Bihar Police Constable Memory Based Paper (Held On: 11 Aug 2024) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Bihar.

Key Points

• Nagi Nakti Bird Sanctuary:-
• It is also known as Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary, is a 200-hectare wetland located in the Jamui district of Bihar, India.
• It was declared a bird sanctuary in 1984 and is also designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by Bird Life International.
• The sanctuary is home to a variety of bird species, including both resident and migratory birds.
• Some of the most common resident birds include the Indian peafowl, common kingfisher, and Indian grey hornbill.
• Migratory birds that visit the sanctuary during the winter season include the bar-headed goose, greylag goose, northern pintail, red-crested pochard, and steppe eagle.

Additional Information

• Names of bird sanctuaries in India:-
• Atapaka Bird Sanctuary - Andhra Pradesh
• Attiveri Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka
• Bankapura - Karnataka
• Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary - Karnataka
• Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Keoladeo National Park) - Rajasthan
• Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary - Haryana
• Bonal Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka
• Chambal River Sanctuary - Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
• Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary - Odisha
• Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary - Jharkhand
• Deepor Beel Bird Sanctuary - Assam
• Gaga Wildlife Sanctuary - Gujarat
• Gudavi Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka
• Harike Wetland - Punjab
• Hirakud Reservoir Wildlife Sanctuary - Odisha
• Hokersar Wildlife Sanctuary - Jammu and Kashmir
• Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary - Kerala
• Kaggaladu Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka
• Kanjli Wetland - Punjab
• Karnala Bird Sanctuary - Maharashtra
• Keibul Lamjao National Park - Manipur
• Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary - Tamil Nadu
• Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary - Kerala
• Kutch Bustard Sanctuary - Gujarat
• Magadi Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka
• Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka
• Mawphlang Sacred Forest - Meghalaya
• Mayani Bird Sanctuary - Maharashtra
• Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary - Gujarat
• National Chambal Sanctuary - Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
• Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary - Uttar Pradesh
• Ousteri Lake Bird Sanctuary - Puducherry
• Pakhal Lake Bird Sanctuary - Telangana
• Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary - Arunachal Pradesh
• Pathiramanal - Kerala
• Pench National Park - Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
• Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary - Tamil Nadu
• Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary - Assam
• Porbandar Bird Sanctuary - Gujarat
• Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary - Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
• Puttenahalli Lake - Karnataka
• Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka
• Sambhar Salt Lake - Rajasthan
• Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary - Goa
• Sri Penusila Narasimha Wildlife Sanctuary - Andhra Pradesh
• Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary - Haryana
• Surinsar-Mansar Lakes - Jammu and Kashmir
• Thol Lake - Gujarat
• Thattekad Bird Sanctuary - Kerala
• Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary - Tripura
• Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary - Andhra Pradesh
• Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary - Tamil Nadu

The correct answer is Jamui.

Key Points

• Gold reserve in Bihar 
• Gold is a precious mineral used as an ornament and international currency. Also used in dentistry and carving.
• Gold deposits are in Gaya, Nalanda and Jamui districts.
• As per National Mineral Inventory, the total resources of primary gold ore in the country as of 1.4.2015 are estimated at 501.83 million tonnes with 654.74 tonnes of gold metal and out of this, Bihar is endowed with 222.885 million tonnes (44%) of ore containing 37.6 tonnes of metal.
• The Indian Geological Survey [GSI] confirmed gold deposits in the Kabutra and Nakia hill regions of Rajgir and Karmatia, Rani hill, Badmaria, Marhi hill in Sono block in Jamui district.

The immediate cause of the first world war was the Assassination of Austrian Prince Ferdinand.

Key Points 

• The First World War started as a result of the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and his wife Sophie on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, belonged to a nationalist Bosnian Serb organization that aimed to unite Serb-populated areas under Serbian rule.
• Austria-Hungary was convinced that the Serbian government had helped Princip's gang and made a number of tough demands, which the Serbs largely complied with.
• Despite this, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, which sparked a series of military mobilizations necessitated by Europe's alliance system.

Additional Information 

• Imperialism is the process by which a nation expands its dominion over new lands and raises the size of its economy.
• A rise in conflict contributed to the globe entering World War I as a result of growing rivalry and the desire for larger empires.
• An arms race had started by the turn of the 20th century, particularly in Germany, Britain, and Russia. The militarization of the world contributed to the countries involved going to war.
• The nationalism of the various nations in Europe, aside from the direct cause of the Slavic nationalists, played a role in both the start and the spread of the war in Europe. Each nation aimed to establish its superiority and strength.

Therefore, the immediate cause of the first world war was Assassination of Austrian Prince Ferdinand.

The correct answer is Kappad, Kerala.

Key Points

• Kappad, also known as Kappakadavu is a beach near Koyilandy, in the district Kozhikode, Kerala.
• There is a stone monument installed by the government that marks the arrival of Vasco de Gama with the inscription, 'Vasco da Gama landed here, Kappakadavu, in the year 1498'.

The correct answer is Option 3, i.e Five Years.

Key Points

• Articles 52 to 78 in Part V of constitution of India deals with union executive.
• Union executive consists of President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Council of ministers and Attorney General of India
• The president is the head of Indian state.
• He is the first citizen of India.
• He acts as the symbol of unity, integrity, and solidarity of the nation.
• Article 56 of the constitution of India states that the president shall hold the office for the term of 5 Years from the date he enters the office.

The correct answer is Lothal.

Key Points

• In Lothal Dockyard was found.
• List of Important sites with their features:

Additional Information

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India.
• The civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus.
• Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world.
• It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system.

Important facts to be remembered.

• Social features:-
• Indus valley civilization is the first urbanization in India.
• It has a well-planned drainage system, grid pattern, and town planning.
• They have possessed equality in society.
• Religious Facts:-
• Matridevi or Shakti is the Mother goddess.
• Yoni worship and Nature worship existed.
• They worshipped trees like Peepal.
• They also worshipped Fire worship called Havan Kund.
• Pashupati Mahadeva is known as the lord of Animals.
• The people of the Indus Valley Civilization worshipped Animal worship like unicorns and ox.
• Economic facts:-
• Indus valley civilization is based on agriculture.
• Trade and commerce flourished in this period.
• A dockyard has been found at Lothal.
• There were export and import.
• Production of cotton was there.
• At Lothal, weights and measures of truth existed in Harappan culture was seen.
• The weights and were usually cubical in shape and were made of limestone, steatite, etc

The correct answer is Silk farming.

Key Points

• Sericulture is the production of raw silk by means of raising caterpillars (larvae).
• Bombyx mori is the most widely used and intensively studied silkworm for Silk farming.
• China and India are the leading producers of silk with more than 60% of the world's annual production.
• Silk is a fiber made up of proteins namely sericin and fibroin.

Additional Information

• Pisciculture is the scientific rearing and management of all fish farming.
• Apiculture is the scientific rearing of honey bees for the commercial production of honey and other bee products.
• Horticulture is related to fruit production
• Sylviculture is related to the cultivation of fodder crops
• Olericulture is related to the cultivation of vegetables.

The correct answer is Jamuna.

• The Brahmaputra originates from the Chemayundung glacier near Manasarover lake in Tibet.
• In Bangladesh, Brahmaputra is known by the name Jamuna.
• The Yarlung Tsangpo is the Tibetan name for the upper course of Brahmaputra.
• In Arunachal Pradesh, Brahmaputra is known by the name Dihang.
• Most of its course lies outside India.
• It flows through countries such as India, China, and Bangladesh.
• The Brahmaputra is also called the "Red River".
• The major tributaries of the Brahmaputra river are Tista, Lohit, Subansiri etc.
• The Brahmaputra is the Indian river that occupies the maximum volume of water.
• The river Ganga is known as the Padma in Bangladesh.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Mongolia.

Some other important military exercises are:

• | Military Exercises | Participating countries | | --- | --- | | SAMPRITI | India and Bangladesh | | Hand-In-Hand | India and China | | INDRA | India and Russia | | MITRA SHAKTI | India and Sri Lanka | | Dustlik | India and Uzbekistan | | Dharma Guardian | India and Japan | | Tiger Triumph | India and the United States | | MALABAR Exercise | India, Japan, and the USA | | AL NAGAH | India and Oman |

The correct answer is Provisions for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.

Key Points

• Article 42 insists that the State should ensure just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
• Article 42 of the Constitution is a non-government organization operating in the sphere of protection of human rights facilitating the protection of civic and political rights and freedoms, as well as protection of other fundamental rights recognized by international law.
• Harmonization of state policy and national legislation with international standards.
• Improvement of public legal awareness through efficient legal proceedings, strengthening of target groups and participating in civic monitoring, surveys, analysis, and lawmaking initiatives.

Additional Information

• Article 21:
• The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which declares that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.
• Article 21 is a fundamental right and is included in Part-III of the Indian Constitution.
• This right is available to all citizens as well as non-citizens alike.
• Supreme Court has described this right as the “heart of fundamental rights”.
• Article 21 secures two rights:
• The right to life and the Right to personal liberty.
• Article 21 cannot be suspended during an emergency.
• Article 12 to 35:
• The Constitution offers all citizens, individually and collectively, some basic freedoms.
• These are guaranteed in the Constitution in the form of six broad categories of Fundamental Rights, which are justiciable.
• Article 12 to 35 contained in Part III of the Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights.
• These are:
• Right to equality, including equality before the law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment.
• Right to freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association or union, movement, residence, and right to practice any profession or occupation (some of these rights are subject to security of the State, friendly relations with foreign countries, public order, decency, or morality).
• Right against exploitation, prohibiting all forms of forced labor, child labor, and traffic in human beings.
• Right to freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.
• Right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture, language, or script, and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice and
• Right to constitutional remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
• Article 44:
• Uniform Civil Code is a proposal in India to formulate and implement personal laws of citizens which apply to all citizens equally regardless of their religion. Currently, the personal laws of various communities are governed by their religious scriptures.
• They cover areas like- Marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance, adoption, and succession of the property. It is based on the premise that there is no connection between religion and law in modern civilization.
• The objective of Article 44 of the Directive Principles in the Indian Constitution was to address the discrimination against vulnerable groups and harmonize diverse cultural groups across the country.
• The code will simplify the complex laws around marriage ceremonies, inheritance, succession, adoptions making them one for all.

The correct answer is 1526.

Key Points

• First Battle of Panipat( 1526)
• The First Battle of Panipat was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Empire, which took place on 21 April 1526 in North India.
• Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in this battle.
• It marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire.
• This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowders firearms and field artillery.
• Second Battle of Panipat (1556)
• The Second Battle of Panipat was fought between the forces of Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, popularly called Hemu, the Hindu king who was ruling North India from Delhi, and the army of Akbar, on November 5, 1556.
• It was a decisive victory for Akbar’s generals Khan Zaman I and Bairam Khan.
• Third Battle of Panipat( 1761)
• The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761, at Panipat, about 60 miles (95.5 km) north of Delhi.
• It was fought between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and a coalition of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani with two Indian Muslim allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Oudh.
• The Durrani Afghan forces and their allies finally won and defeated the Marathas.

The correct answer is Palghat.

The major gap in the Western Ghats is at Palghat.

Key Points

• Palghat Pass or Palakkad Pass is the ​biggest pass in Kerala.
• ​It is also known as 'Entrance to Kerala'.
• Palakkad pass connects Palakkad district of Kerala and Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu.
• Palakkad is the first computerized collectorate in India.
• Palakkad is the first fully electrified district in India.
• Palakkad is the first total banking district in India.
• Silent Valley National Park is located in Palakkad.
• Palakkad Fort is built by Hyder Ali.

Important Points

Mangalore

• Mangalore is known as the 'Gateway of Karnataka'.
• Mangalore is known as the 'Rome of East'.
• Mangalore is known as the 'Ice cream Capital of India'.

Madurai

• Madurai is known as the 'City of Festivals'.
• Madurai is also known as the 'Cultural Capital of Tamil Nadu'.
• Madurai is located on the banks of the River Vaigai.

Manipal

• Manipal is the headquarter of Syndicate Bank.

The correct answer is option-2. i.e. The mound of the dead.

Key Points

• After a year of discovery of the of Harappa, the archaeological site of Mohenjo-Daro was recognized in 1922.
• Mohenjo-Daro was developed around 3,000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture and it was among the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
• The urban planning and the unmatched civil engineering made it the most advanced and remarkably sophisticated city of its time.
• Mohenjo-Daro does mean 'Mound of the dead'.
• The modern name for the site has been interpreted as "Mound of the Dead Men" in Sindh interpreted as "Mound of the Dead Men" in Sindhi.

Additional Information

• | Indus Valley Site | Importance | | --- | --- | | Dholavira | - It is the latest site which is present in Gujarat. - It was divided into 3 parts, unlike other sites which had 2 parts. - There exist a middle town apart from the lower town. | | Lothal | - It has an artificial Brick dockyard. - It has evidence of the earliest cultivation of Rice. - It served as a seaport for Indus Valley People. | | Mohenjodaro | - In Sindhi language, it means “mound of the dead”. - It is the largest of all Indus cities. - The Great Bath is also present here. - Bronze dancing girl and a seal bearing Pashupati are also found here. |

• Aurangzeb re-imposed Jizya in 1679.
• Jizya is type of tax imposed on the non-muslims.
• Alauddin khilji was the first person who imposed this tax in india on non-muslims.
• It was abolished in the reign of Akbar.

The correct answer is Madhabi Puri Buch.

Key Points

• Madhabi Puri Buch has been named as the chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Board of India in March 2022.
• The government has announced Madhabi Puri Buch as new the Chairperson of SEBI for a period of 3 years.
• Buch is a former whole-time member of SEBI.
• She will succeed Ajay Tyagi, whose five-year term comes to an end in February 2022.
• This is the first time that a woman and a person of private sector has been chosen for a key post with SEBI.

Additional Information

• SEBI is the regulator of the securities and commodity market in India owned by the Government of India.
• It was established on 12 April 1988.
• It is headquartered in Mumbai.

The correct answer is Agra.

Key Points:

• Babar was the first mughal emeror in India.
• Babur was born in 1483 in Fargana (Afganistan).
• He was the founder of the Mughal empire in India.
• The first battle of Panipat was fought between the forces of Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi.
• The Battle was fought on April 21, 1526.
• He wrote Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Autobiography of Babur) in the Turkish language.
• On December 26, 1530, Babur died at Agra. His body was first laid at Arambagh in Agra but was later taken to Kabul, where it was buried.

Additional Information Mughals:

• The Mughals were descendants of two great lineages of rulers.
• From their mother’s side, they were descendants of Genghis Khan (died 1227), the Mongol ruler who ruled over parts of China and Central Asia.
• From their father’s side, they were the successors of Timur (died 1404), the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey.
• However, the Mughals did not like to be called Mughal or Mongol. This was because Genghis Khan’s memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people.
• It was also linked with the Uzbeks, their Mongol competitors.
• On the other hand, the Mughals were proud of their Timurid ancestry, not least of all because their great ancestor had captured Delhi in 1398.

The correct answer is Bihar.

Key Points

• The Sonepur Cattle Fair is an annual event that takes place in Bihar, India.
• It is also known as the Harihar Kshetra Mela and is one of the biggest cattle fairs in Asia.
• The fair is held on the banks of the River Ganges in the town of Sonepur, located in the Saran district of Bihar.
• The fair attracts thousands of visitors from across India and the world, who come to witness the sale and purchase of various animals like horses, cows, buffaloes, goats, and camels.
• Apart from the livestock trade, the fair also offers a range of entertainment options like acrobats, magicians, and traditional folk performances.
• The Sonepur Cattle Fair is a significant cultural event in Bihar and is an important platform for farmers, traders, and animal lovers to come together and celebrate their shared heritage.

Additional Information

• Madhya Pradesh is known for its rich cultural heritage and wildlife sanctuaries.
• It is home to several fairs and festivals, including the Khajuraho Dance Festival, Tansen Music Festival, and the Chhindwara Pachmarhi festival.
• Jharkhand is a state in eastern India known for its mineral-rich forests and diverse tribal communities.
• It hosts several fairs and festivals throughout the year, including the Sarhul festival, Karma festival, and the Tusu festival.
• Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India and is known for its historical and cultural significance.
• It is home to several world-famous monuments like the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, and the Fatehpur Sikri.
• The state also hosts several fairs and festivals, including the Kumbh Mela, Ardh Kumbh Mela, and the Ram Navami Mela.

The correct answer is Bodh Gaya.

Key Points

• The real name of Gautama Buddha was "Siddharth Gautama".
• Gautama Buddha was the originator of Buddhism. He was born in 563 BC and "Mahaparinirvana" in 483 BC.
• He was born in Lumbini near Kapilavastu, the capital of the Shakya Republic.
• Distressed by worldly problems, Siddharth left home at the age of 29.
• This renunciation is known as "Mahabhinishkramana" in Buddhism.
• In search of knowledge, Siddhartha first took the initiation of "Sankhya philosophy" from Alar Kalam of Vaishali.
• At the age of 35, he realized the knowledge in Uruvela (Bodh Gaya) under the Peepal tree on the banks of river Niranjana.
• After the attainment of knowledge in Uruvela, people started addressing them in the name of "Tathagata or Buddha".
• This place was also later known as "Bodh Gaya".

• Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers meet at Devprayag.
• Panch Prayag:-
• Several rivers in the Garhwal region merge with the Alaknanda at places called prayag or 'holy confluence of rivers'.
• There are 5 prayags or Panch Prayag-

​

• Alaknanda River:-
• Alaknanda is one of the two Major headstreams of Ganga River.
• The other headstream being the Bhagirathi River.
• The Alaknanda rises at the confluence and foot of the Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in Uttarakhand.
• The five main tributaries joining with Alaknanda in order include- 
• Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini and Bhagirathi all rising in the northern mountainous regions

The Indian President is the head of the state.

• He is the first citizen of India and is a symbol of the solidarity, unity, and integrity of the nation.
• He is a part of the Union Executive along with the Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and Attorney-General of India.

There is no direct election for the Indian President.

• He is elected by an electoral college consisting of
• elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States
• In accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
• The voting at such an election is by secret ballot.
• The states on the one hand and the Union Parliament on the other enjoy equality of votes in this election, but the different States do not have equality of votes.
• However, the Constitution tries to secure uniformity of representation of the different states according to the population and the total number of elected members of the Legislative Assembly of each State.
• In this way, the President shall be a representative of the nation as well as a representative of the people in the different states.

Thus, it is clear that the president of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of Elected members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and the state legislature.

The correct answer is Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body.
• Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors.
• MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and spinal cord.
  

Additional Information

• The results from an MRI scan are typically interpreted within 24 hours, and the scans themselves are usually given immediately to the patient on a disc after the MRI is complete.
• MRI can be used to detect brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, developmental anomalies, multiple sclerosis, stroke, dementia, infection, and the causes of headache.

• Article 54 states about the Election of a president.
• Election of President: The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States.

The correct answer is 61.80 percent.

• According to the Census of India, in 2011 the literacy rate in Bihar is 61.80 percent.
• The male literacy rate in Bihar is 70.32% and the female literacy rate is 51.50%.
• It is much lower than the national average which stands at 72.9 percent in total.
• The male literacy rate is 80.9 percent and the female literacy at 64.6 percent of India.

Additional Information

• Kerala with a 93.91% literacy rate is the top state in India.
• Lakshadweep and Mizoram are at second and third positions with 92.28% and 91.58% literacy rate respectively.

The correct answer is Italy.

• Christopher Columbus was from Genoa, Italy.

Key Points 

• Christopher Columbus was called the discoverer of the New World.
• Christopher Columbus’ trip was financed by Spain from where he sailed in 1492 AD.
• When he has reached land, he thought he had reached India; so he called the islands the Indies, but it was America.
• He discovered the sea route to America.
• He wanted to reach Asia from Europe by land.
• Christopher Columbus was not the first person to propose that a person could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe.

Additional Information 

• Rome is the capital of Italy.
• The currency is Euro.
• Magellan was the first to sail around the world.
• In 1487 AD, Bartholomew Diaz reached the point which the Portuguese named Cape of Good Hope (the southern-most point of Africa).
• Vasco da Gama followed this route and sailed around the Cape and reached Calicut in India in 1498 AD.

The correct answer is 1106

Some geographical facts about Bihar:

• Bihar is the 12th largest state of India according to area.
• Bihar is the 3rd largest state of India according to population.
• The population density of Bihar is 1106.
• The most populated city of Bihar is Patna.
• The least populated city of Bihar is Sheikhpura
• The sex ratio of Bihar is 918.

The correct answer is taka.

 Key Points

• Taka:-
• It is the official currency of Bangladesh.
• It is subdivided into 100 poisha.
• The taka was introduced in 1972, after the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan.
• The currency is issued by the Bangladesh Bank.
• The taka is a symbol of Bangladesh's national identity and economic progress.
• It is also a reminder of the country's struggle for independence.

 Additional Information

• Kyat:-
• It is the official currency of Myanmar (Burma).
• It is subdivided into 100 pyas. The kyat was introduced in 1952, after the independence of Myanmar from the British Empire.
• The currency is issued by the Central Bank of Myanmar.
• Ngultrum (BTN):-
• It is the official currency of Bhutan.
• It is subdivided into 100 chetrums.
• The ngultrum was introduced in 1974, and it is currently pegged to the Indian rupee at par.
• Yuan:-
• It is the official currency of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
• It is the basic unit of the renminbi (RMB), which literally means "people's currency".

• Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban is the house of the Parliament of Bangladesh, located at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar in Dhaka.

The correct answer is 1764.

Key Points

• The battle of Buxar was fought on 22nd October 1764. This battle was crucial for Britishers since it provided them full control of Bengal and Bihar.
• It was fought between Hector Munro and the combined forces of Mir Qasim which included Shuja-ud-daula, Shah Alam II, etc.
• In this battle, the combined force of Mir Qasim was defeated.
• The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 12 August 1765 between Robert Clive and Shah Alam II (Mughal emperor).
• Shah Alam II was forced to pay a fine of five million rupees.

Additional Information

• The battle of Buxar was the outcome of the misuse of Farman and Dastak, and also the trade expansionist aspiration of English.
• The seeds of the Battle of Buxar were sown after the Battle of Plassey when Mir Qasim became the Nawab of Bengal.
• In the Mughal force, there were 40,000 men in the battle of Buxar, while the English East India Company's Hector Munro's forces included 10,000 men.
• With the defeat of Mir Qasim, the rule of Nawabs came to an end.

The correct answer is Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

Key Points

• Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first President of India. President of India is also known as the first citizen of India.
• He was unanimously elected as the first President of the Republic of India on January 24, 1950, by the Constituent Assembly.
• The President holds office for a tenure of five years.
• The President of India can resign from the office at any time by addressing the resignation letter to the Vice-President.
• He is the head of the state.
• The President of India is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces.
• Draupadi Murmu is the current President of India.

​

Additional Information

List of All President of India

1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad (Jan 26, 1950 – May 13, 1962)
2. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (May 13, 1962 – May 13, 1967)
3. Dr. Zakir Hussain (May 13, 1967 – May 03, 1969)
4. V.V. Giri (Acting) (May 03, 1969 –  July 20, 1969); Full Term (August 24, 1969 – August 24, 1974)
5. Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah (July 20, 1969 – August 24, 1969)
6. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (August 24, 1974 – February 11, 1977)
7. B.D. Jatti (Acting) (February 11, 1977 – July 25, 1977)
8. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (July 25, 1977 – July 25, 1982)
9. Giani Zail Singh (1982 – 1987)
10. R. Venkataraman July 25, 1987 – July 25, 1992
11. Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma July (25, 1992 – July 25, 1997)
12. K.R. Narayanan (July 25, 1997 – July 25, 2002)
13. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (July 25, 2002 – July 25, 2007)
14. Pratibha Patil (July 25, 2007 – July 25, 2012)
15. Pranab Mukherjee (July 25, 2012 – July 25, 2017)
16. Ram Nath Kovind (July 25, 2017 – 2022)
17. Draupadi Murmu (21 July 2022- Incumbent)

The correct answer is 1946.

• The Constituent Assembly of India was formed in 1946.

Key Points

• Constituent Assembly
• Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 first proposed the constituent assembly.
• Members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies.
• After the partition of India, the number of members of the Constituent Assembly came to 299, of whom 284 were actually present on the 26 November 1949 and signed on the final approved Constitution of India Assembly, which had been elected for undivided India.
• It held its first meeting on December 9, 1946, and reassembled on August 14, 1947, as the sovereign Constituent Assembly for the dominion of India.
• The Constituent Assembly finalized the Constitution in two years, eleven months, and eighteen days.
• Objective Resolution was moved in the first session of the Constituent Assembly i.e. on 13 December 1946 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

Additional Information

• • Dr. Sachidanand Sinha was the first President of the Constituent Assembly.
• Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the President of the Assembly.
• B.N. Rao was appointed as the Constitutional Advisor of the Assembly.

The correct answer is Sasaram

Key Points

• The tomb of Sher Shah Suri is in the Sasaram town of Bihar state, India.
• The tomb was built in memory of Emperor Sher Shah Suri, a Pathan from Bihar who defeated the Mughal Empire and founded the Suri Empire in northern India
• This tomb is an example of Indo-Islamic architecture, it was designed by the architect Mir Muhammad Aliwal Khan and built between 1540 and 1545.
• 

Additional Information

• Sher Shah Suri also known as Farīd Khān, was the founder of the Suri Empire in India, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar.
• He introduced the currency of rupee. Sher Shah of Sur took control of the Mughal Empire in 1540

The correct answer is 42nd.

Key Points

• The term "Mini Constitution" was used for the 42nd Amendment Act 1976 because it brought about significant changes and additions to the Constitution, including the insertion of fundamental duties and the extension of emergency provisions.

Additional Information

• The 38th Amendment Act of 1975 brought in the following changes:
• The president's declaration of emergency, and promulgation of ordinances by the President, governors and administrators of union territories non-justiciable.
• The president was given the authority to declare multiple proclamations of national emergency simultaneously on various grounds.
• The 40th Amendment) Act, 1976:
• Parliament can now specify territorial waters, continental shelf, EEZ(Exclusive Economic Zone), and maritime zones of India from time to time.
• Included 64 more Central and state laws, mostly relating to land reforms, in the 9th Schedule.
• The 44th Amendment Act 1978 was passed by the government to revoke some amendments made under the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
• Few changes made by it are:
• Right to Property (Article 19 (1)(f )and Article 31) was removed from the list of fundamental rights and was made a legal right under Article 300A.
• Any modifications to the fundamental structure of the constitution cannot be made without the approval of the people of India through a referendum. The changes can only be implemented if they are approved by a majority of votes, with at least fifty-one percent of the electorate participating in the referendum.
• An emergency can be proclaimed only based on written advice tendered to the President by the Cabinet.

Important Points Important changes by 42nd Amendment of Indian Constitution 1976:

The correct answer is Article 112.

• Article 112 of the Constitutions of India deals with the annual financial statement.
• The President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid an annual financial statement before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year.

Additional Information

• The Railway Budget was separated from the general budget in 1924 on the recommendations of Acworth committee.
• Money bill comes under article 110.
• Financial bills come under article 117.
• All money bills are financial bills but all financial bills are not money bills.
• Article 214 deals with the creation of the High Courts in the states.
• Article 110 of the Indian Constitution provides a money bill.
• Article 160 deals with the Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies

• The silk city of India title given to Bhagalpur.
• Bhagalpur is situated on the bank of river Ganga in Bihar.
• The popular variety of silk called Tusser silk is famous from Bhagalpur.
• Bhagalpur is also famous for mangos.

The correct answer is Alluri Sitarama Raju.

The Rampa movement was led by an outsider Alluri Sitarama Raju and is now a folk hero in Andhra Pradesh.

• Rampa is the region in the north of Godavari, witnessed various uprising during the nineteenth century.
• In 1916, it saw a revolt which introduced several guerrilla warfares in the region between August 1922 to May 1924.
• They were against the money lenders and forest laws.
• The immediate spark came when a tahsildar was trying to construct a forest road with unpaid labour.
• Alluri Sitarama Raju was inspired by the Non-cooperation movement and admire Gandhi but he considered violence necessary to win the tribal goals.
• He was captured and killed in May 1924.

The correct answer is 1930.

Key Points

• The civil disobedience movement was started in 1930 (12th March 1930 – 6th April 1930).
• The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi.
• It was another important movement that began as a protest against the Simon commission.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement was a form of non-cooperation to pressure the British government to accept the demands of the Indian people.
• It began with the famous Dandi March of Gandhi, on 12th March 1930.
• Gandhi left the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmadabad along with his 78 delegates.
• The act of making salt was a symbol of the Indian people's refusal to live under British-made laws or under British rule.

The correct answer is 'Luni river'.

Key Points Dholavira -

• It is a site belonging to Indus Civilisation.
• It is situated on the bank of the river Luni, in Kutchh District of Gujarat state in India,
• The excavator was J.P. Joshi (1967-68).
• A unique water harnessing system and its stormwater drainage system, a large well, and a bath (giant water reservoirs) were excavated from here.

Thus, the correct answer is Luni river

Additional InformationLet's have a look at other options: 

The correct answer is Adam Smith.

Key Points

• Adam Smith
• He gave his views in detail on the profitable trend of economics.
• In 1759, his first book 'The Theory of Moral Sentiment' was published.
• He is known as Father of Economics or Father of Capitalism.
• Classical free-market economic theory foundation was laid by him.
• His two famous works are the theory of moral sentiments in 1759 and an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations in 1776.

The correct answer is the Ganges.

Key Points

• Patna
• Paṭna is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world.
• Megasthenes (350 BCE-290 BCE), in his book Indica, has mentioned that the city of Palibothra (Pataliputra, modern-day Patna) was situated on the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Arennovoas (Sonabhadra - Hiranyawah) and was 9 miles long and 1.75 miles wide.
• The modern city of Patna lies on the southern bank of the Ganges, as it flows past with the combined waters of the rivers Ghagra, Son, and Gandak. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• At the point where the city is located, the sacred Ganges looks more sea than a river: mighty, wide, and never-ending.

Important Points

• Ganga River:
• The Ganga is an Asian cross-border river that flows through India and Bangladesh.
• It is originated in the western Himalayas in Uttarakhand, India, flows south and east through the Ganges Plain in northern India, reaches Bangladesh, and then flows into the Bay of Bengal.
• On November 4, 2008, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh declared the Ganges River as the national river of India. Since then, it has been part of the national symbol of India.
• The Namami Gange plan is a comprehensive protection task. o It was approved by the coalition government as a flagship plan in June 2014 to achieve the dual goals of effectively reducing pollution and protecting and rejuvenating the Ganga.

Additional Information

• Yamuna
• The Yamuna is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganga and the longest tributary in India.
• Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of 6,387 meters on the southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in Uttarakhand, it travels a total length of 1,376 kilometers (855 mi) and has a drainage system of 366,223 square kilometers (141,399 sq mi), 40.2% of the entire Ganga Basin.
• It merges with the Ganga at Triveni Sangam, Allahabad, which is a site of the Kumbh Mela, a Hindu festival held every 12 years.
• Length: 1,376 km
• Basin area: 366,223 km²
• Sources: Yamunotri, Champasar Glacier
• Cities: Yamuna Nagar, Agra, Prayagraj, Mathura, Noida, Etawah, Firozabad, Hamirpur, Baghpat, Kalpi
• Bridges: Old Naini Bridge
• Mouths: Ganges, Triveni Sangam
• Narmada
• The Narmada River also called the Reva and previously also known as Narbada or anglicized as Nerbudda is the 5th longest river in India, the largest west-flowing river, and the largest flowing river of Madhya Pradesh.
• This river is located in Madhya Pradesh and the Gujarat state of India.
• Length: 1,312 km
• Discharge: 1,216 m³/s
• Source: Amarkantak
• Mouths: the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Khambhat
• Bridges: Narmada bridge
• Cities: Jabalpur, Vadodara
• Sutlej
• The Sutlej River, alternatively spelled as Satluj River, is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan.
• The Sutlej River is also known as Satadree.
• Length: 1,450 km
• Discharge: 500 m³/s
• Basin area: 66,317 km²
• Source: Mount Kailash
• Mouths: Chenab River, Arabian Sea, Panjnad
• Cities: Amritsar

The correct answer is Columbus.

Key Points

• Columbus discovered America.
• Christopher Columbus
• He was an Italian explorer.
• He is considered the European discoverer of America.
• He opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas.
• He made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502.
• The first voyage of Columbus was from Palos de la Frontera with three ships.
• He independently discovered the Americas on his first voyage in 1492.

Important Points

• Vasco Da Gama
• He discovered the sea route from Portugal to India and came to India in 1498 to Calicut.
• He belonged to Portugal and the discovery of the sea route became essential as the Ottomans occupied Constantinople (present-day Istanbul).
• Captain Cook
• He was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy.
• In 1773, Cook and his crew crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time.

The Correct Answer is 7.

Key Points

• The pH is the degree of concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance or solution and is represented as the log of the hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous solution.
• The pH value of water is 7.
• Therefore there are 10-7 moles per liter of hydrogen ions in water with a pH of 7; while a pH of 6 is 10-6 moles per liter. The scale of the pH varies between 0 and 14.
• Water with a pH of < 7 is considered acidic, and water with a pH of > 7 is considered basic.
• The standard range of pH is 6.5 to 8.5 for surface water systems and 6 to 8.5 for groundwater systems.
• Alkalinity is a measure of the water's capacity to tolerate a pH change that appears to make the water more acidic.
• To calculate the corrosivity of the water, the calculation of alkalinity and pH is required. The pH of pure water (H₂0) at 25^oC is 7, but this combination results in a pH of about 5.2 when exposed to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

• Calcium hydroxide with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2 is also called as slaked lime.
• When quicklime reacts with water it produces slaked lime.

CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂

• It is used for mortar, plaster, and cement in buildings.
• It is also an important chemical for raising the  of potable water.

The correct answer is Discovery of transistor effect.

Key Points

• In 1956, William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Houser Brattain jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their research on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.
• The transistor effect they discovered is a fundamental principle that forms the basis for the functioning of transistors, pivotal components in virtually all modern electronic devices.
• The development of the transistor, a semiconductor device capable of amplifying electrical signals, was instrumental in paving the path for the electronic age.
• Their work has had profound impacts on technology, including the development of computers, smartphones, audio and video devices, medical equipment, and much more.

​

Additional Information

Noble Prize:

• The Nobel Prize was established in the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor, engineer, and industrialist. He signed his last will and testament on 27 November 1895, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace - the Nobel Prizes.
• The prizes were first awarded in 1901. Each prize consists of a medal, a diploma, and a cash award, which varies each year.
• The Nobel Prizes are internationally recognized as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.
• They are awarded yearly by various committees and organizations. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selects the Physics and Chemistry laureates, the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute selects Medicine laureates, the Swedish Academy chooses Literature, and the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
• In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Although not one of the prizes established in Alfred Nobel's will, it is widely considered to be a "Nobel Prize" in Economics.
• A Nobel Prize can be shared by up to three persons. They can either divide it equally or two together can receive a one-half share.

The correct answer is Non-communicable diseases.

Key Points

• Genetic diseases are noncommunicable diseases.
• They are congenital and transfer from parent to child.
• A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome.
• It can be caused by a mutation in a single gene (monogenic) or multiple genes (polygenic) or by a chromosomal abnormality.

Important Points

• A communicable disease is a disease that spreads from one person or animal to another. Pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi cause these diseases.
• A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another.
• NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others.
• Lifestyle diseases include atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke; obesity and type 2 diabetes; and diseases associated with smoking and alcohol and drug abuse.
• Regular physical activity helps prevent obesity, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, colon cancer, and premature mortality.
• Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the toxic effect of certain metals in certain forms and doses on life.
• Some metals are toxic when they form poisonous soluble compounds.

The correct answer is the rearing of silkworms.

Key Points

• Sericulture is related to the rearing of silkworms.
• Sericulture is an agro-based industry.
• It involves the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk.
• India is the second-largest producer of silk within the globe.
• Silk is a fiber made up of two different proteins:
• Sericin protein
• Fibroin protein

Additional Information

The correct answer is Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body.
• Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors.
• MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and spinal cord

Additional Information

• CT scans and MRIs are both used to capture images within your body.
• The biggest difference is that MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) uses radio waves and CT (computed tomography) scans use X-rays.
• An MRI scan uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to create a detailed, cross-sectional image of internal organs and structures.
• The scanner itself typically resembles a large tube with a table in the middle, allowing the patient to slide in.

The correct answer is Only Meristematic tissue.

Key Points

• Meristematic tissue is also known as growing tissue.
• Meristematic tissues are responsible for the growth of the plant.
• They consist of immature cells which have the power to divide.
• On the basis of their position in the plant, meristems are apical, lateral & intercalary.

Meristematic tissue:

• Growing regions of the plants are called Meristem.
• Meristematic tissue has the capability of cell division.
• It is round, oval, and multisided.
• It grows and constitutes the different parts of the plant.

There are three types of meristematic tissues-

• Apical meristem- these are located at the shoot tips and root tips.
• Intercalary meristem- located between permanent tissues, at the leaf base and nodes.
• Lateral meristem- located at the sides(edges).​

The correct answer is Single-celled body.

Key Points

• In the Whittaker system of classification, Kingdom Protista is primarily characterized by organisms that are predominantly unicellular or single-celled.
• Protists are a diverse assembly of eukaryotic organisms, which means, contrary to option 3, they possess membrane-bound organelles, including nuclei.
• This group can consist of both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms and inhabits various aquatic or moist terrestrial environments.
• The key characteristic that distinguishes Protista in this classification system from other kingdoms is indeed their predominantly single-celled nature, although it is important to note that there are exceptions where protists can form simple multicellular structures or colonies.
• This attribute is critical for differentiating Protista from other kingdoms in the Whittaker system.

Important Points

The Whittaker system of classification, proposed by Robert H. Whittaker in 1969, is a way of grouping organisms into five kingdoms based on their fundamental differences, especially considering their cell structure, mode of nutrition, and lifestyle. These kingdoms are:

• Monera: Consists of unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cell organization (lacking a nucleus), such as bacteria.
• Protista: Includes most unicellular and some simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms. This group is very diverse and serves as a catch-all category for eukaryotes that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
• Fungi: Comprises mostly multicellular, non-photosynthetic organisms with a distinct cell wall, which includes molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from their environment.
• Plantae: Encompasses multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic organisms, which are autotrophic, producing food through photosynthesis. It includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.
• Animalia: Contains multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that are typically mobile at least during part of their life cycle. This kingdom includes all animals, from sponges to humans.

Additional Information

• Presence of cell membrane: This is a common characteristic of all living cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, across all kingdoms, and not unique to Protista.
• Flexible cell wall: Some protists do have cell walls, but their flexibility and presence are not consistent across the group, making it an unreliable distinguishing feature. Furthermore, other organisms in different kingdoms also have cell walls.
• Absence of membrane-bound organelles: This statement is incorrect for Protista, as they are eukaryotic and do have membrane-bound organelles. The absence of such organelles is characteristic of prokaryotes, which are classified under Monera.

The correct answer is Robert Hooke.

• Robert Hooke discovered the cell.

Key Points

• Cell:
• It is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms.
• It is the smallest unit of life and is often called the building block of life.
• Robert Hooke coined the term cell.
• The first living cell was discovered by Leeuwenhoek.
• The smallest cell is PPLO (Mycoplasma).
• The human nerve cell is the longest animal cell.
• The largest unicellular plant is Acetabularia (10 cm) and the animal is Amoeba, (1mm).
• The largest human cell is the female ovum and the smallest human cell is the sperm.
• The longest cell is the neuron.
• The biggest cell is the egg of Ostrich.

Additional Information

• Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow, and Rudolf Virchow are known for the extension of cell theory.
• Theodor Schwann's discovery of the enzyme pepsin.

Concept:

• A vector quantity is something that has direction along with a magnitude. The vector quantities follow the laws of vector addition.
• Example - Displacement, Velocity, Force, etc.
• Scalar quantities are quantities that are described only by magnitude. They do not have a direction of action.
• Example - Distance, Speed, etc.

Explanation:

The speed of a body is the distance traveled by it per unit of time.

• $Speed = \frac{Distance\space travelled}{Time\space taken}$
• Speed has only magnitude, it has no specific direction.
• So, it is a scalar quantity.

The velocity of a body is the displacement produced per unit of time.

• $Velocity = \frac{Displacement}{Time\space taken}$
• Velocity has both magnitude and direction.
• So, it is Vector quantity.
• In another word, Speed with direction is called velocity.

Additional Information Some examples of vector and scalar quantity.

Important Points

• The expression '25 km/hr' is the speed and '25 km/hr in the North direction' is velocity.

The correct answer is Ear.

Key Points

• Vibrations inside the ear are amplified by the three bones, namely the hammer, anvil and stirrup in the middle ear.
• These three bones are known as the ossicles.
• Malleus, incus, and stapes are the real names of these bones respectively.
• Ear in the human body performs two functions, namely: Hearing and maintaining the balance of the body.

Important Points

The answer is option 1

Additional Information 

• Exothermic Reactions: Exothermic reactions release heat and light into their surroundings. The energy released in these reactions comes from the making of chemical bonds between the atoms in the product molecules. Combustion is a common example of an exothermic reaction.
• Endothermic Reactions: Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy from their surroundings. The energy absorbed in these reactions goes into breaking the bonds of the reactant molecules. An everyday example of an endothermic reaction is photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight (energy) to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
• Energy Diagrams: Energy diagrams graphically represent the energy changes in exothermic and endothermic reactions. In a reaction energy diagram, the vertical axis represents energy, while the horizontal axis represents the reaction progress. For an exothermic reaction, the energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants, showing that energy has been released. For an endothermic reaction, the energy of the products is higher, indicating that energy has been absorbed.

Explanation:-

Exothermic reactions are those that release heat during the reaction. Based on that definition:

(i) Reaction of water with quick lime is exothermic. This is because quick lime, or calcium oxide, reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, releasing a substantial amount of heat in the process.

CaO(s) + H₂O(l) → Ca(OH)₂(s) + heat

(ii) Dilution of an acid is also exothermic. This happens because when an acid is diluted, heat is evolved due to the ionization of the diluted acid in water.

H₂SO₄(aq) + water → H₂SO₄ · xH₂O + heat

(iii) Evaporation of water is an endothermic process, not exothermic. During evaporation, water molecules absorb heat from the surroundings to overcome the forces of attraction present in liquid water and change into the gaseous state.

H₂O(l) + heat → H₂O(g)

(iv) The sublimation of camphor (crystals) is also endothermic. Sublimation is the process of transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state. During this process, heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

Camphor(s) + heat → Camphor(g)

So, (i) and (ii) are exothermic reactions, while (iii) and (iv) are not.

The correct answer Decomposition​​ reaction.

• Types of Chemical Reactions-The The basis for different types of reactions is the product formed, the changes that occur, the reactants involved, and so on. Different types of reactions are
• Combustion reaction
• Decomposition reaction
• Neutralization reaction
• Precipitation or Double-Displacement Reaction
• Combustion Reaction-
• It is a reaction with a combustible material with an oxidizer to give an oxidized product.
• An oxidizer is a chemical a fuel requires to burn, generally oxygen.
• For an example of the combustion of magnesium metal. 
• 2Mg + O2→2MgO + Heat
• Here, 2 magnesium atoms react with a molecule of oxygen-producing 2 molecules of the compound magnesium oxide-releasing some heat in the process.
• Decomposition Reaction-
• It is a reaction in which a single component breaks down into multiple products.
• Certain changes in energy in the environment have to be made like heat, light, or electricity breaking bonds of the compound. for example of the decomposition of calcium carbonate giving out CaO (Quick Lime) which is a major component of cement. 
• CaCO3(s)→CaO(s)+CO2(g)
• Here, the compound Calcium Carbonate when heated breaks down into Calcium Oxide and Carbon Dioxide.
• Neutralization Reaction-
• It is basically the reaction between an acid and a base giving salt and water as the products.
• The water molecule formed is by the combination of OH- ions and H+ ions. The overall pH of the products when a strong acid and a strong base undergo a neutralization reaction will be 7.
• Consider the example of the neutralization reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Hydroxide giving out sodium chloride(Common Salt) and water. 
• HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
• Here, an acid and a base, Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Hydroxide react in a neutralization reaction to produce Sodium Chloride(Common Salt) and Water as the by-products.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e. O-

• O- blood type is the universal red blood cell donor because their red blood cells can be transfused into any patient, regardless of blood type.
• Those with O- can only receive from other O- donors.
• O- red cells must be used for trauma situations and other emergencies when the patient’s blood type is not known.
• O- red cells are also frequently used for babies and sickle cell anemia patients.
• O- makes up only 6.6% of the population, found in just 1 of every 15 people.
• O+ can give red blood cells to any positive blood types.
• Those with O+ can only receive red cells from O+ or O- donors.
• O+ is found in 38% of people, making it the most common blood type.

Key Points

• Blood groups are determined by ABO blood grouping and Rh factors.
• The ABO system is based on the antigens A and B that are produced on the RBCs.
• The Rh factor confers the positive or negative Rh factor associated with the ABO blood groups.
• When we refer to the ABO blood grouping only, we usually just say that blood group O is the universal donor.
• However, if we consider the Rh factor along with ABO blood grouping, then O negative blood group is the actual universal blood donor.
• This is because it has no antigens (A or B) and also lack Rh factor.
• Rh negative blood groups do not have Rh factor and hence, can be accepted by even people with Rh positive blood groups.

Mistake Points

• Though O+ blood can be donated to people with A, B, AB and O blood groups, but it is not called universal blood group. Because it is still risky for people with Rh negative blood.

The Correct Answer is C₆H₁₂O₆.

Key Points 

• The chemical formula of glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆.
• Glucose is a simple sugar and is a key source of energy for cells.
• It is a monosaccharide, meaning it cannot be hydrolyzed to give other sugars.
• Glucose is involved in several biochemical pathways, including glycolysis and the Calvin cycle.

Additional Information 

CONCEPT:

• Both Dyne and Newton are unit of force in CGS and S.I system.
• Newton and dyne can also be written as (kg m/s²) and (g cm/s²) since force = mass × acceleration
• 1 dyne = 10^-5 Newton ⇒ = 10^-5 kg m/s².

CALCULATION

As we know that force is defined as pushing or pulling of an object, due to which the motion of the body will be changed.

As we know

1 dyne = 1 g cm/s² and 1 newton = 1 kg m/s²

Since

1 kg = 1000 g

1 m = 100 cm

Using this 1 newton = 1000 × 100 g cm/s² ⇒10⁵ dynes

Using this 1 dyne = 10^-5 kg m/s_­²

• Fullerene, an allotrope of carbon, is rarely found in nature. It is found in soot and in interstellar space.
• The first example of fullerene is Buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀). This allotrope of carbon is named fullerene after the architect Richard Buckminster** Fuller** because the structure of C₆₀ resembles the structure of the geodesic dome he designed.
• Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley were given the Nobel prize in chemistry 1996, for the discovery of this carbon allotrope, fullerene C_60.

The Correct Answer is option 1 i.e. Abscisic Acid.

• The Hormone responsible for the wilting of leaves is Abscisic acid.
• Abscisic acid helps in plant developmental processes including bud dormancy and seed.
• Gibberellins are plant hormones that regulate flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence.
• Cytokinins are plant growth substances that promote cell division in plant roots and shoots.
• Auxins help in the coordination of growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles.

The correct answer is 11.

Key Points

• Sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11 in the modern periodic table.
• The atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
• Sodium is an alkali metal located in Group 1 of the periodic table.
• It is a highly reactive metal and is found in nature only in the form of compounds.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Mitochondria.

Key Points

• Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
• Mitochondria produce the energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning.
• By the chemical reactions, mitochondria break down glucose into an energy molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used to fuel various other cellular processes.
• Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions.
• Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Additional Information

• Ribosomes are macromolecular machines that perform decoding the message and the formation of peptide bonds.
• The main function of the Golgi complex is to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell.

• Mitochondria is is a double-layered cell organelle, in which the outer layer is porous and the inner layer is folded upon itself is known to be cristae.
• The number of mitochondria in a single cell may be up to 50 to 5000.
• The inner lumen of mitochondria contains ribosome phosphate particles and DNA molecules.
• It has the potential to synthesize its own protein and oxidation of carbohydrates and fats are taken place with the help of enzymes in mitochondria.
• This energy is stored in the form of ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate ) so, these are known as the "Powerhouse of the cell".

Important Points 

• The mitochondria of mammals have 55s type of ribosome (35s, 25s sub units)

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. 3 × 108 m/s.

• The speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s.
• The vacuum is a space where there is no matter or in which the pressure is so low that any particles in the space do not affect any processes being carried on there.
• Around 1676, Danish astronomer Ole Roemer became the first person to prove that light travels at a finite speed.
• The speed of light changes in a different medium. It is slowed down in transparent media such as air, water, and glass. The ratio by which it is slowed is called the refractive index of the medium. Jean Foucault discovered this in 1850.
• The speed of light is  225,000 kilometers per second in water (refractive index of 1.3) and 200,000 kilometers per second in glass (refractive index of 1.5).

Spiders, crustaceans and insects all belong in the phylum Arthropoda. They belong to the Arachnida class.

Explanation:

• Spiders belong to the phylum Arthropoda, which also includes insects, crustaceans, and centipedes. Arthropods are characterized by their hard exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages.
• Mollusks are soft-bodied animals with a hard shell, annelids are segmented worms, and cnidarians are animals with stinging cells
• Here are some of the characteristics of spiders that make them belong to the phylum Arthropoda:
• They have a hard exoskeleton made of chitin.
• Their bodies are segmented.
• They have joint appendages, such as legs, pedipalps, and chelicerae.
• They have a ventral nervous system.
• They have an open circulatory system

CONCEPT:

• Fleming's Left-hand rule gives the force experienced by a charged particle moving in a magnetic field or a current-carrying wire placed in a magnetic field.
• It states that "stretch the thumb, the forefinger, and the central finger of the left hand so that they are mutually perpendicular to each other.
• If the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field, the central finger points in the direction of motion of charge, then the thumb points in the direction of force experienced by positively charged particles."

EXPLANATION:

• According to question

1. Forefinger (Index finger): Represents the direction of the magnetic field (magnetic flux). Therefore option 3 is correct.
2. Middle finger: Represents the direction of motion of charge (current).
3. The thumb : Represents the direction of force or motion experienced by positively charged particles.

The correct answer is Polyvinyl chloride.

Key Points

• Electric wires are generally coated with polyvinyl chloride.
• Electric wires are made up of materials like copper, that conduct electricity well.
• The electrical wires are made up of copper, so these wires cannot be laid bare inside the system.
• A coating of PVC is required to solely enhance the productiveness of the wires, it additionally presents safety to the person from getting an unconditional shock and it additionally points out to the consumer which wire is for which when the wires are coloured for distinct purposes.
• This is because PVC is an insulator.

The correct answer is Basic Copper carbonate.

Key Points

• Copper objects lose their shine and form a green coating of basic copper carbonate.
• Copper objects lose their shine and form a green coating due to the corrosion of copper.
• Copper object will form a green layer on its surface when it is exposed to air for a long time.
• Copper corrodes by oxidation in which reacts with oxygen in the air to form copper oxide.
• Copper oxide then combines with carbon dioxide to make copper carbonate, which gives it a green colour.
• Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and slowly loses its shiny brown surface and gains a green coat.
• This green substance is basic copper carbonate.

Additional Information

• Silver articles become black after some time when exposed to air.
• Silver articles react with sulphur in the air to form a coating of silver sulphide.

Option 2 is correct, i.e. Pascal Pa.

●      SI unit of pressure is ‘Pascal’ and it is denoted by Pa.

●      Pressure is defined as the force per unit area (pressure = force/area)

●      1 Pascal equals the pressure of 1 newton per square meter and the formula is as follows: 1 Pa = 1N/m2 = 1 kg/m.

●      The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus, and ultimate tensile strength.

●      It is named after the French polymath Blaise Pascal.

The correct answer is Monera.

Key Points

• Monera is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization having no nuclear membrane such as bacteria.
• They contain 70S ribosomes and DNA is naked.
• They reproduce asexually by binary fission or budding.
• They do not possess any membrane-bound organelles.
• They are found mostly in a moist environment like hot springs, snow, deep oceans, or as parasites in other organisms.

Additional Information

• Animalia kingdom includes all animals.
• Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
• Animals are heterotrophic, obtaining their energy by consuming energy-releasing food substances.
• Animals typically reproduce sexually.
• Animals are made up of cells that do not have cell walls.
• Protista is a kingdom of simple eukaryotic organisms, usually composed of a single cell or a colony of similar cells.
• Protists live in water, in moist terrestrial habitats, and as parasites and other symbionts in the bodies of multicellular eukaryotes.
• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms.
• They can be either single-celled or multicellular organisms.
• Fungi contain a cell wall and are omnipresent.

CONCEPT: 

• The pupil is a hole through which light enters into our eye.
• It controls the amount of light entering the eye.
• Iris is a muscle in our eye that controls the size of the pupil. It dilates and contracts because of which size of the pupil varies.
• So we can say Iris controls the size of the pupil.
• Retina: An image is formed on the retina.
• Ciliary muscles are smooth muscle fibers. When the ciliary muscles relax the lens becomes flat and when they contract the lens becomes thicker. This change in curvature of the eye lens changes the focal length of the eyes.

I

EXPLANATION: 

• From the above, it is clear that the retina is that part of the eye where the image of an object is formed. Therefore option 3 is correct.

EXTRA POINTS:

Different parts of the eyes and their functions are shown in the table:

• In a diamond, the carbon atoms are arranged tetrahedrally.
• 98Each carbon atom is attached to four other carbon atoms 1.544 x 10-10 meters away with a C-C-C bond angle of 109.5 degrees.
• The structure is given as follows:

• It is a strong, rigid three-dimensional structure that results in an infinite network of atoms.
• This accounts for the diamond's hardness, extraordinary strength, and durability and gives the diamond a higher density than graphite (3.514 grams per cubic centimeter). Because of its tetrahedral structure, diamond also shows great resistance to compression.

• Propanal is an example of an aldehyde  functional group.
• R−CHO is a general structural formula for Aldehyde.

The correct answer is "Ronaldo asked me where my ball was and added that he had lost his"

Key Points 

• When there is more than one sentence in the indirect speech, we use "added", "further" added or "and" to describe the later sentence.
• Let's see the two different sentences:
• Where is your ball?
• I have lost mine.
• We will separately change these sentences:
• where my ball was (simple present to simple past)
• he had lost his (present perfect to past perfect)

Hence the correct answer: Ronaldo asked me where my ball was and added that he had lost his

The correct answer is 'Option 2) i.e. 'being sold'.

Key Points

• The sentence is interrogative and in the present continuous tense.
• The format for active voice in this tense is: is/are/am + Subject + V1 + ing + Object?
• The format for passive voice in this tense is: is/are/am +Subject (Objective case) + being + V3 + by + Object (Subjective case)?
• Example in a different sentence: "They are painting the house." becomes "The house is being painted by them."

Therefore, the correct answer is- Are the books being sold by them here?

The correct answer is 'Rapidly'.

Key Points Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:

• By leaps and bounds - It is used to describe significant progress or advancement happening rapidly or in large steps.
• For Example - They had a bit to go, but they were growing by leaps and bounds.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Defeat'.

Key Points

• 'Conquest' signifies the act of gaining control or possession of a place or people by use of military force. ('विजय' or 'अधिकार प्राप्ति').
• Example: The Normans celebrated their conquest of England.
• The word 'defeat', which is the correct antonym, implies unsuccessful circumstances, being defeated or losing in a battle or competition. ('परास्त करना' or 'हार').
• Example: The team suffered a defeat in the last minutes of the game.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• 'Defend', means to protect or guard against attack or harm. In Hindi, it is expressed as ('रक्षा करना' or 'सुरक्षा करना').
• 'Decay', signifies the process of becoming progressively worse in quality; decomposition or rot. ('अपक्षय' or 'सड़ना').
• 'Deface', means to spoil or mar the surface or the appearance of something. ('बिगाड़ना').

The correct answer is 'Option 1' i.e. 'Zodiac'.

 Key Points

• The word in question is 'Zodiac'. In English, it is a circle of twelve 30° divisions of celestial longitude that are centered upon the ecliptic. (राशी चक्र)
• Example: The signs of the zodiac are a prominent feature in astrology.

Therefore, the correct answer is- 'Zodiac'.

 Additional Information

• 'Zoadiac', 'Zodiaac', and 'Zodiacc' are incorrect spellings and do not hold any meaning in English.

The correct answer is - "I'm tired, aren't I?"

Key Points

• Given sentence is a question tag.
• Question tag is a short phrase such as ‘isn’t it?’ or ‘did you?’ at the end of a sentence that changes it into a question and is often used to ask somebody to agree with you.
• Eg. You told the truth, didn’t you?
• Comma is used after tired because another sentence is started from here.
• Another sentence starts with helping verb that makes an asking sentence which ends with question mark (?).
• Thus, Option 2 is correct answer.

The phrase accustomed to something means in the habit of something or adapted to something.

For example- He has grown accustomed to doing his own work.

The preposition 'to' follows the word accustomed to form this phrase which means adapted to existing conditions or being in the habit of something.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Correct Sentence- She eventually became accustomed to the lifestyle at her in-laws’ house.

The correct answer is “Reintroducing keystone species and restoring ecosystems.”

Key Points

• Rewilding focuses on the holistic restoration of ecosystems, not just the protection of individual species.
• By reintroducing keystone species, rewilding efforts aim to trigger a cascade of ecological changes that restore the natural balance and promote biodiversity.
• This approach contrasts with traditional conservation methods that might focus on protecting specific species or habitats without addressing broader ecological dynamics.
• Rewilding's comprehensive strategy underlines the importance of interconnectedness in ecosystems, aiming for a self-sustaining, resilient natural environment.

Hence, the correct answer is ‘Option 2’

The correct answer is “The complexity of reintroducing species.”

Key Points

• Reintroducing species into an environment from which they have disappeared or become extinct is fraught with technical, biological, and ecological challenges.
• The complexity of ensuring that reintroduced species can survive and adapt to the modern ecosystem without causing unintended harm is significant.
• This challenge emphasizes the intricate balance required in rewilding efforts and the need for detailed planning and execution.
• The passage mentions opposition from local communities and potential unforeseen ecological impacts as challenges, but specifically highlighting the complexity of reintroducing species captures a core difficulty in implementing rewilding strategies.

Hence, the correct answer is ‘Option 2’.

The correct answer is “The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park.”

Key Points

• The reintroduction of wolves is a practical application of rewilding principles and demonstrates the profound impact keystone species can have on an ecosystem.
• Wolves, as predators, helped control the elk population, which led to the recovery of overgrazed areas and supported increased diversity and resilience of plant and animal species.
• This example showcases a domino effect, where reintroducing a single keystone species can lead to a series of ecological recoveries and improvements.
• Yellowstone serves as a clear, measurable instance of how rewilding efforts can lead to significant ecological benefits.

Hence, the correct answer is ‘Option 2’

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 'अति + आचार' होगा। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points

• 'अत्याचार' शब्द का उचित संधि विच्छेद 'अति + आचार ( इ + आ = या )' है।
• यह यण संधि का उदाहरण है।
• यण संधि -
• इ, ई के आगे कोई विजातीय (असमान) स्वर होने पर इ ई को ‘य्’ हो जाता है।
• उ, ऊ के आगे किसी विजातीय स्वर के आने पर उ ऊ को ‘व्’ हो जाता है।
• ‘ऋ’ के आगे किसी विजातीय स्वर के आने पर ऋ को ‘र्’ हो जाता है।
• अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

​

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है - निराला की साहित्य साधना। 

Key Points

• रामविलास जी ने हिंदी में जीवनी साहित्य को एक नया आयाम दिया।
• उन्हें 'निराला की साहित्य साधना' पुस्तक पर साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार प्राप्त हो चुका है।

 Additional Informationरामविलास शर्मा:-

• जन्म:- 10 अक्टूबर 1912 ई०
• जन्मस्थान:- उन्नाव (उ० प्र०)
• निधन:-  30 मई 2000 ई०
• उनकी अन्य प्रमुख रचनाओं के नाम हैं - 'आचार्य रामचंद्र शुक्ल और हिंदी आलोचना', 'भारतेन्दु हरिश्चंद्र', 'प्रेमचंद और उनका युग', 'भाषा और समाज', 'महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी और हिंदी नवजागरण', 'भारत की भाषा समस्या', 'नयी कविता और अस्तित्ववाद', 'भारत में अंग्रेजी राज और मार्क्सवाद', 'भारत के प्राचीन भाषा परिवार और हिंदी', 'विराम चिह्न', 'बड़े भाई' आदि ।

"आकाश" का उचित पर्यायवाची 'अम्‍बर' है। अन्‍य विकल्‍प असंगत हैं। 

 Key Points

• आकाश के अन्‍य पर्यायवाची- अम्‍बर, अनंत, अंतरिक्ष, अभ्र, आसमान, गगन, नभ, व्योम आदि।

अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍प- ​

Important Points कुछ महत्‍वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्‍द- 

Additional Information 

'भारत दुर्दशा' भारतेन्दु हरिश्चंद्र द्वारा रचित नाटक है। अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 भारतेन्दु हरिश्चंद्र है। 

Key Points

• भारत दुर्दशा प्रसिद्ध हिंदी साहित्यकार भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र का सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय नाटक है।
• इसमें भारतेन्दु ने प्रतीकों के माध्यम से भारत की तत्कालीन स्थिति का चित्रण किया है। वे भारतवासियों से भारत की दुर्दशा पर रोने और फिर इस दुर्दशा का अंत करने का प्रयास करने का आह्वान करते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प - 

Additional Information

भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र  का परिचय - 

• भारतेन्दु हरिश्चन्द्र (9 सितंबर 1850-6 जनवरी 1885) आधुनिक हिंदी साहित्य के पितामह कहे जाते हैं। वे हिन्दी में आधुनिकता के पहले रचनाकार थे। इनका मूल नाम 'हरिश्चन्द्र' था,
• 'भारतेन्दु' उनकी उपाधि थी। उनका कार्यकाल युग की सन्धि पर खड़ा है। हिन्दी साहित्य में आधुनिक काल का प्रारम्भ भारतेन्दु हरिश्चन्द्र से माना जाता है।
• हिंदी पत्रकारिता, नाटक और काव्य के क्षेत्र में उनका बहुमूल्य योगदान रहा। हिंदी में नाटकों का प्रारम्भ भारतेन्दु हरिश्चंद्र से माना जाता है।
• भारतेन्दु ने 'हरिश्चंद्र चन्द्रिका', 'कविवचनसुधा' और 'बाला बोधिनी' पत्रिकाओं का संपादन किया।
• वे एक उत्कृष्ट कवि, सशक्त व्यंग्यकार, सफल नाटककार, जागरूक पत्रकार तथा ओजस्वी गद्यकार थे।
• इसके अलावा वे लेखक, कवि, संपादक, निबंधकार, एवं कुशल वक्ता भी थे।
• भारतेन्दु जी ने मात्र चौंतीस वर्ष की अल्पायु में ही विशाल साहित्य की रचना की।
• उन्होंने मात्रा और गुणवत्ता की दृष्टि से इतना लिखा और इतनी दिशाओं में काम किया कि उनका समूचा रचनाकर्म पथदर्शक बन गया।

सही उत्तर संधि है। 

Key Points

• सन्धि (सम् + धि) शब्द का अर्थ है 'मेल' या जोड़।
• दो निकटवर्ती वर्णों के परस्पर मेल से जो विकार (परिवर्तन) होता है वह संधि कहलाता है।
• जैसे - सम् + तोष = संतोष ; देव + इंद्र = देवेंद्र ; भानु + उदय = भानूदय।
• सन्धि के भेद सन्धि तीन प्रकार की होती हैं - स्वर सन्धि (या अच् सन्धि) व्यञ्जन सन्धि { हल संधि } विसर्ग सन्धि

Additional Information

• वाक्य- शब्दों का व्यवस्थित रूप जिससे मनुष्य अपने विचारों का आदान प्रदान करता है उसे वाक्य कहते हैं एक सामान्य वाक्य में क्रमशः कर्ता, कर्म और क्रिया होते हैं।
• वाक्य के मुख्यतः दो अंग माने गये हैं, उद्देश्य और विधेय। दो या दो से अधिक पदों के सार्थक समूह को, जिसका पूरा पूरा अर्थ निकलता है, वाक्य कहते हैं।
• वर्ण- ध्वनियों के वे मौलिक और सूक्ष्मतम रूप जिन्हें और विभाजित नहीं किया जा सकता है, उन्हें वर्ण कहा जाता है। वर्ण के मौखिक रूप को ध्वनि एवं लिखित रूप को अक्षर कहते हैं।
• जैसे – क् , ख्, ग् , अ, ए इत्यादि।
• संधि-विच्छेद- दो शब्दों के मेल से बने शब्द को पुनः अलग अलग करने को संधि विच्छेद कहते हैं। अर्थात संधि शब्दों को अलग अलग करने को संधि विच्छेद कहते हैं। विच्छेद का अर्थ है पृथक करना। 
• 'हिम' और 'आलय' दोनों को मिला देने पर 'हिमालय बना।

'महर्षि' शब्द का सही संधि विच्छेद है - 'महा + ऋषि'

• महा + ऋषि = महर्षि (आ + ऋ = अर्)
• महर्षि शब्द में गुण स्वर संधि है।
• महर्षि - बहुत बड़ा और श्रेष्ठ ऋषि

Key Pointsगुण संधि:- 

• जब संधि करते समय (अ, आ) के साथ (इ, ई) हो तो ‘ए‘ बनता है, जब (अ, आ) के साथ (उ, ऊ) हो तो ‘ओ‘ बनता है,
• जब (अ, आ) के साथ (ऋ) हो तो ‘अर्‘ बनता है तो यह गुण संधि कहलाती है।

उदाहरण-

• महा + ईश = महेश (आ + ई = ए)
• ज्ञान + उपदेश = ज्ञानोपदेश (अ + उ = ओ)
• देव + ऋषि = देवर्षि (अ + ऋ = अर्)

'गोदान' 'प्रेमचंद' की रचना है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• 'गोदान' 'प्रेमचंद जी' की रचना है।
• 'प्रेमचंद जी' का वास्तविक नाम धनपत राय श्रीवास्तव था।

'प्रेमचंद जी' की अन्य प्रसिद्ध रचनाएँ-

Additional Informationअन्य रचनाकारों की रचनाएँ- 

दिए गए शब्दों में उचित उत्तर विकल्प 2 ‘पराजय’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

• ‘पराजय’ (पारा+जय) शब्द में ‘परा’ उपसर्ग है।
• ‘पराजय’ शब्द स्त्रीलिंग है जिसका अर्थ ‘हार या शिकस्त’ है। इसके पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं- पराजित, शिकस्त, पराभव, विनाश आदि।  
  

अन्य विकल्प:

1. प्रभाव – प्र + भाव
2. प्रमाण – प्र + माण
3. परिस्थिति – परि + स्थिति

सही विकल्प है:- अव्ययीभाव समास।

• ‘आजन्म’ शब्द में अव्ययीभाव समास है।
• आजन्म शब्द में "आ" शब्द  उपसर्ग है।
• विग्रह  - जन्म (रहने) तक।

Key Points 

• यदि किसी सामासिक पद में प्रथम पद उपसर्ग या अव्यय हो तो उसे  अव्ययीभाव समास  माना जाता है।
• किसी सामासिक पद में संज्ञा या अव्यय पद की पुनरावृत्ति होने पर भी अव्ययीभाव समास ही माना जाता है।

जैसे -

• यथामति = मति के अनुसार।
• विवाहोपरान्त = विवाह के उपरान्त।
• प्रत्यारोप = आरोप के बदले आरोप।
• धड़ाधड़ = धड़ ही धड़।

Additional Information 

• समास - दो या दो से अधिक शब्द से बने हुए नए शब्द को समास कहा जाता है।
• समास के 6 भेद होते है-

सही उत्तर है- "उपमा अलंकार"। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। 

• पंक्ति-
• "सागर -सा गंभीर हृदय हो, गिरी -सा ऊँचा हो जिसका मन I"
• इसमें सागर तथा गिरी उपमान, मन और ह्रदय उपमेय सा वाचक, गंभीर एवं ऊँचा साधारण धर्म है।
• इसलिये यहाँ उपमा अलंकार है।

Key Pointsउपमा अलंकार-

• परिभाषा- 
• ​जहाँ गुण धर्म या क्रिया के आधार पर उपमेय की तुलना उपमान से की जाती है, वहाँ उपमा अलंकार होता है।
• उदाहरण-
• सागर-सा गंभीर हृदय हो,
• गिरि सा ऊँचा हो जिसका मन
• इस उदाहरण में सागर (उपमान) के समान गंभीर हृदय (उपमेय) और गिरि (पर्वत) के सामान मन (उपमेय) की तुलना की गयी है।

Important Pointsअतिशयोक्ति अलंकार- 

• परिभाषा- 
• जब किसी बात का वर्णन बहुत बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर किया जाता है, तब वह ‘अतिश्योक्ति अलंकार’ अलंकार कहा जाता है।
• उदाहरण- 
• देख लो यह साकेत नगरी है यही, स्वर्ग से मिलने गगन को जा रही।
• अर्थात् साकेत नगरी को स्वर्ग से मिलते हुए दिखाना अतिशयोक्ति है।
• क्योंकि कोई भी नगर स्वर्ग में कैसे जा सकता है यह असंभव है।

रूपक अलंकार- 

• परिभाषा- 
• जहां उपमेय में उपमान का आरोप किया जाए वहाँ रूपक अलंकार होता है।
• रूपक अलंकार में गुण की अत्यंत समानता दिखाने के लिए उपमेय और उपमान को "अभिन्न" अर्थात् "एक" कर दिया जाता है।
• उदाहरण- 
• पायो जी मैंने राम रतन धन पायो।
• यहां राम रतन (उपमेय) पर धन (उपमान) का आरोप है और दोनों में अभिन्नता है, इसलिए यहां रूपक अलंकार होगा।

उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार- 

• परिभाषा- 
• जहाँ उपमेय में उपमान होने की संभावना या कल्पना की जाती है, वहाँ उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार होता है।
• पहचान-
• जनु, मनु, इव, मानो, मनो, मनहुँ, आदि। शब्द अगर किसी अलंकार में आते है तो वह उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार होता है।
• उदाहरण-
• सोहत ओढ़े पीत पर, स्याम सलोन��� गात।
• मनहु नील मनि सैण पर, आतप परयौ प्रभात।

Given:

Different types of old coins in the ratio of 3 : 5 : 7.

Values are Rs 1, Rs 5, and Rs 10 respectively.

Total value of coins is Rs 980.

Concept:

Using the ratio of coins and their values to form equations.

Formula Used:

Total value = (number of Rs 1 coins) × 1 + (number of Rs 5 coins) × 5 + (number of Rs 10 coins) × 10

Calculation:

Let the number of Rs 1 coins be 3x, Rs 5 coins be 5x, and Rs 10 coins be 7x.

⇒ Total value = 3x × 1 + 5x × 5 + 7x × 10

⇒ 980 = 3x + 25x + 70x

⇒ 980 = 98x

⇒ x = 980 / 98

⇒ x = 10

Number of Rs 10 coins = 7x

⇒ Number of Rs 10 coins = 7 × 10

⇒ Number of Rs 10 coins = 70

∴ The total number of Rs 10 coins is 70.

Concept used:

Probability of an event P(E) = (Number of favorable outcomes) ÷ (Sample space)

Calculation:

Total number of possible combinations are 2³ = 8.

The number of combinations that have two heads and one tail is HHT, HTH, THH which makes them 3 in number.

So, the Probability of getting two heads and one tail in the toss of three coins simultaneously = 3/8

∴ The required answer is 3/8.

Given:

a₃ = 28

a₁₁ = 12 + a₇ 

Concept used:

a_n = a + (n - 1)d

Calculation:

a₃ = a + 2d = 28

⇒ a = 28 - 2d →(1)

Now, a11 = 12 + a7 

⇒ a + 10d = 12 + a + 6d

⇒ d = 3

From Eqn (1), 

a = 28 - 2 × 3

⇒ a = 28 - 6 = 22

an = a + (n - 1)d

a₂₀ = 22 + 19(3)

⇒ 22 + 57 = 79

The 20^th term is 79.

Given:

12 women can complete the work in 64 days.

Calculation:

Total work by 12 women in 64 days:

⇒ Work = 12 × 64 = 768 woman-days

Work required for 16 women to complete two-thirds of the work:

⇒ Required Work = (2/3) × 768 = 512 woman-days

Number of days 16 women will take to complete 512 woman-days:

⇒ Days = $\dfrac{512}{16}$ = 32 days

∴ 16 women will complete two-thirds of the work in 32 days.

Shortcut Trick

Ratio of numbers = 2 : 6 : 3

Product of ratios = 2 × 6 × 3 = 36

Let the common multiplier be x. Then 36x³ = 12348

⇒ x³ = 12348 ÷ 36 = 343 ⇒ x = 7

Sum of ratios = 2 + 6 + 3 = 11

Sum of numbers = 11 × 7 = 77

∴ The correct answer is 77.

Alternate Method

Given: Ratio = 2 : 6 : 3 and Product = 12348

Let the three numbers be 2x, 6x, and 3x.

⇒ Product = 2x × 6x × 3x = 12348

⇒ 36x³ = 12348

⇒ x³ = 12348 ÷ 36

⇒ x³ = 343

⇒ x = ³√343 = 7

⇒ Sum of numbers = 2x + 6x + 3x = 11x

⇒ Sum = 11 × 7 = 77

∴ The correct answer is 77.

Additional Information

Ratio and Product Property

When numbers are in ratio a:b:c and their product is P, the constant x is found by x = ³√(P ÷ (a×b×c)).

Sum of Ratios

The sum of the actual numbers is always equal to the (Sum of Ratio Parts) × (Common Constant x).

Given:

Equation: -6 + x = -12

Concept used:

To find the value of 'x' that satisfies the equation, we need to isolate 'x' on one side of the equation.

Calculation:

Starting with the equation:

-6 + x = -12

Add 6 to both sides:

x = -12 + 6

x = -6

Among the given options, the value of 'x' that satisfies the equation is indeed -6.

∴ The number that satisfies the equation −6 + x = −12 is -6.

Given:

Distance = 172 km

Time = 4 hours

Formula Used:

Speed = Distance/Time

Calculation:

Speed = 172/4

= 43 km/hr

Hence, correct answer is option 2.

Given

cos A = 1/11,

Formula used:

sin2 A + cos2 A = 1

cot A = cos A / sin A:

Calculation:

First, let's use the Pythagorean identity for sine and cosine to figure out sin A:

sin² A + cos² A = 1

⇒ sin² A = 1 - (1/11)²

⇒ sin2​ A  = 1 - 1/121

⇒ sin2​ A  = 121/121 - 1/121

⇒ sin2​ A = 120/121

⇒ sin A = √(120/121)

Since cot A = cos A / sin A:

⇒ cot A = (1/11) / √(120/121)

⇒ cot A = 1/11 × √(120/121)

⇒ cot A = √(120/121) / 11

⇒ cot A = 1/√120 = $\frac{1}{2\sqrt 30}$

∴ Option 3 is the correct answer.

Given:

Cost Price (CP) = Rs.80

Selling Price (SP) = Rs.100

Formula Used:

Profit Percentage =$\frac{SP - CP}{CP} × 100$

Calculation:

Profit = SP - CP

Profit = 100 - 80

Profit = 20

Profit Percentage = $\frac{20}{80} × 100$

Profit Percentage = 0.25 × 100

Profit Percentage = 25%

The profit percentage is 25%.

Shortcut Trick Net filling rate = (A × B) ÷ (B − A) Where A = 15 hours (filling) and B = 24 hours (emptying). Time taken = (15 × 24) ÷ (24 − 15) Time taken = 360 ÷ 9 = 40 hours. ∴ The correct answer is 40 hr. Alternate Method Given: Filling pipe time = 15 hr, Emptying pipe time = 24 hr. Formula Used: Total Work = LCM of individual times; Efficiency = Total Work ÷ Time.

Person Days Total Work Efficiency

Pipe A (Fill) 15 120 +8

Pipe B (Empty) 24 −5

⇒ Total Work (Capacity of Tank) = LCM(15, 24) = 120 units. ⇒ Net efficiency when both open = 8 − 5 = 3 units/hr. ⇒ Time taken to fill the tank = Total Work ÷ Net Efficiency ⇒ Time = 120 ÷ 3 = 40 hr. ∴ The correct answer is 40 hr. Additional Information Inlet and Outlet Pipes An inlet pipe fills the tank (positive work), while an outlet pipe empties it (negative work). Pipes & Cisterns Efficiency If a pipe fills a tank in 'x' hours and another empties it in 'y' hours (y > x), net work done in 1 hour = (1/x − 1/y). Time and Work Relation Time taken to complete a task is inversely proportional to the efficiency of the worker or pipe.