosophy views the learner as an active participant in the educational process.
• Providing an opportunity for cognitive conflict- Conflicts expose the children to a situation that is contrary to the concept and then the students are directed on experiments or demonstrations to prove the concept that helps children to construct the knowledge.

Hence, we conclude that the feature which is not a constructive practice is encouraging problem-solving in a prescribed manner because it will not provide scope for children to actively participate in the learning process.

Generally, the questions asked by teachers during the teaching-learning process can be classified into two types- open-ended and closed-ended questions.

• Open-ended and closed-ended questions-
• Open-ended questions can have more than one answer. They provide valuable and specific information about the student's understanding and application of learning. They create opportunities for real-world application of math. They are also known as divergent questions.
• Closed-ended questions can have only one answer where the student can answer in limited ways like answering "yes" or "no" are telling "correct" or "incorrect". They are also known as convergent questions.

Key Points

Here, it is concluded that A & B are open-ended type questions whereas C & D are closed-ended type questions.

Creative thinking is the ability to consider something in a new way. Creatively exploring math involves a two-way learning process that allows the teacher to assess the student's knowledge and retention of important math skills and ideas through hands-on activities.

Key Points

• Problem posing- This is closely associated with the problem-solving method. Problem posing entails developing new problems and questions to investigate a situation, as well as reformulating a problem while attempting to solve a related problem. 
• When we encourage kids to be problem posers, we are inviting them to do what mathematicians do which is to look closely, seek patterns, offer conjectures, and set out on paths that are not marked.
• This will develop creative attitudes about learning, willingness to revise their thinking, and appreciation for the value of risk-taking.

Hence, we conclude that problem-posing is an important indicator of creative thinking in mathematics.

• Whereas standardized problem solving, error-free calculation, and recall of correct formula will not be mentally challenging for the learner and it will not help him or her to employ full potential in solving the task and as it promotes memorization children will not creatively participate in the learning process.

Mathematics is not just the study of numbers and statistical data but also studies the different types of shapes, figures, and patterns.

• In early schooling, the learners began to learn about shapes and try to differentiate various shapes from each other.
• The students learn according to their level of experience and their individual differences, the age can be different in each stage as they learn at their own pace.
• Van Heile's theory provides an insight to the teacher about how the students learn geometry at different levels. It was originated in 1957 given by Pierre Van Hiele and his wife from the Utrecht University in the Netherlands.
• It helps in describing how the students learn at each level and pass to another level and shapes their learning of geometry at each level of learning.

Key Points  

Van Hiele levels: The Van Hiele levels are described below:

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Hence, it is concluded that at Level 2 (Relationship) level of Van Heile's spatial/geometrical understanding, a child is likely to accept that a square is also a rectangle.

Shortcut Trick

The additive identity is a number that, when added to any other number, does not change the value of that number.

Logic: a + 0 = a for any whole number 'a'.

By definition, adding 0 results in the original value, making it the identity element for addition.

∴ The correct answer is zero.

Alternate Method

Given: The set of whole numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.

Definition: In any number system, an element 'e' is called the additive identity if for every element 'a' in that system, the condition a + e = a is satisfied.

⇒ Let 'a' be an arbitrary whole number.

⇒ a + e = a

⇒ e = a − a

⇒ e = 0

⇒ Since 0 is a member of the set of whole numbers, it satisfies the criteria.

⇒ Test: 5 + 0 = 5, 10 + 0 = 10, 0 + 0 = 0.

∴ The correct answer is zero.

Additional Information

Multiplicative Identity

The number 1 is called the multiplicative identity for whole numbers because any number multiplied by 1 remains unchanged (a × 1 = a).

Additive Inverse

For any integer 'a', the additive inverse is '−a' because their sum equals the additive identity (a + (−a) = 0). Note that whole numbers (except 0) do not have additive inverses within the set of whole numbers.

Closure Property of Addition

The sum of any two whole numbers is always a whole number (e.g., 2 + 3 = 5, where 5 is a whole number).

Mathematics is a great approach to developmental discipline while also encouraging logical reasoning and mental rigor. Furthermore, understanding the topics of other educational courses such as science, social studies, and even music and art is dependent on mathematical knowledge.

 Key Points

• The student gains a better understanding of the mathematical concept by Observing, analyzing, and discovering relationships, as well as formulating generalizations for a variety of issues or patterns.
• Encourage students to communicate, debate, negotiate and compare their thoughts. It is crucial in the development of mathematical understanding.
• In the construction of mathematical knowledge, culture plays a role. The following are the steps in the learning process: classification, communication, interpretation, reasoning, argumentation, and problem-solving are all skills that may be learned. Analysis and synthesis are approaches that use reasoning and arguments to discover relationships.
• Coordinate the concept of mathematics with other concepts such as social or those connected to the other fields of knowledge. Mathematical learning is a dialogue-based social activity.

​Hence, we conclude that the incorrect statement is culture has no role in creating mathematical understanding in the classroom.

The major purpose of mathematics education in school according to the National curriculum framework 2005 is the mathematization of the child's thought process. Logic, reasoning, problem-solving common creativity, and mathematical mindset are all used in mathematics. 

Key Points

• Geometry curriculum at primary level-
• Nowadays geometry is commonly known in primary schools as "shape and space". Shape study focuses on 2D and 3D shapes and by the end of the primary curriculum understanding of wide ranges of shapes and their properties.
• Intuitive understanding of shape should be developed- Children at the primary level naturally investigate shapes by fitting them together, rotating them, arranging them in patterns, and building composite pictures with them. During this process, they internalize the properties of these shapes, how these shapes fit together, etc.

Hence, it is clear that the correct statement is only C.

A street vendor is a person who sells something in the street. There's a big difference between street mathematics and classroom mathematics. Using these techniques will help children develop a better understanding of concepts.

 Key Points

• Street vendors or shopkeepers acquire their invented algorithms when applying their computational skills, which are very correct to solve problems related to their daily life activities.
• The mathematics skills used by shopkeepers should be discussed by the teacher in the classrooms as an alternate strategy in solving related problems. So that children can carry out activities to solve problems in a way that reflects the nature of such tasks in the real world.

Hence, we conclude that the statement that is true regarding mathematics skills used by street vendors and shopkeepers is that they help in developing alternate strategies in solving mathematical problems.

Spatial reasoning- Understanding the location and dimensions of objects, as well as how different objects are related, requires spatial reasoning. You can also use it to visualize and manipulate things and shapes in your thoughts. 

Key Points

Spatial reasoning is the ability to mentally manipulate and orient shapes. It is the ability to recognize items by understanding how diverse shapes fit together.

• Activities to develop spatial reasoning-
• Tangrams- They are seven pieces of ancient Chinese puzzles. Animal, people, and objects can all be created by arranging the pieces in various ways. It is a teaching tool that can help a child develop his or her spatial abilities.
• Identifying the Nets of solid shapes- Nets are simply a 2D picture of what the 3D shape look like if all its sides were folded out flat. Identifying the net of the solid shapes will provide the children with the opportunity to practice their spatial skills.
• Identifying the line of symmetry of different shapes- A line of symmetry is a line that cuts a shape exactly in half. The students should make regular use of concrete materials in hands-on activities designed to develop their understanding of objects in space. Students can begin an exploration of symmetry, congruence, and similarity.

Hence, it is clear from the above points that the activity that is least likely to develop spatial reasoning among students is drawing pictographs to represent data, as it develops creative skills.

Teaching strategies- These are the methods adopted by the children to support their students throughout the teaching process.

Key Points

• Strategy to introduce multiplication-
• ​Using physical manipulatives- students will order their manipulatives into 3 rows each containing 5 pieces. This arrangement is known as an array.  The array allows us to see a visual representation of repeated addition or multiplication.

• The array is a very powerful tool for supporting the development of children thinking around multiplication.

Hence, we conclude that the best-suited strategy to introduce the multiplication of 3 and 5 is building rectangular arrays of 3 by 5 using certain objects.

Problem-solving- Problem-solving method involves reflective thinking, reasoning,, and results from the achievement of certain abilities, skills,, and attitudes. The teacher should provide such situations and activities from which a problem emerges. It involves a definite procedure of confronting the problem and finding out its solution inductively.

Key Points

• Principles for teaching problem-solving-
• Using real-world problems- It enhances mental skill and also develops logical analysis and creative thinking in students.
• Simple examples should be taken first- When children have just understood the chapter, solving hard problems will give them the wrong answer and discourage them. Instead,, they should start with simple ones.
• Concrete materials should be used- These are the physical objects that children can pick up and manipulate to improve their mathematical knowledge. There are plenty of mathematical tools that can help students picture abstract math concepts in the real world. For example,, using an abacus for counting and base ten blocks etc.
• Providing various methods to solve a problem- A problem can have multiple ways of solution in mathematics as it helps students to develop flexibility and support the understanding of concepts.

Hence, it is concluded that "only one method of solving a particular type of problem should be emphasized" is not acceptable about teaching students to solve problems based on mathematical operations.

​Mathematics improves the children's thinking by providing clarity of thoughts, which helps them in converting the assumptions to logical conclusions.

• Mathematics education aims to make mathematics an important part of children's life experiences.

Key Points

• The children attain expertise in mathematics when their basic concepts are well-cleared and it also helps them to learn the higher-level concepts of mathematics effectively.
• To make the children attain expertise in basic mathematical concepts, it is necessary to make them proficient in using numbers and numerical literacy.
• The most common use of numbers is counting. The process of counting involves two steps - the ordinal and cardinal aspects of numbers.

Hence, it is concluded that in the given statement "Four teams participated in the show", the number 'four' is used in a cardinal sense.

Basic mathematics was created to meet the basic demands of individuals who want to learn the fundamentals of mathematics and how to use them in their daily lives. Basic mathematical concepts such as addition, subtraction, division multiplication, percentage, profit, and loss among others are essential for everyone in daily life.

Key Points

 

Hence, we conclude that the correct statement is only D.

Mathematics is a science that deals with the logic of quantity, shapes, and arrangement. It helps us to understand the world and also provides a way to build mental discipline.

Key Points

Hence, we conclude that the correct statement in mathematics involves the identification of patterns.

Teaching strategies are the methods adopted by a teacher to support their children throughout the learning process.

Key Points

• Symmetry- A shape has symmetry if a line divides it into 2 equal parts to show that both sides of the shape are the same.
• Young children begin to understand the concept and vocabulary of symmetry if you give them time to play symmetry games and experiment with symmetry art.
• The main strategy at this level is folding which is the key to investigating line symmetry. It may not be necessary to emphasize the line of symmetry terminology at this point; what matters is determining if the shape can be folded perfectly into halves.
• Folding paper to test for symmetry is a hands-on activity that allows students to explore the role of folding in showing that a shape is symmetrical.

Hence, we conclude that the most suitable strategy for introducing the concept of symmetry is engaging students in paper folding activities.

Whereas giving clear definitions, involving students in discussion, and observing squares and rectangles will not involve the students in hands-on activities and will not help the children to actively participate in the learning process.

Concept:

Solid waste:

• Consist of everyday items that are discarded.
• ​these items are discarded as unwanted and useless.
• These are range of garbage materials arising from:
• human activities.
• industrial activities
• residential activities
• commercial activities

​​Solid waste disposal:

• to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes.

​Explanation:

The major method of releasing the gaseous pollutant is -

Incineration:

• It is the disposal of waste by burning.
• Waste is burned at high temperatures in a furnace.
• Then leftover ash is disposed of in landfills.
• This method involves burning solid wastes in a furnace until the wastes are turned into ashes.
• In this process, the combustible portion of the waste is combined with oxygen forming carbon dioxide and water, which are released into the atmosphere.
• Incinerators are made in such a way that they do not give off extreme amounts of heat when burning solid wastes.
• Suitable temperature and operating conditions are required to achieve incineration.
• It reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or 30% of the original volume.
• This method of solid waste management releases various greenhouses gases and harmful substances into the atmosphere like dioxins, furans and VOC.

Thus, Incineration releases air pollutants

Additional Information

Composting:

• It is used to decompose leaves and vegetable scraps.
• These are converted into manure.
• Which is valuable for plants and soil.
• It can also be done at home.

Vermicomposting:

• It is similar to composting.
• But instead of natural process, earthworms are used to accelerate the process.

landfills:

• This is the most common way for disposal of solid waste.
• A large pit is dig in the ground and the waste is dumped into that pit.
• When the waste decay in these gases like:
• methane
• carbon dioxide
• carbon monoxide
• oxides of nitrogen
• are released in to the atmosphere.
• When the landfill get filled, it is used as parking space or ground.

Floods: 

• The overflow to water onto the land that is usually dry.
• Whenever a flood occurs the water comes all over the land.
• If the flood continues for a longer period then people living in that area have to move from there.

Causes of the flood:

• overflow of river
• excessive rainfall
• dam failure

Explanation:

Displacement:

• Displacement is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region.
• It is usually forced in nature.

Thus, a place that has experienced prolonged floods will cause  displacement of people 

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Additional Information

Resettlement: this is the act or instance of shifting to another place.

• For example, a person shifting from Mumbai to Delhi.

Repatriation: to return to the country of origin.

• For example, prisoners of war were repatriated back.

​Rehabilitation: setting up things again that were disturbed from the original state.

• For example, The forest is rehabilitated after its destruction by fire.

Explanation:

Tapioca:

• Tapioca is also called cassava or yuca.
• Cassava is called kappa or maracheeni in Malayalam.
• It is a tuberous edible plant of the spurge family.
• It is cultivated throughout the tropics.
• Its tuberous roots are used as vegetables, cassava flour, and even for making alcoholic beverages.
• Tapioca is the major crop grown in the state of Kerala.

Thus, Kappa is another name for tapioca.

Concept:

• Different regions have different food.
• Depending on what grows easily at which place, different things are eaten at places.

Explanation:

Ling-hu-fen:

• It is a noodle soup dish with various meats.
• Snake meat is mostly used to make this dish.
• It is a popular delicacy in Hong Kong.
• It is inspired primarily by Cantonese cuisine.

​Thus, 'Ling-hu-fen' is a dish eaten by people living in Hong Kong.

Additional Information 

Food in different places: 

The Correct Answer is: Hooked beak 

Concept:

• Different types of birds have different beaks.
• Beaks help to decide what type of food will a bird eat.

 Key Points

Cone Shaped Beak:

• It is a short and robust beak
• The end is in a conical shape.
• Allowing them to break open seeds.
• Sparrows have such beaks.

​Straight & thin beak:

• It helps in eating insects.
• Helps to find and eat bugs from wood.
• Woodpeckers have such beaks

Hooked beak 

• It helps to tear and break flesh.
• Raptors have such kind of beak.
• Eagles have such a type of beak.

Long, thin needle-like beak :

• Nectar feeders have such beaks.
• Hummingbirds have such beaks.

Thus, the Hooked beak is used to tear and eat meat.

The word "classroom activity" refers to a variety of skill-based games, techniques, and interactive activities that aid in the educational growth of students.

Key Points

• Quick snack activity- The teacher will satisfy the children's need for independence, enhance their pride and confidence, foster cooking skills, and cultivate more adventurous, engaged eating if he or she encourages them to create their snacks with supervision and direction as needed. 
• Getting involved in this activity will also help the children to build other important life skills like teamwork, meal planning, organization clean up and basics of food safety.
• The dish which can be prepared quickly is Bhelpuri.

Hence, we conclude that the dish which will be prepared quickly is bhelpuri. Whereas other dishes will take a lot of preparation time.

The correct answer is the option Odisha.

Explanation:

• Pattachitra or Patachitra, another traditional art form of India, is a common term for contemporary, cloth-based scroll painting based in the East Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal.
• The name Pattachitra is adapted from the Sanskrit language, Patta, implying canvas, and Chitra, meaning image.
• Therefore, Pattachitra is a painting rendered on canvas, illustrated by the affluent colorful display, imaginative motifs, and designs, and a representation of cardinal themes, often mythological in the portrayal.

Additional Information

Warli painting:

• Warli painting is a traditional art form of India created mostly by tribal people from the North Sahyadri Range in Maharashtra, India.
• Warli is an authentic expression of Maharashtra’s daily and social events and is used by the tribes to beautify their house walls.

Mysore Painting:

• Mysore Painting is a valuable form of classical South Indian portray, which emerged in and around the town of Mysore in Karnataka, facilitated and cherished by the kings of Mysore.
• Like many classical and traditional art forms of India, Mysore Paintings typically depict Hindu gods, goddesses, and Indian mythology tales. They are renowned for their beauty, textures, and attention to detail.

Madhubani Art:

• Madhubani Art is one of the most popular traditional art forms found in India.
• It originated in the district of Madhubani in the Mithila district of Bihar. These paintings also include features such as abstract geometric forms.
• These geometrical patterns symbolize commitment, love, vitality, peace, and prosperity.
• They are well known for depicting ceremonial content on important occasions such as birth or marriage and festivities.

Concept:

• Every region follows different agricultural practices.
• Depending on the type of crop and scale of farming various agricultural practices are adopted.

Explanation:

About Shifting Cultivation:

• It is a type of subsistence farming in which the farmer cultivates on a plot of land temporarily, and when he finds the land infertile to grow due to soil exhaustion, they move on to another plot.
• It is largely practised in the north-eastern region of India, including Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, etc.
• This way of farming is also known as "Jhum Kheti".
• It is also called Slash and burn agriculture.
• It is a shifting cultivation practice.
• It is also known as fire-fallow cultivation.
• Forest land is cleaned and ashes are added to the soil.
• Cultivated spots/ areas are usually small.
• Short periods of crop occupation alternate with long fallow periods.
• Field rotation is practised instead of crop rotation.
• The farmer cultivates on a plot of land temporarily.
• When finding the land infertile to grow due to soil exhaustion, they move on to another plot.

Thus, 'Jhoom Cultivation' is practised in Mizoram.

Additional Information 

Shifting cultivation in India: ​​

Shifting cultivation in the world:

• Lading in South-east Asia.
• Milpa in Central America.
• Chitemene or Tavy in Africa.
• Chena in Sri Lanka.

Concept:​

• There are many festivals celebrated in our country.
• Harvest is one the important part for farmers.
• Harvest means gathering crops.
• It is a very important period for farmers who grow crops.
• As a crop gets harvested after a long time of hard work.

Explanation:

Major festivals celebrated in southern India for harvest are

Onam:

• It is celebrated in Kerala.
• It is to celebrate the end of the monsoon season.
• It is to welcome harvest.

Pongal:

• It is celebrated in Tamil Nadu.
• It is thanks to the sun and nature for their contribution to harvest.

Ugadi:

• It is celebrated in Karnataka.
• It is to celebrate the beginning of spring.
• It is to celebrate the harvest.

Vishu:

• It is a spring festival in Kerala.
• They call it the new year in the south.

Bihu:

• It is celebrated in Assam.
• It is to welcome the spring season.

Lohri:

• It is celebrated in Punjab.
• It is celebrated in January.

Thus, Onam, Pongal, Ugadi and Vishu are the harvest festival of the South.

Concept: ​

• Tribal people were found in almost every region of the subcontinent.
• India has been described as a “melting pot” of races and tribes.
• India has one of the largest and diverse tribal populations in the world.

Explanation:

About the Warli painting:

• Warli tribals decorate their house walls with paintings depicting their lives and other routine activities of their daily lives.
• These rudimentary wall paintings use a set of basic geometric shapes: a circle, a triangle, and a square.
• They use cow dung, earth, red bricks and white flour paste for pigment.
• These shapes are symbolic of different elements of nature. The circle and the triangle come from their observation of nature.
• The circle represents the sun and the moon, while the triangle depicts mountains and conical trees.
• In contrast, the square renders to be a human invention, indicating a sacred enclosure or a piece of land.

​

About the Warli tribe:

• The Warli or Varli are an indigenous tribe of western India, living in mountainous as well as coastal areas along the Maharashtra-Gujarat border and surrounding areas.
• In modern-day, the Warli tribals live in the Thane district of Maharashtra.
• The Warli tribals have their own animistic beliefs, life, customs, and traditions.
• The Warli speak the Varli language, classified as Konkani, with some degree of influence from Marathi.
• The Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka were home to Kolis, Beads, and numerous others.
• Major tribes of Maharashtra are Warlis, Khond, Bhaina, Katkari, Bhunjia, Rathawa, Dhodia.

Key Points

Tropic of cancer: 

• Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line that is at an angle of 23.50º.
• It is North of the Equator, which passes through the middle of India.
• There are 17 countries (Including Taiwan) through which the tropic of cancer passes.
• North America Bahamas (Archipelago), Mexico Africa Egypt, Libya, Niger, Algeria, Mali, Western Sahara, Mauritania Asia Taiwan, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia.
• Water Bodies: Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Taiwan Strait, Red Sea, Gulf of Mexico.

Important Points 

Tropic of Cancer and India:

The Tropic of Cancer passes through eight states in India:

• Gujarat (Jasdan)
• Rajasthan (Kalinjarh)
• Madhya Pradesh (Shajapur)
• Chhattisgarh (Sonhat)
• Jharkhand (Lohardaga)
• West Bengal (Krishnanagar)
• Tripura (Udaipur)
• Mizoram (Champhai)
• Tropic of Cancer crosses Mahi River twice, first in Madhya Pradesh from where it flows towards Rajasthan and enters Gujarat where it cuts for the second time.
• The city nearest to the tropic of cancer in India is Udaipur city in Tripura.

Thus, the tropic of Cancer passes through Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand

Concept:

Direction is divided into 8 sections, 4 cardinal directions, and 4 ordinal directions.

• The four cardinal directions are the directions north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials N, E, S, and W.
• East and west are perpendiculars (at right angles) to north and south.
• East is in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west is directly opposite east.
• The ordinal directions are north-east (NE), south-east (SE), south-west (SW), and north-west (NW).
• NE, SE, SW, and NW lie in between the cardinal directions north and east, south and east, south and west, and north and west respectively.

Explanation:

​

• Bhopal is located in the center of the country.
• Gangtok is in Sikkim (Northeast).
• Puducherry is in Tamil Nadu (Southeast).

Thus, Gangtok and Puducherry are North east and Southeast to Ajay's location.

The Correct Answer is: Little Stint

Concept:

Migration :

• The organism can "move away temporarily from the stressful habitat to a more hospitable area and return when the stressful period is over". Or in other words
• "The phenomenon of movement of a species from its own habitat to some other habitat for a particular time period every year for a specific purpose like -   feeding & breeding."
• Every winter the famous Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur) in Rajasthan hosts thousands of migratory birds coming from Siberia and other extremely cold northern regions.

 Key Points

• The smallest migratory bird - Little Stint Weighing as low as 15 grams, from the Arctic region travel over 8000 km to reach India.

Migration is common among birds.

• Birds migrate in search of - food, shelter, and reproduction.
• Examples of Migratory Bird include - Flamingos, Cuckoo, Black-crowned Night Heron, Asian Koel.

Additional Information

• Some birds such as - Pintail Duck, Curlews, Flamingo, Osprey, and Little Stint migrate to our country in the winter season every year.
• The Arctic tern has the longest migration journey of any bird, it flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back again each year, a distance of at least 19,000 km (12,000 mi), giving it two summers every year.

Concept:

• All foods spoil if not stored properly.
• Different kinds of food items spoil due to different reasons.
• Some foods spoil soon, some stay good for long.
• Food preservation is the technique to prevent food spoilage, food poisoning, and microbial contamination in food.​

Explanation:

Objectives of food preservation:

• To minimize food spoilage and food poisoning.
• To prevent microbial contamination.
• To kill pathogens.
• To store it for a longer time and keep it fresh.
• To make it available throughout the year.
• To retain its flavour for a longer time.

Key Points

• Vacuum-packing stores food in a vacuum environment, usually in an air-tight bag or bottle.
• Canning, the process of placing foods in jars or cans and heating them properly to a specified temperature, is a way to preserve many different foods.
• The high heat destroys microorganisms and inactivates enzymes to preserve the safety and quality of the food.
• Canning is not picked as heat destroys cheese.
• Dehydrating and salting also damage the cheese's taste and quality.

So the perfect method for cheese preservation is Vaccum packing.

Additional InformationFood preservation methods:

Pickling:

• Salt and extra edible oils are two main preservatives that are used in pickling.
• It prevents microbial growth.
• Example: Raw mango to mango pickle.

Drying:

• It is the process of removal of water from food.
• It is the simplest method and prevents food spoilage by removing water.
• Example: Potato to chips.

Cooling:

• Cooling at very low temperatures prevents microbial growth.
• Microbes do not get the optimum temperature they need for growth, their growth is inhibited.
• Example: Fresh peas to frozen peas.

Sugaring:

• Sugar is a good moisture absorbent.
• By reducing moisture content, restrains microbial growth.
• Example: Apple to apple jam.

Salting:  

• Preservation by salt is known as salting.
• Salting helps to preserve fruits for the long term.
• Example: Salting of meats and fish.

Adding chemicals:

• Adding synthetic preservatives like vinegar, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite, etc.

Other methods:

• Sterilization, radiation, smoking etc.

Visually challenged students- They are born with visual impairment or become visually impaired later on due to illness, malnutrition, or an accident.

Key Points

• Techniques used to teach visually challenged students virtually-
• For a child with a visual impairment, the instructor must ensure that in addition to visual strategies he or she also explains orally.
• By sharing voice messages- Teaching by sharing voice notes will help visually challenged students to hear the voice according to them understand the concept clearly.
• By Peer explanation- Peer explanation results in positive experiences, resulting in many benefits and could be implemented feasibly and acceptable in inclusive classrooms. It results in high levels of academic engagement in the classroom.

Hence, it is clear from the above points that EVS teachers should use A, B, and C techniques to teach visually challenged students.

Hearing impairment refers to a condition in which a person's ability to hear sounds completely through the ear is impaired. The person has difficulties hearing faint or distant speech if the impairment is minimal.

Key PointsChildren with hearing impairment have a tough time listening intently to every word that is said. They are often comfortable with signs and visuals.

• Teaching hearing impaired children online-
• Captioning and transcripts- teachers should check that all videos and any other content are captioned and accurate.
• Using visuals to enhance communication
• Taking support from special educators- This Will help the teacher to understand the need of disabled children.

Hence, we can conclude that A, C, and D are true. Providing offline classes exclusively for them is not a suitable option for teaching hearing-impaired children, it will make them feel segregated.

Additional Information

• Inclusive education- The concept of inclusive education is comparatively new in the field of special education. It refers to educating all impaired children with various disabilities alongside nondisabled children in a regular school setting.

Preservice teachers- The person who is in the process of preparing to become a teacher.

Key Points

• Self-assessment and reflection refer to the process of critically analyzing one values, personality, interests, and aptitude to better or refine them.
• With such a complex profession as teaching, self-reflection allows teachers to consider what works and what doesn't in their work as well as the logic behind their choices.
• The purpose of self-assessment is to assist teachers in taking an informed and active role in the advancement of their work.
• It aids teachers in identifying their strengths.

Hence, we conclude that to know his/her values, personality, interest, and aptitude the pre-service teacher will use self-assessment tools.

Whereas formative and summative assessment tools are used to know about the children learning.

Learning by doing, or activity approach is integral to the process of experiential learning. Learning is more fun for the learner and teaching more fun for the teacher.

• The objective of the exercises and activities is not so much to evaluate the student's knowledge but to provide an opportunity for the student to express themselves.

Key PointsGermination- Germination is a process by which a plant grows from a seed. 

• Children were asked to set several wet paper towels in a jar having no excess water in the jar and then place moong seeds in the jar near the bottom half of the jar. Then place them by the window and wait. After a couple of days, they will see the seeds start to sprout.  And after about a week they will start to grow.
• By observing the germination of sprouts from moong the children will notice and make inferences about the seed germination.

Hence, we conclude that the most suitable activity to understand the process of germination is the observation of germinating sprouts from moong.

Whereas preparing charts with diagrams, watching video clips, or planting seed in a pot will not be that helpful in understanding the process of germination at home. As children will not be able to see the seed sprouting.

Observational learning is the process of learning by watching the behavior of others. The importance of observational learning lies in helping individual, special children acquire new responses by observing others' behavior.

Key Points

• Objectives of bird watching activity-
• ​Kids improve their attentiveness, observation, and reasoning skills as they gain experience.
• Children enjoy learning about the world around them and making connections with things they are familiar with.
• Children learn to notice similarities and differences between birds, which improves their ability to recognize them. Observing bird behavior is the most enjoyable aspect of bird watching.

Hence, we conclude that the objective of this activity is to develop observations skill regarding the species of birds and their feeding habits.

Whereas this activity will play a lesser role in giving an idea about the birds which are extinct, engaging the students at home, and inculcating compassion for living creatures.

Festivals- It refers to a day or period of celebration, typically for religious reasons.

Key Points

• Importance of teaching festivals in the classroom-
• Every religion and community has its festivals spread over the year. So far the celebration of national festivals i.e. Independence Day and Republic day never had to do anything with religion and community. But now we can see the same spirit in many religious or community-specific festivals.
• Festival serves as stress relievers and emotional balancers as they provide peace and pleasure. It allows the reduction of tension and the reunification of estranged friends and relatives in a connection of love.
• Unity in diversity-There are many factors of diversity in Indian society i.e. multiple races, numerous castes, all major religions different regions, and languages but by festivals, every person is tied with one thread.
• Teaching about festivals also let children know about the value of festivals in their life as the main objective of staging any festival includes recreation, socialization, and education.

Hence, we conclude that the teacher is trying to deal with all the concepts mentioned above.

Teaching strategies- These are the methods used by teachers to support their students throughout the learning process.

Key Points

• Experiential learning is a type of active learning in which students "learn by doing" and then reflect on what they have learned. For example- field trips, art projects, science experiments, role-playing, etc.
• Students are better able to apply ideas and knowledge taught in the classroom to real-world issues when they are engaged in hands-on experience.
• Field trips serve to reinforce classroom concepts and bring lessons to life in the classroom. This kind of trip allows students to visualize, experience, and discuss information.

Hence, we conclude that the best strategy for the teacher to do is to arrange a field trip in the neighborhood to observe preservation techniques practiced at home.

• Whereas the other 3 techniques mentioned above will not allow children to actively construct knowledge because they will remain passive listeners in all those activities.

Teaching resources- Teaching and learning resources are referred to as "any spoken, written, or visual content or activity utilized in a classroom". For example textbooks, plays, flashcards, etc.

Key Points

• Resources for teaching valley of flowers
• Map of India- Using the map as a resource in a classroom is an important tool for building children's spatial reasoning skills and also helps them make sense of the world.
• Madhubani painting- Madhubani art is a style of Indian painting which was named after the "Madhubani" district of Bihar. It uses natural colors and paintings are done on canvases, walls, floors of sacred places, etc. Using folk materials may be useful in their full potential because these materials not only facilitate the easy and meaningful acquisition of learning outcomes but also make the learning process pleasurable.
• Different local flowers- By the use of different local flowers connections are made between the curriculum and the student's lives.
• Worksheets- Worksheets can be useful teaching tools because they allow students to practice and apply concepts they are learning on their own.

Hence, we conclude that she can use all the above-mentioned resources i.e. A, B, C, D.

Teaching methods- The ideas and procedures employed by teachers to enable students learning are referred to as teaching methods. These techniques are influenced by the subject matter to be taught as well as the learner's personality.

Key Points

• Poaching means catching and killing animals without permission on someone else's land. Poaching poses a huge threat to the survival of this rare animal. It is a very sensitive topic.
• Showing newspaper clippings is the best to teach about 'poaching' as it is helpful in spreading awareness regarding the poaching of animals.
• It helps them to understand and become sensitive about it.

​Thus, it is concluded that showing newspaper clipping methods would be an effective way to sensitize the students of 4th Grade regarding 'poaching' during a class.

Occupational stereotypes- It refers to a "preconceived notion" about a specific occupation, the person who works in that occupation, or one fit for that occupation.

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Key Points

• Gender sensitization- It is a process of improving awareness of gender equality issues. It assists people in analyzing the facts of both sexes and examining their attitudes and ideas.
• Teachers facilitate the development of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and value for a healthy and fruitful society. This requires gender sensitivity.
• Street plays- The main purpose of Street play is to spread a social message to a big audience. This contributes to the creation of a sense of awareness in society. Every street play has a distinct public social message and the actor performing the play should be able to demonstrate and convey the theme effectively.

Hence, we conclude that the most effective way to sensitize the students of EVS to the issue of stereotypes in occupation is street plays.

Environmental studies are taught in primary schools to develop an integrated perspective that incorporates knowledge from science, social science, and environmental education.

• At this level, environmental education is all about preparing students to become global citizens.
• The ability to think critically as well as create sensitivity and respect for the natural and socio-cultural surroundings.

Key Points

• Goals of environmental studies
• According to NCF 2005, the main goal of EVS is to expose students to the real-life world, natural and social, in which they live to enable them to analyze, evaluate and draw inferences about problems and concerns related to the environment.
• To add wherever possible to our understanding of environmental issues and to promote positive environmental actions to facilitate the move towards sustainable development.
• To raise awareness and understanding of children about the environment and build capacities to develop a holistic vision and participate in its protection.
• To achieve the above objectives, EVS is organized around 3 broad principles: learning about the environment, learning through the environment, and learning for the environment.

​​Hence we conclude that to achieve the goals of environmental education the curriculum should be based on learning about, though, for the environment.

Observational learning is the process of learning by watching the behavior of others. The importance of observational learning lies in helping individuals, children acquire new responses by observing others' behavior.

Key Points​

• Skills developed by this activity-
• Taking readings for the experiment- Recording observations is an important scientific skill. This allows children to keep track of what they saw, heard, questioned, or discovered.
• Curiosity amongst the students- This activity will help the teacher in developing curiosity as it can lead to new learning opportunities. Curious brains have a strong desire to learn which they often do through asking questions. They aim to investigate all the possibilities that can arise from a single concept.

Hence, it is clear from the above points that teachers are trying to develop skills of taking a reading of experiments and curiosity among the students.

Hint Nature may promote learning by improving learners' attention, self-discipline, interest, and enjoyment in learning but it is not all that learning aims to.

The discussion method involves an open-ended, collaborative exchange of ideas between a teacher and the student or between students, to improve students thinking, learning, problem-solving, comprehension, or literary appreciation.

 Key PointsDiscussion is beneficial to learning because it allows students to process knowledge rather than merely accept it. The purpose of a discussion is to get students to think about the course material differently.

• Objectives of discussion on switching off the engine of vehicles while waiting-
• ​To let children know about air and noise pollution caused by vehicles and their effect on people, wildlife, and plants**.**
• To let children know about the judicious use of nonrenewable resources (petrol, diesel), as they are limited in the nature and future they will be exhausted.
• To let children know about misuse of natural resources by unnecessary idling of cars, trucks, and buses as modern vehicles do not require warming, so there is no need to turn on the engine until you are ready to drive.
• To let children discuss the steps not being taken by the government to stop this issue.

Hence, we conclude that the teacher wants to convey all the given options that are A, B, C, and D.

The discussion method involves an open-ended, collaborative exchange of ideas, between a teacher and the students and between students to improve students thinking, learning, problem-solving, comprehension, and literary appreciation.

Key Points

The objective of the above discussion-

• To sensitize the children about the preservation of cultural legacy - spreading awareness of local art to promote handicrafts and self-employment activities by appreciating the skills of craftsmen and supporting the local vendors.
• To enhance the student's creativity- It allows the children to explore their ideas by thinking about how houses can be decorated during festivals.
• To share that local items are cheaper - It will make students aware of the price of local items which will ultimately increase the productivity and use of local items.

Hence, it is clear that A, B, C and D are correct.

Assessment is the process of gathering, interpreting, recording, and using information about a learners' response is to an educational task. It helps in diagnosing the gaps in realizing the objectives of EVS and taking necessary measures to provide feedback to students about their progress and also motivating and guiding them in future learning.

Key PointsAssessment tools are the techniques used for determining a student's academic talent and aptitude in a subject. They assist students in identifying methods for strengthening their academic fluency and improving their learning experience. For example- rating scale, checklist, anecdotal records, etc.

• Anecdotal records- It is a brief narrative recorded after observing the behavior of students.
• It is a record of major events in the student's life that provide light on the student's behavior, talents, and capabilities.
• It helps in keeping a record of qualitative data about the student. When data is collected over time it can be used to track progress and changes in the student's behavior and performance.
• It also helps in planning for activities and strategies to use in the classroom.

Hence, we conclude that anecdotal records can collect qualitative data for the assessment of students.

Whereas pencil paper tests, rating scales, worksheets, do not provide the full information about the student's behavior and capabilities.

The correct answer is '1'.

Key Points

• By referring to the line:-"The women earn between Rs. 10,000 and Rs. 18,000 a month based on their experience". It can be concluded that statement (A) is true.
• By referring to the line:- "Her family doesn't mind that she travels at odd hours or is in the company of male colleagues, which in her community was once taboo". It can be concluded that statement (B) is false.
• By referring to the line:- "Possibly the most important change these young women have brought to the valley is getting their tribes to move from traditional medicine to modern medicine". It can be concluded that statement (C) is true.
• By referring to the line:- "According to the 2011 census, the maternal mortality rate in Araku valley was over 400 per 100,000 live births, more than double the national average. In the last two years, however, there have been no deaths during pregnancy or childbirth". It can be concluded that statement (D) is false.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is '1'.

Key Points

• By referring to the line:-"Her family doesn't mind that she travels at odd hours or is in the company of male colleagues, which in her community was once taboo."
• It can be concluded that statement (1) is correct.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is '4'.

Key Points

• Innovative means (of a person) introducing new ideas; original and creative in thinking.
• Progressive means happening or developing gradually or in stages.
• Bold means (of a person, action, or idea) showing a willingness to take risks; confident and courageous.
• Orthodox means following or conforming to the traditional or generally accepted rules or beliefs of a religion, philosophy, or practice.
• By referring to the meanings of the above given words and also by going through the passage, we can say that orthodox is the word which is not associated with Padma.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is '4'.

Key Points

• By referring to the line: *"*Her family doesn't mind that she travels at odd hours or is in the company of male colleagues, which in her community was once taboo".
• It can be concluded that tribal girls working with male colleagues was once considered taboo among the tribals.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is '2'.

Key Points

• As we can see in the first paragraph itself, it is written that "One common thread among these young girls is that all their mothers have either worked in or taught at the village anganwadis".
• It is directly giving a sense that either the young anganwadi women workers are working or being taught by somebody at the village anganwadi.
• So, we can refer from the above mentioned line of the paragraph and concluded that option 2 is correct i.e "their mothers have worked in anganwadis in different capacities".

The correct answer is '4'.

Key Points 

• Mortality is a noun which means the state of being subject to death.
• The meaning of other given options are as follows:-
• ​Sanctuary - refuge or safety from pursuit, persecution, or other danger; a nature reserve.
• Transience - the state or fact of lasting only for a short time; shortness.
• Temporal - relating to worldly as opposed to spiritual affairs; secular; relating to time.
• Death - the action or fact of dying or being killed; the end of the life of a person or organism.
• ​From the above meanings it is evident that the word mortality is having the same meaning as death.

 

Hence, the correct answer is - option 4.

The correct answer is '4'.

Key Points 

• Traditional is an adjective which means existing in or as part of a tradition; long-established.
• The meaning of the other given options are as follows:-
• Customary - according to the customs or usual practices associated with a particular society, place, or set of circumstances.​
• ​Established - having existed or done something for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted.
• Conventional - based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed.
• Modern - relating to the present or recent times as opposed to the remote past(when taken as an adjective) or a person who advocates or practices a departure from traditional styles or values.(when taken as a noun)
• ​From the above meanings it is evident that modern is the correct antonym for the word traditional.

 

Hence, the correct answer is - option 4.

The correct answer is '1'.

Key Points

• Adjectives are the words that describe the qualities or states of being' noun'.
• For example:-  Red, quick, happy, and obnoxious.
• The meaning of the other given options are as follows:-
• Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an 'adjective', 'verb', or other 'adverb' or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (e.g., gently, quite, then, there ).
• Conjunction is a word used to connect 'clauses' or 'sentences' or to coordinate words in the 'same clause' (e.g. and, if, but ).
• Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a 'noun' or 'noun phrase'.
• ​From the above meanings it is evident that odd is an adjective as it is modifying the noun 'hours'.

 

Hence, the correct answer is - option 1.

The correct answer is 'b'.

Key Points

• ​The error lies in the usage of 'reached' instead of 'reach'.
• "did I reached the station" is an incorrect phrase as reached is in the past tense form.
• We need to use the v₁ form of 'reached' as we know that 'did' is followed by v₁ form of verb not v₂ or v_3.
• So, the error lies in second part of the sentence, making option 2 as the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is - No sooner did I reach the station than the train departed.

The correct answer is '4: determination and courage in the face of suffering.'

Key Points

• The poet describes hardships at the beginning of each stanza.
• For example: Out of the night that covers me
  

Black as the pit from pole to pole,

• Here he is using the metaphor of night for difficulties he is facing.
• However, he ends the stanza with words of courage.
• For example I thank whatever gods may be
  

For my unconquerable soul.

• He is thanking the gods for providing him with unshakable resilience.
• Thus, from all the points given above, we can conclude that the poem is about determination and courage in the face of suffering.

Therefore, the correct answer is option '4: determination and courage in the face of suffering.'

Additional Information

Let's look at other options:

• passive suffering: The suffering is not passive as the poet is facing it with courage.
• a cry against the gods: The poem is not about crying against the gods rather the poet is thanking gods for providing him with resilience.
• the hostile circumstances that the narrator is facing: The poem is about the difficult circumstances that the poet is facing but this is not the central theme of the poem.

The correct answer is '2: a journey from despair to hope.'

Key Points

• The last stanza of the poem depicts the acceptance of suffering by the poet.
• It matters not how strait the gate, 
  

How charged with punishment the scroll,

• By alluding to the Bible, the poet doesn't care how difficult life becomes or it is full of punishment.
• He continues, I am the master of my fate
  

                       I am the master of my soul.

• He is the master of his fate and his inner life i.e the soul.
• Hence, it doesn't matter how hard life becomes, the poet will always remain in charge of his soul and fate. He hopes that things will change and get better in his life.

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Therefore, from all the points given above, we can conclude that the correct answer is 'a journey from despair to hope.'

Additional Information Let's look at other options:

• deepening gloom:
• This phrase means deep sadness or hopelessness. However, we can infer from the poem that the poet always remains hopeful in the face of adversities.
• man's eternal and irreversible suffering.​:
• This is partially true however, the poet has never talked about eternal suffering.
• a grudging acceptance of suffering:
• Grudging means to reluctantly accept something. However, the poet is accepting the difficulties of life peacefully.

The correct answer is '2: cheerful and courageous acceptance of sorrow'.

Key Points

• In the third stanza of the poem, the poet describes the certainty of death in life:
• Beyond this place of wrath and tears
  

Looms but the horror of the shade,

• Death is the only certainty of the future that hangs like a horrifying shadow over the oresent.
• However, in the next lines poet describes his courage:
• And yet menace of the years
  

Finds, and shall find, me unafraid

• He affirms that any difficulty will find him unafraid and courageous.

Therefore from all the points given above, we can infer that the correct answer is '2: cheerful and courageous acceptance of sorrow'.

The correct answer is '4. optimistic'.

Key Points

• The poem is about the optimistic nature of the poet in the face of adversities.
• The mood of the poem is dark and gloomy which is also the kind of situation the poet is facing. for example:
• In the fell clutch of circumstance,
  

I have not winced nor cried aloud.

• Poet never complained whenever he found himself in difficulty.
• However, the poet is optimistic no matter what the hardship is:
• Under the bludgeonings of chance
  

My head is bloody, but unbowed.

• The poet was impacted by the beatings of his life but he always stood with pride and kept facing the challenges.
• Thus, from all the points given above, we can conclude that the tome of the poem is '4. optimistic'.

The correct answer is 3 i.e. simile.

Key Points

• Simile: a figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by 'like' or 'as'.
• Ex: As red as a rose.
• In the line *"*Black as the pit from pole to pole," the poet compares black and pit with the use of 'as'.
• Hence, simile is being used here.

Additional Information

• Alliteration: the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables (such as wild and woolly, threatening throngs)
• Metaphor: an expression, often found in literature, that describes a person or object by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to that person or object. Eg: The mind is an ocean.
• Epigram: a short saying or poem that expresses an idea in a clever, funny way. Eg: One of Oscar Wilde's most frequently quoted epigrams is "I can resist everything except temptation".

The correct answer is 3. Personification.

Key Points

• Personification is a figure of speech where human-like qualities are attributed to inanimate objects or to abstract concepts.
• The word bludgeonings mean to hit someone with heavy impact.
• This line is given in the second stanza of the poem,
• Under the bludgeonings of chance
  

My head is bloody, but unbowed.

• The poet has attributed the action of hitting to the chances i.e the unexpected happenings of life.
• Chances and happenings are concepts and not human yet they are described as a person.

Therefore, the line; Under the bludgeonings of chance contains personification.

Additional Information Let's look at other options:

Grammar is the backbone of any language. It is the womb that gives birth to sentences. These sentences are fertilized using grammar to form correct and appropriate speech.

• Grammar is defined as a theory of language. We consider language as rule-governed behavior, relating to sounds, word formation, and structure. Here grammar constitutes a subset of rules relating to morphology and syntax.

Key Points

• The emphasis of grammar in context is on internalizing the rules of language as grammar rules are made easier if they are given in a context using examples.
• Teaching grammar in context provides accuracy in the target language and allows learners to see how rules can be used in sentences.
• Providing the chance to practice grammar in context will also allow learners to understand how language rule works and it will improve their linguistic skills.

Hence, the emphasis of grammar in context is on internalizing the rules of language.

Grammar is the set of rules concerned with the use of words in the context to construct meaningful sentences. There are different kinds of grammar teaching methods in a fashion which makes learning a fruitful process.

Key Points

Inductive method is a method that makes grammar learning an effective and productive process by:

• presenting grammar form in natural discourse, then explaining how the form is made and used.
• promoting divergent and critical thinking and leading learners from known to unknown or example to generalization.
• giving illustrations in sentences or paragraphs to help students to learn grammatical rules in a context and integrated manner.

Hence, it could be concluded that the journey from example to generalization is the 'Inductive method'.​​

Additional Information 

• Deductive Method: The deductive method is based on deduction. At first, the rules are given and then students are asked to apply these rules to solve more problems. It begins with general premises and through logical argument, comes to a specific conclusion.
• Direct method is used to teach English/foreign language directly without using the mother tongue. This method builds a direct relationship between words and ideas, experiences and language, thoughts and expressions, rules, and performances without any help of the learner’s mother tongue.

Language teaching is less about the school and more about the process of learning English. The modern approach to all language learning and teaching is the scientific one and is based on sound linguistic principles.

Key Points

• The principle of Graded Patterns is one of the principles of materials preparation for language learning that emphasizes that materials need to be graded appropriately.
• “To teach a language is to impart a new system of complex habits, and habits are acquired slowly.” So, language patterns should be taught gradually, in cumulative graded steps.
• This means the teacher should go on adding each new element or pattern to previous ones. New patterns of language should be introduced and practiced with vocabulary that students already know.

Hence, we can conclude that one of the principles of materials preparation for language learning is that materials need to be graded appropriately.

Language is a symbolic, rule-governed system, shared by a group of people to express their thoughts and feelings. In a child, language development takes place through language acquisition and language learning.

Key PointsLanguage acquisition :

• It refers to the subconscious process of learning a native or second language because of the innate capacity of the human brain.
• It is a natural process whereby children acquire language by observing and repeating what they hear in their native environment.
• Language acquisition does not require any formal instruction, children acquire the language when they have exposure to the language and when they hear language in their surrounding environment.

Hence, it could be concluded that language acquisition occurs only when the child has exposure to the language.

Additional Information Language learning:

• It refers to the result of deliberate and conscious effort in a formal environment, for a better understanding of foundational skills of language learning.
• In language learning, children should move from simple to complex rules to be proficient in all aspects of language skills.
• It is effectively done by providing comprehensible inputs to make the learners actively involved in real communication.
• It refers to have a basic knowledge of grammatical rules and their use in communication.

Language Learning Skills: To attain proficiency in a language, various philosophers came up with the idea of language learning skills which were adopted by various committees. It is a set of skills that helps teachers teach and learners learn a language.

• Speaking skills have two major components. First, there are motor perceptive skills. These are the means of perceiving, recalling, and articulating in the correct order the sounds and structure of a language. Generally, these are developed at the primary level where learners are put through the various look and say exercises, or pattern practice.

Key Points

Ways of evaluation Speaking Skills: Evaluation of proficiency in speaking skills is a complex task for a teacher. The teacher has to be more creative and vigilant in assessing speaking skills. The ways of assessing speaking skills are as follows:

• Recitation of the poem:
• The teacher can use poems for assessing the speaking skills of students. Recitation includes the repetition of the written text loudly and before others.
• The students have to recite the poem loudly with clarity in their voice and correct pronunciation. It helps the students to identify the rhythm, rhyming words, and distinguish between the same and different initial sounds.
• Discussion: Students are asked to read a short text and make points for discussion.
• Role-Play is also another way to assess the speaking skills of students while/producing dialogues in play.
• Interactive Speaking Strategy: The Teacher can use an interactive speaking strategy, in which the student and teacher having face to face conversations.
• Read aloud Task: The teacher can record the speaking of the learner and listen to a recording and can evaluate the students in a series of phonological factors and fluency.

Hence, we can conclude that when a child is asked to recite a poem, it can help the teacher to assess her proficiency in speaking.

The teaching method is a way to put theory in practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. It helps the teachers to plan and present the lesson coherently.

Key Points

The brainstorming method is developed by Alex F. Osborn. It is the oldest and best-known technique for stimulating creative thinking. It is the most fruitful exercise to solve complex and critical problems.

• 'Brain storming' means to be aware of ideas on a topic as in Brainstorming, many creative minds work together and apply their diverse thinking patterns to generate creative ideas on a particular topic.
• It is a teaching-learning process in which the student is an active role player. The teacher gives one problem or topic to the entire class and allots time.
• Within the given time, the student must create ideas. The role of the teacher in this method is just to consider all the ideas and arise conclusions based on a healthy discussion.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Brain storming' means to be aware of ideas on a topic.

Language teaching refers to a process whereby a child gains communicative comprehension or fluency over a language. It involves practice by learners where facilitation is provided by a teacher.

Key PointsAssumption in language teaching:

• Learners acquire language by trying to use it in real situations. It does not require any formal instruction, learners acquire the language when they have exposure to the language and when they hear and use language in their surrounding environment**.​**
• A first language is the language or are the languages a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period. Learners' first language plays an important role in learning as it connects them with content.
• Language teaching should have a focus on communicative and speaking activities as it makes learners confident to communicate effectively by involving them in real communication. It aims to develop learners' competence to communicate fluently in the target language.

Hence, it is clear that Language teaching should give importance to writing rather than to speaking, is an incorrect assumption in language teaching.

Language learning is the process of learning to speak and understand a foreign language. It helps children to acquire practical commands of language. It is a result of deliberate and conscious effort for a better understanding of foundational skills of language learning.

Key Points

• A test that is administered at the end of a concept is called a Diagnostic test. These tests are designed to point out inadequacies in specific skills.
• The main objective of a diagnostic test is to locate areas in which additional instruction is required and for which teaching methods need to be improved.
• These tests are administered at the end of the language course to find out deficiencies of the students with a view to plan remedies. It is a comprehensive test that provides feedback to teachers and students on their strengths and weaknesses.
• These tests are very helpful in the process of language learning as it helps the language teacher to know the difficulties in the learner's understanding and to diagnose those difficulties with the necessary help.

Hence, we can conclude that a test that is administered at the end of a concept is called a Diagnostic test.

Language skills are necessary for effective communication in any environment and to interact with others. It allows an individual to comprehend and produce language for proper and effective interpersonal communication.

Key Points

• The four basic language skills and their natural order are listening-speaking-reading-writing. These foundational skills of language are divided into two categories which are receptive and productive skills.

Let's understand it briefly:

• Productive skills: 
• The productive skills of language are speaking and writing because these skills can measure a learner's ability to produce language.
• Both skills are concerned with language product or output through speech or written tests.
• Receptive skills:
• The receptive skills of language are listening and reading because these skills don't require the production of language.
• These skills focus on an individual's ability of understanding and comprehend language.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that the productive skills of language are speaking and writing.

A textbook is a tool to be used in the teaching process to facilitate effective learning. In a good English textbook, every lesson should have a proper introduction at the beginning and a conclusion at the end to develop a good understanding of the concept for a better educational experience.

Important Points

Characteristics of a Textbook:

• The materials should be presented in such a way that they provide systematic practice in listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
• Presentation of topics should be centered on children's interests, needs, and environment. So, it should contain pictures and clear illustrations.
• The purpose of illustrations in the textbook at the primary level is to understand ideas and concepts. It helps children in learning concepts by providing an instance of similarity and an instance of contrast respectively.
• The books should be according to the psychological and linguistic needs of children and should be suited to the syllabus and objectives of the particular level.

Hence, it is clear that the purpose of illustrations in the textbook at the primary level is to understand ideas and concepts.

Language skill refers to the ability to use a language properly. In other words, the learner should be fully proficient in all the four skills of the language: listening, speaking, reading, and writing.

Key Points

• Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
• All the language skills are interrelated and in order to provide more focused and significant learning situations, teachers must integrate the language skills while teaching and practicing the language.
• For example, when we speak, we also listen simultaneously. When we write, we also read. This engagement with language enables us to internalize the underlying grammaticality of the language.

Thus, it is concluded that 'all the language skills are interrelated and teaching-learning processes should integrate them' is correct about language skills.

Homework refers to a piece of work assigned to students as a part of the study to do at home. It is given by the teacher at the end of their period to make students revise that particular topic for better academic outcomes.

Key Points 

• The purpose of homework in language learning should be the extension and practice of concepts taught. It could be done by providing extended learning opportunities because learning opportunities make learners independent and constructivist in learning.
• Homework in the language teaching-learning process helps in:
• developing communicative competence.
• understanding ideas and making connections between them.
• reflecting upon and controlling their thinking and learning processes.
• developing understanding, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.
• addressing language issues and making plans to bring improvements.

Hence, it could be concluded that the homework should be the extension and practice of concepts taught, is correct about homework.

Learning cannot take place in a vacuum. We need to direct our learners to specific learning goals and see whether these goals are achieved or not. Textbooks help teachers and learners in this regard. It is a tool to be used in the teaching-learning process to facilitate effective and meaningful learning.

Key Points

• In the teaching of a language, the textbook is an important resource as it provides security for the students because they have a kind of a road map of the course, they know what to expect and they know what is expected from them.
• It provides the basic framework or ascertains a minimum of authentic content to be covered within which much of the classroom activities occur and also gives every child the best possible opportunities for learning.
• Qualities of a good language textbook:
• Comprehensible inputs
• Age-appropriate materials
• Adequate subject matter
• Use of suitable language
• Interesting and attractive
• Use of appropriate vocabulary
• Proper introduction & Conclusion

Hence, we conclude that in the teaching of a language, the textbook is an important resource.

Language provides a bank of memories and symbols inherited from one's fellow speakers and created in one's own lifetime. It helps an individual to communicate with others effectively. 

• Speaking is a crucial part of second language learning and teaching. It is not merely a repetition of drills or memorization of dialogues. Instead, it helps to improve one's communicative skills, because, only in that way, people can express themselves.

Key Points

One of the important aspects of developing speaking skills is to speak keeping in mind the context and the situation as the best development of speaking skills occurs when the student is able to relate learning with real-life situations. It:

• promotes learners to encounter real-life situations.
• emphasizes the functional use of language in the real context.
• prepares the learners for meaningful and authentic communicative activity.
• lays emphasis on using language to communicate meaningfully in the target language.

Hence, it could be concluded that one of the important aspects of developing speaking skills is to speak keeping in mind the context and the situation.

The process of writing is generally a way to put abstract thoughts, ideas, and concepts into words, and to bring imagination into reality with the help of proper words of a particular language.

• The writing skills of students usually improve naturally with their experiences, maturity, and practice. There are different forms of writing and journal writing is one of them.

Key Points

• Journal writing refers to a form of writing, written by learners to record their insights, perceptions, experiences, etc. on a specific topic.
• It helps students to reflect on their own learning. It also helps them in organizing their thoughts and allows them to reflect on themselves.
• It is the process of observing and recording personal insights, reflections, and experiences on assigned or personal topics.
• Journal projects assigned by the teacher may include students' thoughts about their daily experiences, reading assignments, current events, etc.

Hence, Journal-writing helps students to reflect on their own learning.

The correct answer is 'A is true and B is false'.

Key Points

• By going through the passage, it can be concluded that we are talking about a man who blazes a trail in any field. It means a man who is the first one to do something and to show others how to do it. Thus, statement (A) is true.
• By referring to the line: "The fact that posterity often understands him better and honours him is of no consequence during his lifetime. Socrates paid the ultimate price for his convictions but is today ranked among the all-time great thinkers". It can be concluded that statement (B) is false.
• By referring to the line: "Even in a technical subject like science one cannot forget the ordeal that Galileo went through". It can be concluded that statement (C) is false.
• By referring to the line: "Sad indeed is the lot of the lone pioneer who swims against the current of apathy, ignorance and hostility of his times". It can be concluded that statement (D) is false.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is 'that they have to struggle a lot'.

Key Points

• By going through the passage, it can be concluded that we are talking about a man who blazes a trail in any field. It means a man who is the first one to do something and to show others how to do it.
• Thus, the author wants to say that people need to struggle a lot.
• Thus, the central idea of the passage is 'that they have to struggle a lot'.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'They are patronized by the state'.

Key Points

• By referring to the below lines of the passage:-
• "Sad indeed is the lot of the lone pioneer who swims against the current of apathy, ignorance and hostility of his times".
• "Somewhat better, but still bitter, was the fate of Charles Babbage, the 19" century English mathematician, who with amazing insight thought up all the essential features of the modern computer and laboured prodigiously during his lifetime to turn them into reality. Sadly, all his efforts came to a naught in practice and only drew derision from his contemporaries".
• "The fact that posterity often understands him better and honours him is of no consequence during his lifetime".
• It can be concluded that third statement is not true.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'worse than that of Copernicus'.

Key Points

• As we can see in the first paragraph of the passage, it is clearly mentioned that "Even in a technical subject like science one cannot forget the ordeal that Galileo went through. His predecessor, Nicolaus Copernicus, was smarter for not revealing his theory of the solar system until he was on his death-bed!"
• It can be concluded that Galileo’s tale was worse than that of Copernicus.

 

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'indifference'.

Key Points

• Apathy means lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.
• For examples:- (1)  His apathy just made her even more frustrated. (2) Once defeated, he sank into apathy.
• Indifference means lack of interest, concern, or sympathy.
• For examples:- (1)  She showed total indifference to his fate. (2) Artie treated most women with indifference.

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From the above meanings it is evident that apathy means indifference.

Additional InformationThe meaning of the other given words are as follows:-

• Violence - behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.
• Ignorance - lack of knowledge or information.
• Criticism - the expression of disapproval of someone or something on the basis of perceived faults or mistakes.

The correct answer is 'friendliness'.

Key Points

• Hostility means hostile behaviour; unfriendliness or opposition

.

• For example:- (1) They eyed each other with open hostility. (2) Their faces were stamped with hostility.
• Friendliness means the quality of being friendly; affability.
• For example:- (1) His kind smile soon generated friendliness. (2) He treated me with friendliness.

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​From the above meanings it is evident that friendliness is the correct antonym of the word hostility.​

 Additional Information

The meaning of the other given words are as follows:-

• Encouragement - the action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope.
• Agreement - harmony or accordance in opinion or feeling.
• Cooperation - the action or process of working together to the same end.