Bihar Police Constable Memory Based Paper (Held On: 22 Oct 2017) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is All of the above

Key Points 

Consumer Protection Act 1986

• An Act to provide for better protection of the interests of consumers
• it has provisions for the establishment of consumer councils and other authorities for the settlement of consumer disputes.
• It provides some Rights to the consumer as follows
• Right to choice.
• Right to representation.
• Right to information.
• Right to safety.
• Right to redressal.
• Right to consumer education.

उपरोक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प 2 सही है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• संज्ञा - वे शब्द जो किसी प्राणी, वस्तु,स्थान, जाति, भाव आदि के नाम होते हैं।
• जैसे - राम, पर्वत, वर्ग, क्रोध आदि।

Additional Information

The correct answer is Mahanadi.

Key Points

• Hirakud Dam Project is a multipurpose scheme intended for flood control, irrigation, and power generation.
• The dam is built across the river Mahanadi in the state of Odisha.
• This is one of the oldest hydel projects of India, being the first post-independence major multi-purpose river valley project in the country. 
  

CONCEPT:

Bio-mass energy:

• Bio-mass is the energy source that is received from animal wastes and plant materials.
• For example, cow-dung, various plant materials like the residue after harvesting the crops, vegetable waste, and sewage are decomposed in the absence of oxygen to give biogas.

EXPLANATION:

• From the above, it is clear that wood, gobar-gas, and cow-dung are an example of biomass energy sources. Therefore option 1^st, 2^nd, and 4^th is not a bio-mass energy source.
• On the other hand, nuclear energy is obtained from nuclear fusion and fission. Therefore option 3^rd is the answer.

• Tropic of Cancer does not pass through Maharashtra.
• Tropic of Cancer is located at 23.5 degrees north latitude.
• The Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states namely Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• The Tropic of Capricorn passes through 23.5 degrees south latitude.

• Kilowatt-hour (kWh) represents Energy. 1 kWh represents 3,600,000 (3.6 x 10⁶) J.
• The unit of Force is Newton.
• The unit of Momentum is kilogram-meter per second (kgm/s).
• The unit of Electric power is Watt.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus was formerly known as Victoria Terminus. This station was originally known as Bori Bunder (1853 – 1888). It was rebuilt as Victoria Terminus to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. In 1996, the name of the station was changed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in honour of Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire.

The correct answer is Metamorphosis.

Key Points

• A biological process called metamorphosis involves an obvious and relatively sudden change in the animal's body structure.
• It occurs as a result of cell proliferation and differentiation, including birth or hatching.
• Hormones that the animal's body releases as the ideal circumstances for metamorphosis approach are what cause the alterations that result in metamorphosis.
• Ametabolous, hemimetabolous, and holometabolous are the three forms of metamorphosis.

Additional Information

• Viviparous:
• Viviparous animals are those in which the embryo develops inside the person during fertilization.
• Humans are viviparous.
• Viviparous mammals include cows, monkeys, and chimps.
• Oviparous:
• Eggs are laid by oviparous animals.
• Oviparous mammals do not develop their embryos inside their mothers.
• Embryo:
• Early stages of human and other animal or plant development.

• 'Dumping' refers to the sale in a foreign market of a commodity at a price below marginal cost.

• In economics, "dumping" is a kind of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a price either below the price charged in its home market or below its cost of production.

The correct answer is Siddharta.

Important Points

• Gautama Buddha, variously termed Sakyamuni or Tathagata, is considered as the founder of Buddhism.
• He was born as Siddhartha to Suddhodhana, the ruler of the Sakyan republic, and his wife Maya, on Vaisakha Purnima in the Lumbini gardens near Kapilavasthu (in Nepal) in the 6th century BC.

Hence, Siddharta was the founder of Buddhism.

Additional Information

• Lord Mahavira, also known as Vardhamana was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism.
• Lord Mahavira propagated the religion after which Jainism came into prominence in the 6th century B.C.
• Chanakya was known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta, who wrote the Arthashastra, an ancient Indian political treatise, a text dating from around the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE.
• Chanakya served both Emperor Chandragupta and his son Bindusara as chief adviser.He is generally credited for having played an important role in the Maurya Empire's establishment.
• Ashoka the Great (268-232 BCE) was the third king of the Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE) best known for his renunciation of war, development of the concept of Dhamma (pious social conduct), and promotion of Buddhism as well as his effective reign of a nearly pan-Indian political entity.

Here the correct answer is Ugly.

Key Points:-

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word:-
• Pretty*(adverb)* - to a moderately high degree; fairly. (सुंदर)
• For Example -He looked pretty fit for his age.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:-
• Ugly*(adjective)* - unpleasant or repulsive, especially in appearance. (अप्रिय या प्रतिकारक, विशेष रूप से दिखने में)
• For Example - People in school always told me I was ugly.
• The other options are synonyms of pretty.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of the other options:-
• Attractive*(adjective)* - pleasing or appealing to the senses. ( इंद्रियों को प्रसन्न करने वाला या आकर्षित करने वाला)
• Lovely*(adjective)* - very beautiful or attractive. (बहुत सुंदर या आकर्षक)
• Charming*(adjective)* - very pleasant or attractive. (बहुत सुखद या आकर्षक)

The correct answer is To supervise investigating agencies in the country.

Key Points

• Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)
• It is an apex Indian governmental body.
• It was created in 1964 to address governmental corruption, monitoring all vigilance under the central government, and advising various authorities in central government organization in planning, executing, and reviewing their vigilance work.
• It has the status of an autonomous body.
• It was set up by the Government of India in February 1964 on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam Committee, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance.
• Nittoor Srinivasa Rau, was selected as the first Chief Vigilance Commissioner of India.
• The Central Vigilance Commissioner is to be appointed by the President of India.
• He holds the office for 4 years.
• He can be removed or suspended from the office by the President on the ground of misbehavior but only after the Supreme Court has held an inquiry into his case and recommended action against him.

Additional Information

• The Commission is mainly an advisory body and has no adjudicatory functions.
• It mainly considers the complaints relating to corruption, misconduct, lack of integrity, or some other kinds of malpractice or misdemeanor on the part of the public servants.
• It cannot extend sanctions for criminal prosecution for offenses committed by public servants.
• It has no machinery to investigate or inquire into complaints of corruption except to a limited extent.
• The commission is not authorized to investigate the complaint itself, it has to refer them to the Central Bureau of Investigation or Ministry or Department for investigation.

The correct answer is Uranium.

Key Points

• Nuclear Power Plant
• It is a type of power plant that uses the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity.
• They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator.
• Uranium
• It is a silvery-white element.
• Its atomic number is 92 and its mass number is 238.
• This element was discovered by German Chemist MH Klaproth.
• It is also called the metal of hope.
• It does not occur in the free state and is extracted from pitch blended ore.
• It is used in the atomic reactor as nuclear fuel.

Additional Information

• Gasoline
• It is a derivative product of crude oil or petroleum.
• It is derived during the fractional distillation process and has a translucent liquid form.
• It is not used in its crude form. Different additives are added like ethanol to use as fuel for passenger vehicles.
• Gold
• It is a soft, bright yellow-colored lustrous metal.
• Its atomic number is 79 and its mass number is 197.
• It occurs in nature in free element form or in alluvial deposits or in the form of ores.
• It is used in making ornaments, coins, electroplating, and in the sugar and pharmaceutical industries.
• Radium
• Radium is a silvery-white metal that does not occur free in nature.
• It is a chemical element with the symbol Ra and atomic number 83.
• It was first discovered in 1898 by Pierre Curie and Marie Curie.
• Radium's main practical use has been in the medicine producing radon gas from radium chloride to be used in radiotherapy for cancer.

Option 3 is correct, i.e. Thematic map

A thematic map is a specific area or subject which defines the map showing the distribution of forest.

The correct answer is a mathematician.

Key Points

During Gupta Age, Aryabhatta was a great mathematician.

• The Gupta period is unparalleled for its achievements in the field of mathematics and astronomy.
• Aryabhatta wrote Aryabhatiya and Suryasiddhanta.
• In Aryabhatiya, he described the place value of the first nine numbers and the use of zero.
• He calculated the value of Pi and invented algebra.
• In Suryasiddhanta, he proved that the earth revolves around the Sun and rotates on its axis.
• In this way, he discovered the cause of the solar and lunar eclipses and the methods for calculating timings of their occurrence.
• He said that the heavenly bodies, like the moon, were spherical and they are shown by reflecting the light.

Additional Information

• Sri Gupta was the founder of the Gupta Dynasty.
• Varahamihira and Brahmagupta also belonged to this dynasty.
• Varahamihira wrote Pancha-sidhantika and Brihatsamhita.
• Brahmagupta wrote Brahma-sphutic in which he hinted at the law of Gravitation.

Given:

(2/5) + (6/7) + (3/10) + x = 9

Calculation:

According to the question,

(2/5) + (6/7) + (3/10) + x = 9

⇒ (28 + 60 + 21)/70 + x = 9

⇒ (109/70) + x = 9

⇒ x = 9 – (109/70)

⇒ x = (630 – 109)/70

⇒ x = 521/70

∴ 521/70

अधिकरण कारक का विभक्ति चिह्न है- में, पर

अधिकरण कारक:-

• अधिकरण का अर्थ होता है - आश्रय।
• संज्ञा का वह रूप जिससे क्रिया के आधार का बोध हो उसे अधिकरण कारक कहते हैं।
• इसकी विभक्ति में और पर होती है।
• भीतर, अंदर, ऊपर, बीच आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग इस कारक में किया जाता है।

उदाहरण-

• पुस्तक मेज पर है।
• वीर सिपाही युद्धभूमि में मारा गया।

Key Points हिन्दी में आठ कारक’ हैं -

Confusion Pointsकरण और अपादान कारक में अं��र:-

• करण और अपादान दोनों ही कारकों में ‘से’ चिन्ह का प्रयोग होता है।
• परन्तु अर्थ के आधार पर दोनों में अंतर होता है।
• करण कारक में जहाँ पर ‘से’ का प्रयोग साधन के लिए होता है
• वहीं पर अपादान कारक में अलग होने के लिए किया जाता है।

Important Points 

The correct answer is 16.

Key Points

• The mass number is defined as the sum of the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. Protons and neutrons are also called nucleons.
• The atomic number is defined as the total number of Protons present in the nucleus of an atom.
• Mass Number ( Protons + Neutrons) - Atomic number (Protons) = Neutrons.
• Therefore Neutrons present in the above-given data is 32 - 16 = 16.
• Protons and neutrons are present in a small nucleus at the centre of the atom.

Additional Information

• 16 is the Atomic number of Sulphur(S).
• Sulphur is belonging to group 16 and p-block.
• Atoms are made up of three subatomic particles electron, proton and neutron.
• Protons and neutrons are present in a small nucleus at the centre of the atom and the electrons are present outside the nucleus in a fixed orbit.
• Electrons were discovered by J.J. Thompson in 1897.
• Proton was discovered by Rutherford.
• Neutron was discovered by Chadwick in 1932.

The correct answer is 'on.'

Key Points  

• Let us look at the usage of the given options:
• At: We use "at" when we refer to an address.
• Example: Education starts at home.
• ​In: We use "in" when something is located inside of a defined space. ​
• Example: I’m in the building now.
• For: We use "for" to talk about a purpose or a reason for something.
• Example: I bought that for you.
• On: "On" is used to show that something is in a position above something else and touching it, or that something is moving into such a position.
• Example: Look at all the books on your desk!
• ​​The sentence says that the newspapers are lying above the coffee table.
• So, the correct answer is Option 4.
  

Correct sentence: The newspaper is on the coffee table.

Follow BODMAS rules to solve the equation

Step-1: The part of the equation containing 'Brackets' must be solved first, and in the bracket,

Step-2: Any mathematical 'Of' or 'Exponent' must be solved next,

Step-3: Next, the parts of the equation that contain 'Division' and 'Multiplication' are solved

Step-4: At last, the part of the equation that contains 'Addition' and 'Subtraction' should be solved.

⇒ 2.75% of 450 – 1.75% of 650 = ?

$\Rightarrow \frac{{275}}{{100}} \times \frac{1}{{100}} \times 450 - \frac{{175}}{{100}}; \times ;\frac{1}{{100}} \times 650 = ;?$

$\Rightarrow \frac{{123750}}{{100 \times 100}} - \frac{{113750}}{{100 \times 100}} = ;?$

⇒ ? = 12.375 – 11.375 = 1

∴ ? = 1

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 'प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया' होगा। अन्य विकल्प इसके त्रुटिपूर्ण उत्तर होंगे।

Key Points

• जिन शब्दों में किसी कार्य का करना या होना था, किसी घटना में घटित होने का संज्ञान होता है, उसे क्रिया कहते हैं।
• 'लिखवाना' शब्द प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया का शब्द है।

Additional Information

The Correct Answer is Option (1) i.e Kerala.

• Kerala is the largest producer of Rubber in India
• Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956 with its capital in Thiruvananthapuram.
• The official and the most widely spoken language of the state is Malayalam.
• Kerala is the largest rubber producing state of India (almost 90% of total production), followed by Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
• India is the fourth largest rubber producing country in the world.
• Thailand is the largest rubber producing country in the world, followed by Indonesia.

The correct answer is option 4: James Chadwick is accredited with the discovery of Neutron.

Key Points

• James Chadwick had discovered some new neutral particles in 1930 which were emitted out by the Beryllium nucleus after it was bombarded by alpha particles.
• Research was carried on and finally, the new neutral particle was confirmed in 1932.

Neutron:

• It is a constituent particle of the nucleus.
• It is a neutral particle i.e. it carries no charge.
• Symbol: 'n' or ₀n¹.

We have the standard identity:

a³ + b³ + c³ – 3abc = (a + b + c)(a² + b² + c² – ab – bc – ca)

Given,

a² + b² + c² = ab + bc + ca

⇒ a² + b² + c² – (ab + bc + ca) = 0

Hence, a³ + b³ + c³ – 3abc = 0

The correct answer is Initial velocity

Key PointsCONCEPT:

• Equation of motion: The mathematical equations used to find the final velocity, displacements, time, etc of a moving object without considering force acting on it are called equations of motion.
• These equations are only valid when the acceleration of the body is constant and they move in a straight line.

There are three equations of motion:

V = u + at

V2 = u2 + 2 a S

${\text{S}} = {\text{ut}} + \frac{1}{2}{\text{a}}{{\text{t}}^2}$

Where, V = final velocity, u = initial velocity, s = distance traveled by the body under motion, a = acceleration of body under motion, and t = time taken by the body under motion.

EXPLANATION:

• In the equation of motion v = u + at, ‘u’ represents the initial velocity of the body under consideration. So option 1 is correct.
• There is nothing to do with energy here (kinetic energy and potential energy).

Additional Information

• Kinetic energy (KE): The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy.

$KE = \frac{1}{2}m{v^2}$

Where m = mass of the body and v = velocity of the body

• Potential energy (PE): The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or configuration is called potential energy.

$PE = mgh$

Where, m = mass of the body, g = acceleration due to gravity, and h = height of the body

The correct answer is  Mahatma Gandhi.

Key Points

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule,
• Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated from politics.
• What he meant by religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all religions.
• He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.

Additional Information

• Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian reformer who was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a social-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinent. He was given the title of Raja by Akbar II, the Mughal emperor.
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale was an Indian 'moderate' political leader and a social reformer during the Indian independence movement. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the founder of the Servants of India Society.
• Dayanand Saraswati also known as Maharshi Dayanand is an Indian philosopher, social leader, and founder of the Arya Samaj, a reform movement of the Vedic dharma

​Thus, Mahatma Gandhi upheld the view that religion can never be separated from politics

• Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.
• Accordingly, democracy is a form of government in which:
• Rulers elected by the people take all the major decisions;
• Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers;
• Democracy must be based on a free and fair election where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing.
• This choice and opportunity is available to all the people on an equal basis; and
• The exercise of this choice leads to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizens’ rights.

Limitations of Democracy

• Democracy leads to frequent changes in leadership. Sometimes this can set back big decisions and affect the government’s efficiency. Hence, it is not the feature but limitation of the democracy.
• Involving the people in decision-making leads to delays in decision making. Also, it does not guarantee that participative decisions will be good.
• Democracy does not ensure economic equality. Despite being the largest democracy, it has not ended poverty in our country and in other parts of the world.

​Land, river, and air transportation are available in India. For most Indians, road public transportation remains their major form of transportation, and India's public transportation networks are among the most heavily used in the world. 

Important Points

• According to 2017 estimations, India's total road length is 5,603,293 km (3,481,725 mi);making India's road network the world's second-longest after the United States.
• National Highways: 79,116 km (49,160 mi)
• State Highways: 155,716 km (96,757 mi)
• Expressways: 1,206 km (749 mi) as of 2011
• District and rural roads: 4,455,010 km (2,768,210 mi)

Additional Information

• Railways, Ports and Aviation are the other important means of transportation, arranged in the order of their importance.

Hence, Roads are the main mode of transport in India.

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘पयोधि’ शब्द समुद्र का पर्यायवाची है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अत: इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 ‘पयोधि’ होगा।

Key Points

• स्पष्टीकरण:
• समुद्र का पर्यायवाची शब्द ‘पयोधि’ है।
• इसके अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द होंगे- सागर, वारीश, अब्धि, रत्नाकर, पारावार आदि।
• अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर होंगे।

Additional Information

अन्य विकल्प:

विशेष:

The correct answer is Molecules of oil are non-polar.

Key Points

• Water is a polar molecule.
• It has two positive molecules and one negative molecule.
• In order to dissolve in water, a compound has to be polar.
• The positive molecule in the compound gets together with the negative molecule in water.
• The negative molecule in the compound gets together with the positive molecule in water.
• Oil is not polar, thus it is unable to perform this reaction.
• Thus, oil does not mix with water.

Additional Information

• Water can dissolve salt.
• The positive part of water molecules attracts the negative chloride ions.
• The negative part of water molecules attracts the positive sodium ions.

The correct answer is option 1

Key Points

• United Nations Security Council, United Nations (UN) organ whose primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security
• The permanent five members of the UNSC are- the USA, Russia, China, UK and France. While the total strength of the council is 15 members its number has changed with successive reforms in its structuring.
• As of 2022, India is a non Permanent Member of the UNSC with no veto powers.
• The composition of the Security Council has been a contentious matter, particularly since the end of the Cold War. Critics have argued that the Security Council and its five permanent members reflect the power structure that existed at the end of World War II, when much of the world was under colonial rule.
• Reform efforts have remained elusive but have centered on efforts to make the work of the Security Council more transparent and on demands by important non-permanent members, such as Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan (the so-called G-4), to obtain permanent membership—or at least have special status within the Security Council.
• One proposal put forward by the G-4 countries was to increase the membership of the Security Council to 25 seats by adding six new permanent members, including one each for themselves and two for Africa.

The correct answer is Assam.

• The GST Bill (Goods and Services Tax Bill), officially known as the Constitution (101nd Amendment) Bill, 2016 is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services in India.
• The single pan-India tax will replace the excise duty, countervailing duty and service tax, as also state taxes such as value-added tax, entry tax and luxury tax.
• Assam is the first state of India to pass GST Bill.

Important Points

• 42% of the Central Government GST portion will be given back to the State.
• The GST will cater for a special concession offer in case the NE & Himalayan states request a reduction in tax for a valid reason.
• In case of requirement of additional revenue in emergency situations of natural calamity like floods and earthquakes, GST will allow the State Government to collect special taxes as long as it is approved by GSTC.

सही उत्तर किसी भाषा के मूल शब्द को है।

Key Points

• तत्सम शब्द किसी भाषा के मूल शब्द को कहते हैं।
• तत्सम शब्द- तत्सम शब्द संस्कृत भाषा के दो शब्दों, तत् + सम् से मिलकर बना है।
• तत् का अर्थ है – उसके, तथा सम् का अर्थ है – समान। अर्थात – ज्यों का त्यों।
• जिन शब्दों को संस्कृत से बिना किसी परिवर्तन के ले लिया जाता है, उन्हें तत्सम शब्द कहते हैं।
• जैसे- अग्नि, आम्र, अमूल्य, चंद्र, क्षेत्र, अज्ञान

Additional Information

The correct answer is Bharatendu Harishchandra.

Key Points

• Bharatendu Harishchandra was an Indian poet, writer, and playwright.
• He was an author of several dramas, life sketches, and travel accounts.
• Bharatendu Harishchandra is often considered the father of Hindi literature and Hindi theatre.
• Under the pen name Rasa, Harishchandra represented the agonies of the people, the country's poverty, dependency, inhuman exploitation, and the unrest of the middle class.
• He was given the title of Bharatendu in a public meeting by scholars of Kashi.
• Some of the famous works of Bharatendu Harishchandra are Bhagat Sarvagya, Vaidiki Himsa Himsa Na Bhavati, Vinya Prem Pachassa, etc.

Additional Information

• Dhanpat Rai Srivastava better known by his pen name Premchand was an Indian writer famous for his modern Hindustani literature.
• He was one of the first authors to write about caste hierarchies and the plights of women and labourers prevalent in the society of the late 1880s.
• He is one of the most celebrated writers of the Indian subcontinent and is regarded as one of the foremost Hindi writers of the early twentieth century.
• His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah.
• The late scholar David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (1969), "To Premchand belongs the distinction of creating the genre of the serious short story and the serious novel as well in both Hindi and Urdu.
• Maithili Sharan Gupt was one of the most important modern Hindi poets.
• He is considered one of the pioneers of Khari Boli (plain dialect) poetry.
• He was given the title of Rashtra Kavi by Mahatma Gandhi for his book Bharat-Bharati (1912), widely quoted during India's freedom struggle.
• He was also made an honorary member of the Rajya Sabha.
• Suryakant Tripathi "Nirala" was an Indian poet, novelist, essayist, and story-writer who wrote in Hindi.
• He wrote strongly against social injustice and exploitation in society.
• His style of writing was totally different from his contemporaries, Suryakant Tripathi received the title of Nirala which means unique in the Hindi tongue.

Given:

Length of cuboid = 7.5 m

Breadth of cuboid = 22 m

Height of cuboid = 13 m

Concept Used:

Volume of cuboid = Length × Breadth × Height

Calculation:

Volume of cuboid = Length × Breadth × Height

⇒ Volume of Cuboid = $7.5\times 22\times 13$

⇒ Volume of Cuboid = 2145 m³

Hence, the volume of the cuboid is 2,145 m³.

The correct answer is Karl Marx

Key Points

• Das Kapital (Capital): Critique to Political Economy is a foundational theoretical text in communist philosophy, economics and politics.
• Written by Karl Marx
• Books by Karl Marx:
• ​The German Ideology
• Grundrisse
• Wage Labour and Capital
• The Poverty of Philosophy
• The Civil War in France
• The Holy Family
• Theories of Surplus Value
• The Communist Manifesto

Additional Information

Concept:

• Nutrition is a process by which an organism consumes and uses food materials. According to WHO, Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body's dietary needs.
• There are various modes of nutrition mainly, Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, Chemoautotrophic, Saprophytic,  etc.
• Parasitism is a type of heterotrophic nutrition.

Explanation:

• Amarbel (Cuscuta) is a ''parasite''.
• The organism that lives on or inside other living organisms, to derive their food are called parasites.
• All parasitic plants have modified roots, called haustoria.
• Amarbel does not have chlorophyll.
• It takes readymade food from the plant on which it climbs. The plant on which it climbs is called a host.
• Since it deprives the host of valuable nutrients, it is called a parasite.
• Other Examples of parasites: Loranthus, Balanophora, Sandalwood tree.

Additional Information

• Holophytic or autotrophic nutrition: In this type of nutrition the organisms prepare their food by themselves. Eg - green plants.
• Saprobiotic nutrition: In this type of nutrition the organism depends on the dead and decaying matter of other organisms. Eg - fungi

The Correct Answer is Option 3 i.e commercialization of Indian agriculture.

Key Points

• Economically, one of the results of British rule in India in the 19th century was the growth of commercial crops and the raw materials for the industries in Britain.
• Different kinds of commercial crops such as tea, coffee, indigo, opium, cotton, jute, sugarcane, and oilseeds were introduced with different intentions.
• Colonial rule negatively affected Indian industries and handicrafts.
• The import of a large amount of products manufactured by mechanical looms in England led to an increasing threat for the handicraft industries as the British goods were sold at a much cheaper price.
• There was no rapid increase in the urban population.

The correct answer is Fatty alcohol found in animal fats.

Key Points

• Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in our blood. Our body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease. With high cholesterol, we can develop fatty deposits in our blood vessels.
• Our body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help us digest foods. Our body makes all the cholesterol it needs.
• Cholesterol is also found in foods from animal sources, such as egg yolks, meat, and cheese.
• Unhealthy Lifestyles, Smoking, and Lacking of Physical exercise can increase cholesterol in our body.

The correct answer is April, 2010.

Key Points

• Right to Education became an act on April 1, 2010.
• The Right to Education Act (RTE), is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009.
• The Right to education is a fundamental right which is given to every citizen of India by the Constitution of India.
• The Right to education not only gives the right to get an education in any region of India but also in Schools, Colleges, and Universities.
• All children between the age of  6 to 14 have the right to get free and compulsory education under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.

The correct answer is the Peninsula.

• A Peninsula is an area of land that is surrounded by water from three sides.
• South India is a Peninsula shape of an inverted triangle bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east along with the Indian Ocean in the south.
• Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, and West Bengal are the Indian states which lie in the peninsular region.

Additional Information

• A strait is a narrow channel of water that joins two water bodies and separates two landmasses.
• Isthmus is a narrow piece of land act as a separator between the two water bodies.

The correct answer is August 1998.

Key Points

• The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was started in August 1998.
• It was created under the guidance of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).
• It was prepared on the recommendations of the R.V.GUPTA committee.
• Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was started for issuing Kisan Credit Cards to farmers on the basis of their holdings for uniform adoption by the banks so that farmers may use them to readily purchase agriculture inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc. and draw cash for their production needs.
• It is available at all Indian banks, regional rural banks and co-operative banks.
• It was further revisited by a Working Group under the Chairmanship of T. M. Bhasin in 2012.
• Banks may determine the validity period of KCC and its periodic review.
• The repayment period under Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme may be fixed by banks as per the anticipated harvesting and marketing period for the crops for which the loan has been granted.
• Under Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme, farmers are exempt from the high interest rates of the regular loans offered by banks.
• The interest rate for KCC starts as low as 2% and averages at 4%.

The correct answer is Humidity.

Key Points

• The amount of water vapour in the air is called humidity.
• When the air is humid, it has a lot of water vapour in it.
• Water as a gas in the atmosphere is called water vapour.

Additional Information

• Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius.
• Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant through evaporation at the leaf surface.
• It is the main driver of water movement in the xylem.
• Transpiration is caused by the evaporation of water at the leaf–atmosphere interface.
• Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.

The correct answer is "excel"

Key Points

• "Excellent" is an adjective that means "extremely good; outstanding."
• The verb form of the given word is "excel" that means "be exceptionally good at or proficient in an activity or subject."
• The noun form of the given word is "excellence" that means "the quality of being outstanding or extremely good."
• The adverb form of the given word is "excellently".

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1 i.e. "excel"

The correct answer is 'Adventurous'.

Key Points  

• Adjective means a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.
• Adventure means an unusual and exciting or daring experience.
• For example:- He loved adventure and to test his powers; he had great self-confidence.
• The most appropriate adjective form of the word adventure is adventurous.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 ‘निस्तेज’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

• ‘ओजस्वी’ का उचित विपरीत ‘निस्तेज’ है।
• ‘ओजस्वी’ विशेषण शब्द है जिसका अर्थ शक्तिशाली है।
• ‘निस्तेज’ का अर्थ तेजहीन होता है।
• ‘ओजस्वी’ का पर्यायवाची शब्द है- शक्तिशाली, शक्तिमान, दीप्तिमान, वीर्यवान आदि।
• ‘निस्तेज’ का अर्��� है- जिसमें आभा या तेज का अभाव हो

Key Points

Additional Information

The correct answer is Going.

Key Points

Going is the correct gerund form of the base verb 'go'. 

Important Points

1. When 'like' or 'hate' is followed by a gerund, it refers to the action of liking or disliking in general. 

         For eg. I like going to school

2. When 'like' or 'hate' is followed by a to-infinitive(to+base verb), it refers to the action of liking or disliking something as a habitual event.

         For eg. I like to go to school.

3. A gerund is a verb form ending in 'ing' which functions as a noun. 
   

         For eg. Swimming is a good exercise.

The correct answer is "to thank."

Key Points

• Infinitives are a form of verb that allow the word or a group of words to be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
• Infinitives are formed by adding the word to before the base form of the verb, as in "to write."
• The purpose of infinitives is to discuss an action in general instead of a specific instance of the action being done. 
• Example: I need to win.
• From the above explanation, it is clear that the correct form of infinitive to fill the blank is "to thank."
• The infinitive "to thank" will be used with the verb "like" to emphasize on the point that the subject would like to do something.
• The correct sentence: I would like to thank you for coming here tonight.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is Ne.

Key Points

• The noble gases are uncolored, scentless, bland, nonflammable gases that were once classified.
• They were once classify group 0 in the periodic table because it was considered they had a valence of zero, meaning their atoms cannot integrate with those of other elements to form compounds.
• The noble gases have full valence electron shells. Valence electrons are the extreme electrons of an atom and are usually the only electrons that partake in chemical bonding.

Additional Information

• Nitrogen is the chemical element with the letter N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table
• Fluorine is a chemical element with the letter F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at accepted conditions as a highly harmful, pale yellow diatomic gas.
• C​alcium (Ca), chemical element, one of the acidic-earth metals of Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic table. It is the most ample burnished element in the human body and the fifth most ample element in Earth’s crust.

त, थ, द, ध, न का उच्चारण दंत से होता है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है ।अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3) दंत होगा ।

Key Points

Additional Information

The correct answer is Aravalli.

Aravalli is the oldest mountain range in India.

  Key Points

• Aravalis is one of the world’s oldest fold mountains running in the northwest to southwest direction from Delhi to Palampur in Gujarat.
• It expands into 3 states (Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat) and 1 union territory (New-Delhi).
• It is an example of a fold mountain.
• Guru Shikhar is the highest peak of Aravali.

Additional Information

• The Himalayas are young fold mountains of the tertiary period.
• The  Shivalik is the outermost range of the Himalayas that stretches from the Indus River to about 2,400 km eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River with an average elevation of 1,500-2,000 m.
• The Vindhyachal or Vindhya Range is a complex system of discontinuous mountain ridges, islands, plateau escarpments, and hill ranges in west-central India between the Deccan Plateau and the Indo-Gangetic plains with an average height between 980-2140 feet.

Hence the correct answer is  Aravali.

Option 2 is correct, i.e. January 21, 2004

• The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India launched Kisan Call Centers on January 21, 2004, across the country to deliver extension services to the farming community.
• The purpose of these call centers is to respond to issues raised by farmers, instantly, in the local language.
• A farmer from any part of the State can contact the Kisan Call Centre by dialing the toll-free Telephone No. 1551 or 1800-180-1551 and present their problems/queries related to farming.
• The operator at the Kisan Call center will attempt to answer the problems/queries of the farmers immediately. In case the operator at the Call Centre is not able to address the farmer's query immediately, the call will be forwarded to identified agricultural specialists.

The correct answer is Jethian hill.

Key Points

Physiographical division of Bihar:

• It is mainly divided into three physiographic units. The division is made based on physical and structural conditions:
• Shiwalik range: Shiwalik range shadows Bihar from the Northern part of West Champaran district over an area 32 km long and 6-8 km wide and it is further sub-divided into three parts based on variation:
• Ramanagar doon
• Someshwar range
• Harha valley
• Bihar plain: Bihar plain is located between Northern Mountains and Southern Plateau region which is bounded by a 150m contour line in the North as well as in the South.
• Southern plateau region:  Southern plateau region is located between Kaimur districts in the West to Banka in the East.
• This is made up of hard rocks such as gneiss, schist, and granite.
• The southern plateau region is blessed with many conical hills that are made up of batholim like Pretshil, Ramshila, and Jethian hill.

The correct answer is Natural gas.

Key Points

• An Ideal fuel is: 
• Readily available.
• Cost-efficient.
• Easy to transport.
• Has a high calorific value.
• It does not produce gases or residues that can potentially harm the environment.
• Natural gas is an ideal fuel as it possesses all the qualities of an ideal fuel.
• Coal produces smoke, sulfur dioxide, and unburnt carbon particles which pollute the environment.
• Kerosene produces carbon Monoxide which is harmful to the environment.
• Wood produces lots of smoke and pollutes the environment. It has a high ignition temperature.

Additional Information

• The calorific value is also known as the heat value.
• The heat value is expressed in joules per kilogram, which is written as J/Kg.
• If the component doesn't have a high calorific value then it is considered a poor fuel.

कुल 41 व्यंजन हैं। अत: विकल्प 4 सही उत्तर है।

विशेष -

Multipurpose river valley projects refer to the building of large dams for generating hydroelectricity and for supplying water for irrigation, industrial and domestic purposes. 

‘The temples of modern India’

• India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru gave the term Temples of modern India while inaugurating Bhakra Nangal Dam.
• The multipurpose project called "Temples of modern India" because these multipurpose projects are the main source of power generation they generate electricity.
• Electricity is the backbone of industry and agriculture.
• Dams control floods because water can be stored in dams.
• These projects have converted many rivers of sorrows into rivers of boon.
• These multipurpose projects are the main source of irrigation for our country.
• They irrigate the fields during the dry weather.
• Many perennial canals have been made to irrigate dry areas.

Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

• Plants release Oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their food using light energy to make sugars from CO₂ and H₂O.
• Oxygen is given off as a by-product of photosynthesis.

• The study of grass is known as Agrostology.
• The study of soil management and the production of crop plants is known as Agronomy.
• The study of medicinal plants is known as Pharmacognosy.
• The study of shrubs and trees is known as Dendrology.

The correct answer is To Kill germs.

Key Points

• As a halogen, chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant and is added to public water supplies to kill disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoans, that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains, and in storage tanks.
• In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
• As a strong oxidizing agent, chlorine kills via the oxidation of organic molecules.
• Chlorine and its hydrolysed product hypochlorous acid are not charged and therefore easily penetrate the negatively charged surface of pathogens.
• It is able to disintegrate the lipids that compose the cell wall and react with intracellular enzymes and proteins, making them nonfunctional, microorganisms then either die or are no longer able to multiply.

The correct answer is Conversion of sugar into alcohol.

Key Points

• Fermentation is the process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically.
• Through the process of fermentation, the sugars are converted into alcohol.
• The enzymes like pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyze these reactions.
• It normally occurs in yeast cells bacteria and in the muscles of animals.
• It is a method of extracting energy from molecules.
• Fermentation accounts for only a partial breakdown of glucose.
• In fermentation, there is a net gain of only two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose degraded to pyruvic acid.
• Wine and beer are produced by fermentation.
• No ATP would be produced without fermentation.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. South-West Monsoon.

• Air moves from the high-pressure area over the southern Indian Ocean in a south-easterly direction and turns right towards low-pressure areas over the Indian subcontinent. These we know as the South-West Monsoon winds.
• South-West monsoon is the rain-bearing seasonal winds that flow from the Arabian Sea to the mainland of India.
• Southwest monsoon winds are referred to as "Indian Summer Monsoon".
• Coriolis effect is responsible for affecting the direction of the wind.
• The force which is exerted by the rotation of the earth is called as Coriolis Force
• The trade winds are also known as Easterlies.
• The trade winds blow from sub-tropical high-pressure areas (30N and S) towards the equatorial low-pressure belt.
• Westerly winds blow from sub-tropical high-pressure belts towards the low-pressure belts.
• Westerly winds develop between 40-65N latitudes.

• The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones.
• In human skull eight cranial bones and fourteen facial skeleton bones.
• The brain is encased in the cranium of the skull. The bones that make up the cranium are called the cranial bones
• The remaining bones in the skull are the facial bones.

Given:

19 kilogram 50 grams

Concept used:

1 Kilogram = 1000 gram

Calculation:

We know that 1 kg (Kilogram) = 1000 g (grams)

19 kg = 19 × 1000 = 19000 g

Total weight in grams = 19000 + 50 = 19050 g

∴ 19050 grams

Concept:

• Resistance of a substance is defined as its property to resist or obstruct the flow of charge (current) through it.
• Its SI unit is the ohm ($\Omega$).
• Ohm's law states that the potential difference (V) across a circuit is directly proportional to the current (I) passing through it. As per this law,

           V = IR       (where R is the resistance)

           $R=\frac{V}{I}\ or, ; 1 ; ohm = \frac{1 ; volt}{1 ; amperes}$

Explanation:

From the above explanation, we can see that the SI unit of electric resistance is Ohm's 

Also SI unit of other quantity is as shown below 

सही विकल्प ‘अव्ययीभाव समास’ है।

Key Points

• ‘भरपेट’ शब्द में ‘भर’ अव्यय तथा प्रधान है तथा इसका विग्रह है ‘पेट भर के’ अर्थात इसमें ‘अव्ययीभाव समास’ का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• ‘अव्ययीभाव समास’ अर्थात ‘जिस समास में पहला पद (पूर्वपद) अव्यय तथा प्रधान हो’, जैसे – जन्म से लेकर = आजन्म, मति के अनुसार = यथामति।

अन्य विकल्प :

The correct answer is Israel.

Key Points

• Israel has come forward to help clean India's River Ganga.
• Israel offers its expertise to India in the cleanup of the Ganges River.
• The sacred but polluted goddess river Ganges may yet be saved by Israeli cleantech.
• An Israeli delegation of water experts from the government and private sector has visited India.
• Israel NewTech, an initiative led by the Israeli Ministry of Industry, Trade, and Labor, connects Israeli clean-tech companies with Indian partners to bid on Ganges-related projects.

Additional Information

Namami Gange programme

• The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, approved the flagship "Namami Gange" programme, which integrates comprehensive efforts to clean and protect the Ganga River.
• The highlights of the "Namami Gange" programme

1. The 2014-2015 budget allotted over Rs. 20,000 crore for the next five years.
2. The project will cover eight states, 47 towns, and twelve rivers.
3. By 2022, over 1,632-gram panchayats on the Ganga's banks will be open defecation-free.
4. This project will involve states, urban local bodies, and Panchayati Raj institutions under the auspices of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and State Program Management Groups (SPMGs).

कवि का स्त्रीलिंग रूप होगा- कवयित्री

लेखक का स्त्रीलिंग - लेखिका

अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। 

Key Points

The correct answer is Virus.

Key Points

• Polio:
• The virus that causes polio mostly damages spinal cord or brain stem nerves.
• Polio can cause paralysis, which is the inability to move particular limbs.
• Additionally, it may cause respiratory difficulties and even death.
• The condition is also known as poliomyelitis.
• Person-to-person contact is how the poliovirus spreads.
• It is extremely infectious.
• It spreads through contact with an infected person's faeces (poop) or droplets from a cough or sneeze.
• Chicken pox:
• ​The virus that causes chickenpox is known as varicella-zoster.
• It results in a small number of fluid-filled blisters and an itchy rash.
• People who have never had chickenpox or who haven't received the vaccine are very contagious.
• Within 10 to 21 days of coming into contact with a virus-carrier, symptoms start to manifest.
• The average recovery time is two weeks.
• ​

Additional Information

The correct answer is Rajasthan.

Key Points

• Rajasthan is the largest state in India in terms of area.
• It covers an area of 342,239 sq. km and has a population of 6.85 crores as per the 2011 census.
• Uttar Pradesh is the largest state of India in terms of population.

Additional Information

• Area-wise states-

• Population-wise states-

Explanation:

• Plants need raw materials like water and different nutrients from the soil to make their food with the help of the sunlight in leaves.
• And also, for their survival, they need to transport the food made in the leaves to each and every part of the plant, that is, from the flowers to the stem to the roots, each part of the plant need food, prepared by it, to perform different functions.
• Hence, these nutrients and water from the soil and the food preparation needs to be conducted from one part of the plant to another and this conduction is done with the help of specialized vascular tissues or bundles called XYLEM and PHLOEM.
• We can say that Conduction is the process of transporting water and nutrients upwards through the xylem and food, in both upward and downward directions, through the phloem.
• In plants, transportation is essential.
• From the roots to the tips of the leaves, plants transport all of the nutrients and water they need for life.

As, both XYLEM and PHLOEM, help in the conduction of different materials required for the plant's survival the correct answer is both (1) and (2).

Additional Information

XYLEM 

• A long, non-living tube, that runs across the stem from the roots to the leaves.
• The water is absorbed by the root hair and then transported by osmosis from cell to cell until it enters the xylem. This water is then transported to the leaves through the xylem vessels and evaporated by transpiration.
• Xylem functions as a conducting tissue for water and minerals from roots to the stem and leaves.
• It also provides mechanical strength to the plant parts.
• It is composed of four different kinds of elements, namely, tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres, and xylem parenchyma.
• Gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem.
• The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of angiosperms.
• Only conducts water in one direction which is upwards - from root to leaves

PHLOEM 

• Phloem transports food materials, usually from leaves to other parts of the plant.
• Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers.
• Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells. They lack sieve tubes and companion cells.

The correct answer is 'Actively.'

Key Points

• The words 'Action' and 'Activity' are the noun forms of the word 'Act.'
• An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even a whole sentence.
• The adjective 'Active' gets turned into an adverb by adding the suffix '-LY​.'​
• So, the adverb form of 'Active' is 'Actively.'
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Actively.'

Additional Information

• Let us discuss Adverb forms of some other words:

Hinglish

• 'Action' और 'Activity' शब्द 'Act' शब्द के Noun रूप हैं।
• Adverb एक ऐसा शब्द है जो एक क्रिया, एक विशेषण, एक अन्य क्रिया विशेषण, या यहां तक ​​कि एक पूरे वाक्य को संशोधित करता है।
• Adjective 'Active' एक Adverb में बदल जाता है जब प्रत्यय '-LY​' उसके बाद जोड़ दिया जाता हैं।
• तो, 'Active' का adverb form 'Actively' है।
• इसलिए, सही उत्तर 'Actively' है।

• Methane is a saturated Hydrocarbon with single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• The general formula of Saturated Hydrocarbon is CnH2n+2.
• Saturated hydrocarbon is bonded by only a single bond.
• They are also called Alkanes.
• For Eg: Methane →CH4.
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbon is bonded by double and triple bonds.
• Alkenes are given by general formula CnH2n.
• Alkynes are given by general formula CnH2n-2.

The correct answer is 'thieves'

Key Points

• 'Thief' is a countable noun that means 'A thief is a person who steals something from another person.'
• Let's see an example-
• The thieves snatched the camera.
• Synonyms for the given word are- robber, crook, burglar.

Given :

A man sold his furniture at 25% gain.

Had he sold at 15% loss he would have received Rs.800 less 

Concept used :

Profit = selling price - cost price = profit % on cost price 

Loss = cost price - selling price = loss % on cost price  

Calculations :

Let the cost price of the item be 100x 

Selling price at 25% profit = cost price + profit 

⇒ cost price + 25% of 100x 

⇒ 100x + 25x = 125x 

Selling price at 15% loss = cost price - loss

⇒ 100x - 15% of 100x 

According to the question 

125x - 85x = 800 

⇒ 40x = 800 

⇒ x = 20 

⇒ cost price = 100x 

⇒ 100 × 20 = 2000 rupees 

∴ Cost price of the furniture is 2000 rupees

20% = 1/5

⇒ Here 5 represents the cost price and 1 represents the profit

⇒ Selling price = 5 + 1 = 6 units

⇒ 6units = 1200

⇒ 1unit = 200

∴ Cost price = 5 units = 5 × 200 = Rs. 1000

 Key Points

• Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea whereas the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal region.
• It is an archipelago of 36 islands in the Arabian sea.
• Some of the main islands are -

1. Kavaratti
2. Agatti
3. Minicoy
4. Amini

• Lakshadweep is a union territory of India. Its capital is Kavaratti.
• The languages spoken by the people of Lakshadweep include -

1. Malyalam
2. Jeseri
3. Mahl

• The region comes under the jurisdiction of the Kerala high court.

The correct answer is option 1) i.e. Newton's first law of motion

CONCEPT:

• Newton's first law of motion: It states that an object at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force.
• This means that the object at rest would have a tendency to stay at rest and an object in motion will have a tendency to stay in motion.
• This law is also known as the law of inertia.
• ​Newton's second law of motion: It states that the rate of change of momentum of a body over time is directly proportional to the force applied, and occurs in the same direction as the applied force.
• Newton's third law of motion: It states that for every action, there must be an equal and opposite reaction.

EXPLANATION:

• ​Since the law of inertia follows Newton's first law of motion so the correct answer is option 1.

Shortcut Trick

Total Cost Price (CP) = 1,000 + 300 = Rs. 1,300.

Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 1,508.

Profit = 1,508 − 1,300 = Rs. 208.

Profit % = (Profit ÷ CP) × 100 = (208 ÷ 1,300) × 100.

Profit % = 208 ÷ 13 = 16%.

∴ The correct answer is 16%.

Alternate Method

Given: Purchase Price = Rs. 1,000, Repair Cost = Rs. 300, Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 1,508.

Formulas: Total CP = Purchase Price + Overheads | Profit = SP − CP | Profit% = (Profit ÷ CP) × 100

⇒ Total Cost Price (CP) = 1,000 + 300 = Rs. 1,300

⇒ Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 1,508

⇒ Profit = 1,508 − 1,300 = Rs. 208

⇒ Profit Percentage = (208 ÷ 1,300) × 100 = 16%

∴ The correct answer is 16%.

Additional Information

Total Cost Price

The effective Cost Price includes the purchase price plus any overhead expenses like repairs, transportation, or taxes.

Profit and Loss Calculation

Profit or Loss is always calculated on the Total Cost Price unless specified otherwise in the problem.

The correct answer is Oranges

Key Points

• The fruits containing citric acid are termed citrus fruits. eg: lemon, orange, grapefruit, etc.
• These are sour in taste and are a good source of Vitamin C, thus help in preventing the disease caused by the deficiency of Vitamin C, i.e., Scurvy.
• Grapes contain a lesser amount of citric acid than lime.
• Banana is a rich source of fiber, potassium, and Vitamin B6.
• Mango is a food source of fiber and Vitamin A and C.

Additional Information

Few naturally occurring acids are -

Explanation:

Pi (π):

• The number π ("pi") is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14159.

​Circumference of the circle = 2 × π × r = π × d

Where r = radius of the circle, d = diameter of the circle

• The number π appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics.
• It is an irrational number, meaning that it cannot be expressed exactly as a ratio of two integers, although fractions such as 22/7 are commonly used to approximate it.
• Consequently, its decimal representation never ends, nor enters a permanently repeating pattern.
• It is a transcendental number, meaning that it cannot be a solution of an equation involving only sums, products, powers, and integers.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. Tapti

• The Tapti river finally falls into the Arabian sea.
• Tapti and Narmada are the only Indian rivers that drain into the Arabian sea.

The correct answer is -40°.

Key Points

• The Celsius scale and the Fahrenheit scale coincides at -40°, which is the same for both.
• The formula conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius is: C/5 = (F-32)/9

Additional Information

• Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit, or 373.15 Kelvins.
• Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius or 32 Degrees Fahrenheit, or 273.15 Kelvins.
• Absolute zero is 0 Kelvins, this is the lowest temperature of any substance.
• 0°C is equal to 273.15 Kelvins, The basic formula is °C + 273.15 = K.
• To convert Fahrenheit degrees into Kelvins, (°F − 32) × 5/9 + 273.15 = K.

CONCEPT:

• Simple pendulum: When a point mass is suspended with the help of a string or rod of negligible mass and does the to and fro motion about its mean position is called a simple pendulum.
• For a simple pendulum, the time period of swing of a pendulum depends on the length of the string and acceleration due to gravity.

$T = 2{{\pi }}\sqrt {\frac{{\rm{l}}}{{\rm{g}}}}$

The above formula is only valid for small angular displacements.

Where, T = Time period of oscillation, l = length of the pendulum, and g = gravitational acceleration

CALCULATION:

Let initial length = l

$Time;period;\left( T \right) = 2{\rm{\pi }}\sqrt {\frac{{\rm{l}}}{{\rm{g}}}}$

The time period of a second's pendulum is 2 seconds, that is,

$T= 2\pi\sqrt[]{\frac{l}{g}}=1$

If the length is doubled, then the new time period (T)* will be

$T^*= 2\pi\sqrt[]{\frac{2l}{g}}\ ;;;;;=\sqrt{2}\times2\pi\sqrt[]{\frac{l}{g}}\ ;;;;;=\sqrt{2}\times1\ ;;;;;= 1.414 ;sec$

So option 1.414 sec  is correct.

• In 1895, during his study of the discharge through gases at very low pressure, German professor W.K. Roentgen accidentally discovered X-rays.​
• He observed that there was some radiation coming from the discharge tube that had the ability to penetrate through objects which were opaque to ordinary light. These rays were called X-rays or Roentgen rays.
• These rays are produced when a fast-moving electron strikes a target of high atomic weight.
• Ernest Rutherford is credited with discovering the concept of radioactive half-life.​
• Albert Einstein discovered the law of the photoelectric effect.​
• J. J. Thomson discovered electron in 1897.​

CONCEPT:

• Temperature: A physical quantity that measures the degree of hotness or coolness of the body is known as Temperature.
• Temperature is measured in Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin.
• Absolute temperature Scale: The Kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale. When the temperature is measured in Kelvin.
• This means that the theoretically lowest possible temperature is assigned the value of zero.
• Absolute Zero: Zero degrees on the Kelvin scale is known as absolute zero i.e. 0 K.
• It is theoretically the point at which there is no molecular motion to produce thermal energy.
• Degree Celsius and Kelvin are the standard units of the temperature.
• The relation between Degree Celsius and kelvin is given by:

⇒ K = C + 273.15 ℃

EXPLANATION :

Absolute temperature, K = 0 kelvin

⇒ K = C + 273.15 ℃

⇒ C = 0 – 273.15 = -273.15℃

⇒ C = - 273.15℃

• Absolute zero temperature is 0 Kelvin temperature.
• Each division in the kelvin scale called a kelvin (K) is equal to a degree on the celsius scale, but the difference is where zero is.
• On the Celsius scale, 0 degrees is the freezing point of water while in the Kelvin scale the zero points are at absolute zero.
• Therefore, 0 K is equal to -273.15 C, 0 C is equal to 273.15 kelvins.

Explanation:

Conduction:

• Conduction is a mode of heat transfer that needs a medium for the transfer of energy.

Convection:

• Convention or convective heat transfer is the transfer of heat between two bodies by currents of moving gas or fluid.

Radiation:

• Radiation is the method of heat transmission that occurs without the help of a medium.

So, we can say that the heat from the Sun reaches the Earth through radiation.

The correct answer is Butane

• Cooking Gas (LPG) mainly consists of Butane.

Key Points

• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also called cooking gas, is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
• It is a mixture of 50% butane, 45% propane, and 5% pentane.

Additional Information

• Butane is a colorless, odourless, gaseous hydrocarbon. Its chemical formula is C4H10.
• Ethyne is also known as acetylene. It is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C2H2.
• Propane is a flammable hydrocarbon gas that is liquefied through pressurization and commonly used for fuel in heating, cooking, and vehicles.
• Ethene is a gaseous by-product of the process of cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons.

The correct answer is Lactic Acid.

Key Points

• Lactic acid present in Sour milk or curd.
• The sourness of the milk is due to the presence of lactic acid.
• Human beings feel tired due to the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles.

The correct answer is 75%.

Key Points

• The weight of gold is measured in troy ounces (1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams), however, its purity is measured in ‘carats’.
• ‘Caratage’ is the measurement of purity of gold alloyed with other metals.
• 24 carat is pure gold with no other metals.
• Lower caratages contain less gold; 18-carat gold contains 75 percent gold and 25 percent other metals, often copper or silver.
• The minimum caratage for an item to be called gold varies by country.
• In the US, 10 carats is the legal minimum accepted standard of gold caratage, with 14 carats being the most popular.
• In France, the UK, Austria, Portugal, and Ireland, 9 carat is the lowest caratage permitted to be called gold. In Denmark and Greece, 8 carat is the legal minimum standard.

CONCEPT:

Heavy water:

• The chemical name of Heavy water is Deuterium oxide (D2O).
• Protium (₁H¹), Deuterium(₁H²), Tritium(₁H³) are the three isotopes of hydrogen.
• Heavy water is a form of water that contains deuterium (₁H²) rather than protium (₁H¹)
• Heavy water is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors
• A molecule of heavy water has two deuterium atoms in place of the two protium atoms of ordinary "light" water. Heavy water is made by burring deuterium in oxygen

EXPLANATION :

• Heavy water is made up of deuterium (₁H²) and oxygen, the presence of deuterium gives different nuclear properties other than normal water
• Hence option 3 is the answer

EXTRA POINTS:

Uses of Heavy water:

• Heavy Water is used for the preparation of Deuterium.
• It is used as a tracer to study the mechanism of respiration, and photosynthesis.
• D2O is used in NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, which is used to observe the magnetic fields around the nuclei of atoms.
• Isotopologues of many organic compounds are prepared with the help of deuterium oxide.
• As a moderator in the nuclear reactor to slow down the neutrons.

A compound is a substance that formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with formula NH₃which is colorless gas.

• Laughing gas, chemically known as nitrous oxide is an anesthetic gas, that is, it induces loss of consciousness.
• It is named so because the euphoric effects of the gas sometimes make people laugh uncontrollably.

The correct answer is Calcium.

Plaster of Paris (POP) it is used to be manufactured by heating gypsum at 150° C

CaSO4.2H2O+ Heat → CaSO4.5H2O + 1.5H2O.

• On heating gypsum at 423 K, it loses water molecule and becomes calcium sulfate hemihydrate.
• When it becomes hard on cast over a fractured bone then it cannot be reversed.
• Hence cannot be reversed is the correct answer.
• Application of Plaster of Paris is as follows

1. It is used as a building material as a protective coating on walls and ceilings.
2. It is used as a moulding and vesting agent for decorative elements.
3. It is also used for aesthetic touch to the construction elements.
4. It is also field as plaster in orthopaedics and as a filling material by dentists, etc.

Mistake Points

• Gypsum is an ore of Calcium (Ca). The chemical formula of Gypsum is CaSO₄. 2H₂O.
• Gypsum is mainly used as a fertilizer, as the main constituent in plaster, chalk etc.
• The plaster of Paris on mixing with water produces gypsum.
• Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate (CaSO₄·1/2 H₂O) on hydration leads to the crystallization of gypsum calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO₄·2H₂O).

Explanation:

• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is known as ‘Caustic Soda’.
• Some common chemical compounds with their common names are:

CONCEPT:

• Spherical mirrors are of two types - Convex mirror, and Concave mirror.
• The image formed by the spherical mirrors depends on the position of the object.
• Concave Mirror: It is that mirror whose reflecting surface is toward the center of the curvature.
• A concave mirror is also known as a converging mirror.
• The image formed by the concave mirror is real, virtual, erect, and inverted.
• Convex Mirror: It is that mirror whose reflecting surface is away from the center of the curvature.
• The convex mirror is also known as a diverging mirror.
• The image formed by the convex mirror is virtual and erect.
• Plane Mirror: A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface.
• The image formed by the plane mirror is virtual and erect i.e. image cannot be projected or focused on a screen.

EXPLANATION:

• The image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual, erect, and of the same shape and size as the object. Therefore option 1 is incorrect.

• If an object is kept between principal focus F and pole P of the concave mirror, the nature of the image will be virtual, erect, and enlarged. Therefore option 2 is correct.
• The nature of the image formed by the convex mirror is always virtual, erect, and diminished. Therefore option 3 is incorrect.

The correct answer is Solids can be compressed easily.

Key Points

• Solid is a form of matter that has structural rigidity and a firm shape which cannot be changed easily.
• It has a fixed shape and volume.
• The intermolecular force of attraction is strong as molecules of particles are closely attached.
• There is less Intermolecular space between particles.
• They are not easily compressible.
• It is difficult to change the shape of solids, so they are hard.​

Additional Information

• A hygrometer is an instrument used to measure relative humidity.
• Humidity is the measure of the amount of moisture in the air.

Explanation:

Celsius scale:

• In this scale, a lower fixed point (ice point) is taken 0° and the upper fixed point (steam point) is taken 100°.
• The temperature measured on this scale all in degree celsius (°C).
• Celsius is the derived SI unit of Temperature.

Fahrenheit scale:

• This scale of temperature has a lower fixed point at 32° F and an upper fixed point at 212° F.
• The change in temperature of 1° F corresponds to a change of less than 1° on the Celsius scale.
• Te FPS unit of temperature is Fahrenheit.

Kelvin scale:

• The Kelvin temperature scale is also known as the thermodynamic scale. The triple point of water is also selected to be the zero of the scale of temperature.
• The temperatures measured on this scale are in Kelvin (K).
• The S.I unit and CGS unit of temperature is Kelvin.

Note:

• The Kelvin is the primary unit of temperature but is often used in conjunction with the Celsius degree, which has the same magnitude. Therefore option 1 is correct.
• The definition implies that absolute zero (0 K) is equivalent to −273.15 °C.

All these temperatures are related to each other by the following relationship:

$\frac{{F - 32}}{9} = \frac{C}{5} = \frac{{K - 273}}{5}$

• Barium is used to create green colours in fireworks.
• The Strontium salts impart a Crimson Red colour to the fireworks.
• Strontium imparts a Crimson Red colour because when the excited atoms of Strontium contained in the salt return to the ground state it imparts electromagnetic radiation which is seen by the viewer as an emitted colour.
• Sodium imparts a yellow colour to the fireworks while barium imparts a green colour.

Wrought iron is a very pure iron where the iron content is of the order of 99.5%. It is produced by re-melting pig iron and some small amount of silicon, sulphur, or phosphorus may be present. It is tough, malleable and ductile and can easily be forged or welded. It cannot however take sudden shock. Chains, crane hooks, railway couplings and such other components may be made of this iron.

Pig iron is an intermediate product of the iron industry. Pig iron has a very high carbon content, typically 3.8–4.7%, along with silica and other constituents of dross, which makes it very brittle, and not useful directly as a material except for limited applications.

Cast iron is an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon and it is hard and brittle. Carbon content in CI may be within 1.7% to 3% and carbon may be present as free carbon or iron carbide Fe₃C. In general, the types of cast iron are (a) grey cast iron and (b) white cast iron (c) malleable cast iron etc

Steel is basically an alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content can be less than 1.7% and carbon is present in the form of iron carbide to impart hardness and strength. Two main categories of steel are (a) Plain carbon steel and (b) alloy steel.

Thus, wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (less than 0.08%) content in contrast to cast iron.